Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • AnalysisandDesignofStructures APracticalGuidetoModeling Trevor PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ilde Brando Leoncito Adarlo
    13 views278 pages

    Original Title

    AnalysisandDesignofStructures-APracticalGuidetoModeling-Trevor.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    13 views278 pages

    AnalysisandDesignofStructures APracticalGuidetoModeling Trevor PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ilde Brando Leoncito Adarlo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 278
    Feet DEL Institute Press ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PSU eee a Ce GUIDE TO MODELING Contents Foreword ‘Acknowledgments ‘About the Author CHAPTERT Structural Modeling Techniques and Guidelines Geometry Modeling Load Path Considerations iphragm Modeling, Torsion ‘Member Releases and Supports CHAPTER2 _ Gravity Loads and Application Load Items Selfweight Nodal Load Member Load Uniform Force Varying Load ‘Area Load/Floor Load Example—One-Way Distribution wi B B 6 25 29 29 31 34 35 Live Load Reduction 38 Example—Live Load Reduction 39 ‘Snow Loads a Example—Mono-Slope Roof a ‘Example—Gable Roof “6 CHAPTER3 Wind Loads and Application 50 Gust Effect Factor 50 ‘Example—Frequency Determination for Building 50 Open Structures 53 Example—Tower Wind Load Generation 3 Enclosed Structures 59 ‘Example—Building Wind Load Generation a CHAPTER 4 Seismic Loads and Application 66 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 66 Example—Base Shear ELFP os Reference Loads Torsion and Accidental Torsion 9 ‘Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 83 Example—Base Shear Modal Response Spectrum Alanysis 8 Linear Seismic Response History Analysis Example—Base Shear Time History CHAPTERS Loads and Load Combinations Organization of Load Cases Example Load Cases and Combi Load Combinations and Repeat Loads Reference Loads Seismic Load Combinations and the Overstrength Factor Load Combination Generator ExampleLoad Combination Generator 100 103 105 CHAPTER6 Stability Analysis and Design AISC Specification Example—Calculation of Notional Loads Example—Calculation of Notional Loads Using STAAD.Pro First-Order Analysis Method Example—Flrst-Order Analysis Method Equivalent Length Method Direct Analysis Method Example—Direct Analysis Method Providing Member Stability xample—Column Stability Evaluation CHAPTERT Steel Member Design Tension Members Example—Single Angle inT Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro Compression Members ‘Example—W14 Column Evaluation Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘Example—W30 Column Torsional Buckling Evaluation Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro Flexural Members ‘Example—W21 Beam Flexure Evaluation Verify Results Using STAAD.Pro Shear Members ‘Example—W18 Beam Shear Evaluation Verify Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘Members Designed for Combined Forces and Torsion Example—W12 Collector Beam Evaluation Steel Connections Example—txtended End Pate Example—Beam-Colurmn and Base Plate _mo 10 18 m4 me ‘n0 oa ma 16 me BO BO a we 1B ne Bs us BT 138 39 ao wi 11 142 3 a 45 vr 181 CHAPTERS _ Steel Structures 156 Design Criteria 157 Geometry Modeling 159 Load Cases m Load Combination ney Steel Design m4 AISC 360-05 Parameters 6 ‘Analysis Results v8 CHAPTERS Foundation Design 182 Isolated Spread Footings 182 Example—Spread Footing Design 183 Combined Footings 188 Pile Caps 190 ‘Mat Foundation 192 Example—Mat Foundation Design 9 CHAPTER TO Concrete Member Design 209 Design of Concrete Members for Bending 20 Example—Beam Design m Design of Concrete Members for Compression 216 Example—Column Design ™ Designing Concrete Slabs 2 Example—Slab Design 2 Design of Concrete Shear Walls 2s Example—Shear Wall Design 26 ‘Checking Composite Slabs for Floor Vibration Bi Example—Floor Vibration Analysis, 231 CHAPTERTI Concrete Structures ACI Speci ation Structure Foundation Integration Concrete Moment Frame Design Criteria Load Cases Load Combinations Concrete Design Parameters PDELTA Analysis Formats ‘Member Design Beam Design Brief Column Design Brief Slab Design Brief Index 235 235 236 237 239 29 240 24a ERBER Foreword ‘Today's roco techies, and economic tends have changed the way every “engineering practioner approaches solving complex problems. Comptes have become faster and mobil, creative designers have pushed the envelope of possibility and counties around the world compete forthe attraction of capital, resources, and power onthe woe stage, manifesting thei advancement by building skylines neatly half «mile high, Structural enginers ae nt impervious fiom thee trends and have lend to adapt over the past 25 yeas to embrace the new world of design, including expanding their prerequisite o encompass economics, designing for catastrophic man-made events, and working in a fsographiclly dispersed environment, Design has become exponentially more sificule wich a mysiad of design codes asking engincers ocalulate fr seismic, pushoter or nonlinear effets that were not posible without the proper sofovare, powerfl computes, and most of ala basic understanding behind the physics. With che advancement in technology come many caveats including unnecessarily layge and over-diseretized models and interpretation of results from esoteric nalyes ike large deflection, nonlineae dynamics or progressive collapse, Howeves, 25 years ago it wa almost unfathomable to think of building skysrepers inthe ‘idle oft highly seiemic zone o designing guise the impact of an aieplane ‘or putting horptals on base isolator, Todays design software may incorporate the latest advancement in stracteral mechanics, enabling engineers to ate highly sophistcaed models tha emulate the physical acer, but quite often, the inp requred to produce valid esl is not well understood andthe relationship [between the analytical and the physical models isnot synchronized. (My fier, Ant Das, start Research Engineers Intemational in 1981, writing ‘one ofthe first struturl analysis and design sofware forthe PC. STAAD (an ‘csonyen for STrututal Analyse nd Design) had ie rote ftom the mainframe ‘world but ws the first software co ake advantage of iterative design, conducive to the workflow an a PC. Itertive or interactive design ie a process whereby the initial model is mailed sed onthe decisions or eontaits defined by che engineer For ‘example the engineer may want to limit the sizes of specific secondary beams oF the deflection limit of floor by defining constraints in the model When STAAD checks the model agsinst these wer-defined rules, it will automaticaly adjust the ‘model until it saisies the original intention ofthe designer. The voftware was truly innovative on many font, inching the incorporation of aver one hundred international coder, integration with several plan design systems, specialty STAD ‘modules catered to speci industries Uke bridge, tower, or offshore and an open API enabling engineers to integrate commonly used Fxed sheets with their models Butone of the most power inate feature of STAD is the combination of Foreword san input text-based fle with a robust graphical interface‘Thefeiliyof cis ‘workdlow provided engineers a way to quickly modify compler loading patters or Update design constraints through arext-hased system aswell as document heir ode along every step Unlocking the power of his “dua interface” software as ‘enabled engineers around the world to model sophisticated powerplants, stadiums, foreven amusement purk ride. “This book writen by Trevor Jones an old Send of mine who hat been using ‘STAD and stated his taining at Lockwood Greene sa rare gem in that t explains how an analytical software with fout very simple building blocks ean be ‘wed to model some of the mos complex ystems inthe world, Trevor explains Iowa node beam, pat, and solid element wark together to fore a structural sytem to behave a intended in the physical world Understanding the relationship Iherween the degres of freedom exerted by these building blocks on each other ‘will help the reader compechend how to smulte 8 more real-world situation ‘Trevor alo demyatiis some ofthe more complicated yet commonly used functionality in STAAD like modeling floors using misterslave systems, when to model mat foundations with plates oe solids, and various ways of modeling semi-rigid connections, Te biggest challenge Ihave seen with our STAD sess ‘over the ast 20 year ithe resistance to change a worklow due to the lack of Undestandiag of what we called aggregnted commands. For example, Ihave seen hundreds of models where «curviinea structure lke a dome or sludge tank was ‘modeled using Cartesian coordinates. Tew exphins how STAAD can woskin ‘arious coordinate sytem lke Pola or even in multiple local coordinate systems, othe user can en align lads or interpret reslts and can reduce the number of instructions by 75%, Becoming mor funliae with structural ateibues like tthe MEMBER TRUSS or TENSION ONLY commands wil help the user ‘understand how to combine certain effects together and when they ean become problematic worked on «project onetime where I saw a fem interchangeably ‘use the MEMBER TRUSS command and a combination of releases on a beam to ‘simulate the member-only experiencing asa tensile and compressive forces, There i age diference between the two methods and this book explains the various riuances and subleiesbenween these commands. Questions such a theeference ‘between the myriad of dynamics commands ike IBC (equivalent static), response specu, or ime history ae aniwered in layman tems. Advanced analyses have ha a lange following now dat the design codes have ‘ray to dea with che results produce from these rather complex algoritis. [Extensive research and catastrophic events ike the collapse of the World Trade Center naclear meltdowns in Japan and earthquakes in New Zealand Haiti, and the United States have provided engineers with data to help improve their ‘designs. This book does a phenomenal jab of xking the reader through examples ‘of how to choose between a smal Prete or lange P-delea analysis as wells ‘sing nonlinear elements like tenson-only springs for foundation, Trevor ha an textensive background inthe indutey working at Lockwood Greene and CH2M HILL where the seuctures modeled (pipe racks, tanks, substations silos, etc) are subjected to various loads like hydrostatic from materials passing through hoppers ‘or chutes, moving loads fom jb canes or temperature loading from extreme ‘chemical reactions. Trevor dors an exceptional job by taking the eader through ‘ferent loading options in STAD, inclading automatic lad generstors ike the ‘moving, oor, or wind loading to simulate commonly observed external forces. (One ofthe most widely used modules in STAAD init stel and concrete design ‘workflows. Almost every aspect ofthe design can be coawlled through ast of parameters or constrains. But wherever ther is lexi her is room for er ‘or msaterpretation. This ook tales the eaderthrugh the vasious options in both stee and concrete design (using the new AISC 13th eiton and ACI 318 codes) alongwith how to design connections using the RAM Connection ‘modi. This isthe area of STAAD where she infamous ip le (ext editor) ‘comes in extemely handy. Many consider the input ile to be a double-edged ‘sword-—simplitc and elegant and a physieal decument of che model, but can be ‘easly manipulated and quickly prodice overlooked errors. Trevor uses the input file extensively along withthe grapical user interface to demonstrat to the seader how both ean be used saccessillyto make rapid changes such se going from a CODE CHECK toa MEMBER SELECTION or defining different sig criteria for load ease. STAAD's strength lies in the various ways one ‘cin manipulate the mode and Trevor does an exceptional ob by exploiting thie strength. ‘The profession of the structural engineering as gone theough a metamorphosis inthe last quarter century. Without accurate knowledge of how to use computer software like STAAD to simulate the physical world using analytical model, structural engineers would find themselves ats disadvantage working with architects or owners ooking for sustainable, enegy-eficient an reaient structures With the promulgation of BIM (Builling Information Modeling and its emphasis ofa single source of truth, the engineers must rely on various methods of interoperability to exchange iterations dynamically with professionals allover the work, Understanding how to quickly update the model with new change requests is something this book does a great job of covering through practical ‘utmples. Growing Research Engineers trom a 82MM domestic coups to & 10MM global engineering software company before selling to Batley Systems Jn 2005 has provided me with great pleasure. But I derive a deeper sense of pride knowing tht some ofthe world’s geatest pices of nfaxtracrre from bridges to skyscrapers to stadiums to historical monuments were designed with STAD. hope you enjoy this book and find che inspiration to push the boundaries of analysis and design, Santanu Das ‘Viee President, Structural and Bridge Development Acknowledgments | wold ike to thnk my family foe the time needed tote on this project. I etl appreciate the peace and quiet my wife granted me on those long weekends Tadcition, I would ike to thank fellow coworkers and mentors Keith Black, Steve ‘Magply, and Jim McCoy fr thee advice and allowing me to accept this challenge 1 wold like to thank Jeff Kell and his team 2 Bentley Institute Pres for their Jha work and effort, Francisco Diego did great job developing the cover images PreMedisGlobal did a wanderfl jb of pulling everything together and creating finshed product ‘Last but aot leas would ike to thank Santans Das and Kei Sahis fr thei ap pore nat only on this book, but als forall these yeas since I discovered STAAD. Pro. The technical group for STAAD.Pro ha away been top-notch and Ihave relied heavily on it for many years, Thanks for its support on the book andthe yest of great service About the Author “Trevor Jones a structural engineer at CH2M Hil Fortune-500 engineering! constuction company He i curendy serving as depuronent manage and has served at group leader on many commercial and industrial projets He bas ‘mate degze from Clemson University where be focused his studies scuctunl engineering. At Clemson he published a thes conersing the rete of exiting eden constriction to inceae the erstance to huiane force ‘winds a well asaded i the writing and development of serra techil paper. “Trevor Jones enjoy hiking, camping, and Sshing inthe outdoors a ell a the ‘oceisional woodworking project Fle i marted to Kristen Jones and ha wo gest is, Davi and Ay. Structural Modeling } Techniques and Guidelines the exception rather than che rule Ta recent yeas, ot only has compre modeling become more efficient and user-friendly, our customers have _generaly come to expect that this will provide them the mot economical and cost-efficient design. Building codes and standards have also continued to change and in many instances require the use of moce complicated analyis techniques In soe cases modeling af the seuce, inching 3D spatial, tiffs and aoalineae effets, is mandated by code provisions, Building materials continue to increase in strength, While chis hs the benefit of utng les materiale at the eon feo ing the lca and overall stiffness of che structures. The rests that the engineer is faced with the task of designing the tractue for more complicated codes and standards which inherently have les stfines,in after ammount of time than in years pas. While the use of computers and software can aid in designing the Structure, it is ncreasingly important forthe enginet to ensure that the level of modeling agrees with the detail of whats actually bul. Assumptions of stiffs, load, load pat, connections, effects of nonstructural components and soon should al e verified a critical steps in the design proces. ‘This book will provide a background of how STAD Pro handles modeling snd design of hears, plates, connections, nd othe structural elements aswell the istibuson of forces and stuctaredaplacements, ew alo explain the develop- ment of the appropriate lads and load combinations tobe inched in the model In regards to wind and seismic, the ede provisions and ther effect on the struc~ tural model willbe explained including the design of iadividual elements sch as collectors, rag struts and diaphragms. The prescribed analysis methods requited from steel and concrete codes including the recently adopted Direct Analyse “Method for steel design, willbe coveredThe design and detailing of individual ‘ements such as beams and columns, to meet the code spsifiations and detailing requirements willbe peeseted for both stel and concrete, The required detail to provide proper bracing and stability tothe strctue and individual members will also be presented. The ability ofthe STAAD. Pro model to export a athe pro- frum such as STAAD foundation and RAM Connection wil albo be discuseed slong with appropiate examples. Complete building examples fr steel and con- crete wll be provided to prevent all concepts in a single concise format. T: modeling and design ofstrctures without the us of computers is now ER) 0.20115 00 0es0n orsraucruns STAAD Pro ie state-of the-art software that enables the engineer to handle a wide range of srtures, building codes, material, and loading requirements. The ‘caineer should have a intimate knowledge witha of the program assumptions tnd limitations, Stucrures suchas steel and concrete buildings, proces towers, bridges tank farms, transmission towers maybe analyzed and designed; however it isthe egineer who asst decide how to develop the analytial model ro represent these physical structures, The engineer must kxow the diferences in the physical structure and the analytical model, For example, wile most design drawings are based on and dimensioned from lash Door or top of sted the analtil model ties the centerline ofthe clement, While tis hus Kite effect on braced frame structure, an analytical model ofa moment frame developed using the top of steel ‘would exhibiea greater daplacement under lateral loads The result of which could bbe heavier cokimrns and besms to eoateol the deft of the building. On the other Inand considering a calarn base siting on concrete pir and foundation tobe “xed” may resltn underestiating the building dit since rotation ofthe Foun ation can occu, Consideration should aso be given tothe design eiteria and ssmumptions that ae used a npot into che analytical model. The accuracy ofthis Infocration and its application toa particular structure shouldbe given carefl ‘consideration, If information is general in nature oF perhaps from referenced stan ‘ands, maybe prudent toute a greater level of safety in the desig, For exam ple the soil subgrade modulus ean important parameter for mat foundation and Slab design Homers, the test methods to determine this value can vary and the ‘ype and magnitude of load can affect this parameter, For this situation, multiple analyses may be considered so thats bounded slusion is obtained. Connections CHAPTER stent Modeling Tena and cucenes of individual elements should alo be evaluated to ensure that the analytical model "represents the physical condition Differences may occur due wo brace work point, connection eccentricity offs ofthe physical member feom the dheoreicl inte. ‘ection and other conditions. The result i sully addtional bending moment or torsion required tobe cased by the member @) ut © ¢ » T — 4 t FIGURE -1 Py Model ot» Baca ont [FIGURE -2 Analy Madea Bac nt tions. This is due to the use of different beam depths, The aca brace and analyti- cal race centerline may or may not intersect the centerline ofthe beam to which connected. Tn addition the actual column height coincides with the top of the thea and not the centesine In thin cae the typial method of melange sin Figure 1-3, withthe top of steel used as the work point for analytical beams, col- ‘uns and braces. Anoties cramp af iirecs in he anal nd py models shown the flonnggurindatngslrted von sab eonsrucon uote by ‘caring The tnajeal bam cents and the eerie oe once [bd mrennce I would be onl to ml hs condo ing ign, ‘er of and wo ons howe ths wou reaty complete the aed align he ets uy heater hat maybe rite Te wou be sical to md he ban and serie ssming at RGUREY Tod {hak cenetins are conciden Ie ahould be noted ha thre ue sometnnene,__ ‘Mote eats tren maybe nessny to mel hi oft endo, ues como i. tg bun at genre ewe In the preceding figure che analytical beams intersect the eolumn a diferent lcs © FLGUREY- Tyla! Ania Slab Centerline Beam Centerline FIGURE YPN! 3 ltd Sb BES) 051055 ano s10n or siavcrunes CURE biewnce in letlon detveen Sab eam Cee fests Dstt iGURET-6 type Artal MaelLsng Top of Stel and oto Sab fr tesetonof Geometry Modeling As mentioned previously tis standard practice forthe analytical model t be based on centerline to centerline dimensions of members. Its also generally seweptable to model floor lor brights uring the dimension fom tp of mem- ‘er to top of member Phe will usally ssl in a conservative design; however, there are instances when this method will not capture lea effets on the member. Teiscnucial thatthe analytical model and construction drawings be checked for comssteney to ensue the design intent is met. The following Figure shows the Snalyial model for a braced frame. Let’ examine and compare this with the ‘ctual construction deals that may be weed to build the suucture. Detail 1a the intersection ofthe wide fange clurmn and beam, Since the con nection ofthe simply supported WIR is othe ange of the Wi column, there ‘willbe an addtional mornent imparted tothe cofwmn. This moment wil be equi alent tothe beam end shear multiplied by one-half the depth of the column, “The use ofthe OFFSET command in STAD Peo willallow ch user to model these types of conditions i the structure, Since the member offset command will, slsoredice the length ofthe member its recommended to perform the design sing the centerline to centerline dimensions and then verify the members selected ‘sing the OFFSET command ina separate analysis This command can be located ‘under the Bean/Speciication tah. The user will ned to assign the location as = ther the start or end of che member and specify the ose dimension in the curent ‘model units The user als has the option ofasiging the oftet using the global or local coordinate system. ft should be ned thatthe use ofthe OFFSET command, ‘ects ig link between the connection node and the offset beam. The effec of ‘his seo not only recuce the member length but also to increase the overall stiff res of the stricture, Care should be exercised when wsing the OFFSET command nd investigating member deflections, fame stability, and 50 on, CUTER ec a = x ee et > ~ | / \ / \ / \ & é / / \ tg td \ chy LGUREY-7 pi eed Fame FIGURET-® Detal~Beamto Colina Fag Corman BTS) 2201's 410 085104 0Fstaverunes FIGURET-9 STAD ro OFFSET Command ‘Detail 2 i at the intersection ofthe column base and the vertical brace In many instnces, construction details may dictate the geometry at this location Te is nat ‘uteomnmon ta rise the brace work pint above the column base to ad inthe exec- tor of the strctue, Thies especialy tre in cares where the floor slab may be intl pei to receiving selon site In lew of modeling this condition with the OFFSET command ici recommended to insere a node to represent the brice work point. This wll alow the proper eaeuation of beam shears and moments Tamed ar clic bean theory Ste the OFFSET cuts ence gal cmd, ‘twill not properly model thie condition. Brace Work Point, Additional Node Required mbes epscacaee bt FLGURET-10 etal 2- race fet at oem ate ‘CHAPTER 1» Structural Modeling Techniques and Guidelines Denil 3 occurs a the intersection ofthe vertical bracing anda beam or gider Since the brace frames toa gusset pte welded t che bottom flange ofthe WIS, there i potential to introduce an ational moment both the beam andthe brace depending onthe connection detail, Creal review ofthe fabrication dew ings is needed to ensure thatthe connection detail align with the design intent. Let usassume thatthe braces intersect tthe bottom flange, In thie case the conec- tion wll price an additional moment inthe beam a shown in Figure 1-11. The OFFSET command could agin be used to account for this connection esenticiy. ‘There is also ational moment insoduced tothe brace duet this connection detail Since che ange i atached tothe fice ofthe gusset, theres an excenticiy ‘guivalent to half the gussee thickness pus the distance to the member cente-of- avy. The OFFSET command would not be appropriate for accounting for thie teitéonal moment, The brace capacity woud need tobe verified by haad or with a Spreadsheet-1ype application. Ii common practice to consider this additional mo- ment for braces loaded in compression but gore this effet for tension braces, as tension acts to counteract the buckling effet ofthe ational moment. [FIGUREY-M Dea 3-Ver race Comet Ect Load Path Considerations ‘Computer modeling has in many ways improved the ability ofthe engineer to model and design complicated stuctuses. Bu for this very eason,ithas made it ‘more dificult to determine and isolate the load path through the structure, While allowing the analysis softwar to distribute loads throughout the structure due to stiffness and connection parameters may seem logical, it produces several sues that must be addressed + Isolating single load path through the structure allows the engineer, ibrcsto, sand connection designer to eaily understand the specific design requirement. [If the loa path is left unidentified, it becomes extremely dificult ro convey the ‘proper information to «connection engines, ax well sto check the fabrication

    You might also like