Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RESEARCH DATA
on
for
BGTECH541 – AR047
Submitted to:
August 1, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Definition of Terms 1
Types of Slabs:
Flat Slab 15
Flat Plate 16
Waffle Slab 17
Lift Slab 19
References 22
Cast-in Place Concrete and Pre-Cast Concrete
A. Cast-in Place
Early forays into this technology were done more than 100 years ago
by Thomas Edison. He saw the benefit of building homes with concrete well before it was
widely understood. As technology developed, improvements in forming systems and
insulation materials increased the ease and appeal of using removable forms for single-family
construction. These systems are strong. Their inherent thermal mass, coupled with
appropriate insulation, makes them quite energy efficient. Traditional finishes can be applied
to interior and exterior faces, so the buildings look similar to frame construction, although the
walls are usually thicker.
B. Pre-cast
And for the record, here’s a table providing the differences of Pre-Cast
and Cast-in Place and how Pre-Cast outperforms Cast-in Place as provided by Advance
Concrete Products, Co.:
Flat Slab
The plan dimensions of the drop panels are a minimum of 1/3 of the
span in the direction under consideration, usually rounded to the nearest 100 mm. The overall
depth of the drop panel is typically taken as 1.75 to 2 times the depth of the slab, again
rounded to suit timber sizes or the nearest 25 mm.
Advantages:
- Simple formwork.
- No beams—simplifying under-floor services outside the drops.
- Minimum structural depth.
- Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.
Disadvantages:
- Medium spans.
- Generally not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions.
- Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting.
- Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns.
- For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.
Flat Plate
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Medium spans.
- Limited lateral load capacity as part of a moment frame.
- May need shear heads or shear reinforcement at the columns or larger columns for
shear.
- Long-term deflection may be controlling factor.
- May not be suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions.
- May not be suitable for heavy loads.
Slab depths typically vary from 75 to 125 mm and rib widths from 125
to 200 mm. Rib spacing of 600 to 1500 mm can be used. The overall depth of the floor
typically varies from 300 to 600 mm with overall spans of up to 15 m if reinforced, longer if
post-tensioned. The use of ribs to the soffit of the slab reduces the quantity of concrete and
reinforcement and also the weight of the floor. The saving of materials will be offset by the
complication in formwork and placing of reinforcement. However, formwork complication is
minimized by use of standard, modular, reusable formwork, usually made from
polypropylene or fiberglass and with tapered sides to allow stripping.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Depth of slab between the ribs may control the fire rating.
- Requires special or proprietary formwork.
- Greater floor-to-floor height.
- Large vertical penetrations are more difficult to handle.
The rib-slab is special in that it provides a lighter and stiffer slab than
an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extent of foundations since the ultimate load is reduced.
They provide a very good form where slab vibration is an issue.
They are also known as waffle slabs, because they look like waffles
with rows of beams running underneath them. They have advantages of saving on material,
and providing long spans.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Earthquake-prone.
- Slabs are fastened only by bolts; if not maintained properly, might cause accidents
that lead to structure failure.
- Load capacity is limited.
Within the context of steel floor systems, simple also means less labor
and cost. For example, the simplest solution of a downstand solid web I-section beam as
opposed to a truss means; fewer structural elements, less fabrication , fewer surfaces to be
fire protected and less time to design.
Floor Stiffness:
Written Literature:
Architectural Graphic Standards: Student Edition, Ramsey/Sleeper, 1994, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Advance Concrete Products, Inc., online brochures, 2011, Magna Press Limited
Online Literature:
www.civildigital.com
www.formstress.co.nz
en.wikipedia.org
Definition of Terms
forays - a sudden attack or incursion into enemy territory, especially to obtain something; a
raid.
formwork - is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or
similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports
the shuttering moulds.
beam - a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal spanning an opening or part of a
building, usually to support the roof or floor above.
flat slab - in similarity with a slab; a concrete panel for use with elevating a structure.
slab - a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or wood, typically rectangular.
joist - a length of timber or steel supporting part of the structure of a building, typically
arranged in parallel series to support a floor or ceiling.
purlins - a horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on a main rafter and supporting
the common rafters or boards.
stiffness - is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which it resists deformation in response
to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible
an object is, the less stiff it is.
penetrations - the action or process of making a way through or into something; the
perceptive understanding of complex matters.