Andean Past

Volume 4 Article 15

1994

Early Occupations at Gran Pajaten, Peru

Warren Church
Columbus State University, church_warren@columbusstate.edu

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Church, Warren (1994) "Early Occupations at Gran Pajaten, Peru," Andean Past: Vol. 4 , Article 15.
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293-
uncover substantial evidence for cultural oc-
cupation from the end of the Kotosh
Higueras Period (early Early Intermediate
Period) to the terminal Late Intermediate Pe-
riod, although local events probably differed
regionally. In the subalpine zone above Gran
Pajaten, test excavations at Chirimachay
(Cave) (Lennon, Vasquez S., and Church
1989) rendered a small sample of tri-color
Middle Horizon pottery (Figure 22). Also, a
previously unreported radiocarbon date of
630 ± 80 B.P.: a.d. 1320 (1-16,822) from
Building Number 2 at the montane forest site
of Las Papayas (Lennon, Church, and
Cornejo G. 1989) corresponds to the Late
Intermediate Period. While these data are
scattered, and analyses of materials from
these sites are still in progress, they do sug-
gest that discussion of an occupational hiatus
in the Rfo Abiseo Park area may be prema-
ture. Also, it bears repeating that the occupa-
tional histories of sites within the continuous
montane forest probably differ from those in
the alpine and subalpine zones above.
Gran Pajaten, Kuelap, Cancharfn (Ruiz
E. 1972); and perhaps Huepon are the only
reported northern ceja de selva sites to render
clear evidence for early occupations, yet few
sites have been subjected to intensive sub-
surface exploration.6 Archaeological investi-
gation in the ceja de selva has consisted
largely of clearing and examining architecture
and surface collection of ceramics. In the Rfo
Abiseo Park and the Pataz area immediately
to the west, we invariably noted an absence
of surface pottery unless the sites had been
greatly disturbed by cultivation or pothunt-
ing. We also learned by experience that at-
tempting excavations for extended periods of
time in such a remote region presents daunt-
ing logistical difficulties. This particular ef-
fort, however, was rewarded with ample evi-
dence for the earliest human occupation yet
encountered in the eastern montane forest.
Hopefully, sub-surface sampling methods
will be increasingly utilized to evaluate issues
of ceja de selva prehistory adequately.
6 Schjellerup's (1992) program of excavations farther
north at the headwaters of the Utcubamba River con-
stitutes an exception to this observation.
Church: Gran Pajaten
Acknowledgments
This report is a revised version of an ar-
ticle published in the Revista del Museo de
Arqueologfa of the University of Trujillo,
Peru in 1991 (Church 1991). I would like to
thank the director of the Rfo Abiseo National
Park Project, Thomas J. Lennon, for giving
me the chance to participate. Lennon, with
project co-director Miguel Cornejo G., di-
rected the excavations. Project coordinator
Patricia Moore handled the difficult logistics
of field work. I wish to express special
thanks to Tito Hurtado and Isabel de Hurtado
for facilitating our work from Pataz. Archae-
ologists, students, volunteers, and Pataz vil-
lagers who participated in excavations are
Rolando Paredes, David Ayers, Elke Cedron,
Cesar Soriano, Barbara Roth, Robert Lee
Morris, William Cabanillas, Macedonio Gon-
zales, Rolando Lopez, Marcos Salirosas,
Elias Zegarra, and others. Various forms of
support for this project were rendered by the
Instituto N acional de Cultura, the Ministry of
Agriculture Direccion General Foresta! y de
Fauna, the University of Colorado-Boulder,
the University of Trujillo, Hugo Ludefia,
Vfctor Rodriguez Suy Suy, Cesar Jaramillo,
and Abel Salirosas. Project field work was
made possible through generous donations of
invaluable services, supplies, and equipment
by Aeroperu, Allied/Signal, Brunton/Lakota,
Eureka! Tent/Johnson Camping, Jansport,
L.L. Bean, Kaufman Footwear, Nalgene,
REI, Smokey Canyon, Wigwam Mills, and
others. Support of the Fulbright Commis-
sion in Lima and the kind attention of Marcia
Koth de Paredes enabled the ceramic analysis
and my stay in Peru. Payson Sheets, Freder-
ick Lange, Frank Eddy, and Richard Burger
offered guidance at various levels of this
work. Warren DeBoer, Hernan Amat, Luis
Lumbreras, Ryozo Matsumoto, Arturo Ruiz,
Theresa Topic, John Topic, Heidy Fogel,
and Steven Wegner gave freely of their
opinions regarding northern Peruvian ceram-
ics and chronology. Peter Birkeland, Donald
Rodbell, and Kenneth Young helpfully sup-
plied opinions and unpublished information
regarding geology, paleoenvironment, and
climate in the park. I also appreciate the
guidance of an anonymous Andean Past re-
viewer. To these people and institutions and
many others unmentioned I am grateful.
ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -294

Most of all I would like to thank Elke Cedron Goicochea Viuda de Cedron for giving me
Church, Thomas and Sylvina Church, and their unconditional and unwavering support.
the late Otto Cedron Alva and Estela

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299- Church: Gran Pajaten

so

NORTHERN PERU

10° 100 kma

• Modern city
• Archaeological site

Figure 1. Some archaeological sites and modem cities in northern Peru.

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Rio Abiseo National Park Boundary

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 301- Church: Gran Pajaten

THE UPPER MONTECRISTO

, RIVER VALLEY
I • I Puerto del Monte
I • 2 Chochos Volley site No.4
•...' ,-, • 3 Unnamed site N
- ' • 4 El Mirodor

t
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', I
• 6 El Enconto
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Figure 3. The Upper Montecristo River Valley.

ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -302
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Figure 4. The Gran Pajaten site complex (after Pimentel G. 1967; Lennon, Church, and Cornejo
G. 1989.
-----------------~--- --
303- Church: Gran Pajaten

Figure 5. North fa<;ade of Building 1, Gran Pajaten.

 ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -304

Gran Pajaten

Plan of Excavations
5m

Building
Building No. 3
No. 5

Building
No. 2

o Huanca

Building
No. 7

PC = Control Unit

Figure 6. Plan of the 1985-86 excavations at Building 1. Building 2 excavations are not illus-
trated.
 305- 0
a 0
a Church: Gran Pajaten
Ir) 0
0
Figure 7. East profile of Units 12 and 1 demonstrating ten of twelve strata (Strata T4b and T8b
not shown) observed within Building 1. Stippling represents strata containing Abiseo Phase re-
mains. Diagonal hachure represents strata containing pre-Abiseo Phase assemblage.
--- - --- --------------------------------
 ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -306

TEST TRENCH EXCAVATION CONTROL UNIT (PC)

Excavation l II 10 I 9 8 7 6 i' I
Unit Number
East Woll West Wall
I
: . . Datum 2,850 40 m

-.·-,
'--,,_ -1

L im1t of Excavation ·--,

L,
'-,
L-,

0 3 meters
uo... Present ground surface
~ Stratum 3, Abiseo Phase floor
D Strata Conraining Abiseo Phase materials
I§§ Strata Containing pre-Abiseo Phase materials
Em Bedrock of clay and siltstone

Figure 8. Approximation of cross-section of Building 1. Section is approximated by employing

the east wall of the test trench and the west wall of the control unit. Note: a reversed portrayal of
the east wall profile of Units 12 and 1 illustrated in Figure 7 has been substituted for the badly
disturbed west wall profile for clarity.
 307- Church: Gran Pajaten

- 0.50m

-1.00m

UNEXCAVATED BALK
{ROCKY FILL)

- 1.50m

-2.00m

PC9

- 2.50m

Figure 9. West profile of control unit. Stippling represents strata containing Abiseo Phase re-
mains. Diagonal hachure represents strata containing pre-Abiseo Phase assemblage.
 ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -308

/
/
"' '
/
/
'"
/ ""
/
/
"'\. '\.
/ '\
/ '\
I \
\
I \
I \
I \
\
I \
I \
\ I
I \
I I \
"' ....... _
\
/ I
I
--- ./ b
I
---
/
I I
\ I
I
\ I
\ I
\ I
\
\ /
I
' I
\
\ "' ....... ........... ___ -- _, /
/
/
c
I
\ I
/
""' /
/ a

"" /
/

" '-..... /

-- -- -
.......... /
/
.......... .._

-- --- --- 5 cm

Figure 10. Vessel shapes of pre-Abiseo Phase assemblage. a: jars, b: collared bowls, c: simple
bowls.
 309- Church: Gran Pajaten

,.. 20 23

l" e

2 cm

,
12

Figure 11. Rim profiles of short-necked jars. Numbers represent rim diameters in centimeters.
ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -310

-,q -, -,.
0

11 12 12 14

7o 11

2 cm

Figure 12. Rim profiles of collared bowls. Rim t shows red paint. Numbers represent rim di-
ameters in centimeters.

- - - - - ----
311- Church: Gran Pajaten

-,a ~ -,
8 8 10

-,d -,e -. --,.

? ? ?

18

9 'h
-,, -,j -k,}
14 14 16 18

-,m -,n -,0 -\p

12 12 12 12 12

7 9 10 10

/r -is ] u
2 cm

Figure 13. Rim profiles. Rims a-g from collared bowls. Rims h-u from simple bowls. Rim h
shows red paint. Numbers represent rim diameters in centimeters.
 ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -312

l
16 16

b c

20 21 25

)" I
f

20

~,i
2 cm

Figure 14. Rim profiles of kaolin ware. Rims a-dare undecorated. Rims e-h show traces of red
paint. Rims i-k show a thin red painted line on the top of the lip. Numbers represent rim diameters
in centimeters.
 313- Church: Gran Pajaten

16

{ )
/b

I D

2 cm

Figure 15. Fragments of kaolin ceramics with geometric designs rendered in red paint. Numbers
represent rim diameters in centimeters.
~~DEAN PAST 4 (1994) -314

16

~I

15

~ fi5 I 7
14

<Je 111, ~· 'L..--....,j

2 cm

Figure 16. Fragments of kaolin ceramics with red and black painted designs. Numbers repre-
sent rim diameters in centimeters.

-,
315- Church: Gran Pajaten

20

2 cm

J.

Figure 17. Fragments of fine ware ceramics. Sherds a-dare kaolin with red and black painted
designs. Rims e-h are fine orange ware. Numbers are rim diameters in centimeters.
ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -316

-. ?

a
--,
8?

b
12

1
16

d
16

\
c e

-, 12?

g
-~
16

h
2 cm

I.
~b
c

2 cm

Figure 18. (above) Fragments of coarse-tempered red ware bowls. Sherd h shows white paint.
Numbers represent rim diameters in centimeters.
Figure 19. (below) Fragments of fine ware ceramics. Sherds a-c show white-on-red paint.
Sherd d shows white, red, and orange paints. Numbers represent rim diameters in centimeters.

--------
317- Church: Gran Pajaten

18

14

2 cm

Figure 20. Fragments of fine ware ceramics. Sherds a-c, probably from the same vessel, show
orange paint on pink kaolin. Sherds d and e, also pertaining to the same vessel, show orange and
black paint on gray kaolin. Numbers represent rim diameters in centimeters.
ANDEAN PAST 4 (1994) -318

22

13

Figure 21. (above) Hoe blade recovered from construction fill in base of Building 1, Gran
Pajaten.
Figure 22. (below) Sherds of probable Middle Horizon age with black and red paint on buff-
colored kaolin paste from Chirimachay (Cave) near Pataz. Numbers represent rim diameters in
centimeters.