Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prokaryote &
Eukaryote
Structure and Function
Evolution
1 2
mitochondria
5 6
1
Earliest
Prokaryotes
• Most numerous
organisms on Classification
Earth
• Include all of Life
bacteria
• Earliest fossils
date 2.5 billion
years old
7 8
Three Domains of
Life Kingdoms of Bacteria
• Archaea –
prokaryotes living in Archaebacteria:
extreme habitats 9 Found in harsh
• Bacteria- environments
n i nm nt
Cyanobacteria and 9 Undersea volcanic vents,
vents,
eubacteria acidic hot springs,
springs, salty
• Eukarya – water
Protozoans, fungi,
plants, & animals 9 10
2
Eubacteria
Characteristics
of Bacteria
13 14
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial Structure
• Microscopic prokaryotes
• No nucleus or membrane-
membrane-
bound organelles
• Contain ribosomes
• Single, circular
chromosome in nucleoid
region
15 16
Sticky Bacterial
Protection
Capsule
• Cell Wall made of
Peptidoglycan
• May have a sticky
coating called the
Capsule for
attachment to host or
other bacteria
17 18
3
Bacterial
Structure
PLASMIDS
Staphylococcus
Bacterial Structure
Bacterial
• Most grow best at
pH of 6.5 to 7.0
• Many
M actt as
decomposers recycling
nutrients
• Some cause disease
21 22
4
Flagella Pili
• Bacteria that • Short protein appendages
are motile have • Smaller than flagella
appendages
called flagella
• Adhere bacteria to
surfaces
• Attached by • Used in conjugation for
Basal Body
Exchange of genetic
• A bacteria can information
have one or
many flagella
• Aid Flotation by
increasing buoyancy
25 26
Pili in Conjugation
Bacterial
Shapes
27 28
5
Grouping of Bacteria
• Diplo
Diplo-- Groups of
two
• Strepto
Strepto- - chains
• Staphylo
Staphylo- - Grapelike
clusters
31 32
Diplococcus
33 34
Streptococcus Causes
Strep Throat
Staphylococcus
35 36
6
Bacillus - E. coli
Streptobacilli
37 38
Spirillum Spirochetes
39 40
Leptospira
41 42
7
Archaebacteria
Bacterial • Lack peptidoglycan in cell
walls
Kingdoms • Have different lipids in
their
h cell
ll membrane
b
• Different types of
ribosomes
• Very different gene
sequences
43 44
Archaebacteria Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria can live in • Subdivided into 3
extremely harsh groups:
environments
• They do not require oxygen
9Methanogens
h
and can live in extremely
salty environments as well as 9Thermoacidophiles
extremely hot environments 9Extreme Halophiles
• Called the Ancient bacteria
45 46
Methanogens Methanogens
• Live in anaerobic • Break down
environments (no oxygen) cellulose in a
• Get energy by changing H2 cow’s
& CO2 into methane gas stomach
• Found in swamps
swamps,, sewage • Produce
treatment plants, digestive marsh
tracts of animals (methane)
gas
47 48
8
Thermoacidophiles or
Extreme Halophiles Thermophiles
• Live in very • Live in
salty water extremely hot
• Use salt to environments
generate • Found in
ATP (energy) volcanic vents,
• Dead Sea, hot springs,
Great Salt cracks on ocean
Lake floor that leak
inhabitants acid
49 50
Characteristics
Kingdom • 3 basic shapes (coccus,
Eubacteria bacillus, spirilla)
• Most are heterotrophic
(can’t make their own food)
True Bacteria
• May be aerobic or
anaerobic
• Identified by Gram staining
51 52
9
Gram Positive Gram Negative
Bacteria Bacteria
9 Lactobacilli (makes yogurt & • Thin layer of peptidoglycan in
buttermilk) cell wall
9 Actinomycetes
y (make
(make • Extra thick layer
y of lipids
p
antibiotics) • Stain pink or reddish
9 Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria) • Hard to treat with antibiotics
9 Streptococcus (strep throat) • Some photosynthetic but
9 Staphylococcus (staph
(staph make sulfur not oxygen
infections) • Some fix nitrogen for plants
55 56
Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria
• Gram negative • May be red, yellow, brown, black,
or blue
blue--green
• Photosynthetic • May grow in chains (Oscillatoria)
• Called
ll d blue
bl -green bacteria
blue- b • Have
H H t
Heterocystst to
t hhelp
l fix
fi N2
• First to re
re--enter devastated
• Contain phycocyanin (red
(red-- areas
blue) pigments & • Some cause Eutrophication (use up
O2 when die & decompose in
chlorophyll water)
59 60
10
Cyanobacteria Nutrition,
Respiration,
and
Reproduction
61 62
11
Binary Fission E. coli
Reproduction Conjugation
• Bacteria reproduce
sexually by Conjugation
• Form
F m a tube
t b bbetween
t n 2
bacteria to exchange
genetic material
• Held together by pili
• New cells NOT identical
69 70
Transduction &
Spore Formation Transformation
• Form endospore • Genetically change bacteria
whenever when
habitat conditions • May become antibiotic resistant
become harsh • Transformed bacteria p pick up
p
(little
(littl food)
f d) pieces of DNA from dead
• Able to survive for bacterial cells
long periods of
time as endosperm • Transduction – viruses carry
• Difficult to foreign DNA to bacteria; used
destroy (heat to make insulin
resistant)
71 72
12
Pathogens
Pathenogenic • Called germs or microbes
Bacteria • Cause disease
• May produce poisons or
toxins
• Endotoxins released after
bacteria die (E. coli)
• Exotoxins released by Gram
+ bacteria (C.
(C. tetani)
tetani)
73 74
13