• Deceptive arguments

that may lead to:

Wrong use of inference
Hasty Generalizations
False Cause
Misuse of language
Deceptive arguments can be
classified as fallacies of
ambiguity and fallacies of
relevance.
Fallacies of ambiguity may result in confusion in
meanig of words.
Fallacies of language are called formal fallacies.
Fallacies of substance are contextual or informal.
Fallacies of substance may proceed from misuse
of empirical observation and data or some faulty
or wrongful inferential processes as applied to
human experience.
1)Since all mahoganies have bark and all dogs bark, it
can be said that all dogs are mahoganies.

Equivocation- use of the

same word in two unrelated
sense.
Captain Rogers went to an expedition in a
jungle.
P1: Have you got anything from our trip?
P2: Oh! Yes. We took some pictures of the native girls,
but they weren't developed. But we're going back again
in a couple of weeks.

Amphiboly- Meaning becomes

indeterminate because of the way the
words are combined in sentence.
Australian: Did you came here today?
American: Yes sir! I have came here to die sir!

Accent- emphasis of a word in a

given statement can result to
ambiguity of meaning.
4) Matter is made up of atoms. My body
is some form of matter. Thus my body is
atomic.

Composition- property of the

constituent parts is also true to
its whole.
5) The university is rich. Its has assets amounting P2
billion. Since I belong to the university, I am also
rich.

Division- It argues property of the

whole is also true to each constituent
part.
Appeal to Ignorance(Ad Ignorantiam)
– Infers that a statement is true
because it cannot be refuted.
 P1: Do you know that everybody is watching NBA
FINALS?
P2: YES! I am a die hard fan of Golden State Warriors.
Appeal to people (Ad populum)-
Popular sentiments of the majority become the
basis of the truth.
Also referred to as the “bandwagon” fallacy, the arguer
tries to convince the audience to do or believe
something because everyone else (supposedly) does.
Mother: You should stop smoking. It’s harmful to your
health.
Daughter: Why should I listen to you? You started
smoking when you were 16!
Ad hominem or poisoning the well- intends to
discredit your opponent instead of attacking
his argument.
• Tu quoque is variation of this, which is more
loosely, “look who’s talking.”
Instructor: I’m sorry but I’m afraid you failed in class because of your
absences and you failed on some of your quizzes.
Student: Please don’t fail me sir. I was absent because poor and my
mother got sick.

Appeal to Pity or (Ad misericordiam)-

Attempting to convince an individual to
accept a conclusion by making them feel
sorry for someone.
P1: But Mr. Clean I really can’t do your request….
P2:Why should you neglect me?! Don’t you know
that I have a connection with the mayor?!

Ad baculum or Appeal to force-

uses Violence or Threat to advance an
argument.
 Paris Hilton is endorsing the
BMW series 5 as the safest car
around.
Appeal to false authority or ad verecundiam-
It argues that one person is an expert on
something.
Mother: I think we should really buy baby mark his toy.
Father: If we give in every time our baby cries, he will pitch a fit to get what he
wants, and he will end up in prison because we never set limits.

Slippery Slope- the assumption that

something is wrong because it might result to
something that is unacceptable later.
P1: Someone in DORSU had been in contact with a
tricycle driver.
P2: Therefore all girls who study in DORSU are
cocotte.
Hasty generalization-
it draws a broad judgement or conclusion on the basis of
a small number of perhaps unrepresentative cases.
On call…..
P1: bro, I heard you are expecting a baby?
P2: yes bro! I hear the rain falling outside the window therefore
my wife will give birth a baby boy.

False Cause- an argument that incorrectly

assumes that one thing is the cause of
another.
Note:

A variety of false cause is the fallacy

of “post hoc ergo propter hoc”,
because it concludes that what
happens after an event occurs because
of that particular event, e.g. A black
cat passed over me so there must be
some danger driving tonight
More cows die in New Delhi in the summer months. More
soda is consumed in summer months. Therefore, the
consumption of soda in the summer months is killing Indian
cows.

NON-SEQUITUR- it is Latin for “it does

not follow.” the effect cannot come from the
given antecedent
P1:Have you stopped cheating your
friend?
P2: What?

Complex Questions- Groups more than

one question in the form of a single
question.
The soul is infinite because it is
eternal.

Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)-

One statement where the conclusion and the
premise are exactly the same. It is a “vicious circle”
or arguing in a circle.
p1:: I heard that our councilor is going to take the bar
exam next week.
P2: Our councilor has been a very kind person. He is a
very committed public servant. I am sure that he will pass
the bar exam on his second try.
Ignorantio Elenchi-
fallacy of an “irrelevant conclusion”. An argument
that is supposed to support a particular conclusion
instead suggesting a different conclusion.
A brand of skin whitening soap promises
in its ad “clear and fair skin after 3 weeks
of use”.

Fact Suppression(Exclusion)- Some significant proof

which weakens an argument is hidden or taken
out from consideration.
A well-known scientist and geologist
discovered that Mt. Mayon is most likely to
erupt anytime soon.

Anonymous Authority- is committed

when an argument containing a claim
fails to disclose its source.
“All men are born free.
therefore I can kill whoever I
want.”

Accident- A general rule

imprative is applied when a
situation implies an
exception.
“Since I can kill in self-defense, I must likewise
be allowed to kill in all other instances.”

Converse Accident- is applied in a

situation where the generalization
should govern.
B: I love you, please don’t do this to
me
G: Either you can quit playing MOBA
or I’m breaking our relationship
False Dilemma- a limited
number of choices given,
when in fact more are
available.