Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Online technology has been regarded as the source of information since

the beginning of the twenty-first century, when there are over 800 million

separate web pages served for approximately 200 million regular computer-users

(Hall 2011).The credibility and quality of news source plays a fundamental role in

traditional media, but they is not be so important for computer users to judge the

trustworthiness of online news stories Kenny (2001).

Sinukuan Gazette is one of an active organization of student in Pac, an

organization that where writer/students can express their feelings on some issue

around the campus through writing, they published different kinds of news and

articles: Literary Folio, Broad Sheet, Magazine and sometimes they published an

especial issue of newspapers, the Flash Issue and News Letter.

The publication of Sinukuan Gazette newspaper is not usually known by

numerous students. Limited copies are given to the student and the publication

takes a long period of time.

The researchers saw the existing problem of the locale by conducting

interview and observation. So they proposed this study that will help their locale

in disseminating information to the students.

The proposed study will be beneficial to the Sinukuan Gazette writers to

publish their works online. Also, Announcements like screening schedules for the
aspiring writers and artist will be posted in the website. The Pac students can

view the articles, and they can also download the files and read it offline through

pdf file. Furthermore, the interested students can send their poems that they

want to published and the writers can also post a topic on the forum site which

the student can comment their reactions and concern.

Theoretical Framework

According to Edmons, etal (2009).A long-lasting concern shared by online

news publishers centers on the feasibility of digital subscription models .Despite

continued growth in online usage Pew Research Center for the People and the

Press, (2010). This pressing reality facing the online news industry illustrates two

problems. First, after 16 years of experimentation, the underlying factors behind

online readers’not-so-enthusiastic response to digital subscription models largely

remain unknown. This points to the second quandary at the theoretical level --

while media scholars tend to take “media use” as an indicator of popularity or

diffusion, media use alone does not fully reveal the complexity of online news

consumption -- for example, given free online news offerings in most cases, use

may not reflect preference, and neither does it translate into willingness to pay.

This study identifies three distinct factors -- preference, use, and paying

intent -- each helps explain a specific facet of online news consumption. To date,

research has uncovered a number of relationships among these factors. For

example, despite a dwindling print newspaper readership and the rise of online

news use, preference for newspapers in print remains robust Chyi and Smith
(2010). Moreover, online news use, among a multitude of factors, has been found

to predict paying intent -- despite the lackluster inclination to pay overall among

Internet users.

Collectively, these studies hint at the intricate relationships among format

preference, use, and paying intent. Nonetheless, existing literature lacks a

synthesizing model that weaves different empirical findings together as to offer a

theoretical understanding of online news consumption. To address the interplay

among the key factors, this study presents two holistic models using structural

equation modeling (SEM) -- a class of advanced statistical techniques that

enables simultaneous analyses of recursive structural models and a variety of

model fit tests to assess the statistical soundness of theoretical models. The goal

is to clarify the interrelationship among preference, use, and paying intent for

online news, which offers an explanation as to why most newspapers have

difficulties monetizing online usage. Applying new conceptual and methodological

approaches, this study advances to the next level research on the economics of

online news consumption.

Conceptual Framework

The following figures clearly illustrate the paradigm of the study, which

shows the three significant elements such as input, process and output. The

input of this shows the requirements and the design specification of the study.

While the process involved in the study is through gathering data/information

interview and encoding. On the other hand, the expected output of the study is

the Online Student Publication of PAC: Sinukuan Gazette.

Project Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS Online Student

OUTPUT
Publication of
 Communicated  Pre-Development PAC:Sinukuan
Activities Gazette
Requirements  Concept
 Requirements
Specification  Data gathering
through;
 Design  Questionnaire
Specification  Interview
 Internet research
 Analyze the
 Executable gathered data
 System design
software
 System
modules Development/Cod
ing
 System Testing
Significance of the Study  System

The Online Student Publication of PAC: Sinukuan Gazette would have a

significant contribution for the students of PAC, through online they can access it

in the internet which they can view the articles and happenings around campus.

In addition, the said study would also benefit the following:

To the Writers/Member of Sinukuan Gazette

Online Publication can be beneficial to the writers/memberfor them to

recruit and to attract students to join or to become a writer, artist and to become

an active readers .They can also easily post their articleon time.

To the Students

The study will benefit much for the students for them to be view anytime

the news or articles of the campus, and to be much aware on the happenings

around the school.

To the Locale

Student of PAC using Online Student Publication would not only the ones

who benefit, but also the Sinukuan Gazette writers as well, because it will be a

great advantage for them to view their work. Through online the students can

read different kinds of news and articles.

Future Researchers

This can be used as a guide to new researchers in making anOnline

Student Publication in other school or in the future if they want to improve their

traditional publication procedures. It has user-friendly interface that can operate

easily. The students can also use the documentation as a source of their own

research papers.
To the Researchers

Choosing a capstone project as will as Online Student Publication of PAC

was a big challenge to the researchers. With an online publication, they can

improve their writing skills and oral communications. They can also find

information around campus announcements/events. In addition, they can write

better online article and stories because their knowledge is adequate to provide

interesting ideas to talk about.

Purpose and Description

The study entitled Online Student Publication of PAC: Sinukuan Gazette is

to develop a website that will help the writers of the organization of Sinukuan

Gazette to post their write-ups online. The articles like Literary Folio, broad sheet,

and magazine will be uploaded in the website which the students can download it

and view it through pdf file. The writers can also post a topic on the forum site

which the student can comment their concern. The students can also view the

announcement for the screening schedules for the aspiring writers.

The proposed study will be beneficial to the organization in disseminating

information and encouraging students to be part of their organization.

Statement of the Objectives

The study intends to create an Online Student Publication for Pampanga

Agricultural College is to contribute design specific knowledge that is useful in the

design practice of Online Student Publication that can help the writer to

disseminate information.
Specific Objectives:

1. To help the Sinukuan Gazette writers in disseminating information by

uploading news article in a website.

2. To allow the users or student to browse more news like literary folio, broad

sheet etc. using the internet any time of the day.

3. To allow the student to download the articles and read offline through pdf

file.

4. To know the reaction and concern of the students about on the topic that

they post on the forum.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Online Student Publication has different tasks that it can be able to

perform, the website as a well design and a user-friendly interface that will

provide different kind of news, stories, and articles of Sinukuan Gazette, the

Literary Folio, Broad Sheet, Magazine and sometimes they published an especial
issue of newspapers, the Flash Issue and News Letter. Online Student

Publication helps the Sinukuan Gazette writers in disseminating information by

uploading news article in a website. They provide the students a better way to

view the news article online. They allow the users or student to browse and

download more article like literary folio, broad sheet etc. using the internet any

time of the day.

The proposed system will not be able to produce a hard copy of the

article. The website does not contain to provide a layout .The screening of the

publication members and staffs were not also covered in this system, it is done

manually by the participation team.

Definition Terms

Browser to look casually over articles.

Capstone the highest point, as of achievement.

Interactive allowing a two-way flow of information between a computer

and a computer-user; responding to a user's input.

Interface a point or means of interaction between two systems.

Literary having the nature of, or dealing with literature, or having to

do with books.

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web

development but also used as a general-purpose

programming language.

System a complex whole: a set of things working together asa

mechanism or interconnecting networks.

Technology machinery or equipment used by people.

Xampp an application that proficient in storing the records which is

the system needed.

PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format used to

present documents in a manner independent of application

software, hardware, and operating systems.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature
According to Neil Thurman (2008).The mainstream online news media face

accusations of being slow to respond to so-called `grassroots' or `citizen

journalism', which uses the world wide web, and in particular blogs and wikis, to

publish and promote independent news-related content. This article argues that

the adaptation of established news websites to the increasing demand from

readers for space to express their views is driven as much by local organizational

and technical conditions as it is by any attachment to traditional editorial

practices.

According to William P. Eveland Jr. (2004).The increasing use of online news,

particularly by young Americans, points to the importance of understanding what

users learn from this form of news and whether features of online news

encourage or discourage various types of learning.

According to Spyridou and Veglis (2008).E-newspapers have often been seen as

having the power to transform the news industry radically.

According to Jeremy (2009), there are 4 main aspects which still keep

newspaper alive: content, readers, advertisers and format. At the same time the

author disproves all these features and argues that newspapers won’t be still

published in 5 years.

Local Literature

According to Mark (2003).The internet - specifically its graphic interface, the

worldwide web - has had a major impact on all levels of (information) societies
throughout the world. Specifically for journalism as it is practiced online, we can

now identify the effect that this has had on the profession and its culture(s). This

defines four particular types of online journalism and discusses them in terms of

key characteristics of online publishing - hypertextuality, interactivity, multi

mediality - and considers the current and potential impacts that these online

journalisms can have on the ways in which one can define journalism as it

functions in elective democracies worldwide

According to Sundar(2006).This study attempts a new conceptualization of

communication ‘sources’ by proposing a typology of sources that would apply not

only to traditional media but also to new online media.

Foreign Studies

According to H. Dennis Hu (2007).The study content analyzed

international news published on two of the most visited websites in the US,

cnn.com and www.nytimes.com. The influences of trade, existence of news

agencies, national traits and cultural and geographic proximity on these two news

websites were examined. The international news from the online version was

analyzed and compared with the print and broadcast versions. The study

foundthat trade volume and existence of news agencies are two leading

predictors of international news coverage in both online and traditional media.

Yet, the influence of news agencies on the websites seems greater than on the

traditional media. Also, press freedom was found irrelevant to international

coverage in the US media.

 According to Scott L. Althaus (2002). This study examines whether

readers of the paper and online versions of a national newspaper acquire

different perceptions of the importance of political issues. Using data from a

weeklong experiment in which subjects either read the print version of theNew

York Times, the online version of that paper, or received no special exposure, this

study finds evidence that people exposed to the Times for 5 days adjusted their

agendas in response to that exposure and that print readers modified their

agendas differently than did online readers.

According to David Tewksbury (2010).Contemporary normative concerns

that the Internet might fragment national audiences and polities are based on

suggestions that the medium is particularly conducive to specialized use.

However, relatively little quantitative research has explicitly examined this

contention. This study evaluates outlet specialization within the context of online

news reading. Analyses of news viewing by a nationally representative panel of

Internet users reveal that the user demographic profiles of news sites are

individually distinct. More important, the topics that readers view vary by the sites

they access. In sum, the provision of news over the Internet exhibits ample signs

of outlet specialization.

According to Greer and Mensing (2006).Publishers have seen that online

advertisements did not bring the revenues they had hoped for. In the U.S., not
only there is a slowdown in online ads, but there is an ongoing discussion about

the effectiveness of these ads (Annual, 2008).

Local Studies

According to Erik P. Bucy (2003). This experimental investigation of media

credibility examined the combined, or synergistic, effects of on-air and online

network news exposure, placing student and adult news consumers in broadcast

news, online news, and televiewing conditions. Results indicate that perceptions

of network news credibility are affected by channel used. Perceptions of

credibility were enhanced when the channel used was consistent with the news

source being evaluated, suggesting a channel congruence effect. In addition,

evidence is offered for the existence of a synergy effect between on-air and

online news.

According to Sara Platon (2003), in this study we describe the factors

behind the Indy media news model and analyse how these can be understood as

being different from or similar to the production of content in corporate news

media organizations. Using a series of in-depth interviews with Indy media

activists in and from different countries, we compare and analyze our findings

with the help of theories of journalism, public or civic journalism, open source

journalism and the concept of open publishing online. Our main question is

whether mainstream corporate news media may be able to incorporate the

principles and ideas of the online alternative media model Indy media stands for.

The answer to this question seems to be: `no'. Even though we see that Indy

media editorial teams often face the same problems as the ones faced by
corporate news media, the ways of solving such problems by Indy media activists

are based on a radically different interpretation of journalistic ideology.

According to Barbara K. Kaye (2002).This study surveyed politically

interested Internet users online during the 2000 campaign to examine whether

they view Internet sources as credible and whether reliance on the Web, reliance

on traditional sources, convenience of using the Web, or political and

demographic variables predict credibility of online media. A greater percentage of

respondents judged online media credible in 2000 than in the 1996 presidential

campaign. Reliance on traditional media proved the best predictor of online

credibility followed by political trust and convenience. On the other hand, reliance

on the Web did not influence credibility of information found there.

Relationship of the Present Study with the Previous Studies

Among the reviews of foreign and local literature the researcher found out

the similar objectives to the current study, they both have purpose to increasing

demand from readers and to encourage more readers. The ability to provide fast

and easy to access is one of the largest advantages of Online Publication, but it

also has to be in balance with credibility and editorial quality.

Chapter 3

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
Design Specification

From the technical standpoint different types of technologies must be

implemented to provide the necessary functional requirements for an Online

Student Publication.

Concepts and Technology Used

Listed below are the technology used to develop the “Online Student

Publication of PAC: Sinukuan Gazette”.

PHP Hypertxt Preprocessor (PHP)

The researchers will use Php language to make all of its functionalities.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

The researchers will use Html for the outline marketing data.

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)

The researchers will use Css for the design of the website.

JavaScript

The researchers will use JavaScript for more interactive functionalities.

Platform

The system is running on different platform and these are the following

hardware and software which runs in Google Chrome version 17.0.96,

18.0.1025, 19.0.1055 and 39.0.2159.4 Dev. It also runs in Mozilla Firefox version

10.0.1, 33.0 Beta 5. In Safari, it runs on version Safari 4 and 5.

The system is also compatible with popular operating systems namely

Windows XP, windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and in Mac OS.

In hardware side, the system runs in computer hardware which is

compatible with PHP, Pdf and Xampp.

Third Party Application

Xampp

To be use as a development tool, to allow the researchers to test their

work on computers without any access to the Internet.

PDF

To be used as a file format to present documents.

Hardware

The system will easily work on current hardware available. It will not

require much additional hardware. To be specify the system will work with

optimum performance on computer Intel Celeron processor 2.13 GHz with a

memory capacity of 1.00 GB of RAM and above. Hard Disk storage should be

1.00 GB.

Feature and Functions

  Administrator Account

Admin has a log in form. They can view and approve the article that

student send they can upload article in different kind of publication of Sinukuan

Gazette like: Literary Folio, Broad Sheet, Magazine, Flash Issue and News

Letter. Admin can post topics and announcement for example when and where is

the screening and examination for those aspiring writers. And also to the

administrator who will be the one responsible in managing the system, updating

the website about news, article, announcements and information.

 Users Management

The students can view different kind of publishing article of Sinukuan

Gazette, and announcements. The students have signup form so that they can

send their poems that they want to published in the Online Student Publication at

the same time they can also comment about the topics that writers post in the

forum site.

Network Diagram
Online Newspaper

System Architectural Design

The design below is all about the processes on how the users can access

the Online Student Publication.

User request a webpage With Web Browser Server sends the

The site Online Student Publication output the

users

Server reads the

requested
webpage from hard disk

Server sends the requested page

to the PHP INTERPRETER php Interpreter sends

result

to the server

Online
Runs the PHP code.
Student
Code fetches DBdata,
Publicatio
Puts it in HTML tags.
n