Prevention &

Virus Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Immunity Laboratory Diagnosis Epidemiology

Treatment

Parainfluenza Virus Target: Respiratory Children: Rhinitis and IgA in nasal secretion Nucleic acid detection: Major cause of lower Contact isolation
epithelial cells Pharyngitis and serum antibodies RT-PCR (NP washes, respiratory tract
against Hemagglutinin- nose or throat swabs) disease in young Ribavirin
Nose and throat: can Parainfluenza 1, 2 and Neuraminidase and children.
cause common colds 3: Laryngotracheitis and Fusion viral surface Antigen detection No vaccine
croup (6-18 months) to proteins (exfoliated NP cells) Type 3: most prevalent
Larynx and Upper bronchiolitis and Antibodies produced at
Trachea: can cause pneumonia Virus Isolation: LLC-MK2 the age of 2 (common
cell line in <2 years old)
"Croup" or
(laryngotracheobronchi Complication: Otitis
tis) media Type 1 & 2: 5 years old
Serology:
neutralization,
Croup is characterized hemagglutination- Transmission: direct
by respiratory inhibition (HI), ELISA person-to-person
obstruction caused by contact or by large-
swelling of the larynx and droplet aerosols.
related structures.

Respiratory Syncytial Target: epithelial cells Ranging from common Serum and secretory Nucleic Acid Testing in Distributed worldwide Aerosol ribavirin (3-6
Virus of the nasopharynx colds - pneumonia in antibodies nasal washes using and is recognized as the days)
infants - bronchiolitis in RT-PCR major pediatric
Spread into the lower very young babies Cellular immunity respiratory tract Humanized antiviral
respiratory tract Viral Antigen Detection pathogen. monoclonal antibodies
and cause bronchiolitis in respiratory
and pneumonia. secretions Bronchiolitis or Pneumonia: No vaccines available
infants
Incubation Period: 3-5 Virus Isolation: Human between the ages of 6
days heteroploid cell lines weeks and 6 months,
HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) with peak incidence at
and HEp-2 cell lines 2 months

Immunofluorescence Most common cause of viral

pneumonia in
children younger than
age 5 years but may
also cause pneumonia
in elderly adults or in
immunocompromised
persons.
Mumps Virus Enlargement of salivary
glands
Target: nasal or upper
respiratory tract epithelial
cells.
Viremia and viruria are
common
20-50% of males develop
Incubation Period: 2-4 weeks orchitis
typically about 14-18 days
Measles (Rubeola) Enters the body via
Virus respiratory
Tract then spreads to
lymphoid tissues
following viremia which
replicates in RES.
Incubation Period: 8-15
days from exposure to
onset of rash
Patient is contagious:
Prodromal phase (2-4
days) & rash (2-5 days)
CNS involvement is
common (symptomatic
encephalitis)
Human Target: respiratory
Metapneumovirus epithelial cells
Cell receptor: avpi-
integrin
Incubation Period: 4-9
days
*Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: develops years after the initial measles infection and is caused by virus that remains in the body after acute measles infection.
50% swelling of salivary
glands
10-30% CNS involvement
(aseptic meningitis)
15%
meningoencephalitis
5% of females develop
oophoritis
4% pancreatitis
Prodromal phase:
fever, sneezing,
coughing, running nose,
redness of the eyes,
Koplik spots, and
lymphopenia.
cough and coryza:
inflammation of
mucosa of respiratory
tract
Rash Develops (5-10
days)
Most common
complication: Otitis
media
Late complication:
SSPE*
Symptoms are almost
the same with RSV
Develop cold and flu-
like symptoms in
healthy adults
Antibodies to the HN
glycoprotein (4 weeks after
onset), the F glycoprotein,
and the internal NP
nucleocapsid protein (3-7
days after onset)
Presence of humoral
immunity against H
protein.
Antibodies developed
from the age 6 months
and reaches nearly
100% by 5-10 years of
age.
Detection of viral nucleic acid Mumps occurs endemically
by RT-PCR
Virus isolation: Monkey
kidney cell lines (saliva,
cerebrospinal fluid, and urine) ages 5-9 years
Serology: ELISA and HI
test
Antigen and Nucleic
Acid Detection of Viral
RNA (epithelial cells
from respiratory
secretions, the
nasopharynx,
conjunctiva,
and urine)
Virus Isolation: Monkey
or human kidney cells
or a lymphoblastoid
cell line (B95-a)
(NPS and conjunctival
swabs, blood samples,
respiratory secretions,
and urine
Serology: ELISA, HI, and
neutralization
tests
RT-PCR in NPS
Detection of Viral
Antigens from
respiratory specimen
Virus Isolation: LLC-MK2
monkey kidney cells
worldwide.
The disease reaches its
highest incidence in children
<5 years old: URTI
Prevalence and age
incidence: dependent
to population density,
economic and
environmental factors,
and the use of vaccine
Transmission:
Respiratory route
Human
metapneumoviruses
are ubiquitous and
distributed
worldwide. Infections
occur in all age groups,
but especially
in pediatric patients.
There is no specific therapy.
Immunization with attenuated
live mumps virus vaccine
Ribavirin
attenuated live measles
virus vaccine - derived
from Edmonston
strain of measles virus
Quarantine is not
effective as a control
measure because
transmission of measles
occurs during the
prodromal phase.
No specific therapy for
human
metapneumovirus
infections, and no
vaccine is available.