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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE CONVEYOR BELT CAPACITY

Conference Paper · May 2015

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 1
The 8th International Conference for Conveying and Handling of Particulate Solids
Tel-Aviv, Israel, May 2015

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE CONVEYOR BELT CAPACITY

Tsakalakis K.G.1 and Michalakopoulos Th.2

1. Professor, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)-Greece
9 Heroon Polytechniou Str. 15780, Zografos Athens-Greece
2. Assistant Professor, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)-Greece
9 Heroon Polytechniou Str. 15780, Zografos Athens-Greece

Abstact - As it has been clearly stated earlier that belt conveyors are used as
the main transportation systems in almost any material processing plant,
moving the various dry materials along between the mechanical
equipment (crushers, screens, classifiers, mechanical separators, storage
facilities etc.) and load out. In this work we try to formulate and present
a new polyparametric empirical model, which can be used for the prediction
of the conveyor belt capacity, facilitating the whole mathematical treatment.

1. INTRODUCTION

Any of the common and modern material processing plant could not efficiently operate without
belt conveyors.
Belt conveyors have attained a favored position in transporting bulk materials due to their
economy, reliability, safety, versatility and almost unlimited range of capacities, conveying a wide
variety of materials, from fine aggressive chemicals to large lumpy ore and even the various
materials processed in the municipal solid waste (MSW) plants.
The main benefits of using conveyors, not only overland applications of short, medium or longer
length, but radial stacking or telescoping conveyors for stockpiling where trucks have also been
traditionally used, are decreased operating expense, limited inflationary effect, improved product
quality, continuous flow, environmental friendliness, and the flexibility of design for conveyor
systems.
Maintenance costs of conveyors are less than the required time to keep trucks and loaders
running efficiently. In addition, most conveyor replacement parts are available locally. Conveyor
systems are also less labor intensive as trucks or loaders require one or sometimes two operators.
Conveyors will also operate at maximum efficiency every hour of operation. This can decrease
workforce and training requirements. While the big advantage of the haul truck continues to be its
flexibility, even bigger disadvantages are increased fuel prices, increased labor costs to operate,
maintenance costs, and the shortage of parts such as tires, with lead times of over six months being
reported.

1
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. George A. Stamboltzis (1927-2015), who had been
an Associate Professor in our Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering (NTUA) and
recently passed away. Prof. G. Stamboltzis was a devoted teacher – researcher and an inspiration
to Mining Engineers old and young.

1
2. CONVEYOR BELT CALCULATIONS
The proper design of a belt conveyor requires an understanding of the characteristics of the
material to be handled, since its behavior during transportation affects the conveyor's capacity and
design.
In its simplest terms, a conveyor can be described by its rated capacity in tons per hour (tph) or
cubic meter per hour (m3/h), which is a function of the belt width, the troughing angle λ (lamda) of
the idlers/belt, the surcharge angle βdyn of the carried material and the speed that the belt is moving.
As any (or all) of these factors change, the capacity of the conveyor will also be affected.
In this work we present a new polyparametric empirical model, which can be used for the
prediction of the conveyor belt capacity under various operating conditions, moving with no
inclination (horizontal). Applying the proposed model, it is possible to calculate the belt capacity as
a function of:
1. The idler troughing angle λ
2. The surcharge angle βdyn of the carried material
3. The belt width W
4. The belt speed v
5. The material bulk density

With the help of the proposed model, we are not only able to predict accurately the conveyor
capacity under various operational conditions, but to use it for conveyor design purposes as well.

2.1. Conveyed material

The correct design of a belt conveyor installation must begin with an evaluation of the physico-
mechanical characteristics of the conveyed material and in particular the static angle βst (angle of
repose) of the pile formed and the dynamic angle of the moving material or otherwise the angle of
surcharge βdyn.
The angle of repose of a material, also known as the “angle of natural friction” is the angle at
which a granular material takes up to the horizontal plane, when this material poured and heaped
freely onto a horizontal surface from a specific elevation (Fig.1a). It is evident that, this property
influences significantly the height of all materials piled on a conveyor belt.
The angle of repose gives a direct indication of how free-flowing the material will be and is
sensitive of the supporting surface. The smoother the surface the lower the angle of repose will be.
Increased material moisture–content tends to increase the angle of repose. Bulk solids with an angle
of repose between 25° and 35° are generally considered free flowing.

But, if the heaped material is transported on a conveyor (e.g. belt conveyor), the movement of
the belt and the underlayer inevitably cause the heap to slip and “flow out” slightly. The material,
being conveyed by a moving belt, forms a different angle with respect to the horizontal plane,
which is called angle of surcharge (Fig.1b). This angle depends mainly on the friction between
material and belt surface, how the material is loaded and the geometry of the conveyor installation
(troughed angle λ) and it is a direct measure of the kinetic friction. The angle is, for most materials,
some 5o to 15o less the angle of repose. The surcharge angle is only to a lesser extent related to the
material size. The particles of the bulk load interact and the lower the internal friction of the
material the lower the surcharge angle βdyn.

An approximate relationship between angle of repose and angle of surcharge is given by:

βdyn = (0.5 - 0.9)⋅βst (1)

2
 The flowability of a particular material is effectively expressed by the angle of repose and the
angle of surcharge. The correlation between the physical characteristics of materials, their relative
angles of repose and surcharge and their inter-relationship is given in Table 1. The tabulated values
are approximate values. If exact values are necessary, they have to be determined by practical trials.

Figure 1. Angle of repose (a) and angle of surcharge (b)

It must be mentioned here, that there are other material characteristics (properties) of the
conveyed product that should be given due consideration (Fig. 2). The properties of the material,
which must be considered, are: the moisture content, the particle shape, the roughness of the
surface, the dustiness, the cohesiveness (and adhesiveness), the abrasiveness and the chemical
corrosiveness. The moisture content of the conveyed material, measured in percentage by weight,
has significant influence on the surcharge angle βdyn, the friction value between material and belt
and thus on the maximum angle of inclination of an installation. Since, during loading and
transportation, it is difficult to give an accurate assessment of the expected material behavior,
sometimes there is a need to conduct practical tests.
However, the most important, since it has a direct bearing on the speed of the belt and the belt
width to be used, is the “lump size” of the material. Most manufacturers of belt conveyors use an
empirical relationship between the width of the belt and the size of lumps to be handled. The usual
practice is to allow a maximum lump size of one-fifth of the belt width for surcharge angles of 20o
or one-tenth of the belt width for surcharge angles up to 30o, although larger lumps can be handled
if the conveyed material contains a high percentage (around 90%) of fines.

Figure 2. Additional material properties affecting material flowability and conveyor belt capacity CEMA [1].

3
 Table 1. Relevant properties of a selection of familiar bulk solids, [2], [3], [4]

Adapted from: Bulk Solids Handling: An Introduction to the Practice and Technology
C.R. Woodcock, J.S. Mason, BLACKIE ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL, 1987, XII
Bulk density Recommended max, Surcharge
Material Angle of repose°
(tonnes/m3) angle of inclination° angle°
Alumina 0.8-1.08 22 12 10
Ashes (coal)-dry 0.56-0.64 45 20 30
Ashes (coal)-wet 0.72-0.80 45 20 30
Ashes (coal)-fly 0.5-0.8 42 22 30
Gravel, dry sharp 1.44-1.6 40 20 25
Gravel, pebbles 1.44 - 1.6 30 12 10
Barytes (fine) 1.8-2.0 35 15 10
Bauxite (granular) 1.20-1.36 30 20 20
Cement 1.20-1.36 30 15-18 10-20
Chalk (fine) 1.0-1.2 42 25 25
Chalk (lumpy) 1.2-1.4 42 15 10
Clay (dry fines) 1.6-1.9 35 20 22
Coal (bituminous) 0.72-0.88 35 18 18
Coke 0.4-0.5 38 18 25
Copper ore 1.92-2.56 38 20 25
Iron ore 2.08-2.88 35 18 20
Kaolin clay 1.0 35 19 20
Limestone 1.44-1.52 38 18 25
Limestone,
1.36 – 1.44 38 18 25
crushed
Lime, pebble 0.850 – 0.9 30 17 20
Manganese ore 2.0 – 2.24 39 20 25
MSW 54 39
RDF 65 40
d-RDF 49 38
Heavy fraction 59 40
Phosphate rock,
1.2-1.36 25 - 30 12 - 15 10
broken, dry
Phosphate rock,
0.960 40 25 25
pulverized
Rubber, pelletized 0.8- 0.88 35 22 25
Rubber, reclaim 0.4 -0.48 32 18 20
Sand -foundry 1.3-1.4 - 24 30
Sand-dry 1.44-1.60 35 16 20
Slag, blast
1.28-1.44 25 10 10
furnace, crushed
Slag, furnace,
0.96-1.04 25 13 - 16 10
granular, dry
Slag, furnace,
1.44 – 1.6 45 20 - 22 30
granular, wet
Slate, crushed,
1.28-1.44 28 15 20
under 12 mm
Soda ash (light) 0.35-0.55 37 22 25
Zinc ore, crushed 2.56 38 22 25
Zinc ore, roasted 1.76 38 25 25
Wood chips 0.16-0.48 - 27 30
(*Surcharge can be 0° if cement is aerated and max. inclination could then be 5-10°)

4
 2.2. Cross Sectional Area of Load Stream

In general CEMA [1], during material transport, a settling of the material occurs, which can be
estimated to be in the range of 10-15%. During the material rearrangement on the moving belt, the
cross-sectional area (profile) of the load changes, the upper surface forming an angle of repose in an
unsettled or loose state, while the underlayer obtains a different lower angle - that of surcharge in a
settled or packed state. In addition to this profile change, the bulk density of the conveyed material
will increase due to external forces arising from the conditions described above. This density
change, due to conveying, is also in the range of 10-15%, while the load profile will decrease in
area by ~10-15%, respectively
Thus, for capacity and equipment calculations, it is necessary and important to know the particle
size distribution, the angle of repose and surcharge of the conveyed material and the variation in
bulk density in loose and packed states. Additionally, it has been well established that the above
physicomechanical factors are greatly influenced by the moisture content of the conveyed material.
The conveying capacity drops off rapidly as the angle of the belt increases.
The design of a belt conveyor begins with a careful study of the bulk solid to be transported. It is
evident that the rate, at which a bulk solid can be transported on a belt moving at a specified speed,
depends principally upon its bulk density and the height to which it can be piled on the belt. This
height is related to the angle of surcharge of the material.
The bulk density of a particulate material has been defined as the mass of the material divided by
its total volume (particles and voids). Clearly, a knowledge of this material property allows the
conveying rate (in tonnes/hour) to be calculated from the belt speed and the average cross-sectional
area (m2) if the conveyed material as stacked on the moving belt.
The conveyed material settles into a configuration as shown in sectional diagram Fig.3. The area
of the section “S” may be calculated geometrically adding the area of a circle A1 to that of the
trapezoid A2.

Figure 3. Cross-sectional of the conveyed material moving on a conveyor belt of three equal length
roll idlers.

To determine the cross-sectional area of the load stream A = Α1+Α2, one may use as a basis the
geometric relationship which can be constructed from the troughing angle λ, the usable belt width b
and the angle of surcharge βdyn (Fig.4a and 4b). It is evident that the higher the surcharge angle, the

5
more material can be stacked on the belt for conveying. It seems often to be the maximum incline of
the conveyor.
As it is expected, for a given speed, belt conveyor capacities increase as the belt width increases.
Also, the capacity of a belt conveyor depends on the surcharge angle affecting the cross sectional
area of the load and on the angle of the side rolls of three-roll troughing idlers. The nominal cross
section of the material on a belt is measured in a plane perpendicular to the belt. On an inclined or
declined conveyor, the material tends to conform to its surcharge angle as measured in a vertical
plane. This causes a decrease of the effective area used in capacity calculations. This area is
proportional of the cosine of the conveyor inclination.
However, in most cases, the actual loss of capacity is very small. Assuming a uniform feed rate
to the conveyor, the cross-sectional area of the load on the conveyor belt is the determinant of the
belt conveyor capacity CEMA [1].

Figure 4. Geometrical approach for the calculation of the cross-sectional area of a conveyed load.

3. MODEL DEVELOPMENT

3.1. Derivation of the equation for the calculation of the capacity (or “correction”) factor
CF in three roll equal-length trough idlers belt designation

The numerical data used for the derivation of the new equation are shown in Table 2 and they
were obtained from the CONVEYOR HANDBOOK (Fenner – Dunlop Conveyor Belting Australia,
2009, p.2-3) [5].
The basic capacity (capacity factor 1) refers to a horizontal conveyor belt supported in three roll
equal-length idlers (λ = 35 degrees troughing angle) transporting a material of bulk density 1 t/m3 at
a speed of 1 m/s with a surcharge angle βdyn = 20 degrees and need to be corrected for other
combinations of surcharge βdyn and idler troughing angle λ (lamda).

6
 Applying multiple linear regression analysis to the 36sets of data (surcharge angle βdyn, idler
troughing angle λ lamda) shown in Table 2, the equation giving the relationship between surcharge
angle βdyn, idler troughing angle λ (lamda) is the coefficient (or correction) factor CF, which must be
used in order to calculate the conveyor belt capacity for various set of surcharge angle and idler
troughing angle λ found in conveyor capacity tables.
The equation derived is:

CF = (-0,0002*λ+0,0219)* βdyn + 0,0408*λ0,7903 (2)

Table 2. Capacity (or correction) factor CF in three roll equal-length trough idlers belt
designation (Fenner-Dunlop Conveyor Handbook, p.2-3, [5])

In Table 3 are given the computed values of the coefficient or correction factor CF derived from
the application of Eq.(2). The computed values compared to those shown in Table 2, prove that the
proposed equation predicts with high accuracy the data published by. The difference between
published and computed values is of the order of 2%.

Table 3. Capacity or correction factor CF in three roll equal-length trough idlers belt designation
(computed values from Eq.2)

Surcharge Idler troughing angle°, λ

angle°, βdyn 20 25 30 35 45
0 0,435 0,519 0,5998 0,678 0,826
5 0,525 0,604 0,6793 0,752 0,891
10 0,614 0,688 0,7588 0,827 0,955
15 0,704 0,773 0,8383 0,901 1,02
20 0,793 0,857 0,9178 0,976 1,084
25 0,883 0,942 0,9973 1,05 1,149

3.2. Derivation of the relationship between the cross-sectional area S and the belt width W
in a conveyor belt supported in three roll equal-length trough idlers

In the same, as previously reference Fenner-Dunlop [5] “CONVEYOR HANDBOOK Fenner –

Dunlop Conveyor Belting Australia, 2009, Table 3, p.2-4”, is shown the CAPACITY OF
TROUGHED BELTS FOR THREE ROLL EQUAL-LENGTH IDLERS of a Material (bulk

7
density: 1000 kg/m3) at surcharge angle: 20 degrees and 35 degree trough angle, for various belt
widths W (from 400mm-2200mm) at various belt conveying speed values (from 0,5 to 5 m/s).

Taking into consideration the data shown in this table, one can calculate, from the capacity
values published, the respective cross-sectional areas S for various belt widths W corresponding to
conveying speed v = 1m/s. From this procedure, Table 4 yields.

Table 4. Cross-sectional area values S as a function of the conveyor belt width W (for bulk density
1000 kg/m3, surcharge angle 20 degrees and 35 degree trough angle at conveying speed v = 1m/s).

Cross sectional area S*

Belt width W, m
of the load, m2
0,4 0,01444
0,45 0,0192
0,5 0,0242
0,6 0,0364
0,65 0,0436
0,75 0,0597
0,8 0,0686
0,9 0,0883
1 0,1106
1,05 0,1225
1,2 0,1625
1,35 0,2078
1,4 0,2242
1,5 0,2589
1,6 0,2961
1,8 0,3781
2 0,4697
2,2 0,5714
*calculated from Fenner-Dunlop [5] conveyor capacities Table 3, p. 2-4.

From the mathematical treatment of 18 pairs (W, S) shown in Table 4, yields:

𝑺 = 𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝑾𝟐,𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (3)

The graphic representation of the relationship between S and W (Eq.3) is shown in Fig.5.

In Table 5 a comparison is made between the cross-sectional area values (received and computed
from. Eq.3). In the 4th column of the Table, we show the difference (%) between received and
computed values, which gives an indication of the adequacy of the proposed Eq.(3).

8
 0,7

Cross-sectional area S of the load,

y = 0,1084x2,1473
0,6
R² = 0,9997
0,5

m2 0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Conveyor belt width W, m

Figure 5. The graphic representation of the relationship between S and W.

Table 5. Comparison of cross-sectional area values S (received and computed) for various conveyor
belt widths W (for bulk density 1000 kg/m3, surcharge angle 20 degrees and 35 degree trough angle
at conveying speed v = 1m/s).

Belt width W, Cross sectional Cross sectional Percent difference

m area S of the area S of the load, of the cross-
load, m2 m2 (computed sectional area, %
(received) from Eq. 3)
0,4 0,01444 0,0152 -4,946
0,45 0,0192 0,0195 -1,642
0,5 0,0242 0,0245 -1,114
0,6 0,0364 0,0362 0,5621
0,65 0,0436 0,043 1,4148
0,75 0,0597 0,0584 2,102
0,8 0,0686 0,0671 2,1389
0,9 0,0883 0,0865 2,0931
1 0,1106 0,1084 1,9892
1,05 0,1225 0,1204 1,7363
1,2 0,1625 0,1603 1,3262
1,35 0,2078 0,2065 0,6313
1,4 0,2242 0,2233 0,4195
1,5 0,2589 0,2589 -0,004
1,6 0,2961 0,2974 -0,438
1,8 0,3781 0,383 -1,291
2 0,4697 0,4802 -2,238
2,2 0,5714 0,5893 -3,127

9
Thus, from the whole mathematical treatment of the numerical data obtained from the Fenner –
Dunlop [5] ”Conveyor Belting Australia, 2009, Table 3, p. 2-3 to 2-4”, two different equations
derived. These equations were Eq.(2) and Eq.(3), respectively.

3.3. Derivation of the integrated model for the calculation of the conveyor belt capacity Q
as a function of the conveyor belt width W, the surcharge angle βdyn and the roll idlers
troughing angle λ (for three roll equal-length trough idlers belt designation)

In order to be able to calculate the conveyor belt capacity Q (m3/h) as a function of the conveyor
belt width W, the surcharge angle βdyn and the roll idlers troughing angle λ, we have to bring in
conjuction the two equations previously developed Eqs.(2) and (3).
Thus, the conveyor belt capacity Q (m3/h) yields from:

• the cross-sectional area S (m2) of the moving load for various belt designations (trough
angle λ) and surcharge angle of the load, and
• the conveying velocity v (m/s), which must transformed in m/h by multiplication by 3600
Thus, we have to multiply the two expressions. From this procedure, we obtain:
𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝑾𝟐,𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 �(−𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝝀 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) ∗ 𝜷𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝝀𝟎,𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕� � 𝒉 � (4)

From the above equation, one can calculate the conveyor belt capacity Q (m3/h) under any
different operating condition of the installation, since, Eq.(4) incorporates every parameter affecting
the capacity, except belt inclination and belt velocity.
Thus, it must be clarified here that, Q in Eq.(4) refers to horizontal conveyor belts, moving at a
speed of 1m/s and loaded with a material of bulk density 1000 kg/m3 (1 tonne/m3).
Under different operational conditions (belt speed, material bulk density, belt inclination), we
have to use clearly established correction factors given in the technical literature by the belt
conveyor manufacturers.

3.4. Verification of the model

Applying Eq.(4) in the data shown in Table 6 (belt width, surcharge angle and troughing angle)
obtained from CEMA [1] [Conveyors Belt Book, 6th Edition 2nd Printing 2007, Table 4.6, p.59], we
compose Table 7, which gives the computed values of the conveyor belt capacity under the
operating conditions given in Table 6.
It is obvious that the capacity values, shown in Table 7, were computed taking into account that:
12 in = 1 ft and 1 ft =0.3048 m.
From Table 7, we note that the proposed model Eq.(4) computes very well the published values
of the conveyor belt capacity presented from CEMA[1].
The percent % difference between received and computed, from Eq.(4), values is shown in Fig.
6, from which the above arguments are confirmed.
The same, as above, findings were also confirmed from the treatment of data published by the
conveyor belt manufacturers Rulmeca [6], Phoenix [7], Rexnord [8] and Uniroyal [9].

10
 Table 6. Conveyor belt capacity (ft3/hr) at 100 fpm of a 45° troughed equal-length roll idlers at
various belt width (Numerical data from CEMA Belt Conveyors Book, 6th Edition 2nd Printing,
Table 4.6, p.59)

Table 7. Computed conveyor belt capacities of a 45° troughed equal-length roll idlers at various belt widths.

(Computed values from the proposed model)

Belt Conveyor belt capacity (ft3/hr) at 100 fpm and at the respective
width, in surcharge angles of the conveying material
5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30°
18 1161,13 1245,19 1329,26 1413,32 1497,39 1581,45
24 2153,9 2309,83 2465,77 2621,71 2777,65 2933,59
30 3478,31 3730,13 3981,95 4233,78 4485,6 4737,42
36 5145,57 5518,1 5890,63 6263,16 6635,69 7008,22
42 7165,09 7683,83 8202,57 8721,31 9240,05 9758,79
48 9545,02 10236,1 10927,1 11618,1 12309,2 13000,2
54 12292,6 13182,5 14072,5 14962,4 15852,4 16742,3
60 15414,2 16530,1 17646,1 18762 19878 20994
72 22802,7 24453,5 26104,4 27755,3 29406,2 31057
84 31752,2 34051 36349,8 38648,6 40947,4 43246,2
96 42298,9 45361,3 48423,6 51486 54548,3 57610,7
108 54474,7 58418,5 62362,4 66306,2 70250,1 74194
120 68308,1 73253,5 78198,9 83144,3 88089,7 93035

11
 14

Percent difference in capacity, %

12

published vs predicted values

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-2
-4
Conveyor belt width, inches

Figure 6. Percent % difference between received and computed, from Eq.(4), values.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The first step in designing a belt conveyor is to determine the following design criteria.
• Capacity, which is normally expressed in tonnes per hour (tph) or in cubic meter per hour
(m3/h).
• Material source and origin (ROM, grizzly, jaw crusher, cone crusher, etc.).
• Material description (specific gravity, bulk density, angle of repose, angle of surcharge,
abrasiveness, moisture content, pH, and contaminants).
• Material size (crusher setting, grizzly opening, size distribution).
• Conveyor layout configuration and dimensions (length, lift, and azimuth) for each part of
the conveyor.

The models proposed here, proved to be powerful in predicting the horizontal belt conveyor
capacity for various operating conditions and for installation design purposes.

12
 5. REFERENCES

1. CEMA, Belt Conveyors Book, 6th Edition 2nd Printing, 2007.

2. Woodcock C.R., Mason J.S., Bulk Solids Handling: An Introduction to the Practice and
Technology, Chapman & Hall, Blackie Academic and Professional, Glascow1987.
3. Subba Rao D.V., Mineral Beneficiation: A Concise Basic Course, CRC Press, 2011.
4. Material Characteristics, http://www.ckit.co.za/secure/misc/trajectories_material.html
5. Fenner-Dunlop Conveyor Handbook,
http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/data/dangnh/file/5_Fenner%20Dunlop_%202009_%20Convey
or%20Handbook.pdf, update June 2009.
6. Rulmeca, Technical Information project and design criteria for belt conveyors,
http://www.rulmecacorp.com/Idler_Roller_Catalog.htm
7. Phoenix Conveyor Belts Design Fundamentals,
https://eva.fing.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/52524/mod_folder/content/0/Phoenix%20conveyor%2
0belts%20design%20fundamentals.pdf?forcedownload=1
8. Rexnord, Belt Conveyor Components,Whisperol® Conveyor Rollers and Spray Nozzles
www.rexnord.com/rexnord_web_media_prod/pdfs/6002.pdf, Bulletin No. 6002, 2006.
9. Uniroyal, Conveyor Belting Selection Guide, Uniroyal Catalog 120, Rev. 1979, USA.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the LIFE+ financial instrument of the European Community in the context of
LIFE RECLAIM “Landfill mining pilot application for recovery of invaluable metals, materials, land and
energy” (www.reclaim.gr), Grant: LIFE12 ENV/GR/ 000427. The coordinating beneficiary is ENVECO
S.A. and the associated beneficiaries are the Municipality of Polygyros, School of Mining & Metal
Engineering NTUA and HELECTOR S.Α.

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