Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volumetric Measurement in The Laboratory PDF
Volumetric Measurement in The Laboratory PDF
volumetric instruments.
Volumetric Measurement
in the Laboratory
F I R S T C L A S S · B R A N D
Introduction
Volumetric measurement plays a central role in the laboratory. The
user has to determine the degree of accuracy required for each
measurement. Based on this, he can choose the appropriate volu-
metric instrument.
Reliable measurements require the use of precision instruments and
their proper handling. To provide a better understanding of volumet-
ric instruments and their operation, this booklet explains the most
important terms for their classification and handling, and illustrates
them by using BRAND laboratory equipment as examples.
The brochure 'Information on Volumetric Measurement' is designed
to give the reader a quick overview of volumetric instruments. It is
not intended to replace the operating manuals of the liquid handling
instruments described. By all means, read the operating manuals
supplied with these instruments before use – for your own safety
and success.
BRAND GMBH + CO KG
P.O. Box 11 55
97861 Wertheim/Main · Germany
n Accuracy Defined 32
n IVD Directive
38
n Quality Management
39
n Safety Information 42
Volumetric Instruments – an Overview
Volumetric instruments The volumetric measurement of liquids is a routine operation in the laboratory. Therefore,
volumetric instruments, such as volumetric flasks, bulb pipettes, graduated pipettes, graduated
glass/plastics cylinders and burettes are standard equipment. They can be made from glass or plastic. Sup-
pliers offer volumetric instruments in varying qualities. Graduated beakers, beakers, Erlenmeyer
flasks, dropping funnels and the like are not volumetric instruments! They are not precisely
calibrated, and the scale serves only as an approximate guide.
A selection of volumetric instruments by BRAND is illustrated below:
BRAND
5
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Manufacture
Blanks
The glass types used are soda- This results in optimum me- sterilizer without any resulting Therefore:
lime glass (e.g., AR-Glas®) for chanical stability, a requirement volume changes. Always place glass instruments
bulb and graduated pipettes, for keeping the volume con- As with all glass instruments, into a cold drying cabinet or
and borosilicate glass (e.g., stant despite any subsequent however it should be noted, sterilizer; then heat slowly. At
DURAN®) for volumetric flasks, temperature fluctuations. that uneven heating or sudden the end of the drying or steril-
graduated cylinders and bu- Therefore, BLAUBRAND® and temperature changes produce izing period, allow instruments
rettes. These glass types meet SILBERBRAND volumetric thermal stresses, which may to cool off slowly inside the
the stringent laboratory re- instruments can be heated up result in breakage. switched-off drying cabinet or
quirements for chemical and to 250 °C in a drying cabinet or sterilizer. Never heat volumetric
physical resilience. instruments on a hotplate!
Calibration
Every glass volumetric instru- Volumetric instruments are either calibrated 'to contain' ('In')
ment is individually calibrated at or 'to deliver' ('Ex').
BRAND, i.e. the instrument is
accurately filled with a defined Calibration 'to contain' Calibration 'to deliver' Reference temperature
quantity of water, and a calibra- (TC, In): (TD, Ex): The standard reference tem-
tion mark is applied at the low- The contained quantity of liquid The delivered quantity of liquid perature, i.e. the temperature
est point of the meniscus. In corresponds to the capacity corresponds to the capacity at which volumetric instruments
the case of graduated instru- printed on the instrument. printed on the instrument. will contain or dispense their
ments, two calibration marks These instruments include e.g., The wetting residue remaining volumes, is 20 °C.
are applied. graduated cylinders, volumetric in the instrument has already If the adjustment or calibra-
Computer-controlled systems flasks, and capillary pipettes up been taken into account in the tion is performed at a temper-
ensure maximum precision in a to 200 µl. calibration. These instruments ature that deviates from this
fully automated production line. include e.g., graduated and standard, the corresponding
'Statistical Process Control' bulb pipettes, and burettes. measurement values must be
(SPC) guarantees production of corrected.
volumetric instruments with the
smallest deviation from nominal Note:
capacity (accuracy) and narrow Due to the small coefficient of
scatter of individual values expansion of the glass material,
(coefficient of variation). the reference temperature is of
minor significance in practical
use since the measurement de-
viations resulting from volume
expansion of the measuring in-
strument are generally smaller
than the error limit.
6
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Manufacture
Calibration is followed by BRAND uses quality inks manufactured especially for glass volumetric instruments:
silk-screen printing of marks
and inscriptions. BRAND uses
stretchable screen stencils for Blue enamel: White enamel: Amber diffusion stain:
all graduated pipettes, burettes, High contrast, optimum White enamel is used for Diffuses into the glass sur-
graduated cylinders, and mix- combination of resistance and SILBERBRAND volumetric face and can only be removed
ing cylinders. These stencils legibility. Blue enamel is used instruments (class B). by abrasion. It is used for
can be stretched to match the for BLAUBRAND® volumetric volumetric instruments that are
calibration marks accurately, so instruments (class A/AS). exposed to especially aggres-
that the measuring precision is sive cleaning conditions. An
maintained for all intermediate amber diffusion dye is used
volumes. for BLAUBRAND®-ETERNA
volumetric instruments (class
Pipettes are additionally marked A/AS) as well as for SILBER-
with 'color-code' rings at their BRAND-ETERNA volumetric
upper end, which make it easier instruments (class B).
to identify similar pipette sizes
clearly. The ISO 1769 industry
standard defines color-coding
for different nominal volumes.
BRAND
7
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Manufacture
Batch number
Example:
BLAUBRAND® bulb pipette
H
B
is the symbol for the con-
formity certification of BRAND,
according to 'Eichordnung',
the German Federal Weights
and Measures Regulations
and to DIN 12 600
Manufacturer
Designation of the standard
BRAND trademark for
volumetric instruments
Country of origin
class A/AS
Error limit
Class 'A', the highest
quality grade,
Volume unit 'S' for swift delivery
BRAND
8
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Manufacture
Accuracy classification
Volumetric instruments are generally available in two accuracy classes:
Class A/AS
Volumetric instruments of class A and AS have identical error lim- Class A/AS
its as established by DIN EN ISO. These are generally implement- ■ Always stands for the
ed only in glass volumetric instruments. Exceptions are BRAND highest-grade accuracy
plastic volumetric flasks made from PFA and PMP and plastic
■ 'S' stands for swift delivery
graduated cylinders made from PMP, which are designed to meet
(pipettes and burettes)
the highest requirements and likewise correspond to class A.
For class AS volumetric instruments, calibrated to deliver (TD, Ex), ■ Only class A/AS is confor-
the additional 'S' means swift delivery. mity-certified
Class AS volumetric instruments have become quite well estab- ■ Graduation:
lished. The risk of clogging is low in pipettes and burettes with The long graduation marks
a larger tip opening. The delivery behavior of various liquids is extend over at least 90%
compensated by observing the defined waiting time (see 'Delivery of the tube perimeter or are
and waiting times' on page 11). present as ring markings.
Class B
Volumetric instruments of class B are available in glass or plastic. Class B
Class B instruments generally have twice the error limits of class ■ Generally twice the error
A/AS. For class B measuring instruments calibrated to deliver limits of class A/AS
(TD, Ex), no waiting time is specified.
■ Graduation:
The long graduation marks
extend over approx. 20 -
40% of the tube perimeter.
There is no all-round material The accuracy of bulb pipettes, Graduated cylinder made of
to meet every single require- graduated pipettes, volumetric PMP, class A
ment in the laboratory. The flasks, and graduated cylinders
decision to use glass or plas- made from PP corresponds to
tic is guided by the application, that of class B error limits.
product design and after con- PMP and PFA are also used for
sidering the specific properties measuring instruments that cor-
of the materials and econom- respond to class A error limits,
ic aspects. Volumetric instru- e.g., volumetric flasks (PMP/
ments of plastic excel by their PFA) and graduated cylinders
high resistance to breakage (PMP). Due to its higher purity,
and low weight. PP, PMP and PFA is preferably used in trace
PFA are proven materials. analysis applications.
BRAND
9
Volumetric Instruments of Glass · Measuring the Volume
Meniscus setting
Correct meniscus setting is a prerequisite for accurate volumetric measurement.
Important note:
The temperature of the liquid
and the environment during
use are important. While the
expansion of a glass volumetric
instrument is negligible, the
expansion of the liquid at dif-
ferent temperatures must be
Concave meniscus in a Convex meniscus in a Appearance of the meniscus taken into account. To minimize
graduated pipette. graduated pipette. at the Schellbach stripe in a volume errors as much as
burette. possible, the volumes of all
the liquids in contact with one
In the case of a concave me- In the case of a convex me- The Schellbach stripe is a another should be measured
niscus, the volume has to be niscus, the volume has to be narrow blue band at the center at a common (prevailing daily)
read at the lowest point of the read at the highest point of the of a white stripe. Schellbach temperature. Especially in the
liquid level. The lowest point of liquid level. The highest point stripes are imprinted on the preparation of standard solu-
the meniscus has to touch the of the meniscus has to touch back of volumetric instruments tions, for example, the pipetting
upper edge of the graduation the lower edge of the gradua- to improve readability. of the samples and the titration
mark. tion mark. The refraction of light causes should be done at the same
two arrow points to appear temperature to the extent pos-
at the meniscus. The reading sible. Significant temperature
point is where the two arrows differences between the mea-
meet. suring instrument and the liquid
should likewise be avoided.
BRAND
10
Volumetric Instruments of Glass · Measuring the Volume
The delivery time is defined as The waiting time begins when Waiting time for class AS:
the period of time required for the meniscus comes to rest at The established waiting time of
the free fall of the meniscus the lower volume mark or in the 5 s for class AS bulb and
(discharge of water due to tip. During the waiting time, graduated pipettes is the time
gravity) from the upper volume residual liquid continues to flow after which the meniscus visibly
mark to reach the lower volume down from the glass wall. comes to rest in the tip, and
mark or the tip. This is con- before the tip can be removed
nected with the defined waiting from the inner surface of the
time for class AS volumetric receiving vessel.
instruments. The waiting time of 5 s must be
indicated on the pipette by the
manufacturer (see page 8).
Class A (conformity-certified)
Class AS (conformity-certified)
Class B
BRAND
11
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Handling
■ Calibration: ■ Calibration:
Class AS: 'Ex + 5 s' Class AS: 'Ex + 5 s'
Class B: 'Ex' Class B: 'Ex'
■ Generally higher measure- ■ Scaling permits the reading
ment accuracy than gradu- of partial volumes
ated pipettes
■ Types of graduated pipettes:
■ Bulb pipette models: Type 2 – nominal volume at
The most important model is top, complete deliv-
the bulb pipette with 1 mark ery also for partial
(complete delivery). volumes
Less common is the model Type 1 – nominal volume at
with 2 marks (partial deliv- bottom, partial de-
ery). livery for all volumes
Type 3 – nominal volume at
Bulb pipettes are also called bottom, complete
single volume pipettes. delivery only for the
nominal volume
BRAND
12
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Handling
Handling of pipettes
Pipettes calibrated 'to deliver' ('TD, Ex')
Proper pipetting with bulb pipettes with 1 mark (here: nominal volume 25 ml)
and graduated pipettes type 2, class AS (here: partial volume 3 ml)
Utility: pipetting aid (see page 18)
Delivering
5. Hold the pipette vertically.
Deliver the liquid with the
tip of the pipette in contact
with the inner surface of the
inclined receiving vessel.
6. When the meniscus comes
to a rest in the tip, the wait-
ing time of 5 s begins (class
AS only).
Type 1 and type 3
7. After the waiting time,
draw the pipette tip upwards When using type 1 or type 3
along the inner wall through graduated pipettes (zero point
a distance of about 10 mm Set meniscus at top), the meniscus must
to remove residual liquid. 1 time 1.) first be set at the zero point
and then the liquid be run
out to slightly above the
Note: desired partial volume.
The residual liquid still
2.) After a waiting time of 5 s,
left in the tip has already
the meniscus should be set
been taken into account
a second time.
during calibration and
must not be discharged
into the vessel, such as
by blowing out.
BRAND
13
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Handling
Handling of pipettes
Capillary pipettes are pipettes with a very narrow internal diameter. They are filled either with a
pipetting aid, or automatically by capillary action. After emptying, the capillary pipette must be
rinsed repeatedly with the diluting medium.
Filling
■ Aspirate liquid accurately to
the desired mark.
■ Hold the pipette horizontally
and carefully wipe off with a
tissue.
Delivering
■ To empty capillaries blow
out the liquid with a pipet-
ting aid, and rinse two to
three times with the dilut-
ing medium (required due
to calibration 'to contain'). Fill capillary Wipe off Deliver
BRAND
14
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Handling
BRAND
15
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Handling
Handling of burettes
Burettes are glass volumetric instruments calibrated to deliver Calibration
(TD, Ex) which are used for titration in volumetric analysis. Class AS: 'Ex + 30 s'
Class B: 'Ex'
Types of burettes:
Handling
1. Rinse the burette with the standard solution to be used, and
orient it so that the burette tube stands upright. Make sure that
the solution is completely homogenous, i.e., there must be no
cloudiness, flocculation or precipitation present.
2. Fill the burette slightly above the zero mark. To prime the stop-
cock, drain the burette no further than the nominal capacity.
Should a small air bubble persist inside, hold the burette at an
angle and lightly tap a finger against the location of the bubble.
3. Refill titrant to approx. 5 mm above the zero mark. The wall of
the burette should not be wetted further upwards.
4. Drain liquid to set the zero point accurately. Important: Menis-
cus must be read at eye level (parallax-free level). Automatic
burettes: Fill to approx. 5 mm above the zero mark. This is ad-
justed automatically after air release.
5. Wipe off any drops adhering to the discharge tip.
6. Open the stopcock and slowly add titrant to the sample (con-
taining the indicator). The stopcock must not touch the wall of
the vessel. Keep swirling the sample vessel lightly while adding
titrant, or place it on a magnetic stirrer.
For easiest recognition of the color change, place the sample
vessel on a white surface. When the color changes, close the
stopcock. The titration is finished.
7. Read the discharged volume at eye level. The waiting time re-
quirement (class AS: 30 s) is already fulfilled in practice dur-
ing the titration process. It only needs to be taken into account
during the calibration of the measuring instrument.
8. Any drops remaining on the tip of the stopcock should be
wiped against the vessel wall and rinsed down. It is part of the
titrated volume.
■ Before each new titration, reset the zero point and start the
Burette with lateral Automatic burette, Automatic burette, titration from there.
stopcock Pellet pattern Dr. Schilling pattern
In addition to burettes, the following equipment is required for
titrating: Volumetric flasks, bulb pipettes, Erlenmeyer flasks.
BRAND
16
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Handling
Handling
1. Determine the weight of the dry and empty density bottle.
2. Fill the density bottle with liquid, avoiding bubbles. The ground
neck should be covered to about 1/3.
3. In a thermostatic bath, adjust the temperature of the bottle and
contents to 20 °C.
4. Align the stopper respectively, the thermometer of the density
bottle according to the marking, and insert carefully. The capil-
lary tube fills up and the displaced liquid comes out.
5. Carefully dry the outer surfaces of the stopper (respectively,
the side capillary) and the density bottle with tissue.
ATTENTION:
Be careful not to remove any liquid from the capillary. The
sample liquid must be exactly level with the upper end of the
capillary.
6. Determine the weight of the filled density bottle.
Note:
Calibrated density bottles always carry a unique identification
number on all component parts.
Use only parts with the same number together.
BRAND
17
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Pipetting Aids
The variable motor speed control and a special valve system An integrated check valve in connection with a membrane filter
enable sensitive operation with pipettes from 0.1 to 200 ml. effectively protects against penetrating liquids. To protect against
corrosion, an active pressure compensation diverts vapors outside.
Handling
Pipetting is controlled through two large function buttons:
Filling Delivery
To fill the pipette, press the Discharge rate is con-
upper button. Intake rate tinuously variable by trigger
is continuously variable by pressure.
trigger pressure.
Choose:
Free delivery
or
Power delivery
BRAND
18
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Pipetting Aids
Handling
Pipette filler
The classic standard pipetting aid for bulb and graduated pipettes.
BRAND
19
Glass Volumetric Instruments · Pipetting Aids
Handling
Handling
BRAND
20
Liquid Handling Instruments
The ever increasing demands on the quality of analytical results, and the growing number of samples
to be processed result in a need for volumetric instruments which help to handle the routine work in
sample preparation as efficiently as possible.
Manufacturers of laboratory equipment have responded to this need by developing specialized liquid
handling instruments. These appliances represent an improvement over the traditional volumetric in-
struments made of glass or plastic, and allow efficient work with a superior degree of precision and
ease of operation.
The liquid handling instruments from most manufacturers share a similar operating principle, however
the design details and materials used differ somewhat from one manufacturer to the next.
On the following pages, we will explain the functional principles and application of some of the most
common liquid handling instruments, using appliances made by BRAND as examples.
Single-channel Multichannel
Bottletop dispenser Bottletop dispenser Bottletop burette
air interface pipette air interface pipette
21
Liquid Handling Instruments · Dispensing
For easy, rapid and precise dispensing of reagents, bottletop dispensers are widely employed to
replace poured transfers into gratuated cylinders. They can be mounted directly on commercial labo-
ratory bottles, either directly or by means of adapters. It is no longer necessary to transfer or decant
chemicals. Serial dispensing in particular is greatly facilitated.
BRAND
22
Liquid Handling Instruments · Dispensing
When choosing a bottletop Likewise, the suitability of the In regard to the monitoring of instruments should be checked
dispenser, the safety features dispenser for the medium to be measuring instruments accord- regularly and recalibrated if
of the instrument should be dispensed should be checked ing to ISO and GLP guidelines, necessary (see page 33).
kept in mind. For example, by the user. Information about the accuracy of volumetric
does it reduce the risk of this can generally be found in
injury due to glass breakage? the operating manual in the
How does it avoid accidental chapter 'Function and limita-
splashing when the instrument tions of use'. When in doubt,
is primed? How is contact with contact the manufacturer
the medium minimized when directly. Information on main-
the dispensing tube is closed? tenance and monitoring of
measuring instruments are also
found in the operating manual.
BRAND
23
Liquid Handling Instruments · Titrating
How to titrate?
Using a bulb pipette, a defined portion of a sample (liquid with an unknown fraction of dissolved
material, e.g., acetic acid) is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask.
After dilution with water, 3 drops of an indicator solution are added. Then, with continuous swirling,
a suitable titrant of known concentration (e.g., 0.1 M NaOH) is added from a burette until a color
change in the indicator signals the endpoint of the titration.
Using the chemical equation and the volume of titrants used, the amount of substance dissolved in
the sample can be calculated.
By the subsequent downward Bottletop burettes are mounted The discharged volume can be
movement of the piston, the directly upon the reservoir bot- read directly from the display of
liquid is released slowly, and tle. By the upward movement the bottletop burette. There are
added to the sample through of the piston, liquid is aspirated no meniscus reading errors.
the discharge tube until the from the reagent bottle into the
titration is finished, e.g., by burette cylinder.
change of color.
24
Liquid Handling Instruments · Pipetting
In the routine lab and in research, precision and functionality are the standards to expect from air
interface piston-operated pipettes today.
Operation
➀ ➀
➠
➠
➁ ➁
➠
BRAND
25
Liquid Handling Instruments · Pipetting
These pipettes also function by the air interface principle. They allow 8 or 12 pipetting operations to
be carried out simultaneously.
Microtiter technology requires pipetting into microtiter plates of 8 x 12 cavities (96-well plates) with
standardized spacing. This technology allows e.g., the detection of minute quantities of proteins.
This method can only be employed efficiently with multichannel pipettes.
Multichannel pipettes are ideal for the efficient transfer of samples, for serial dilutions and for wash-
ing of microtiter plates.
Operation
➀ ➀
➠
➠
➁
➠
➁
➧
BRAND
26
Liquid Handling Instruments · Pipetting
Pressing the pipetting button discharge are controlled by a The combination of motor-con- An additional advantage is the
starts the aspiration or discharge microprocessor. trolled pipettes and ergonomic execution of pipetting programs
mechanisms (incl. blow-out). Various pipetting programs can design enables stress-free, such as the gel electrophore-
The pipette’s piston is moved be selected with the control fatigue-free operation. sis mode (with precise display
by a motor, aspiration and keys. It also reduces the demands of delivered volume) and a
on the thumb while carrying dispensing mode, which are not
out lengthy series which would possible with manual pipettes.
otherwise increase the risk of
RSI syndrome!
e.g., Transferpette® electronic single-
and multichannel pipette by BRAND
Program keys
Pipetting button
Operation
27
Liquid Handling Instruments · Pipetting
The display
Program
Battery capacity
Arrow symbol
for 'intake'
Pipetting volume
Dispensing
A program for the dispensing of liquids in a series of equal ali-
quots. A volume that has been aspirated is dispensed in steps.
BRAND
28
Liquid Handling Instruments · Pipetting
Positive-displacement pipettes are the ideal alternative for difficult applications where air interface
pipettes reach their physical limits. They are well suited even for media of very high or low viscosity,
high vapor pressure, or a tendency to foam.
Glass cylinder In contrast with air interface physical properties of the liquid. Highest accuracy and speedy
pipettes, the positive-displace- There is no need to discard operation. The tips or capil-
ment piston is in direct contact tips or capillaries after each laries are reusable. No need for
Positive-displace- with the pipetted liquid. The pipetting operation, since the reading a meniscus for pipet-
ment piston piston wipes the walls of the minimal residual wetting is ting.
tips/capillaries completely negligible for most applications.
clean – literally to the last drop If carry-over is a concern, such
which can be observed leaving as with infectious or radioactive
Reagent the tip orifice. This principle media, an air interface pipette
always provides reproduc- with disposable tips should be
ible results, regardless of the preferred.
Range of application
Highly viscous media, such Media with high vapor pressure Media which tend to foam,
as highly concentrated protein such as alcohols, ether and such as tenside solutions.
solutions, oils, resins and fats. hydrocarbons.
BRAND
29
Liquid Handling Instruments · Dispensing
Functional principle
With manual repetitive pipettes, No intermediate volumes can pressure, high viscosity or
the volume delivered in each be selected. A main advantage a tendency to foam pose
step results from the length of these devices is their robust- no problem to the repetitive
of the stroke, defined by the ness; their drawback is their pipettes.
number of steps on a toothed often fatiguing operation. According to volume range, the
rack, and the size of the tip. Repetitive pipettes work on the repetitive pipette can be fitted
Therefore, only a limited num- proven positive-displacement with PD-Tips of different sizes.
ber of defined dispensing steps principle. Therefore, even
is available. difficult media with high vapor
Stroke setting 1 2 3 4 5
Number of steps 49 24 15 11 9
BRAND
30
Liquid Handling Instruments · Dispensing
Functional principle
Intake and discharge are The ergonomic design results The positive-displacement tips
controlled by a single key. The in fatigue-free operation. The allow the dispensing of media
piston inside the tips is driven piston wipes the walls of the of high density, high vapor
by a motor, with a microproces- tips completely clean, providing pressure or volatility, or with a
sor controlling the volume and precisely reproducible results tendency to foam.
number of steps. without the influences of an air
interface.
Dispensing
standard mode Automatic Dispensing Pipetting
A predefined volume is dis- The instrument calculates the Works like a positive-displace-
pensed repeatedly. average time interval between ment pipette. A predefined
your three first dispensing volume is taken up and dis-
steps, and automatically contin- charged.
ues to work at this rhythm.
BRAND
31
Accuracy
Precision Defined
What do 'Error Limit, Accuracy, Coefficient of Variation
and Precision' mean in volumetric measuring?
To describe accuracy, the term 'Error limit' is used for glass volumetric devices, while for liquid
handling devices the statistical terms 'Accuracy [%]' and 'Coefficient of Variation [%]' have
become established.
The term 'Error limit' (EL) in Accuracy (A) indicates the Coefficient of variation (CV) in- (analog CVpart. %)
the corresponding standards closeness of measured mean dicates the closeness of values
defines the maximum permis- volume to the specified value, of repeated measurements, Generally A and CV are related
sible deviation from the speci- i.e., systematic measurement i.e., random measurement to the nominal volume (Vnominal ).
fied value. variation. variation. These values are in % and
Accuracy is defined as the Coefficient of variation is de- have to be converted for
difference between the fined as standard deviation in partial volumes (Vpart. ).
_ mea-
sured mean volume ( V ) and percent, related to the mean In contrast, there is no conver-
n Error limit of A and CV
the specified value (Vspec. ), volume. sion for partial volumes, if A
A% + 2CV% related to the specified value in and CV are stated in volume
EL ≥ · Vnominal percent. units (e.g., ml).
100 %
A good estimate for the error n Precision
limit (EL) of the instrument, (reproducilibity)
e.g., for the nominal volume It describes the closeness
( Vnominal ), can be calculated us- in volume units between the
ing the values for accuracy and different values in a set of
coefficient of variation. measurements.
BRAND
32
Monitoring of Measuring Instruments
Analytical laboratories have to verify and document the accuracy of all measuring devices used in or-
der to achieve reliable results. This especially applies to laboratories which operate according to GLP
guidelines, are accredited to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17 025, or are certified to DIN EN ISO 9001.
All these standards and guidelines require the availability of written instructions describing the moni-
toring procedure in detail.
The error limits or accuracy and coefficient of variation have also to be defined, and there must be
instructions on how to proceed if the acceptable limits are exceeded.
The instrument's accuracy and Volumetric instruments are The monitoring of measuring Volumetric instruments which
measuring uncertainty must be tested gravimetrically. Testing devices should not become the are conformity-certified to DIN
known and documented before for liquid handling instruments main occupation in the labora- 12 600 are also subject to the
its admission for use. In addi- is performed according to ISO tory; it should be limited to a monitoring procedure.
tion, the instrument has to be 8655; for glass volumetric reasonable extent. The demand There is no clear directive
tested again at defined inter- instruments, ISO 4787 is ap- is for simple procedures which whether such instruments have
vals (see DIN EN ISO 10012). plied. are quick and inexpensive to to undergo initial testing or
Many influences must be con- follow. not. The user is responsible for
Reason: sidered when carrying this out. The combination of testing answering this question.
The performance of measuring Therefore, BRAND provides instructions (SOP), specially However, to be on the safe
instruments may be affected Standard Operating Procedures developed EASYCAL™ calibra- side, the initial test of a rep-
by e.g., the use of aggressive (SOP), including detailed test- tion software together with resentative random sample
chemicals, and the manner and ing instructions, for every type volumetric instruments deliv- is recommended. In addition,
frequency of cleaning. Since of volumetric instrument. The ered with individual or batch such a test will document the
the required accuracy largely testing procedure is outlined certificate are best suited to initial state in relation to subse-
depends on the circumstances step by step. To make it even minimize the time needed for quent tests.
of each application, the user easier, BRAND offers software this procedure. Another option would be the
has to determine the intervals which can perform all calcula- purchase of volumetric instru-
for routine testing. Typical tions, store them in a database, ments with a certificate from
intervals for liquid handling in- and print out a detailed test the manufacturer.
struments and plastic volumet- report.
ric instruments are every 3-12
months, for glass volumetric
instruments, every 1-3 years.
BRAND
33
Monitoring of Measuring Instruments
34
Monitoring of Measuring Instruments
3. Calculation of the standard deviation, necessary for the determination of coefficient of variation
0.8393
s = 1.0032 ·
9
s = 0.306
s · 100
CV [%] = –
V
0.306 · 100
CV [%] =
200.1514
CV [%] = 0.153
The result for the calculated example is: What to do if the instrument exceeds the error limits:
Results of the gravimetric 1. Review the operating manual If despite these steps the
Note:
testing: to ensure that the instru- instrument still does not meet
For checking partial volumes, ment was operated properly. the specifications, remove from
Tested volume (µl): 200.0000
the values A nominal [%] and service and contact the manu-
Mean volume (µl): 200.1514 2. Follow the troubleshoot-
CVnominal [%] which are related facturer for support.
A [%] 0.076 ing guide in the operating
to the nominal volume Vnominal
CV [%] 0.153 manual for assistance.
must be converted.
A [%] specified* 0.600 3. Recalibrate the instrument in
For a partial volume of 20 µl
CV [%] specified* 0.200 accordance with the operat-
this means:
* Error limits in operating manual. ing manual.
Vnominal
A20 µl [%] = · A nominal [%]
⇒ This pipette meets V20 µl
specifications.
200 µl
A20 µl [%] = · 0.5%
If the calculated values for Ac- 20 µl
curacy (A [%]) and Coefficient
of Variation (CV [%]) are less A20 µl [%] = 5%
than or equal to the error limits,
the instrument is calibrated to The calculation of CVpart
operate within specifications. is analog.
BRAND
35
Monitoring of Measuring Instruments
Calibration software
The monitoring of measuring devices to GLP and DIN EN ISO 9001 is not exactly straightforward.
Complex equations easily lead to calculating errors, and the documentation of results can be tiresome.
To facilitate this tedious task, some manufacturers have developed special calibration software.
BRAND
36
Conformity and Calibration Certificates
For volumetric instruments which are kept and used for commer- This certificate is issued by the 'Eichamt', the German State Of-
cial purposes, such as medical and pharmaceutical fields (manu- fice of Weights and Measures, and is accepted in Germany and
facture and testing of medicinal products), the German Federal many other countries. Both the instrument and the certificate
Weights and Measures Regulations ('Eichordnung') of Aug. 12, show the individual serial number and the year of issue.
1988, calls for conformity certification instead of official calibra-
tion. This also applies for volumetrically relevant accessories
(e.g., pipette tips for piston-operated pipettes). DKD* Calibration certificate
Certificates of performance
Batch certificate Individual certificate
A quality assurance system organized according to DIN EN ISO
9001 earns the right for a manufacturer to issue certificates of All instruments and certificates Both the instrument and the
performance, or factory certificates. from one production batch certificate show an individual
Factory certificates are available as individual or batch certificates. show the same batch number. serial number in addition to the
All quality control results are documented and archived for a The certificate records the batch number. The certificate
minimum of 7 years. If the batch or serial number is known, the mean value, the standard de- records the measured volume,
individual results at the time of production can be accessed at any viation and the date of issue. the uncertainty of measurement
time. and the date of issue.
BRAND
37
IVD Directive
IVD Directive
Implications and consequences
How to define
In-Vitro-Diagnostic
IVD Directive of EU Medical Devices (IVD)? What is a Medical Device? CE Marking
On December 7th, 1998, the An 'In-Vitro-Diagnostic Medical The definition of a 'Medical The CE mark is the official
EU directive for 'In-vitro-Diag- Device' is any medical device Device' includes any instru- marking required by the Eu-
nostic Medical Devices' (IVD used in-vitro for the examina- ment, apparatus, appliance, ropean Community. It shows
Directive) was published in the tion of specimens, including material or other article, includ- the user, that this product
Official Journal of the European blood and tissue donations, ing the software necessary for fulfills all essential safety and
Communities and became ef- derived from the human body. its proper application, intended environmental requirements
fective since June 7th, 2000. IVD can be a reagent, calibra- by the manufacturer to be as defined in the so-called
tor, control material, kit, instru- used for human beings for the European Directives. The
ment, apparatus, equipment, purpose of: manufacturer marks the instru-
system, or specimen recepta- ment and produces a declara-
■ diagnosis, prevention,
cles, intended by the manufac- tion of conformity describing
monitoring, treatment or al-
turer to be specifically used for the instruments' fulfillment with
leviation of disease, injury or
in-vitro diagnostic examination. the guidelines and technical
handicap
IVD are mainly used to provide requirements.
information ■ investigation, replacement or
modification of the anat- BRAND medical products are
■ concerning a physiological omy or of a physiological all included in the class of in-
or pathological state process vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices.
■ concerning a congenital ■ control of conception. This includes, for example:
abnormality
Excluded are pharmacological – blood counting chambers
■ to monitor therapeutic
or immunological means, which – haemacytometer cover
measures.
are regulated by appropriate glasses
drug laws. – disposable capillary pipettes
– micro haematocrit capillaries
– haematocrit sealing com-
pound
– sample cups for analyzers
– urine beaker
– feces container
– cryogenic tubes
– pipette tips
– PD-Tips
– Transferpette® microliter
pipettes
– HandyStep® repetitive
pipettes
BRAND
38
Quality Management
Quality Management
Quality management is indispensable. Ideally, it should already begin at project stage, and should ac-
company a product’s design, development and manufacturing process. This guarantees the greatest
possible security in working with laboratory equipment, and the reliability of analytical results.
Quality management at BRAND The quality management All measuring instruments used All test results are docu-
begins at product conception system applied at BRAND and in quality control are regularly mented and filed for 7 years.
and continues through the certified to DIN EN ISO 9001 checked and are referenced to If the batch or serial number is
design process and production. is a combination of process the national standards of PTB known, each specific test result
Routine checks throughout the monitoring and random checks. (The German Federal Institute on the date of production can
entire manufacturing process The accepted quality level of Physics and Metrology). be traced.
result in volumetric instruments (AQL) is at the very least 0.4., Quality management accord- As BRAND manufactures
with the smallest possible i.e., the limiting values are met ing to DIN EN ISO 9001 is the conformity certified volumet-
deviation from the true volume with a statistical certainty of at basis for issuing of calibration ric instruments, the quality
(accuracy) and narrow scatter least 99.6 %. certificates (e.g., our certifi- of products is automatically
of individual values (coefficient cates of performance). supervised by the 'Eichamt',
of variation). The final step of the German State Office of
this Statistical Process Control Weights and Measures. The
is random finished product requirements for monitoring of
sampling according to DIN measuring instruments, trace-
ISO 3951. ability to national standards,
and staff qualification are fully
met.
BRAND
39
Cleaning
Note:
Carefully disinfect labware before cleaning when there is a risk of injury during cleaning procedure.
The generally accepted wiping For the immersion method, lab- Both glass and plastic labware
and scrubbing method with ware is soaked in the cleaning may be cleaned in an ultrasonic
a cloth or sponge soaked in solution for 20 to 30 minutes at bath. However, direct contact
cleaning solution is the most room temperature, then rinsed with the sonic membranes must
popular cleaning method. with tap water, and finally with be avoided.
Labware must never be treated distilled water. Only for stub-
with abrasive scouring agents born residues should the soak-
or pads which might damage ing time be extended and the
the surface. temperature increased.
Machine cleaning
BRAND
40
Cleaning
Gentle cleaning
For gentle treatment of labware, clean immediately after use – at
low temperatures, with brief soaking times, and at low alkalinity.
Glass volumetric instruments should not be exposed to prolonged
immersion times in alkaline media above 70 °C, as such treatment
causes volume changes through glass corrosion, and destruction
of graduations.
Information
At 70 °C, a 1N sodium hydrox- 1.4 µm, or tenfold more, will be Alkali attack on DURAN® in relation to Alkali attack on DURAN® in relation to
ide solution will corrode a layer removed. Therefore, clean- temperature, calculated from weight pH value, at 100 °C. Exposure time:
loss. c (NaOH) = 1 mol/l. Exposure 3 hours.
of approx. 0.14 µm off the ing temperatures above 70 °C time: 1 hour.
surface of DURAN® (borosili- should be avoided and low
cate glass 3.3) within 1 hour. alkaline cleaning agents are (Graphs are from the brochure 'Technische Gläser' by SCHOTT AG, Mainz.)
However, at 100 °C, a layer of preferrable.
Laboratory instruments that Steam sterilization (autoclaving) ■ Efficient steam sterilization is assured only if the steam is satu-
have come into contact with is defined as the destruction rated and has unrestricted access to all contaminated areas.
infectious material or geneti- or irreversible inactivation of all ■ To prevent pressure build-up, containers or vessels must al-
cally modified organisms must reproducible microorganisms ways be open.
be disinfected prior to reuse/ under exposure to saturated
■ Contaminated reusable labware must be cleaned thoroughly
disposal; i.e., they must be steam at 121 °C (2 bar) ac-
before steam sterilization. Otherwise, residue will bake on
brought to a condition in which cording to DIN EN 285.
during sterilization and microorganisms may not be effectively
they no longer pose a risk of For correct sterilization pro-
destroyed if they are protected by the residue. Furthermore,
infection. cedure, including biological
any adhering chemical residues may damage the surfaces due
Therefore laboratory instru- security, please contact your
to the high temperatures.
ments can be treated with dis- sterilization officer.
infecting detergents for exam- ■ Not all plastics are resistant to steam sterilization. Polycarbon-
ple. If necessary and suitable, ate, e.g., will lose its strength. Polycarbonate centrifuge tubes
the items may subsequently be cannot be steam sterilized.
sterilized (autoclaved). ■ During sterilization (autoclaving), plastic equipment in particular
should not be mechanically stressed (e.g., do not stack). Thus,
to avoid shape deformation, beakers, flasks, and graduated
cylinders should be autoclaved in an upright position.
Thermal resistance
BRAND
41
Safety Information
Safety Information
Handling of hazardous substances
The handling of hazardous chemicals, infectious, toxic or radioactive substances and genetically
modified organisms, calls for a high degree of responsibility on the part of everyone involved, to en-
sure personal and environmental protection. The relevant regulations must be scrupulously observed
including laboratory, professional association, environmental, radiation, waste disposal and generally
accepted technical standards and guidelines (e.g., DIN or ISO).
■ Before use, laboratory in- ■ In the course of repeated ■ Instruments to be repaired ■ It is not permissible to sim-
struments must be examined use, laboratory instruments must be cleansed of all res- ply truncate defective grad-
by the user for suitability should be examined for idues and be sterilized, as uated cylinders. This short-
and functionality. eventual damage, especially necessary. Radioactive- ens the distance between
instruments subjected to ly contaminated items must the upper graduation mark
■ Always hold pipettes near
pressure or vacuum (e.g., be decontaminated as pre- and the spout, as defined
the suction end, and care-
desiccators, filter flasks, scribed by the radiation pro- by DIN, resulting in an in-
fully insert the pipette into
etc.). tection authorities. Volumet- creased danger of chemicals
the adapter of the pipette
■ The hazards of working with ric glass instruments (e.g., being spilled and the oper-
controller until it is secure-
defective labware should volumetric flasks, graduated ational safety is no longer
ly and firmly seated. Do not
never be under-estimated cylinders, etc.) should not guaranteed.
use force. Broken glass can
(e.g., cuts, burns, risk of be repaired when damaged.
cause injury! ■ Waste must be disposed of
infection). If a professional Exposure to heat may result
according to local laws and
repair is not practical, prop- in residual stress within the
regulations. This applies
erly dispose of such items. glass (greatly increasing the
also to disposable articles.
probability of breakage), or
It must not pose a hazard to
an uncontrolled cooling pro-
human beings or the envi-
cess may lead to permanent
ronment.
volume alterations.
■ Laboratory equipment must
be disposed of according to
the materials they are made
of, and in a clean state, in
accordance with the regula-
tions in force.
Working with glass Please note that laboratory
glassware is not recyclable.
When working with glass, it is essential to consider its limitations
regarding resistance to thermal shock and to mechanical stress.
Strict safety measures must be observed:
BRAND
42
Trademark Index
accu-jet®, BLAUBRAND®, BRAND®,
Dispensette®, EASYCAL™, HandyStep®,
seripettor®, Titrette®, Transferpette®,
® as well as the word and design marks
shown here are brands of BRAND
GMBH + CO KG, Germany.