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Introduction To Criminology Reviewer

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introduction to criminology

Introduction To Criminology

Introduction To Criminology

Definition of Terms

Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind, 1945, explained the causes

of crime by his formula "Criminal Behavior equals criminalistic

tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided by the persons

mental or emotional resistance to temptation.

Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) - was a Belgian mathematician, astronomer

and statistician, he helped to establish the cartographic school and

positivist schools of criminology which made extensive use of statistical

techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into

the relationships between crime and other social factors. Among his

findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well

as gender and crime.

Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of mental illness.

An expert witness in a sanity trial.

Andrew Von Hirsch - developed the notion of just desert.

Just desert - has five guidelines; 1. treat legal

punishment as a desert; 2. avoid doing harm; 3. sentence

delinquency, not the delinquent; 4. interfere parsimoniously;

5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day

utilitarianism.

Anger - is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or

something you feel has deliberately done you wrong.

Anomie - is a condition in which society provides little moral

guidance to individuals.

Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and present.

Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of previous behavior

after a period of absence.

Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks on the evolutionary

scale to more primitive times, where people were savages.

August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic

education. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and

disadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed discipline and suppression

which were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few

positive results.

Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a morbid fear of

being egotistical, or a dread of being alone or isolated.

Monophobia - is an acute fear of being alone and having to

cope without a specific person, or perhaps any person, in

close proximity.

Biometrics - is a technique for identification of people that uses

body characteristics or behavioural traits and is increasingly being

used instead of or in conjunction with other forms of identification

based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or something you know

(e.g. password or PIN).

Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is the result of

emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured when he has

learned to control his emotion effectively and who live at peace

with himself and in harmony with the standard of conduct which are

acceptable to society. Am emotionally immature person rebels against

rules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual activities and

experience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority complex.

Brotherhood - an association, society, or community of people linked

by a common interest, religion, or trade.

Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical school of thought within

criminology.

Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist, founder of the Italian

school of criminology, formulated the theory of anthropological

criminology, essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and

that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects,

which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.

Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in 1859, kicked off the

scientific revolution, father of evolution.

Charles Goring - author of the influential work The English convict:

a statistical study.

The English convict: a statistical study - It was first

published in 1913, and set out to establish whether there

were any significant physical or mental abormalities among

the criminal classes that set them apart from ordinary men,

as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He ultimately concluded

that "the physical and mental constitution of both criminal

and law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class,

and intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing as

an anthropological criminal type."

Classical School - based on free will; able to make decisions in a

logical way; assumes people are hedonistic.

Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized

in this theory that the multiplicity of conflicting cultures is the

principal source of social disorganization. The high crime and

delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group is explained by

their exposure to diverse and incongruent standards and codes of

larger society.

Containment Theory - criminality is brought about by the inability of

the group to contain behavior of its member and that of effective

containment of the individual into the value system and structure of

society will minimize crime.

Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal act that is modelled or

inspired by a previous crime that has been reported in the media or

described in fiction.

Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix -oid, meaning

criminal-like) is a person who projects a respectable, upright facade,

in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality. This type, first

defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions of his 1876 work

"the Criminal man".

Criminal Personality - 1. the roots of criminality lie in the way in

which people think and make decisions; 2. criminals think and act

differently from others, even at a very young age; 3. criminals are

irresponsible, 4. deterministic explanations of crime result from

believing the criminal who is seeking sympathy.

Anti-Social Personality - characterized by patterns of

irresponsible and antisocial behavior, as well as

aggressive tendencies.

Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general emotionality. An excess of the

submissive instinct account for tendency of many criminals to be

weak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to the

impulse of fear.

Determinism - belief that individual behavior is beyond the control

of the individual; opposite of free will.

Differential Association Theory - Criminal behavior is learnable and

learned in interaction with other deviant persons. Through this

association, they learn not only techniques of certain crimes, but

also specific rationale, motives and so on.

Edwin Sutherland - Differential association theory was

Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology;

similar in importance to strain theory and social control

theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the

individual's social relationships.

Imitation-Suggestion Theory - by Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency

and crime pattern are learned and adopted. The learning

process either be conscious type copying or unconscious

copying of confronting pattern of behavior.

Differential-Social Disorganization Theory - This is sometimes called

Social Disorganization. There is social disorganization when there is

breakdown, changes, conflict of values between the new and the old,
when there is reduced influence of the social institution over behavior

and when there is declining influence of the solid moral and ethical

front.

Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical activity of the brain;

measures it.

Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a Frenchman, Chief among

his claims is that society is a sui generis reality, or a reality

unique to itself and irreducible to its composing parts. It is

created when individual consciences interact and fuse together to

create a synthetic reality that is completely new and greater than

the sum of its parts.

E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories,

believed that biological factors affect the perception and learning

of social behaviors.

Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.

Eugenics - the science of improving a human population by controlled

breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race.

Free Will - the idea that human beings are free to choose one behavior
or action over another.

Frustration - the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because

of inability to change or achieve something.

General Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment on

those persons who have not suffered.

Specific Deterrence - involves the effects of legal punishment

on those who have suffered it.

Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with heredity.

Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the expression of the mental

content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes

emotional discomfort, personality demands removal of pain and the

pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is the start of the

crime delinquency of an individual.

Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-synthesis explains the

reason why a person may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so.

Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is the soul good in life.

Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal behavior went hand in

hand, crime prone traits were inherited.

Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind bars, they can't commit

anymore crimes.

Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the end of the 19th century

by Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico Ferri and Rafael

Garofalo.

Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist, student of Lombroso,

His work served as the basis for Argentina’s penal code of 1921.

His research led to him postulating theories calling for crime

prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as

opposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes had

taken place.

Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the father of Criminology.

He is a student of Cesare Lombroso.

James Q. Wilson - advocate for special deterrence; ultilitarian.

Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical school of thought within

criminology. He is a lawyer.

Jukes Family - family of criminals. Descendants are criminally minded

and committed crimes.

Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of jukes Family,

descendants are good people and attained prominence in

various fields.

Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a

1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.

The work was an extended case study of Goddard's for the inheritance of

"feeble-mindedness," a general category referring to a variety of mental

disabilities including mental retardation, learning disabilities, and

mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety of mental traits were

hereditary and society should limit reproduction by people possessing

these traits.

Karyotype Studies - examination and comparison of chromosomes.

Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically without regard

for need or profit.

Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions, and

the bearing of grudges.

Limbic System - a set of areas in the human brain that integrate a

wide variety of messages from the senses and control goal-oriented

response to environmental and internal stimuli.

Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition characterized by

delusional fantasies of power, relevance, omnipotence, and by inflated

self-esteem.

Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating culpability which is required

by statute as an element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind.

Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory - citizens who obey the

street rules of lower class life find themselves in conflict with

the dominant culture.

Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how adults morally represent a

reason about the world that they live in.

Morphology - deals with the form and structure of an organism or any

of its parts; measuring different parts of the human head; there is

a meaningful relationship between certain types of physical features

and personality.

Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the legal system should

focus exclusively on doing justice; respond to the crime; the

criminal made the rational decision.

Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety, impulses may

breakthrough and take control.

Amnesia - a partial or total loss of memory. Origin late 18th

century: from Greek amnēsia ‘forgetfulness.’

Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false idea. : a

false idea or belief that is caused by mental illness.

Dementia praecox (a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness")

refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder

characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually

beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term

first used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick (1851–1924),

a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of Charles

University in Prague.

Psychosis - severe form of mental disturbance, behavior

impairs or gets in the way of everyday focus, Id takes

control.

Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal behavior,

incoherent thought process, thinking is scrambled and may

have split personalities.

 Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick anger reactions,

and the bearing of grudges.

Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship between perpetrator and

victim of a crime. That is, both are involved in the event.

Penitentiary - repent of wrongdoing and the will to atone for it.

Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and bumps of

facial features. The study of facial features.

Craniology - the scientific study of the shape and size of

the skulls of different human races. Another term for

Phrenology.

Psychopatic Personality – This is the most important cause of

criminality among youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It is

characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of conscience,

deficient feeling of affection to others and aggression to environment

and other people.

Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a person's character or

personality from his or her outer appearance, especially the face.

This study and science was used by Beccaria (1764) and lavater (1175)

to discover the character of a person.

Positivist School - based on determinism; human behavior is controlled

by science.

Positivism - the belief that the classical school of

thought is wrong in explaining what causes crime because

they failed to explain adequately the why portion.

Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism; medical doctor who

wanted to see whether criminals were physically different,

believed in atavistic anomaly.

Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional

disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human behavior. First laid out by

Sigmund Freud in the 19th century.

Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior; where you return back into

the criminal system.

Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previous

life, especially through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means of

escaping present anxieties.

Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is such thing as a criminal

personality.

Schools of Thought - devices for organizing fundamentally differing

views of human nature and relating them to issues surrounding crime

and its control.

Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder characterized by a

preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition characterized by the

compulsion to display one's genitals in public.

Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects, situations, or

body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual.

Paraphilia - a condition characterized by abnormal sexual

desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities.

Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed toward children.

Sadomasochism - is the giving or receiving of pleasure,

sometimes sexual, from acts involving the infliction or

 reception of pain or humiliation.

Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual

gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation

on others.

Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - is the practice

of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally

associated with another gender.

Masochism - the tendency to derive pleasure, especially

sexual gratification, from one's own pain or humiliation.

Voyeurism - Watching others while naked or having sex,

generally without their knowledge; also known as scopophilia

or scoptophilia.

Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-species sexual

activity between human and non-human animals or a fixation

on such practice.

Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime is a product of transitional

neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict.

Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his approach: crime is but

one form of deviance.

ID - contains the inner world of the individual's inborn

instincts and reflexes.

Ego - represents the real world of the individual's

conscious reason and common sense.

Superego - inner world of the individual's ideal

expectations and conscience; the conceptions of what the

individual considers to be morally good.

Social Bond Theory - relation between social factors and individual

activities; individuals become free to commit crimes when their ties

to society are broken.

Spiritual School - based on determinism; human behavior is determined

by God or demons or Satan.

Stanton Samenow - convinced that there is such thing as a

criminal personality.

Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is egotistical and self-centered;

if he thought he could get away with it, then he would commit the crime.
Type of Physique

Ectomorph - a person with a lean and delicate body build. Are

tall and thin and less social and more intellectual.

Mesomorph - a person with a compact and muscular body build.

Have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance. They

are active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and more likely

to become criminals.

Endomorph - a person with a soft round body build and a

high proportion of fat tissue. Have heavy builds and are

slow moving. They arte known for lethargic behavior

rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and more

willing to engage in less strenuous criminal activities such

as fencing stolen property.

Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses or offenders according

to some criteria of relatedness or similarity.

Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments serve two vital

functions: 1. deterring persons from committing the crimes and

2. protecting society from those wholes acts threaten the social order;

the greatest good for the greatest number.

William Sheldon - an American psychologist who created the field of

somatotype and constitutional psychology that tried to correlate body

types with behavior,intelligence, and social hierarchy through his

Ivy league nude posture photos.

Temperament

Viscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon, from viscera + -o- +

tonic. Designating a personality type characterised as

sociable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.

Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks, gestures

assertively and behaves aggressively.

Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of functional complaints

to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomia,

insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from crowds.

XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and disproportionate;

more inclined to commit crimes.

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