Slum in India 2011 English Book 23 May 12 PDF

Slums in India
A Statistical Compendium
2011
Government of India
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
National Buildings Organization
G-Wing, Nirman Bhavan
New Delhi-110008
CONTENTS
Title Page No.
List of Tables i
List of Figures iii
List of Boxes iv
List of Acronyms v
Chapter 1
Introduction and Approach 1
Chapter 2
Definitions of Slum 6
Chapter 3
Main Sources of Data on Slums in India 14
Chapter 4
Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its Recommendations 17
Chapter 5
Salient Features of Slums in India –Census-2001 21
Chapter 6
Slum Conditions – National Sample Surveys Organisation (NSSO) Surveys 38
Chapter 7
Urban Housing, Poverty & Unemployment 57
Chapter 8
Approach to Urban Poverty and Slums 68
References 81
Data Appendices (1-30)
Demographic Profile of India-2001 83
Slum Population Estimates: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census 115
Slums in India –Census 2001 119
Slum Condition in India 149
Urban Housing, Poverty and Unemployment 193
LIST OF TABLES
1. Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different
Regions – 2001 (at mid-year), by UN-HABITAT
2. National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India
3. Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources-India
4. India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001
5. India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017
6. Population & Slum Population Profiles of India -2001
7. Slum Population in Million-plus Cities in India-2001
8. Slum & Non Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001
9. Percentage of Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001
10. Slum & Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others -2001
11. Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001
12. Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender
Differential - India- 2001
13. Status of Slums in Different NSSO Survey Rounds
14. Percentage of Slums by Type of Surrounding Area in NSSO Surveys-India
15. Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys -India
16. Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different
NSSO Surveys ( in Percentage) - India
17. Percentage of Slums by Type of Approach Road/lane/constructed
path -India.
18. Distribution of Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in Percentage)
in Different NSSO Surveys-India
19. Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km.) from the
Nearest Motorable Road in Different NSSO Surveys-India (In Percentage)
20. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection
in Different NSSO Surveys -India
21. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water
available in Slum -India.
22. Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
23. Percentage Distribution of Slums by availability of Underground Drainage-India
24. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Availability of Sewerage System in different
NSSO Surveys-India
i
25. Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal
in Different NSSO Surveys-India
26. Distribution of Slums by Distance from Primary School (in %) in different
NSSO Surveys-India
27. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre
in different NSSO Surveys - India
28. Number of Houses: Rural & Urban – 2001
29. Distribution of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001 (in Million)
30. Projected Urban Housing Shortage in India 2012
31. Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and
Rural Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) - Lakdawala
Methodology
32. Urban & Rural Poverty Lines: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee
Methodology
33. Estimate of Population in Poverty (Percentage Below Poverty Line)
34. Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban
Households in Consumption Expenditure – 1993-94 & 2004-05
35. Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates-1993-94
& 2004-05
36. Head Count Ratio (HCR) of Poverty by Head of Household - 1993-94 & 2004-05
37. Share of Female-headed Households (FHH) in various Monthly Per Capita Expenditure
(MPCE) Quintiles - 1993-94 and 2004-05 (%)
38. Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male and Female
- 1977-78 to 2007-08
39. Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual Status
(Out of 1000) – 1999-2000 & 2004-2005
40. Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans
41. Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
42. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress
ii
LIST OF
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
1. Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)

2. Slum and Non-slum Population in India-2001
3. Percentage of Slum and Non-slum Population in India-2001
4. State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India-2001
5. State/UT-wise Slum Population as per Census 2001
6. Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UTs-India
7. Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Towns in India 2001
8. Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities
9. Slum & Non-slum Population in Million-plus Cities.
10. Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001
11. Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001
12. Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs & Others to Urban
Population of Respective Categories-2001
13. Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in Million-plus Cities-2001
14. Sex Composition of Slum & Non-slum Population in States/UTs -2001
15. Sex Composition of Slum Population in Million-plus Cities -2001
16. Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001
17. Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001
18. Sex Ratio in Age Group 0-6 for Slum & Non-slum Population in State &UTs – 2001
19. Male and Female Literacy Rate in Slums in States/UTs-2001
20. Status of Slum in Different NSSO Surveys
21. Status of Slum Households in NSSO Surveys in India
22. Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
23. Slums by Type of Ownership of Land (in %) in different NSSO Survey - India
24. Slums by Type of Structure (in %) in different NSSO Surveys–India
25. Slums by availability of Approach Roads in different NSSO Surveys in India
26. Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
27. Slums by Distance from the Nearest Motarable Roads (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
28. Slums by Status of Electricity Connection (in %) in different NSSO Surveys- India
29. Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water (in %) in different NSSO Surveys -India.
30. Slums by availability of Latrine Facility (in %) in Slum in different NSSO Surveys - India
31. Slums by availability of Type of Drainage System in different NSSO Surveys -India
32. Slums by availability of Sewerage System (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
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33 Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
34. Slums by distance from Primary School (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
35. Slums by distance from Health Centre (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
36. Number of Houses according to Usage: Rural & Urban – 2001
37. Number of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001
38. Houseless Population in India: Total, Rural & Urban 1981-2001
39. Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 – 2004-05 (Lakdawala
Methodology)
LIST OF BOXES
1. 11th Plan: Objective for Urban Poverty Alleviation

2. 11th Plan: Objective for Slum Development
iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS
BPL Below Poverty Line

BSUP Basic Services to the Urban Poor
CDS Community Development Society
CSC Central Statistical Commission
CSO Central Statistical Organisation
EIUS Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums
EWS Economically Weaker Sections
FAR Floor Area Ratio
FHH Female-headed Households
GIS Geographic Information System
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HCR Head-Count Ratio
HFI Housing Finance Institution
HH Household
HUDCO Housing & Urban Development Corporation
IDSMT Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns
IHSDP Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
IHSUP Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor
ILCS Integrated Low-Cost Sanitation Scheme
JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
LIG Low Income Group
MHH Male-headed Households
MIS Management Information System
MPCE Monthly Per-capita Consumption Expenditure
MRP Mixed Recall Period
NCU National Commission on Urbanization
NCUES National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector
NHB National Housing Bank
NHC Neighborhood Committees
NHG Neighborhood Group
NPV Net Present Value
NRY Nehru Rozgar Yojana
NSS National Sample Survey
v
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization
NUHHP National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy
OG Urban Out-Growths
PMIUPEP Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
PPP Public-Private Partnership
RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana
RGI Registrar General of India
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SDP State Domestic Product
SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
TDR Transferable Development Right
UA Urban Agglomeration
UBS Urban Basic Services
UBSP Urban Basic Services for the Poor
UCD Urban Community Development
UCDN Urban Community Development Network
UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns
UIG Urban Infrastructure & Governance
URP Uniform Recall Period
USEP Urban Self-Employment Programme
UTs Union Territories
UWEP Urban Wage Employment Programme
UWSP Urban Women Self-help Programme
WPI Wholesale Price Index
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Slums in India
1 Introduction
Urbanising India
1.1 The 2001 Census of India reveals that the urban population of the country stood at 286 million or
27.8 per cent of the total population. This is estimated to have increased to 350 million by 2010, which is
about 30 per cent of the total population. It is projected that the urban population of India would grow to
about 470 million in 2021 and 700 million in 2041. The level of urbanization is expected to reach 50 per cent
mark in the next 3-4 decades.
1.2 Urbanisation and economic growth are closely inter-linked. Cities are the engines of economic growth.
They are the reservoirs of skill and capital. They are the sources of diverse formal and informal sector
employment opportunities. They are the hopes for millions in urban areas and the countryside. While Urban
India accommodates less than one-third of the country’s population at present, its contribution to GDP is far
larger. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) estimates indicate that this share increased from 38 per cent in
1970-71 to 52 per cent in 1999-00. The Mid-Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Five Year Plan estimates the
urban share of GDP at 62-63 per cent in 2009-10. The 11th Plan document projects it to increase to 75 per
cent in 2021. Since 2005-06 the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has gone up - above 9%
with some fluctuations. In 2008-09 it was 6.8%. It is 8.6% in 2010-11. As India moves ahead to a double
digit growth, obviously a key policy issue is emerging as to how to rejuvenate and strengthen Urban India,
which will significantly contribute and sustain the economic growth momentum through economies of
agglomeration and other productivity-enhancing factors.
2 Cities and Slums
2.1 While cities are the generators of the nation’s wealth and income, there are large sections of the poor
in cities, especially slum-dwellers, who are bypassed by the process of growth. An urban-urban divide is
emerging as revealed by the trends in Gini co-efficient of urban income distribution encompassing various
monthly expenditure classes. A critical issue of public policy is thus how to make cities ‘inclusive’ in accordance
with the 11th Plan strategy of ‘inclusive growth’, and provide basic services and access to affordable shelter
and employment to the urban poor, including the dwellers of slums which manifest the worst form of
poverty. The backlog and current needs of the poor, including slum-dwellers will have to be addressed along
with those from future urban growth so as to prevent the conditions that led to mushrooming of slums and
haphazardly grown cities and towns in the past. A strategy of guided urbanization will recognize that the
urban poor, including slum-dwellers, numbering millions at the bottom of the pyramid, have a key role in the
development of cities. Their number is so large that even a small increase in their productivity through
intervention by governments will mean that the contribution to GDP will be huge. The urban poverty issues
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National Buildings Organisation
need to be tackled from efficiency considerations apart from equity.
2.2 A striking feature of the trends in urbanization in India, as elsewhere in the developing world, is the
shift in the locus of poverty to cities and towns. The NSSO 61st Round data and estimation by the Planning
Commission using Lakdawala methodology reveal that about 81 million people lived below the poverty line
in 2004-05. As per this data, the number of poor in urban areas increased by 44 lakhs between 1993-94 and
2004-05. A large part of the increase in urban population occurred in slums due to natural increase factor
and inability of migrants to find space in cities other than slums. The slum population in the country is
estimated at 75 million in 2001, projected to increase to 93 million by 2011 (Report of the Committee on
Slum Statistics/Census under Dr. Pranob Sen, the then Chief Statistician & Secretary, Statistics & Programme
Implementation, 2010). The partial Slum Census conducted by the Registrar General of India in 640 towns
in 2001 revealed that about 23.5 per cent of the urban population lived in these cities in slums. Further, there
existed several cities with more than 25 per cent of population residing in slums. Mumbai topped the list with
54%, followed by Faridabad (46%), Aligarh (45%), Meerut (44%), Warangal (43%), Amravati (43%), Raipur
(37%), Nagpur (36%), Guntur (33%) and other cities. This is in spite of the restrictive definition of slum
adopted by the Census of India 2001. The Committee on Slum Statistics, referred to above, estimated the
slum population percentage in the country at a much larger figure than indicated by the partial census in 2001
by the Registrar General of India covering 1743 towns- 26% vs. 23.5% in 2001.
2.3 Slums manifest the worst form of deprivation that transcends income poverty. They are characterized
by acute over-crowding, insanitary, unhealthy and dehumanizing living conditions. They are subject to
precarious land tenure, lack of access to basic minimum civic services such as safe drinking water, sanitation,
storm drainage, solid waste management, internal and approach roads, street lighting, education and health
care, and poor quality of shelter. Many of these habitations are located in environmentally fragile and dangerous
zones prone to land slides, floods and other disasters that make the poor residents highly vulnerable. A
significant proportion of the slum dwellers also face social burdens and health problems worse than their
non-slum and rural counterparts. Many civic bodies do not provide the required municipal services in slums
on the plea that these are located on ‘illegal’ space. Moreover, the scale of the problem is so colossal that it
is beyond the means of Urban Local Bodies most of whom lack a buoyant fiscal base and are subject to
severe fiscal stress.
3. Slums and Public Policy
3.1 Recognising the plight of the slum-dwellers accounting for about 1/3rd of the urban population
globally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000 recognizes the critical need for national governments
to focus on slums and urban poverty situation as part of their national development strategies. It articulates
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Slums in India
the commitment of Member States to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year
2020. India is a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration covering the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). Some of the important MDGs in the context of addressing the issues of slums are:
• Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day;
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
• Millennium Development Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
• Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse
the loss of environmental resources;
• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water;
• By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.
3.2. The need for inclusion of the poor and disadvantaged sections in the growth process is highlighted in
the 11th Five Year Plan Strategy of the Government of India, which envisages “inclusive growth” as the key
paradigm of development for the country. This calls for a reconsideration of the approaches towards urban
development and the need for adopting policies and programme to develop “inclusive cities”. A strategy of
“inclusive and sustainable urban development planning” which is aimed at creating socially equitable,
environmentally sustainable, economically productive and slum-free cities and towns is essential.
3.3. The major programmes started by the Government of India towards inclusive city development with
focus on slums, including the provision of basic services and affordable housing to the urban poor, are the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) – Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) compoments - launched in 2005, and
the two schemes entitled Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) and Affordable
Housing in Partnership, launched in 2009. Together, they address the “supply side” issues of affordable
housing and aim at enabling the construction of about 25 lakh houses with basic amenities for the Economically
Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) by the end of 11th Five Year Plan. About 15.7 lakh
houses have so far been taken up for execution, all under the flagship programme of JNNURM.
3.4. As components of JNNURM, the BSUP and IHSDP have achieved a fair amount of success with the
overarching aims of focusing State attention on the problems of inequity in urban areas, and drawing budgetary
resources to the welfare of the urban poor. Cities have begun earmarking funds within their budgets for the
urban poor and an increasing number of State Governments have notified regulations for reservation of land
for housing the EWS/LIG sections in all new developments. There is now general awareness that encroachments
are the result of an unrealistic town planning model that saw cities as idylls of urbane living, without any
consideration of the economic profile of the country or the outcome on urban population statistics of
3
economic growth. There is an increasing assumption of responsibility towards the slum dweller, and his/her
entitlement to conditions conducive to a dignified quality of life. States have accepted as the strategy of
choice for land for social housing the ‘in-situ’ development of slums wherever they are on municipal/
government, tenable and unreserved land, thereby avoiding the delay and expenditure inherent on acquiring
or developing new sites, and for the beneficiary, the distress of relocation. About 2/3rd of the JNNURM
housing is being provided by conferring entitlement in-situ and making provision for upgradation of
infrastructure of existing slums. Simultaneously, there is an acceptance at policy level, both in the State and
Municipality, that the emergence of new slums can be prevented only by increasing the availability of land
and affordable housing for the urban poor, which in turn requires that the market-distorting shortages of land
and housing be corrected.
4. Moving to Rajiv Awas Yojana
4.1. Considering the need to intensify efforts and accord a new deal to slum-dwellers, the President of
India, in her address to both the Houses of Parliament on 4th June, 2009 declared the resolve of the Government
to usher in a Slum-free India through the launching of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). RAY would extend
support to States that are willing to assign property rights to people living in slum areas and pursue a Slum-
free City Agenda. The most critical constraint to affordable housing and dignified living with access to basic
services for the poor in cities is the lack of availability of land at affordable prices. This is explained in terms
of factors such as lack of ‘legal’ space or tenure security in the existing slums; absence of implementation of
reservation of land for EWS/LIG housing and informal sector activities in Master Plans of cities; and
spiraling land prices that have sky-rocketed on the adoption of land as a resource policy by states and
municipalities. Another key constraint to affordable housing to the urban poor is the lack of adequate credit
flow to the segment at affordable interest rates for the construction of low-income houses which is critically
important for the poor if they are not to be squeezed out of the formal housing market. A further constraint
is the availability of rental housing for new migrants from rural areas and small towns seeking jobs in cities.
Rajiv Awas Yojana is expected to adopt a holistic approach with a package of preventive and developmental
measures to address the issues of land for housing and facilitate the construction of affordable houses for
the urban poor, with focus on public-private-community partnerships.
4.2. Preparatory activities in States to avail benefits under RAY are in progress. Cities are engaged in
preparing slum-free city plans. It is in this context that there is a critical need for building a strong data base
on slums, taking into account various sources such as Census of India, NSSO Surveys, expert group reports,
studies etc. Accordingly the National Buildings Organisation (NBO) has taken the initiative to put all the
available data on slums and urbanization-related matters together in this publication. NBO had earlier brought
out, with the first of its series of publications: ‘Urban Poverty in India – A Statistical Compendium’,
consolidated data on various aspects of urban poverty in India. It was realized that an exclusive Compendium
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Slums in India
on various aspects of data pertaining to Urban Slums has to be developed. In this direction, NBO has come
up with the present issue.
5. Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium
5.1. To have a good understanding of Urban Slums and to be able to appreciate the slum problem in its
entirety and launch appropriate, timely and corrective steps to mitigate the hardships to slum dwellers, it is
imperative to have a comprehensive database on various aspects of slums in the country. This is essential for
the formulation of effective and coordinated policies at national, state and local level for their improvement/
rehabilitation. Slums have not received due attention in the process of urban planning and have largely
remained an area of neglect till JNNURM was launched. With the Rajiv Awas Yojana, slums will receive
further attention from policy-makers and planners at national, state and city levels. The National Buildings
Organisation (NBO), being the nodal agency in the Government of India for the development of a statistical
system on Housing, Slums, Urban Poverty and Buildings Construction in the country, has made special effort
to create a data base on various aspects of living by slum dwellers including urban poverty. The outcome of
this effort is “Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium 2011”.
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2 Definition of Slum
1. Slum Characteristics
1.1 The economic disparity between the rural and urban population is a key factor pulling/inducing the
rural poor population towards cities in search of economic betterment. Cities grow by migration, natural
increase and reclassification of rural areas as urban. The migration and urbanisation process, with city
authorities not being able to provide space to the increasing number of poor that cities need, has led to the
mushrooming of slums. These poor quality human settlements extend to public lands or wherever else space
can be found without being subjected to deterrent action by various agencies, even on road margins and
vulnerable locations like river banks, drains, swamps, garbage dumping yards, etc. It would be appropriate to
be familiar with the various definitions used by data providers before going in depth into the details of slum
statistics in India. The word ‘slum’ could be crudely defined as a compact settlement with a collection of
poorly-built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate basic services
and subject to unhygienic conditions. Various agencies including international organizations like UN-
HABITAT have defined ‘slum’ in different ways, depending on the purpose and issues under consideration.
However, there are certain broad similarities in definitions adopted by countries across the world.
1.2 The Encyclopedia Britannica defines slum as “... residential areas that are physically and socially
deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible. Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions.
By bad housing is meant dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad
repair, dump and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to fire
hazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use”.
2 RGI & NSSO: Definition of Slum
2.1 Registrar General of India has adopted the following definition of slum in Census of India, 2001:
• All specified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT
Administration under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’.
• All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT Administration. Housing and
Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any Act.
• A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested
tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper
sanitary and drinking water facilities.
2.2 National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), for the purpose of survey in 1976-77, categorized
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Slums in India
slums as including ‘declared’ and ‘undeclared’ slums. The declared slums were areas, which had been formally
declared as slum by the respective municipalities, corporations, local bodies or the development authorities.
The undeclared slums were defined as “an aerial unit having twenty five or more katcha structures mostly of
temporary nature, or inhabited by persons with practically no private latrine and inadequate public latrine
and water”. For the purpose of survey in 1993 and 2002, NSSO adopted the definition of slum as “a
compact area with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together
usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions”. The undeclared
slums were defined as “if 20 households lived in that area”. In addition, certain areas, declared as slums by
local municipalities, corporations, local bodies and development authorities, were taken as ‘declared slums’.
3 International Definitions
3.1 Internationally, the term ‘slum’, has been defined variedly in different countries. However, it is generally
identified as a densely populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. The essential
characteristics of slums thus include high densities, low standards of housing (structure and services), and
squalor. Dwellings in such settlements vary from simple shacks to more permanent structures; access to
basic services and infrastructure tends to be deficient. First appearing during the 1820s in London, the term
‘slum’ was used to identify the poorest quality housing areas and living in the most unsanitary conditions.
Since then the term has undergone many transformations leading to many connotations and meanings. Terms
such as slum, shanty, squatter settlement, informal housing and low-income community are now used
somewhat interchangeably by agencies and authorities in countries. The term used in India include chawls
(Ahmedabad, Mumbai), katras/jhuggi-jhompdi colonies (Delhi), bustee (Kolkata), zopadpattis (Maharashtra, Gujarat),
murikiwadas (Andhra Pradesh) etc.
3.2 A UN-HABITAT review of the definitions used by national and local governments, offices, institutions
involved in slum issues and public perceptions reveals the following attributes of slums (see Global Report
on Human Settlements 2003)
Lack of Basic Services
3.3 Lack of basic services – lack of access to improved sanitation facilities and improved water source,
supplemented sometimes, by the absence of waste collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and
footpaths, street lighting and stormwater drainage.
Sub-standard Dwelling
3.4 High number of substandard housing structures often built with non-permanent materials unsuitable
for housing, given local conditions of location and climate, e.g. earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls, thatched
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roofs, etc. – often in violation of housing norms and standards locally applicable.
Over-crowding and High Density
3.5 Very low space per person, high occupancy rate, co-habitation by different families and a large number
of single-room units. Often five and more persons share a one-room unit for cooking, sleeping and living.
Unhealthy/Hazardous Conditions
3.6 Unhealthy living conditions due to lack of basic services - open sewers, lack of pathways, uncontrolled
dumping of waste, polluted environment, etc. Houses may be built on hazardous lands, unsuitable for
settlement, such as floodplains, drains, river beds, garbage dumps, and on areas prone to landslide.
Insecure Tenure/Informal Settlements
3.7 Lack of formal document entitling the occupant to inhabit the land or structure - illegality of living;
informal or unplanned settlements cropping up on public lands or lands reserved for non-residential purposes,
especially for conservation.
Poverty and Exclusion
3.8 Income poverty is sometimes considered a characteristic of slum-dwellers, but not always. Slum
conditions are physical and due to statutory and regulatory factors that create barriers to human and social
development.
Minimum Settlement Size
3.9 Many slum definitions also require some minimum settlement size. The municipal slum definition of
Kolkata requires a minimum of 700 square metres to be occupied by huts. Census of India 2001 requires at
least 300 people or 60-70 households living in a settlement cluster.
4. Operational Definition of Slum
4.1 The operational definition of a slum, originally based on recommendations of a United Nations
Expert Group meeting held in 2002 and subsequently revised by UN-HABITAT in 2008, defines a slum
household as a household lacking one or more of the following:
• Improved water;
• Improved sanitation;
• Sufficient living area;
• Durable housing;
• Secure tenure.
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Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources:
4.2 A household has access to improved drinking water supply if it uses water from sources that include:
piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; public tap/stand pipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected
spring; or rain water collection.
Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities:
4.3 A household is considered to have access to improved sanitation if it uses flush or pour flush to
piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; pit latrine with slab; composting toilet; or ventilated improved
pit latrine. The excreta disposal system is considered improved if it is private or shared by a reasonable
number of households.
Sufficient Living Area:
4.4 A house has sufficient living area for the household members if not more than three members share
the same room. Otherwise, it will mean overcrowding.
Durable Housing:
4.5 A house is considered durable if it is built on a non-hazardous location and is of permanent materials.
Hazardous sites include: geologically unstable areas (landslide/earthquakes and flood-prone areas); garbage
dump sites; high industrial pollution areas; unprotected high risk zones (e.g. railroads, airports, power
transmission lines), etc. Permanency of a housing structure is determined by: quality of construction (materials
used for wall, floor and roof) and compliance with local building codes, standards and byelaws.
Security of Tenure:
4.6 Households have secure tenure when they have effective protection against forced evictions through:
evidence of proper documentation (formal title deed to either land or residence or both) or de facto or perceived
protection against eviction.
4.7 The absence of each of these components is categorized as shelter deprivations. A slum household is
classified based on the presence of one (or more) of the above five shelter-related deprivations. Four of
these five deprivation indicators (lack of improved water, lack of improved sanitation, overcrowded conditions
and non-durable housing structures) measure the physical manifestation of slum conditions. They focus
attention on the circumstances that surround slum life, depicting deficiencies and casting poverty as an
attribute of the environments in which slum dwellers live. The fifth indicator – security of tenure – has to do
with legality, which is not easy to measure or to monitor, as the tenure status of slum dwellers often depends
9
on the presence (or rather absence) of de facto or de jure rights.
5. Slum Definition: UN-HABITAT
5.1 Following the Expert Group recommendation, UN-HABITAT has adopted a generic definition of
slum as “a contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and
basic services. A slum is often not recognised and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal
part of the city”. For operational purposes, UN-HABITAT has defined a slum household as a group of
individuals living under the same roof that lack one or more of the conditions listed below
• Insecure residential status;

• Inadequate access to safe water;
• Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure;
• Poor structural quality of housing; and
• Overcrowding.
5.2 The generic “slum” definition adopted by UN-HABITAT till recently has been very broad and
differs from the definition adopted in India. One can see the vast difference in the slum population for India
estimated by the UN agencies for the country along with world regions in the past as shown in a dated UN
Report 2001 (Table 1). According to this estimates, the Indian slum population (estimated by UN at more
than 50% of the urban population in 2001) is far more than what is revealed by the NSSO and RGI estimates.
The recent State of World Cities 2010/11 Report of the UN-HABITAT, however, has reported a much
smaller percentage of slum population in India. According to this latest report, India has lifted 59.7 million
people out of slums conditions since 2000 and slum prevalence has fallen from 41.5 percent in 1990 to 28.1
percent in 2010.
Table 1 Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different
Regions – 2001 (at Mid-year), by UN-HABITA
(In Million)
Regions/Countries Total Urban % of urban Urban Slum
population population Population in Total population
World 6134.000 2926.000 47.7 924.000
Developed Regions 1194.000 902.000 75.5 54.000
Developing Regions 4940.000 2022.000 40.9 870.000
Least Developed Countries 685.000 179.000 26.2 140.000
India 1025.096 285.608 27.9 158.418
10
Slums in India
Figure 1 Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)
Source: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects 2001.
6. Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census: Slum Definition
6.1 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation constituted the Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census under the chairmanship of Dr Pranob Sen, Principal Economic Advisor, Planning Commission, (the
then Chief Statistician & Secretary Ministry of Statistics and Pogramme Implementation) Government of
India to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the conduct of Slum
Census in 2011.
6.2 The Committee noted that there are significant differences in the various definitions of slums used
internationally and in India. After careful consideration of the various alternatives available and keeping in
mind the need to use a simple definition, which is suitable for the purpose of public policy interventions, the
Committee decided to adopt the following definition of slum:
“A slum is a compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements,
mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities
in unhygienic conditions.”
6.3 The Government of India has accepted the Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and
the definition recommended by the Committee.
7. Data Appendices
Appendix 1-30 provide salient demographic and urbanization-related statistics for States and Union
Territories in India
11
Appendix Subject Matter
1 Geographical Area of States and Union Territories: 2001

2 Total Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001
3 Rural Population of States & Union Territories: 1971- 2001
4 Urban Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001
5 Number of Villages, Rural Households, Rural Geographical Area & Rural Population
Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
6 Number of Towns, Urban Households, Urban Geographical Area & Population Density
in States & Union Territories: 2001
7 Household Size in States & Union Territories: Rural, Urban and India - 2001
8 Total Number of Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories: All
India 2001 (in ‘000)
9 Total Number of Rural Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories
2001 (in ‘000)
10 Total Number of Urban Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories
2001 (in ‘000)
11 Scheduled Castes Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) - 2001
12 Scheduled Tribes Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) – 2001
13 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (India) 1901 – 2001
14 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (Rural) 1901 – 2001
15 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (Urban) 1901 – 2001
16 India: Age Composition of Urban & Rural Population, 2001
17 Literacy Rate in States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001
18 Rural-Urban Migrants in States & Union Territories 2001
19 Total Workers & Percentage of Marginal Workers in Total Workers: Urban India 2001
20 Estimated Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth & Infant Mortality Rate in States
& Union Territories: 2008 (Per ‘000)
21 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex & Residence in States & Union Territories : 2005
22 Area under Cities & Towns in States & Union Territories in Sq. Kms (1971- 2001)
23 Number of Towns (Statutory + Census): 1971 -2001
24 Urban Density of Population in States & Union Territories in India (Population/Sq
km) 1971 – 2001
25 Indices of Growth in Urban Population of State & Union Territories 1901-2001
(1901=100)
12
Slums in India
26 Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and Union
Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)
27 Level of Urbanization in States and Union Territories (%) - 1971-2001
28 Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union Territories
29 Distribution of Population in Different Size Categories of Towns to Total Urban
Population 1981
30 Population of Metropolitan Cities (1981-2001)
13
3 Main Sources of Data on Slums in India
1. Slum Statistics in India
The nodal agencies in Government of India for collection, collation and dissemination of statistics
relating to Slum Population and Slum Condition in India are:
i) Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) and
ii) National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
2. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI)
2.1 Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI) collects and publishes population
statistics as part of the Population Census being undertaken by them every ten years. For the first time the
RGI published the estimates of slum population in India based on 2001 Census. This primarily confined to
cities and towns having more than 50,000 populations. Subsequently, towns with population between 20,000
and 50,000 were also considered for slum population enumeration at the request of the Ministry of Housing
& Urban Poverty Alleviation. Census data relating to slums in the 2001 throw up some interesting light on
the slum population characteristics in India. It reflects the problems inherent in not having a uniform definition
of slums, lack of a proper listing of slum settlements with the urban bodies and district authorities concerned
and lact of proactive action by States/local authorities in declaring/notifying slums. The 2001 Census data
is partial due to exclusion of towns with less than 20,000 population, and slum clusters, which are not
formally or informally recognized if the population was less than 300. Census 2001 data therefore does not
provide all information on slums in 2001.
3. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
3.1 The second most important data source on slums is NSSO. NSSO is the nodal authority in the
country to conduct major socio-economic surveys. So far NSSO has conducted four surveys on slums, which
provide data on estimated number of slums, households, basic amenities in slums, etc. The NSSO collects
data on slums as part of its survey on Housing Conditions and Slums.
3.2 The first Survey on Slum during 31st Round namely “Conditions of Slum Areas in Cities’ was conducted
in 1977 and was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey “Slums in India’ was conducted in1993; slum
data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey was conducted exclusively for urban
slum in 2002, namely “Conditions of Urban Slum”. The fourth and latest, i.e. the 65th Round Slum Survey
was conducted in 2008-09. Although four exclusive Slum Surveys have been conducted by NSSO, the 31st
14
Slums in India
round (1977) results cannot be compared with the rest of three survey results (1993, 2002 and 2008-09), as
it was restricted to Class-I cities only. Being sample survey, NSSO data have their own limitations. The latest
survey on Slums has been conducted in 2008-09 and the findings are restricted to ten major states in India.
Table 2 National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India
Sr.No. Name of Report Round No Period Report No.

1 Conditions of slum area in Cities 31st Round July 1976 to June 1977 NA
2 Slums in India 49th Round Jan- June, 1993 417
3 Conditions of Urban Slum 58th Round July-Dec, 2002 486
4 Some Characteristics of Urban 65th Round July 2008 to June 2009 534
Slums 2008-09
4. Other Sources of Slum Statistics
4.1 Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO)
Prior to the release of slum population Census results, the estimates on Slum population of India for
the year 2001 were released by the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) functioning under the
Ministry of Urban Development. TCPO estimated the urban population at 290.9 million and slum population
at 61.8 million for the year 2001. These estimates were widely used for implementing various national
programmes concerning the development of slums in the country.
Table 3 Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources - India
(In million)
Urban and Slum Population By
Country TCPO# Census -2001@ COS$
Urban Slum Urban Slum Urban Slum
India 290.90 61.80 286.12 52.37 286.12 75.26
Note: # Town and Country Planning Organisation has estimated 2001 slum population on the basis of
1991 Census data prior to the 2001 actual census results were declared by the Census Commissioner of
India.
@ 2001 Census has enumerated slum population in 1743 cities/towns having more than 20,000
population, spread across 26 States and Union Territories in India. The figure of 52.37 millon is for 1743
cities and towns
$. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has estimated Slums for 2001.
15
4.2 State Governments and Urban Local Bodies have been conducting slum surveys from time to time to
obatin data in rerspect of slums for the purpose of planning for national programmes like JNNURM. Currently,
under the Slum-free City Planning Scheme, initiated in the context of Rajiv Awas Yojana, States/UTs are
undertaking slum survey, slum MIS and GIS mapping of slums. NBO has released funds to States and UTs
for conduct of slum surveys in all towns with more than 1 lakh population.
16
Slums in India
4 Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its

Recommendations
1. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census
1.1 Rapid urbanization in last two decades has seen accelerated proliferation of slums in all developing
countries, and India is no exception. Recognising the gravity of the issue, the Government of India has
launched major national programmes like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
and recently announced Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the improvement of the lives of slum dwellers. However,
these programmes are constrained by the paucity of data, not only regarding the living conditions in Indian
slums, but indeed even the magnitude and dispersion of the slum population. A Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census was constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation under the chairmanship
of Dr. Pronab Sen, the then Chief Statistician of India and Secretary of the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the
conduct of Slum Census 2011. The Committee submitted its Report in August 2010 which has been accepted
by the Government of India.
2. Estimation of Slum Population
2.1 The first priority of the Committee was to suggest suitable adjustments/corrections to arrive at the
State-wise urban slum population for 1743 cities/towns in the country based on suitable statistical techniques.
Further, in order to get overall estimates of slum population in the country, the Committee decided to
include rest of the 3427 small towns from various states in this study.
2.2 The Committee entrusted the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) with the task
of examining the city-wise slum population and develop State-wise and all India urban slum population
estimates, duly correcting the anomalies observed in the 2001 Census data by the use of appropriate statistical
tools. IASRI was assigned the following responsibilities:
(i) Examine city-wise slum population figures arrived at by RGI in 2 spells – first 640 towns, with
population less than 50,000 and then 1103 towns, with population between 20,000 and 50,000
(ii) Suggest adjustments required to arrive at State-wise urban slum population and for the country as a
whole;
(iii) Develop State-wise and all India urban slum population estimates statistically correcting the anomalies
observed; and
(iv) Project state-wise and all-India slum population as on 1.4.2010, based on the urban population
figures provided by RGI - Census 2001.
17
2.3 Based on the mandate given by the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, the estimation of slum
population in the country for the year 2001 was done by Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute
(IASRI). The estimates for the slum population in India for the year 2001 and projected slum population up
to year 2017 are shown in Table 4 and 5 below:
Table 4 India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001
(In Million)
Country Urban Population Slum Population % of Slum Population to
the total Urban Population
India 286.12 75.26 26.31
Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010
Table 5 India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017
(In Million)
Country Projected Slum Population for the Years
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
India 93.06 94.98 96.91 98.85 100.79 102.73 104.67
Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics /Census, 2010
2.4 Based on the Report of Estimation of Slum Population in the Country undertaken by IASRI, the
state-wise estimation of slum population in the country for 2001 and projections (2011-17) are given in
Appendix 31 and 32 respectively.
3. Coverage for Slum Census 2011
3.1 The Slum Report based on population Census 2001 published by RGI covered 1743 cities/towns
having more than 20,000 populations in the country out of a total of 5161 cities/towns recorded at the
Census 2001. RGI covered all the notified slums during the census operations and the problem of under-
estimation occurred mainly in the case of under coverage of non-notified slums and non-enumeration of
slums with less than 60-70 households. The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census took the view that for
policy formulation purposes it is absolutely essential to count the slum population even in cities having
population of less than 20,000.
3.2 For the purpose of planning for Rajiv Awas Yojana and Slum-free India it was considered necessary
to count the population of slums in all statutory towns in the country in 2011.
18
Slums in India
4. Definition to be Adopted
4.1 The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has suggested to adopt a normative definition based on
appropriate indicators/checklists for the purpose of identification of slum areas and enumeration of
population of areas with 20-25 HHs, having slum like characteristics in an Enumeration Block for census
2011.
4.2 Based on pilot studies carried out by the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI), the following
criteria have been identified:
• Predominant roof material: any material other than concrete (RBC/ RCC)
• Availability of drinking water source: not within premises of the census house
• Availability of latrine: not within premises of the census house
• Drainage facility: no drainage or open drainage
5. Methodology/Road Map for Slum Census 2011
5.1 The Committee recommended a pilot study to estimate the slum population of one city in 2001 to be
taken up by RGI. This was to identify and mark out contiguous area of 20-25 HHs in the layout maps of
non-slum Enumeration Block (EB) as slum area using the definition suggested by the Committee, in order to
test and validate indicators/slum characteristics identified. If validated, the indicators of slums would then
be used for the 2011 Census to identify clusters of less than 60-70 households that may exist in a non-slum
EB on the layout maps. The contiguous areas having 20-25 HHs and having slum-like characteristics in the
EB of 600 populations may be identified as slum using the layout maps of the EBs released by RGI.
5.2 Once the layout maps are prepared after the identification of EB and house listing operation, a
contiguous area with 20-25 HHs having slum-like characteristics would be counted as slum. These households
and the households in slum EBs would together give the slum population in the country. By this method, the
data on total urban slum households including slum households in urban agglomerations as per Census
definition would be available in 2011 (latest 2012). This method would be employed in every Census so that
the Ministry would have periodic and comparable updates and growth trends. The RGI would share the
layout maps with the Ministry with marking of the contiguous areas having slum like characteristics; once
the layout maps are released before the General Census in 2011, for its use for planning purposes and as an
aid to slum surveys, the Ministry would undertake ground verification of slum clusters within the identified
EBs to finalise the Master Frame of slums in the country.
19
6. Urban Information Management System on Slums
6.1 Every State Government which receives funds from the Ministry for slum development purposes
under any of its programmes, would require to indicate exactly which slum clusters would be addressed and
over what period of time. At the end of the stipulated period, the Ministry would re-evaluate the status of
the slum cluster in order to continue or drop the cluster from its list of slums.
6.2 Since the concept of census towns, by and large, captures most of the peri-urban areas, a combination
of information on the expansion of urban boundaries by the states and the Census data on Census towns
would cover most slums arising out of urban expansion. This would, however, require the development of
methodologies to geo-spatially match the expanded urban boundaries with the census information.
7. Data Appendices
Appendix 31-32 provides slum population estimate from Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census for States and Union Territories in India
31 State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001
32 State-wise Projected Urban Slum Population from Year 2011 to 2017
20
Slums in India
5 Salient Features of Slums in India – Census 2001
1. Size and Distribution of Slum Population: Census-2001
1.1 A total of 52.4 million people living in 10.2 million households have been enumerated in slums of
1743 cities/towns spread across 26 States and Union Territories in the 2001 Census of India. The non-slum
population was 233.75 million. The slum population enumerated constitutes 5.1 per cent of the total population
of the country. The slum population constitutes 18.3 percent of the total urban population of all the States
and Union Territories; 81.7 percent of the urban population was non-slum population in 2001. The slum
population enumerated was 23.5 per cent of the total population of the 1743 cities/towns having above
20,000 population and reporting slums. Table 6 gives population profile of the country and Figures 2 and 3
provides slum, non-slum population as per census 2001 in India.
Table 6 Population & Slum Population Profiles of India-2001
Percentage In
Area Population Total Total Slum Reporting
(in Figures) Population Urban City (1743)
Population Population
All India /Total 1,028,610,328 - - -
Rural 742,490,639 72.18 - -
Urban 286,119,689 27.82 - -
Total Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 222,957,784 - - -
Slum Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 52,371,589 5.09 18.30 23.5
Total Non- Slums - All Urban 233,748,100 - 81.70 -
Non-Slums : 1743 Cities/Towns 170,586,195 - - 76.5
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
Figure 2 Slum and Non-slum Population in India - 2001
21
Figure 3 Percentage of Slum and Non-Slum Population in India, 2001
1.2 The distribution of the 1743 slum-reporting cities/towns (having a population above 20,000) among
States and Union Territories is presented in Figure 4. Among the States, Tamil Nadu has the largest number
of cities and towns (242) reporting slum population, followed by Uttar Pradesh (238), Maharashtra (176),
Karnataka (154), Madhya Pradesh (142) and Andhra Pradesh (118). On the other hand, in eight States/
Union Territories, namely, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa, Haryana and Chhattisgarh,
slums have been reported from minimum of 34 cities/towns and maximum 93 cities/towns. In the remaining
States/UTs, the number ranges from 1 city in Chandigarh to 23 cities/towns in Jharkhand.
Figure 4 State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India - 2001
1.3 Slums in the 176 towns of Maharashtra account for 11.98 million people, which is 22.9 percent of
the total slum population of the country. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh (6.3 million), Uttar Pradesh
(5.8 million), West Bengal (4.7 million) and Tamil Nadu (4.2 million). In fact, these 5 states namely Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu account for about two-thirds (62.8 per cent) of
the total slum population of the country. Other nine States/Union Territories namely Punjab, Haryana,
Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh have reported each more
than 1 million slum dwellers in its cities/towns in 2001. Bihar, one of the major states in India, has reported
22
Slums in India
just 0.82 million slum population. All North-Eastern states including hilly states reported less than half a
million slum population. Figure 5 shows total slum population enumerated by States and Union Territories in
the 2001 Census.
Figure 5 State/UT - wise Slum Population as per Census 2001
1.4 The percentage distribution of the total 52.4 million slum population in all 1743 (640+1103) cities/
towns among States and Union Territories are presented in Figure 6. Among the states, Maharashtra alone
accommodates 22.9 percent the slum population of the country; followed by Andhra Pradesh with 12 percent,
and Uttar Pradesh with 11 percent of slum population in the country. In addition, cities/towns of West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh
and Orissa, each have reported slum population in the range of 2 to 10 percent.
Figure 6 Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UT’s-India
23
1.5 As a percentage of the total urban population, Andhra Pradesh has the highest proportion of slum
population (30.1%) followed by Maharashtra (29.1%), Haryana (27.5%), Chhattisgarh (26.2%), Meghalaya
(24.1%), Madhya Pradesh (23.7%) and West Bengal (20.8). In thirteen States/Union Territories of Orissa,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Gujarat 10-20 per cent of the urban population lives
in slums. Kerala has the lowest percentage of slum population in the urban areas at 0.9 %, while Assam
(2.6%) and Goa (2.7%)) have a very low proportion of the slum population.
1.6 Figure 7 shows the percentage of slum population to the total population of cities/towns reporting
slums in the state as per Census of India 2001. Meghalaya has the highest proportion (45.5%), followed by
Chhattisgarh (34.5%), Andhra Pradesh (34.4%), Haryana (32.2%) and Maharashtra (31.7%). In Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu more
than 20 per cent of the city population lives in slums. Kerala (2.1%) has the lowest proportion of city
population living in slums, with Assam (5.7 %) and Goa (8.5 %) being the only other states with less than 10
per cent of the city population living in slums.
Figure 7 Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Cities &
Towns in India 2001
2. Slum Population in Million-plus Cities
2.1 About 17.7 million people live in slums in the metropolitan cities with population more than one
million, which is about 33.8 per cent of the total slum population in the country reported at the 2001 Census.
In absolute numbers, Municipal Corporation area of Greater Mumbai has the highest slum population of
around 6.5 million, followed by Delhi (1.9 million) and Kolkata (1.5 million). The slum areas of Surat,
Hyderabad, Chennai and Nagpur have more than half a million population each. Except for Patna (3,592)
and Kalyan Dombivli (34,860), all million-plus cities reported considerable slum population in 2001. The
slum population in Patna and Kalyan Dombivili was based on what was reported by the authorities as
notified or declared. Patna represented a case of gross under-reporting.
24
Slums in India
Figure 8 Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities
2.2 About 54.1 per cent of the population of Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation lives in slums,
which is the highest among all cities, followed by Faridabad (46.5%) and Meerut (44.1%). The slum population
is more than a quarter of the total population in Kolkata (32.5%), Nagpur (35.9%) and Thane (27.8%).
Ludhiana (22.5%) and Surat (20.9%) have more than 20 per cent of their population living in slums.
2.3 The concentration of slum population in the metropolitan cities is evident from the fact that 33.8 per
cent of the total slum population of the country resides in these cities. Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai alone accounts for about one eighth (12.4%) of the total slum population reported in the country
and more than one third (36.6%) of the total slum population of the million-plus cities (Table-7):
Table 7 Slum Population in Million Plus Cities in India-2001
Name of Major Slum Slum Population % of City Slum % of City

Reporting Million Plus City of City Municipal Population to All Slum Population
Corporation India Slum to All Million-plus
Area Population Cities Slum
Population
Chennai 819873 1.57 4.63
Delhi 1851231 3.53 10.46
Greater Mumbai 6475440 12.36 36.59
Kolkata 1485309 2.84 8.39
Hyderabad 626849 1.20 3.54
Nagpur 737219 1.41 4.17
All India Slum Population 52371589
Slum Population of Metro Cities 17696950 33.79
25
Four Municipal Corporations namely Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai together account for
20.0 per cent of the total slum population of the country and around 60 per cent of the total slum population
of the million plus cities as depicted in Table 7 above.
Figure 9 Slum & Non Slum Population in Million Plus Cities.
3. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population in the Slums
3.1 Tables 8 and 9 give total SC/ST population and their percentage in slum and non-slum areas in the
country in 2001. Out of the total 52.4 million people enumerated in the slum areas in the 1743 cities and
towns during 2001 Census reporting slum population, 9.7 million were Scheduled Castes (SC) and 1.5 million
were Scheduled Tribes (ST). Scheduled Castes constituted 18.5 per cent and Scheduled Tribes constituted
2.8 per cent of the total slum population. The proportion of Scheduled Castes was higher in the slum areas
(18.5%) compared to the population of Scheduled Castes in the non-slum areas (10.2%), and urban areas of
the country (11.8%).
Table 8 Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India - 2001
Population Group SC/ST Slum Population of 1743 Cities/Towns reporting Slum in India -2001
Slum Non Slum Total
Scheduled Castes 9,673,817 23,951,005 33,624,822
Scheduled Tribes 1,460,290 5,527,353 6,987,643
26
Slums in India
Table 9 Percentage of Slum & non-Slum Population of SC/ST categories in India -2001
Area Percentage in slum areas % in Non Slum areas % in urban areas

SC ST SC ST SC ST
Population population
All India 18.5 2.8 10.2 2.4 11.8 2.4
3.2 The concentration of Scheduled Caste population can be gauged in terms of their percentage to total
slum and urban population in States/Union Territories. The slum areas of Chandhigarh have the highest
percentage of Scheduled Castes (39.1%), followed by Punjab (31.7%). In the slums of Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Delhi and Puducherry, one-fourth of the population was Scheduled Castes. In all 25 States/Union
Territories where the Scheduled Castes are notified, the percentage of Scheduled Castes population living in
the slums is higher as compared to the non-slum urban areas. In slum areas of Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Assam, Karnataka, Bihar and Puducherry, the percentage of the Scheduled Castes population is
almost twice that of the percentage of Scheduled caste population in the total urban population of those
states. In Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Jharkhand the Scheduled Tribe
population in slums is more than 50,000. Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal State, has the highest percentage
(58 per cent) of tribal population among slum population followed by Jharkhand (16.4%), Orissa (14.6%)
and Chhattisgarh (8.4%). In the remaining States/Union Territories these percentages range from the lowest
of 0.1 per cent in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and 5.9 per cent in Jammu & Kashmir (see Figure 10).
Figure 10 Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001
27
3.3 Figure 11 gives state-wise population of the SCs and STs in the slums areas of States and UT’s. In
absolute terms, Maharashtra has the largest number of Scheduled Castes living in slums at around 1.43
million followed by Uttar Pradesh (1.21 million), Tamil Nadu (1.17 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.93 million),
Madhya Pradesh (0.76 million) and West Bengal (0.71 million). In Karnataka, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Haryana, Gujarat and Orissa, more than 2,00,000 Scheduled Castes population has been enumerated in the
slum areas in Census 2001.
3.4 Figure 11 shows that numerically Maharashtra has the highest number of Scheduled Tribes (3.4 lakh)
living in its slum areas followed by Madhya Pradesh (1.95 lakh), Orissa (1.59 lakh), Andhra Pradesh (1.53
lakh) and Karnataka (1.01 lakhs). For Punjab and Haryana, there was no Scheduled Tribe population reported
as per the 2001 Census.
Figure 11 Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001
3.5 The distribution of slum and non-slum urban population among the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and other than Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes of 26 States and Union Territories brings out the
fact that percentage of Scheduled Castes population is notably higher in slums in comparison to the percentage
of Scheduled Tribes and other populations. Of the total Scheduled Castes in the urban areas, 28.8 per cent
resides in the slums. This percentage is 20.9 per cent for Scheduled Tribes and 16.9 per cent for population
other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the 26 States and Union Territories as seen from
Figure-12.
28
Slums in India
Table 10 Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001
(In Million)
Area/ * Urban Population @Total Slum Population Non-Slum population
Percentage All SC ST Others All SC ST Others All SC ST Others
India 286.12 33.62 6.99 245.51 52.4 9.7 1.46 41.24 233.7 23.9 5.5 204.3
% in Urban#
Population 18.30 28.8 20.9 16.7
* All India Total of 35 States & UTs

@ All, SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UTs
# % in urban population of the respective social group
Figure 12 Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs &
Others to Urban Population of Respective Categories - 2001
3.6 Figure 13 gives the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population residing in slums of Million
plus cities. Delhi, with 4.8 lakh Scheduled Castes slum dwellers, tops the list followed by Greater Mumbai
(3.9 lakh) and Chennai (2.7 lakh). In Bangalore, Pune, Nagpur and Meerut more than one lakh slum dwellers
have been reported as Scheduled Castes. In the slum areas of Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Kanpur,
Jaipur, Indore, Faridabad and Pimpri-Chinchwad more than 50,000 Scheduled Castes were enumerated in
slum areas. As regards Scheduled Tribes population, Nagpur Municipal Corporation accounts for more than
one lakh Scheduled Tribes in the slums, followed by Greater Mumbai (56,567) and Surat (36,236). Jaipur,
Vadodara, Thane and Nashik are the other cities where the slum areas have more than ten thousand Scheduled
Tribes population.
29
Table 11 Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001
(Per Thousands)
*Sex Ratio
Group
Slum Non Slum
All Age Group-India 887 904
0-6 Age Group-India 921 903
All Age Group-Million plus cities 820 874
0-6 Age Group -Million plus cities 918 888
* Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs

Figure 13 Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in Million plus Cities - 2001
4. Sex Composition of Slum Population
4.1 Sex composition of slum population, i.e. the distribution of population among males and females,
can be better understood in terms of sex ratio. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand
males. There is preponderance of male population in the slum areas. The sex ratio in slums is 887 females per
1000 males, which is lower than that of the non-slum urban areas (904) of States/Union Territories reporting
slums.
4.2 The slum areas of Meghalaya, Puducherry and Kerala, however, have the distinction of having more
females than males. The lowest sex ratio in case of slum population has been recorded in the slums of Union
Territory of Chandigarh (707). In the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Maharashtra, the sex
ratio in slum areas is less than 900 (see Figure 14).
30
Slums in India
Figure 14 Sex Composition of the Slum & Non Slum Population in States/UTs -2001
4.3 Among the million-plus cities, the sex ratio of the slum population stands at 820 females per thousand
males, against 874 recorded for non-slum population. A glance at the distribution of population by sex in the
slums of million plus cities (Municipal Corporations) reveals that Surat Municipal Corporation in Gujarat
has recorded the lowest sex ratio of 701 followed by Ludhiana (759) in Punjab, Greater Mumbai (778) in
Maharashtra, Haora (786) in West Bengal, Faridabad (795) in Haryana and Delhi (780) (see Figure. 15).
Figure 15 Sex Composition of the Slum Population in Million Plus Cities -2001
ource: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
31
5. Child Population in the Age Group 0-6
5.1 According to the figures reported in the 2001 Census, about 7.6 million children are living in slums in
India and they constitute 13.1 per cent of the total child population of the urban areas of the 26 States/
Union Territories reporting slums (Figure 16). In other words, every eighth urban child in the country in the
age group of 0-6 is a slum dweller.
Figure 16 Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001
5.2 Figure 17 gives population aged 0-6 years in slums and in urban areas by States and Union Territories.
At the State/Union Territory level, around 1.7 million children (in the age group of 0-6) are residing in the
slum areas of Maharashtra, followed by Uttar Pradesh (0.97 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.83 million), Madhya
Pradesh (0.6 million), West Bengal (0.53 million) and Tamilnadu (0.51 million). Maharashtra has the highest
slum child population and Goa has the lowest child slum population.
Figure 17 Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001
32
Slums in India
5.3 However, the highest proportion of population in this age group of 0-6 is in the slum areas of
Chandigarh (20.9%) followed by Bihar (18.7%), Rajasthan (17.8%), Uttar Pradesh (16.9), Delhi (16.5),
Uttarakhand (16.4), Madhya Pradesh (15.9), Gujarat (15.8), Haryana (15.5), Jharkhand (15.5), Chhattisgarh,
(15.4) and Goa (15.3). Besides these, in the other remaining 12 states, the percentage of child population in
the age group 0-6 is more than 10%..
5.4 Around 2.5 million children in the age group of 0-6 are living in the slum areas of million plus cities
in 2001; this constitutes 27.3 per cent of the total child population of these 27 cities. In Greater Mumbai
alone the number of children in the age group 0-6 is 0.86 million, followed by 0.3 million in Delhi and 0.15
million in Kolkata. These three cities alone account for more than half of the total child population in the
slums of the million plus cities.
6. Child Sex Ratio in the Age Group 0-6
6.1 Slum children in the age group of 0-6 accounts for 14.5 per cent of the total population residing in
the slums. The child sex ratio at 921, in the slum areas of 26 States/Union Territories where slum population
has been reported, is higher than 903, recorded for non-slum urban areas of these States and Union Territories.
The highest child sex ratio in age group 0-6 is observed in the slums of Puducherry (988), followed by
Meghalaya (986) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (965).
Figure 18 Sex ratio in the Age group 0-6 for Slum & Non Slum Population in States & UTs
-2001
6.2 Figure 18 brings out differentials in the slum and non-slum child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 in
the States and Union Territories reporting slums in 2001. It is interesting to note that in 12 States and Union
Territories, child sex ratio in slums is above 943, a figure which is regarded as average natural sex ratio at
birth.
33
6.3 Child sex ratio in the slum areas of million-plus municipal corporations exhibits a similar pattern.
Chennai, Patna, Nagpur and Nashik have reported a high child sex ratio of above 950 in the slum areas.
Besides these Bangalore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Haora have a child sex ratio of slum areas above 940,
which is more or less equal to the natural sex ratio at birth. The lowest slum child sex ratio of 827 is reported
in Ludhiana, followed by Agra (860), Faridabad (867) and Meerut (868). It is further observed that the child
sex ratio is higher in the slum areas than the one recorded for the non-slum population in 22 million plus
cities. Indore (897) and Lucknow (909) have recorded identical child sex ratio for slums and non-slum
population.
7. Literacy Rate in Slums
7.1 It is noteworthy that in absolute terms only 32.3 million slum dwellers are literate. Expectedly, in
slum areas, males are ahead of females in terms of literacy with 19.08 million male and 13.3 million female
literates being recorded among the slum dwellers in the Census 2001. Maharashtra has the highest number of
total literates (8.24 million) among slum population. The literacy rates are 72.2 per cent for all slum dwellers,
80.1 per cent for males and 63.2 percent for females. The gender inequality in the level of literacy is evident
from Table 12, which demonstrates comparatively higher literacy rates for males than females with a gap of
16.9 percentage points.
Table 12 Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender
Differential - India- 2001
Category Literacy Rate in Slum Areas Gender Differential

Person Male Female
India (all persons) 72.2 80.1 63.2 16.9
Million Plus Cities 75.8 82.4 67.6 14.8
Figure 19 Male and Female Literacy Rate in Slums in States/UTs-2001
34
Slums in India
7.2 Regional heterogeneity in literacy levels has been observed among slum dwellers. Overall the literacy
rate (male and female combined) in slum areas of the 26 States/Union Territories, which have reported
slums, varies from a low of 54.8 per cent in Chandigarh to 88.1 per cent in Meghalaya. All these 26 States/
Union Territories have registered higher literacy rates among males as compared to females. In case of males,
Meghalaya is again at the top spot with literacy rate of 90.9 per cent. Significantly besides Meghalaya, 13
States/Union Territories have recorded more than 80% male literacy rate among slum dwellers. In the slums
of Chandigarh male literacy rate is only 64.9 per cent, which is the lowest among these 26 States/Union
Territories. As far as females are concerned, only 3 states, viz., Meghalaya (85.3%), Tripura (81.8 %) and
Kerala (81%) have reported literacy rates of above 80 per cent among slum dwellers. Chandigarh is at the
other extreme with only 39.5 per cent of its females in slums being literates.
7.3 Among the core million plus cities, Nagpur is the only city, which has recorded a literacy rate above
85 per cent among the slum dwellers. Most of the cities fall in the range of 60 to 80 per cent of the literacy
rates of which four cities have registered literacy rate in the range 75-80 per cent. Comparatively Jaipur, Agra
and Meerut have low literacy rates among the slum dwellers. Male and female literates among the slum
dwellers in Nagpur have been recorded at 91.5 per cent and 78.9 per cent respectively, which are also the
highest male and female literacy rates among the million plus cities. Patna, which is at the bottom end of the
list with only 52.5 per cent of its slum dwellers being literate, also registers the lowest slum male literacy rate
of 56.9 per cent. Jaipur Municipal Corporation area in Rajasthan has female literacy rate of 47.0 per cent in
slums, which is the lowest of the million plus cities. As far as the differential between male and female
literacy rates in these million plus cities is concerned, Jaipur has registered the highest differential (26) while
the lowest (6.3) is registered by Ludhiana.
8. Work Participation Rate of Slum Population (WPR)
8.1 The work participation rate among the slum dwellers in 2001 demonstrates that 33.1 percent of the
slum dwellers are workers, which is quite close to the urban WPR of 32.3 per cent. Sex wise pattern reveals
that every second male in the slums is a worker (51.1%) while female WPR is low at 12.8 per cent. In fifteen
States and Union Territories the male WPR is above 50 per cent. Chandigarh slums have recorded highest
WPR for total (39.6%) as well as for male workers (58.3%) in slums.Uttar Pradesh has reported the lowest
WPR for total (26.6 %) and males (44.1%). Meghalaya has reported the highest female WPR of 20.5 per cent
followed by Karnataka (19.4%) and Tamil Nadu (19.0 %). Uttar Pradesh has registered the lowest female
WPR at 6.7 per cent.
8.2 The main workers in slums form 89.3 per cent of the total workers. In 11 States/Union Territories,
main workers are above 90 per cent and in 14 states, it is between 80-90 per cent, while in only Goa, it is
below 80 per cent. Slum areas of Chandigarh seem to be economically more vibrant with 96.2 per cent main
35
workers followed by Andaman & Nicobar Islands at 95.3 per cent. Goa has the highest marginal workers at
27.1% followed by Bihar at 17.5 %.
8.3 Among the million plus cities, the total work participation rate varies between the highest in Surat
(42.1%) and the lowest in Agra (25.3%). Surat also has the highest male WPR at 63.8 per cent in slum areas
followed by Haora (58.0%), while Agra has the lowest male WPR of 42.1 per cent. Bangalore has the highest
female WPR of 23.1 per cent followed by Nashik 17.8 per cent and Pune 17.7 per cent. Patna has reported
the lowest female WPR of 4.0 per cent followed by Meerut at 4.3 per cent. The percentage of main workers
in the million plus cities range from the highest of 97.5 per cent in Surat to the lowest of 79.0 per cent in
Bhopal.
9. Categories of Workers
9.1 Census 2001 presents distribution of working population in slums among four broad industrial
categories by State/Union Territories. As expected almost the entire work force in slum areas are engaged in
non-agricultural activities, with 87.4 per cent workers engaged in other work (OW) followed by household
industry (5.4%), agricultural labourers (5.4%) and cultivators (1.8%). At the State/Union Territory level,
except Bihar, which has the lowest proportion of other workers (64.4%), in eight states other workers are
more than 95.0 per cent.
9.2 The preponderance of workers in the category of OW in million plus cities is evidenced from the fact
that 95.3 per cent workers fall into this category. Among the million plus cities, the percentage of other
workers ranges from the highest in Kalyan-Dombivili (98.4 %) to the lowest in Varanasi (68.2%). Varanasi
has the highest percentage (29.6%) of household industry workers, followed by Patna (9.5%) and Agra
(8.2%). In the remaining cities the household industry workers ranges from 1.2 per cent in Surat to 7.5 per
cent in Lucknow. Agricultural labourers and cultivators constitute less than 5.0 per cent of the workforce in
all million plus cities.
Appendix 33-60 provide salient demographic and slum-related statistics for States and Union Territories in
India
33 Census of India - 2001 Slum and Non-slum Population Figures at a Glance

34 Census of India - 2001 - Slum Population Figures at a Glance: 1743 Cities/Towns (640
with > 50000 Population + 1103 with 20,000 – 50,000 Population)
35 Total Number of Cities/Towns, Slum reporting Cities/Towns and Total Number of
Households in Sums and Urban India -2001
36
Slums in India
36 Percentage Distribution of Total, Urban, Slum Population in different States/UTs of

India – 2001
37 Urban, Slum Population and their Household Size in India-2001
38 Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Towns reporting Slums and Slum Population
- India, States, Union Territories - (Cities/Towns having population 20,000 and above in
2001 Census)
39 Total Population, Slum Population and its Percentage in Municipal Corporations with
Population above one Million – 2001
40 Total Urban & Slum Population and Share of Slum Population for the Cities having
Population Between 5 Lakhs and 10 Lakhs – 2001
41 Sex-wise Distribution of SC and ST Slum Population in India-2001
42 Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Urban & Slum Areas in
India - 2001
43 Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Urban and
Slum Areas - 2001
44 Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in Slum,
Non-slum and Urban Areas - 2001
45 Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Slums in
Million-plus Cities – 2001
46 0-6 Age Group Population of Slums in India -2001
47 Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage of Slum
Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million-plus Cities - 2001
48 Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in States/UTs - 2001
49 Population in Age Group 0-6 in Urban and Slum Areas and Percentage of Child Population
in Slums to Total Urban Population and Total Population of Slums – India.2001
50 Urban Population and Slum Population in 0-6 Age Group and Percentage of Slum Child
Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million-plus Cities - 2001
51 Sex Ratio of Population in Age Group 0-6 for Non-Slum Urban and Slum Population -
India by State/UTs – 2001
52 Sex Ratio of Population in Age Group 0-6 for Urban Non-slum and Slum Population –
Million-plus Municipal Corporations - 2001
53 Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender Differential
- India, States and Union Territories - 2001
54 Literacy Rate of Slum and Non-Slum Population in Million-plus Municipal Corporations
55 Work Participation Rate in Slum Population in India -2001
56 Main and Marginal Workers among Slum Population in India -2001
57 Population of Slum and Workers in Slums – Million-plus Cities - 2001
58 Percentage of Total Workers to Total Population and Main Workers to Total Workers in
Slums in Million-plus Cities – 2001
59 Percentage of Slum Working Population in Four Categories to the Total Working Slum
Population – 2001
60 Percentage of Slum Working Population in Four Categories to Working Slum Population
in Million-plus Cities-2001
37
6 Slum Conditions – National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

Data
1. Conditions of Slum in India
1.1 Human well-being is broadly considered to include, not only consumption of goods and services but
also the access to basic necessities for a productive and socially meaningful life to all sections of the population,
especially the deprived slum dwellers and those who are living below poverty line. Such a concept of well-
being also encompasses individual attainments in areas of education, health and longevity of life as well as
a security of tenure and healthy surroundings. In order to understand the magnitude of the problems in slum
settlements, the housing status of the slum dwellers and their living conditions have to be analysed in detail.
In this regard, the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) provides the basic data/information on
slums from various Sample Survey Rounds conducted at different points of time.
1.2 The first survey on slums (31st Round), namely “Conditions of Slum Area in Cities” was conducted
in 1977, which was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey (49th Round): “Slums in India” was conducted
in 1993; slum data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey (58th Round), namely
“Conditions of Urban Slums 2002”, was conducted exclusively for urban slums. The fourth and latest survey
(65th Round): “Some Characteristics of Urban Slums 2008-09” was conducted for urban slums. These survey
findings show the actual conditions prevailing in slums. In particular, these results bring out the status of
slum dwellers, access to basic civic requirements like drinking water, sanitation, electricity, and availability
of other basic services in slums.
2. Slums by Status in NSSO Surveys
2.1 The NSSO Surveys on Slums conducted between 1993-2009 presents evidence for decrease in the
number of slums. However, evidence is also found for increase in the number of slum households.
Table 13 Status of Slums in Different NSSO Survey Rounds
Estimated
NSSO Report No./ Number of Slums Approximate Number
Year of Survey of Households in
Notified Non notified Total Notified Non Total
slums notified slums
NSS 417 ( 1993) 20364 35946 56311 2606700 3327300 5934000
NSS 486 (2002) 26166 25522 51688 5358272 2871472 8229744
NSS 534 (2009) 24781 24213 48994 NA NA NA
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534.
38
Slums in India
Figure 20 Status of Slums in NSSO Surveys in India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534
Figure 21 Status of Slum Households in NSSO Surveys in India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486.
2.2 The total numbers of urban slums in the country were estimated as 56,311, 51,688 and 48,994
respectively in NSSO Slum surveys conducted in 1993, 2002 and 2009; thus number of slums has reportedly
decreased during 1993-2009. However, there was significant increase in the number of slum households
from 5.9 million in 1993 to 8.2 million in 2002 (Figure 21)
3. Slum Surroundings, Land Tenure Status/Ownership and Structures
Housing status in slums is largely inadequate and problems include insecure tenure, overcrowding
and lack of basic services leading to deplorable living conditions. While it is empirically evident that it is
mainly the poor rural migrants who are forced into informal, even illegal land settlements; it is also true that
tenure insecurity itself powers the vicious cycle of poverty. The insecurity of tenure along with urban poverty
reinforces social exclusion and propagates squatter and slum settlements.
Slum Surroundings
3.1 The 49th Round NSSO survey on slums (1993) shows more than 89% of the urban slums in the
country as a whole, were surrounded by residential areas, with just 5% and 3% slums being in the industrial
39
and commercial areas respectively. However, in urban areas of states like Haryana (54.7%), Punjab (34.3%),
and Gujarat (12.6%), more slums were surrounded by industrial areas. On the other hand, 14.3% of the
slums in Punjab and 7.7% in Maharashtra were surrounded by commercial areas. More than 84% of urban
slums were surrounded by the residential areas in almost all the states excepting Haryana and Punjab.
3.2 The 58th Round (2002) slum survey reflects that 80% of the slums in the country were surrounded by
residential areas, whereas 8% and 6.5% of slums respectively were formed in industrial and commercial
areas respectively. However, in states like Orissa (32.6%), Karnataka (19.6%), and Delhi (12.0%) the slums
were surrounded by industrial areas. On the other hand, 72% of the slums in Rajasthan and 65 % of the
slums in Punjab were surrounded by commercial areas. Overall more than 50% of slums were located in
residential areas in all the states excepting Rajasthan and Punjab
3.3 Table- 14 shows the percentage distribution of slums by type of area surrounding the slum in the
three different Rounds of NSSO Slum Survey. As per the latest 65th Round survey (2009) an estimated 82%
of slums were surrounded by residential area. 8% of slums were surrounded by industries and about 6% of
slums were surrounded by commercial establishments.
Table 14 Percentage of Slums by Type of Surrounding Area in NSSO Surveys - India
NSSO Report No./ Type of Area surrounding the Slum

Year of Survey Residential Industrial Commercial Others
NSS 417 ( 1993) 98.4 0.7 0.1 0.8
NSS 486 (2002) 79.9 8.0 6.5 5.7
NSS 534 (2009) 81.7* 7.8 5.5 4.9
* Slums surrounded by Residential area and Slum area.
Figure 22 Slums by Types of Area Surrounding the Slums (in %) in different NSSO
Surveys-India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534
40
Slums in India
3.4 Figure 22 demonstrates the type of area surrounding slums in different surveys, conducted by NSSO
at different period of time. In all surveys the data shows that majority of the slums are surrounded by
residential area. The number of slum settlements was negligible near the industrial and commercial areas in
1993. The same has changed in the subsequent survey periods of 2002 and 2009; survey results of these
periods show that 15% and 13% of slums were surrounded by industrial and commercial areas in 2002 and
2009 respectively.
Slum Land Tenure Status/Ownership
3.5 The NSSO 58th Round (2002) results give State/UT-wise and All India distribution of slums by type
of ownership of land on which the slums are located. At the All-India level, about 35 per cent of the slums
are on private land and 64 per cent on public land. Almost all the slums in urban Orissa, Delhi and Rajasthan
are built on public land.
Table 15 Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys
-India
NSSO Report No./ Private Public Not Known
Year of Survey
Railway Local Bodies Others
NSS 486 (2002) 35.3 4.9 41.2 17.5 1.1
NSS 534 (2009) 39.3 4.4 40.9 11.7 3.7
Figure 23 Slums by type of Ownership of Land (in %) in different NSSO Survey
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No. 486, 534
It is evident from the 2002 and 2009 NSSO Round survey results that new slums have come into
existence mainly on private lands and the percentage of slums on the lands owned by Railways and local
bodies has remained the same. The percentage of slums by ownership of land has come down under “others”
categories from 17.5 percent in 2002 to 11.7 percent in 2009.
41
Housing Structure in Slums
3.6 The housing structures in slums are classified into three categories, viz., ‘pucca’, ‘semi-pucca’ and
‘katcha’ in the NSSO surveys. The 49th Round of NSSO survey (1993) highlights that at all-India level, the
dwelling units were distributed equally, i.e 1/3rd (approximately) under each category, viz. pucca, semi pucca
and katcha housing structure. More than 50% of slums had predominantly pucca houses in states like Haryana,
Maharashtra, and Delhi. On the other hand, more than 50% of slums in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh had semi-pucca houses. Katcha structures were mainly found in slums of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. The results given in Figure 24 reveal that pucca houses in the slums
have increased between the period of 1993 and 2009. The percentage of slums having pucca houses was
30.5% in 1993, which increased to 47.6% in 2002 and 56.9% in 2009. The variation in the distribution of
slums by its structure is quite significant across the states. In some states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra, the proportion of slums with majority of its houses built by pucca materials were very
high. On the other hand, slums of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir were far behind and
almost all houses of slums were either semi-pucca or katcha in these states.
Table 16 Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different NSSO Surveys
( in Percentage) - India
NSSO Report No./ Type of structure of the majority of houses

Year of Survey Pucca Semi Pucca Serviceable katcha & Unserviceable katcha
NSS 417 ( 1993) 30.5 33.7 35.4
NSS 486 (2002) 47.6 34.5 17.9
NSS 534 (2009) 56.9 29.3 13.8
Figure 24 Slums by type of Structure (in%) in different NSSO Surveys - India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Note: Pucca: those with both roof and walls made of pucca materials such as cement, Concrete, oven-burnt
bricks and other such building reinforcement materials.
Katcha: those with both roof and walls made of katcha (non-pucca) materials, such as mud, thatch, bamboo,
tents, etc.
42
Slums in India
Semi-pucca: those with either roof or walls, but not both, made of pucca materials.
3.7 There has been a noticeable change in the type of structure of houses in slums between the year
2002 and 2009. About 48% of slums were ‘pucca’; in 2002 and the same increased to 57% by 2009. Slums
with the majority of the households living in pucca structures constituted about 64 per cent of notified
slums and 50 per cent in the case of non-notified slums in 2009. Wide variation across the states was
observed in this respect. In some states like Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, West Bengal and
Maharashtra, more than 72 percent of notified slums had the majority of their houses built with pucca
materials. On the other hand, the majority of the houses in the slums of Orissa, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
- both notified and non-notified – were built of either semi-pucca or katcha material.
4 Roads & Electricity in Slums
Approach Road to Slums:
4.1 Since slums are generally parts of cities, approach roads to slums are reportedly quite good. In the
1993 NSSO (49th Round) survey at national level, 84 percent of the approach roads were cartable with 69%
pucca and 15% katcha. At the state level, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim and Delhi had above 80%
pucca cartable approach roads. The 58th Round NSSO survey result shows that the condition deteriorated
slightly in 2002, with the percentage of motorable approach roads to slum being 75 percent at the national
level. The 65th Round (2009) NSSO survey gives the same type trend as per type of approach road. The
percentage of pucca roads was 65 percent in slums in 2009 when compared to 69 percent in 1993. The
percentage of slums with katcha motarable roads in 2009 was 6.8 whereas that of non motarable pucca
roads was 18.4 % in 2009 as compared to 5.0% in 1993.
4.2 Figure 25 shows that the percentage cartable pucca roads was almost the same during all survey
periods whereas the cartable katcha roads have decreased by half from 15 percent in 1993 to 7 percent in
2009.
Table 17 Percentage of Slums by Type of Approach Road/lane/constructed path -India.
NSSO Report No./ Type of Road / Lane / Constructed Path to the Slum
Year of Survey Motarable Non motarable
Pucca Katcha Total Pucca Katcha Total
NSS 417 ( 1993) 68.6 15.4 84.0 5.0 10.6 15.6
NSS 486 (2002) 64.0 11.0 75.0 12.0 13.0 25.0
NSS 534 (2009) 65.4 6.8 72.2 18.4 9.4 27.8
43
Figure 25 Slums by Availability of Approach Roads( in%) in different NSSO Surveys in

India
Internal Roads in Slums
4.3 Structures of roads within slums are a useful indicator of ‘inclusionary’ development. The NSS 49th
round (1993) slum survey results show that 47% of the slums had pucca roads and the remaining 53 percent
had katcha roads within the slums. More than 70% of urban slums had katcha roads within the slum area in
the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab and Rajasthan. (Appendix-76)
4.4 NSS 58th Round shows that 54 percent of the slums had pucca roads while 45 percent have katcha
road within the slum. Majority of slums in states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Orissa did not have the facility
of pucca roads. States like Jammu & Kashmir, Puducherry and Bihar have marginal presence of pucca roads.
The results of the 65th Round NSSO survey of 2009 show that around 68% of road structures within slums
were pucca. This clearly indicates that the conditions of roads within slums have improved significantly as
compared to 1993 NSS survey.
Table 18 Distribution of Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in Percentage) in Different

NSSO Surveys-India
NSSO Report No./ Structure of Road within slum

Year of Survey Pucca Katcha
NSS 417 ( 1993) 46.5 53.1
NSS 486 (2002) 54.2 45.3
NSS 534 (2009) 67.3 32.4
44
Slums in India
Figure 26 Slums by Structure of Road (in %) in Slums in different NSSO Surveys – India
Distance from Nearest Motorable Road
4.5 The availability and distance of slum from the nearest motarable road were nearly the same
between 1993 and 2009. In 1993 49th Round NSSO survey, 98% of slums were near motarable road
within 1 km., which dropped by 0.07 % during 2002 and 2009.
Table 19 Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km) from the Nearest
Motarable Road in different NSSO Surveys-India( In Percentage)
NSSO Report No./ Distance of Slums from the Nearest Motarable Road
Year of Survey < 1 Km >1 Km
NSS 417 ( 1993) 98.0 2.0
NSS 486 (2002) 97.3 2.7
NSS 534 (2009) 97.3 2.7
Figure 27 Slums by Distance from the Nearest Motarable Roads (in %) in different NSSO
Surveys-India
45
Electricity Facility in Slums
4.6 According to NSSO 58th Round 2002 results, 8% slums had no access to electricity; electricity
connection for household use was available for 18 per cent of the slums and 69% slums had electricity for
both streetlights and household use. The 65th Round results shows that 65 percent of slums had electricity
connections for both household and street light purposes, while 20 percent of slums had electricity only for
household use. The distribution of slums in major states by usage for which electricity was available is given
in Appendices. The all-India 65th Round slum survey results are compared with 58th Round results in Figure
-28. The overall proportion of slums without electricity has come down from 8 per cent in 2002 to 4 per cent
in 2009.
Table 20 Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection in different
NSSO Surveys -India
Slum with
NSSO Report No./ Electricity for No electricity
Year of Survey Both street light Household Street light
& household use use only only
NSS 417 ( 1993) NA NA NA NA
NSS 486 (2002) 69.1 17.8 4.9 8.2
NSS 534 (2009) 64.6 20.9 10.8 3.6
Figure 28 Slums by status of Electricity connection ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys –

India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No. 486, 534
46
Slums in India
5. Drinking Water & Sanitation Facilities in Slums
Drinking Water Facilities in Slums
5.1 Slums surveyed in the 58th round (2002) as well as in the 65th round (2008-09) of NSS were classified
according to major source of drinking water available to residents. Comparisons with 1993, 2002 and 2009
at all-India level are shown in Figure 29. At all India level in 2009, the distribution of notified and non-
notified slums considered together in respect of major source of drinking water was as follows: tap: 78%,
tube-well: 16-17%, well and other sources: 5-7%. During 1993, the proportion of slums using tube-wells as
major source of drinking water was 27 percent and that has come down to 17 percent in 2009.
Table 21 Percentage distribution of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water available

in Slum -India.
NSSO Report No./ Major Source of Drinking water

Year of Survey Tap Tube well/hand pump Well Others not reported
NSS 417 ( 1993) 64.8 26.7 4.4 4.0 0
NSS 486 (2002) 77.7 15.7 2.4 4.3 0
NSS 534 (2009) 77.8 17.0 1.9 3.1 0.2
Figure 29 Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys –

India
The 49th Round NSSO (1993) results on the source of drinking water to slum show that at the all-
India level, around 65% of urban slums reported “tap” as the source of drinking water, while more than a
quarter of the slums were supplied drinking water through tube well/hand pump. More than 50% of urban
slum dwellers in Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
and West Bengal reported to having ‘tap’ and more than 50% of the urban slum dwellers in Bihar, Karnataka,
Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh had “tube well/hand pump” as the source of their drinking water. The 58th
47
Round results (2002) reflect the fact that a larger number of slums - about 78 %, had access to drinking water
from tap. The situation in slums in the states like Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh
were much below the national average, where the primary source of drinking water was other than ‘tap’. The
65th Round Results (2009) reflect a similar situation with reference to the major sources of drinking water
facility available in slums. In states like Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra, 85 percent of the slums had
tap water as source of drinking water. States like Orissa and Uttar Pradesh were far behind the national
average regarding ‘tap’ water facility in slums. Slums in states like Madhya Pradesh (15 percent) and Orissa
(13 percent) were reported to be using well-water for drinking purposes.
Latrine and Bathroom Facilities in Slums
5.2 In a developing society sanitation is one of the important yardsticks to measure socio-economic
development. Improved sanitation leads to improved health, reduced child mortality/morbidity, improved
water quality, environment and economic growth of a country. Continued urban migration, congregation of
urban poor in slums without safe water supply, inadequate sanitation facilities and increasing resource
constraints have led to poor quality of life and community health in slums. Comparative pictures of the
availability of latrines in slums have been shown in Table 22. Slums without latrines have decreased to 15
percent in 2009 from 54 percent in 1993. The availability of septic/flush latrine facility was 35 percent in
1993, 50 percent in 2002 and 58 percent in 2009.
Table 22 Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys -
India
NSSO Report No./ Type of Latrine Facility
Year of Survey No Latrine Septic Tank/Flush Service Latrine Others
NSS 417 ( 1993) 54.4 35.1 6.9 3.5
NSS 486 (2002) 33.4 50.4 7.5 8.8
NSS 534 (2009) 14.7 57.8 5.9 21.6
Figure 30 Slums by availability of Latrine Facility (in %) in Slums in different NSSO Surveys
– India
48
Slums in India
5.3 As per the 49th Round NSSO (1993), lack of latrine facility was observed in 54% of the slums.
About 18% of the slums had latrines with a septic tank and another 18 % slums had flush systems. Service
latrine facilities existed in around 7% of the slums in Urban India. In urban slums of Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh, the percentage of service latrine was reported to be around 16.9% and 14.2% respectively. Latrines
with a flush system were prominent amongst urban slums of Maharashtra (42.0%) followed by Gujarat
(24.3%), Delhi (23.2%) and West Bengal (20.1%). Septic tank facility existed in the slums of states like West
Bengal (45.9%), Haryana (26.6%) and Maharashtra (24.6%).
5.4 The 58th Round (2002) NSSO survey shows that the conditions of latrine facility have improved
significantly in slums over a period of time, i.e. after 1993. The percentage of slums not having any latrine
facility reduced sharply from 54% in 1993 to 33% in 2002. In Punjab, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Puducherry
about 80% urban slums had no latrine facility. The worst cases are Rajasthan, where 97 % of the slums had
no latrine facility and Orissa, where none of the slums had any latrine facility in 2002.
5.5 The sanitary conditions have improved considerably in 2009 as compared to the 2002. At the all-
India level, the proportion of slums not having any latrine facility declined sharply from 17% in 2002 to 10%
in 2008-09 for notified slums and from 51% to 20% for non-notified slums. In 2009, the proportions of
notified and non-notified slums with no latrine were very high in Orissa (49% and 36% respectively), Gujarat
(39% and 48% respectively) and Tamil Nadu (27% and 40% respectively).
6. Drainage & Sewerage Systems in Slums
Drainage System in Slums
6.1 The 49th Round NSSO results (1993) on the type of available drainage system shows that in urban
slum settlements drainage system existed in about 70% of the slums with 35% of slums were having an
open pucca system and 20% having an open katcha system; 8% having underground and the rest having
covered pucca system of drainage. More than 50% of urban slums in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and
Rajasthan did not have any drainage system. An open pucca drainage system was available in more than
35% of urban slums in Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra whereas an open katcha
drainage system existed in less than 25% of urban slums in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, West Bengal and Delhi. Underground drainage system was found in more than 50% of urban
slums in Delhi, followed by Gujarat 17%.
6.2 As per the NSSO 58th Round results about 13 per cent of slums had underground and 38 percent had
open pucca drainage system in 2002, while 29 per cent of slums reported no drainage system.
49
Table 23 Percentage distribution of Slums by Availability of Underground Drainage -

India
NSSO Report No./ Type of Drainage System

Year of Survey No Open Open Covered Under not
Drainage Katcha Pucca Pucca Ground reported
NSS 417 ( 1993) 31.6 20.1 35.1 4.9 8.0 0.3
NSS 486 (2002) 29.3 13.2 38.4 6.2 12.9 0.0
NSS 534 (2009) 16.0 17.8 34.7 14.7 16.8 0.0
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
Figure 31 Slum by availability of Type of Drainage System in different NSSO Surveys -
India
Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486,53

The proportion of slums having underground drainage and covered pucca drainage system increased
to 15% in 2009 from just 6% in 2002. The share of slums with open drainage both pucca and katcha has
marginally increased from 51.6 % in 2002 to 52.5% in 2009 and those without any drainage declined to 16%
in 2009 from 29% in 2002.
Sewerage System in Slums
6.3 The 49th Round NSSO (1993) on underground sewer system in slums shows that 83.4% of the slums
have no underground sewerage system in India. Underground sewerage system existed in about 17% of the
urban slums of the country. Only in states like West Bengal and Maharashtra about 20 percent sewerage
system was found to be underground. In Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh the entire
sewerage system was not underground.
50
Slums in India
Table 24 Percentage Distribution of Slums by Availability of Sewerage System in different

NSSO Surveys-India
NSSO Report No. /Year of Survey Type Of Sewerage System

Underground Not-Underground
NSS 417 ( 1993) 16.6 83.4
NSS 486 (2002) 22.5 77.5
NSS 534 (2009) 26.0 74.0
Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
Figure 32 Slums by availability of Sewerage System (in %) in different NSSO Surveys –
India
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
6.4 According to NSSO 58th Round (2002) results, about 22.5% of the total slums had underground
sewerage system in 2002, and 78%, reported the non-existence of underground sewerage system in slums.
No underground sewerage system was available in states like Bihar, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Rajasthan. In
Delhi more than 97% of the slums have no underground sewerage facility. As per the 65th Round NSS
survey results (2009), about 26% of the total slums had underground sewerage system in 2009 and 74%
reported non-existence of underground sewerage system in slums.
7. Garbage Disposal System in Slums
7.1 The 49th Round NSSO (1993) results show that around 35% of urban slums did not have any
arrangement for garbage disposal. Disposal of garbage was arranged by the residents for around 11% of the
urban slums. In 52% of the urban slums, garbage is disposed off by the Municipal Corporation/ Municipality.
NSSO 58th Round Survey (2002) shows that 61 percent of urban slums had garbage disposal by the Municipal
authority. About 31 per cent of the urban slums had no system of garbage disposal. Residents themselves
disposed of garbage in 7 per cent of slums.
51
7.2 There was remarkable improvement in garbage disposal arrangement by Municipal Corporations in
2009. NSS 65th Round (2009) shows that 65% of garbage is removed by Municipal Corporations and in 7
percent of slums, garbage was removed by residents themselves. The component of other arrangements for
disposal of garbage has also increased to 11 percent across the three rounds of NSSO survey.
Table 25 Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal in
different NSSO Surveys - India
NSSO Report No./ Garbage Disposal Arrangement
Year of Survey No By Resident By Panchayat/ Others

Arrangement Corporation
NSS 417 ( 1993) 34.8 10.8 52 2.4

NSS 486 (2002) 31.2 6.9 60.7 1.2
NSS 534 (2009) 16.4 6.9 65 11.4
Figure 33 Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal (in %) in different NSSO Surveys
– India
8. Education and Health Services in Slums
8.1 As per NSSO results, in 1993 more than 90% slums had schools within 1 km. distance and the same
percentage increased to 92% in 2002 and marginally decreased to 87% in 2009. However, for 7% slums the
nearest primary school was available within 1 to 2 kms in 1993 and 2002; this has increased to 11% in 2009.
52
Slums in India
Table 26 Distribution of Slums by Distance from Primary School (in %) in different

NSSO Surveys - India
NSSO Report No. / Distance from Primary School (in km)
Year of Survey < 0.5 0.5-1 1-2 2-5 5 and above
NSS 417 ( 1993) 62.4 27.6 7.1 2.0 0.4
NSS 486 (2002) 67.8 24.2 6.5 1.5 0
NSS 534 (2009) 52.9 33.7 10.9 2.2 0.3
Figure 34 Slums by distance from Primary School (in %) in different NSSO Surveys -
India
About 2 percent of slums have primary school 2 to 5 kms. away in 1993 and 2002. In 65th Round (2009) it
is seen that for 53% of slums the primary school was within < 0.5 km distance whereas it was 62% in 1993
and 68% in 2002.
8.2 The nearness of health centre to the slum was very low in 2009 when compared to 1993. In 1993,
63% slums had health centres within 1 km distance. However, the same deceased to 47% in 2002 and 48%
in 2009. In 1993, for 32% slums the nearest health centre was available within 1 to 5 km distance from the
slum; this was 48% in 2002 and 43% 2009. Table 27 shows this trend.
Table 27 Percentage Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre in

different NSSO Surveys - India
NSSO Report No./ Distance from Nearest Health Centre (in km)
Year of Survey < 0.5 0.5-1 1.0-2.0 2.0-5.0 5 and above
NSS 417 ( 1993) 29.8 33.2 15.2 17.2 4.1
NSS 486 (2002) 21.1 26.2 23.2 24.9 4.7
NSS 534 (2009) 20.2 27.9 22.9 20.8 8.1
53
Figure 35 Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre (in %) in different NSS Surveys
- India
9. Data Appendices
Appendix 61-100 provide Slum conditions related statistics for States and Union Territories in India

61 Estimated Number of Slums and Slum Households in different NSSO Surveys for States/
UT-India
62 Estimated Number of Slums in Major States/UT – India
63 Number of Slums by Location per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2002
64 Number of Slums by Location per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2009
65 Number of Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slum per 1000 Slums for each State/
UT-1993
UT-2002
UT-2009
68 Number of Slums by Type of Ownership of the Land where the Slum is located per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-2002
69 Number of Slums by Type of Ownership of the Land where the Slum is located per 1000
Slums for each State/UT -2009
70 Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000 Slums for each
State / UT-1993
State / UT’s-2002
54
Slums in India
State / UT -2009
73 Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UTs - 1993
1000 Slums for each State/UT- 2002
1000 Slums for each State/UT - 2009
76 Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane /Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 1993
77 Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane / Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
78 Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane /Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
79 Number of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2002
80 Number of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
2009
81 Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
1993
2002
2009
84 Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
87 Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-1993
90 Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-
1993
55
2002
2009
93 Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 slums for each
State/UT-1993
94 Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 Slums for each
State/UT-2002
95 Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 Slums for each
State/UT-2009
96 Per thousand Distribution of Slums by Distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km & above from
a Motarable Road, a Primary School and a Hospital/Health Centre for each State/UT-1993
97 Per thousand Distribution of Slums by Distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km & above from
a Motarable Road, a Primary School and a Hospital/Health Centre for each State/UT -
2002
98 Distribution of Slums not having Motarable Roads by Distance from Nearest Motarable
Road for different States (per 1000) -2009
99 Distribution of Slums by Distance from nearest Government Primary school for different
States (per 1000)-2009
100 Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Government Hospital / Health Centre (in
km) for different States (per 1000)-2009
56
Slums in India
7 Urban Housing, Poverty and Unemployment
1. Number of Houses
As on 2001, the total number of houses in India was 249.1 million. This includes 233.29 million
occupied and 15.81 million vacant houses. The number of houses in rural area was 177.54 million, with
168.18 million occupied houses and 9.36 million vacant houses, while in urban areas there were 71.56
million total houses, which include 65.11 million occupied, and 6.45 million vacant houses (see Table- 28
and Figure 36).
Table 28 Number of Houses: Rural & Urban – 2001
Category Distribution of Houses (In Million)

Total Rural Urban
Total Houses 249.1 177.54 71.56
Vacant Houses 15.81 9.36 6.45
Occupied Houses 233.29 168.18 65.11
Figure 36 Number of Houses according to Usage: Rural Urban – 2001
Source: Census of India 2001: Series-H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets.
2. Number of Households
The number of households in India was 191.96 million (excluding institutional households) according
to the 2001 Census; rural households - 138.27 million (72%) and urban households - 53.69 million (28%).
The average household size in the country was 5.3 persons (Rural - 5.4 and Urban - 5.1). Figure 37 shows the
number of households and household size in rural and urban areas in 2001.
57
Table 29 Distribution of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001 (in Millions)
Area Distribution of Households (Excluding Institutional Households)

Total Rural Urban
India 191.96 138.27 53.69
Figure 37 Number of Households: Rural & Urban -2001
Source: Census of India 2001: Series-H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets.
3 Houseless Population:
As on 2001, there were 1,944 thousand people (Rural: 1,165 thousand and Urban: 779 thousand),
living without houses in India. Figure 38 shows the trends in houseless population from 1981-2001.
Figure 38 Houseless Population in India: Total, Rural, Urban 1981-2001
Source: Census of India, 1991 & 2001
58
Slums in India
4 Urban Housing Shortage
4.1 The Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage constituted by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has estimated that the total shortage of dwelling units in urban areas
at the beginning of the 11th Plan Period, i.e. 2007 was 24.71 million. Out of this, 21.78 million or about 98%
pertains to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) categories of the urban
population. The housing requirement during the 11th Five Year Plan period has been worked out by adopting
the rates of growth in various parameters of housing shortage on the assumption that such rates would not
change drastically during the 5-year period of the 11th Plan.
4.2 As revealed from Table 30, presuming ‘business as usual’ as the scenario, the total shortage of dwelling
units in cities and towns at the beginning of the 11th Five Year Plan, estimated at 24.71 million, would rise to
26.53 million at the end of Plan (including the backlog).
Table 30 Projected Urban Housing Shortage in India 2012
(In Million)
1. Housing Shortage as on 2007 24.71
2. Households 75.01
3. Pucca Houses 53.49
4. Semi-Pucca Houses 10.05
5. Katcha Houses 2.56
6. Addition to Households 8.71
7. Addition to Housing Stock 7.27
8. Upgradation of Katcha Houses 0.38
9. Additional Requirement (6 -7 + 8) 1.82
10. Urban Housing Shortage by 2012 (1 + 9) 26.53
Source: Report of Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2006, NBO, Ministry of
Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation.
5. Urban Poverty Trends
5.1 The Planning Commission of India is the nodal agency responsible for estimation of rural and urban
poverty both at national and state level. The Planning Commission constituted a Task Force on Projection of
Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand in 1979 which suggested the definition of poverty
line as per capita per diem intake of 2400 calories for rural and 2100 calories for urban areas (Planning
Commission, 1979). To estimate the poverty line, the Task Force used the age-sex-activity specific calorie
59
allowance recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group and the data on consumer expenditure from 28th
Round (1973-74) of National Sample Survey (NSS). On the basis of this data, the Task Force estimated that
on an average per capita consumer expenditure of Rs.49.09 in rural areas would meet the minimum requirement
of 2400 calories per capita per day and per capita consumer expenditure of Rs. 56.64 in urban areas would
meet the minimum requirement of 2100 calories per capita per day in urban areas in 1973-74.
5.2 The poverty line arrived at for 1973-74 was updated by the Planning Commission using the Wholesale
Price Index (WPI). Based on this methodology, the Planning Commission estimated rural and urban population
below poverty for the years 1973-74, 1977-78, 1983 and 1987-88.
5.3 The Expert Group constituted by the Planning Commission for Estimation of Proportion and Number
of Poor (Lakdawala Committee) in 1989 recommended the retention of the definition of poverty line at
national level as defined by the 1979 Task Force but suggested the disaggregation of state-specific poverty
line in order to reflect the state-wise price differential (Planning Commission, 1993). The methodology
recommended by Lakdawala Committee was adopted by the Planning Commission with minor modifications.
This has been applied by the Planning Commission from time to time to estimate the number and proportion
of rural and urban poor. The Planning Commission estimates poverty in terms of the Head Count Ratio
(HCR) representing the state-specific percentage of people living below poverty line. The ratio is arrived at
by using the quinquennial consumer expenditure survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO). Poverty at the national level is estimated as the weighted average of state-specific poverty levels.
The HCR is estimated from state-specific poverty lines and distribution of persons by expenditure groups as
per the NSSO surveys. These estimates are based on the results of NSSO survey. The last two such estimates
have been provided by the Planning Commission based on NSS 55th Round data for the period 1999-2000
and NSS 61st Round data for the period 2004-05.
5.4 The poverty line at the all India level was determined by the Planning Commission at Rs. 356.30 and
Rs. 538.60 per capita per month at 2004-2005 prices for rural and urban people respectively, using Lakdawala
methodology. The corresponding figures for 1993-94 were Rs.205.84 and Rs. 281.35. Based on the poverty
line fixed, 80.8 million or 25.7% of India’s urban population was estimated by the Planning Commission to
be Below Poverty Line (BPL) in 2004-05 as per Uniform Recall Period (URP) consumption distribution
based on National Sample Survey’s 61st Round of consumer expenditure data. 68.2 million or 21.7% of
India’s urban population was estimated to be BPL in 2004-2005 as per Mixed Recall Period (MRP) consumption
distribution. Under URP, consumer expenditure on all items (food and non-food) is collected over a 30-day
recall period. Under MRP, consumption expenditure on food items is collected over a 30-day recall period.
For non-food items data is collected over a 365 day recall period.
60
Slums in India
5.5 The URP method has been preferred in the past for the purpose of analysis of trends in urban and
rural poverty as the URP-based poverty figures for 2004-05 are comparable to poverty estimates of 1993-94
and earlier years. Table 31 shows the number (and percentage) of population below poverty line in urban and
rural areas of the country based on URP consumption based on official estimates released by the Planning
Commission. The trends in the incidence of urban and rural poverty in India are presented in Figure 39.
Table 31 Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and Rural
Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) – Lakdawala Methodology
Year Urban Rural

Number of % of Persons Number of % of Persons
Persons (Lakhs) Persons (Lakhs)
1973-74 600.46 49.01 2612.90 56.44
1977-78 646.48 45.24 2642.47 53.07
1983 709.40 40.79 2519.57 45.65
1987-88 751.69 38.20 2318.79 39.09
1993-94 763.37 32.36 2440.31 37.27
2004-05 807.96 25.70 2209.24 28.30
Source: Planning Commission of India.
Figure 39 Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 – 2004-
05 (Lakdawala Methodology)
Source: Planning Commission of India

As Table 31 reveals, urban poverty at all India level declined by 0.82 percentage points per annum during
1973-74 - 1983-84 and 0.84 percentage points per annum during 1983-84 - 1993-94. However, it declined
at a lower rate of 0.61 percentage points during 1993-94 to 2004-05, the period during which economic
growth proceeded at a faster pace due to economic reforms and liberalization. The number of the urban poor
increased by more than 4.5 million during this period as per the above estimates based on Lakdawala
methodology.
61
5.6 The Planning Commission had in December 2005 appointed a Committee chaired by Professor Suresh
D. Tendulkar to review alternate concepts of poverty and recommend changes in the existing procedures of
official estimation of poverty. The Tendulkar Committee submitted its report in November 2009. It decided
to locate the poverty line bundle of goods and services in the consumption pattern observed in the 2004-05
NSSO Survey based on the mixed reference/recall period and recommended that the same bundle be made
available to the rural population after correcting for the rural-urban price differential. The Committee started
with the national level urban poverty ratio yielded by the Lakdawala methodology. The consumption basket
associated with this per capita household consumption expenditure was taken as a base for computing urban
and rural poverty for all States. The urban poverty line in each State was computed by valuing the consumption
basket corresponding to national urban poverty line at prices prevailing in each State, taking into account
price differentials between the State and the National level. The urban poverty line thus derived for each
State yielded a poverty ratio for urban areas in that State. The resulting State-specific urban poverty-line
consumption baskets were then valued at the rural prices for each State so as to estimate rural poverty line
and rural poverty ratio for each State.
5.7 As per Tendulkar methodology, at the national level, the percentage of population in rural areas
below the poverty line, which had been previously assessed to be 28.3%, has been reassessed to be 41.8%.
The percentage of urban population in poverty remained at 25.7%. As a result, the percentage of the total
population below the new poverty line in 2004-05, which was 27.5% earlier, increases to 37.2%. The results
of comparison of poverty line and inter-temporal comparison based on Lakdawala methodology and Tendulkar
methodology are shown in Tables 32 and 33 respectively:
Table 32 Urban & Rural Poverty Line: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee Methodology
Poverty Line Lakdawala Methodology Tendulkar Committee

Methodology
Urban Poverty Line Rs. 538.60 per capita Rs. 578.80 per capita per
per month 2004-05 month 2004-05
Rural Poverty Line Rs. 356.30 per capita Rs. 446.68 per capita
per month 2004-05 per month 2004-05
Source: Planning Commission-11th Plan Mid-term Review, Press Note 2010
Table 33 Estimate of Population in Poverty (Percentage Below Poverty Line)
Year Lakdawala Methodology Tendulkar Methodology

Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
1993- 94 32.4 37.3 36.0 31.8 50.1 45.3
2004-05 25.7 28.3 27.5 25.7 41.8 37.2
Source: Planning Commission-11th Plan Mid-term Review; Press Note 2010
62
Slums in India
The Planning Commission has decided to accept the Tendulkar methodology for the present. The new
methodology will be applied to the next NSSO (large) sample survey data for 2009-10.
6. Urban-Urban Divide
According to National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 50th and 61st Rounds data, the Gini ratio
of urban consumption distribution (that ranges from 0 with perfect equality to 1 with perfect inequality)
increased from 0.34 in 1993-94 to 0.38 in 2004-05, widening the divide between the rich and the poor in
cities (Planning Commission, 2007). The per capita expenditure of the bottom 20 per cent of urban households
increased at a slower pace than that of the middle 60 per cent or top 20 per cent. During 1993-94 to 2004-
05, the share of the bottom 20 per cent of urban households in total consumption expenditure decreased by
0.78 percentage point, from 8.04 per cent in 1993-94 to 7.26 per cent in 2004-05. In contrast, the share of
the top 20 per cent of urban households in total consumption expenditure increased by 2.47 percentage
points - from 42.81 per cent in 1993-94 to 45.28 per cent in 2004-05. Inequalities in household expenditure
have widened in States such as Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and West Bengal (see Table 34).
Table 34 Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban Households
in Consumption Expenditure – 1993-94 & 2004-05
Percentage
State Bottom 20% Top 20%
1993-94 2004-05 1993-94 2004-05
Andhra Pradesh 7.57 7.24 40.31 45.18
Assam 6.74 6.21 35.89 38.71
Bihar 7.28 6.60 38.77 41.19
Gujarat 6.81 6.00 36.28 37.40
Haryana 6.64 7.04 35.33 43.90
Himachal Pradesh 10.78 6.29 57.38 39.24
Jammu & Kashmir 6.76 4.87 35.96 30.40
Karnataka 7.46 7.13 39.72 44.46
Kerala 8.04 7.93 42.78 49.44
Madhya Pradesh 7.73 7.86 41.17 49.00
Maharashtra 8.36 7.31 44.52 45.49
Orissa 7.19 6.83 38.26 42.62
Punjab 6.57 7.77 34.95 48.49
Rajasthan 6.87 7.19 36.56 44.85
Tamil Nadu 8.14 6.94 43.34 43.26
Uttar Pradesh 7.64 7.09 40.67 44.23
West Bengal 7.91 7.42 42.13 46.27
All India 8.04 7.26 42.81 45.28
Source: NSSO 50th (1993-94) & 61st (2004-05) Rounds Survey; India Urban Poverty Report 2009, p.263.
63
7. Gender Dimensions of Urban Poverty
7.1 The number of urban poor women was estimated at 403 lakhs in 2004-05. Table 35 presents the
estimated number of urban and rural poor women and men and their growth rates for 1993-94 to 2004-05.
As may be seen, the number of urban poor - both under urban male and female categories, increased in
absolute numbers. However, the compound annual growth rate for female urban poor is higher than that for
the male urban poor.
Table 35 Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates - 1993-94 &
2004-05
Area 1993-94 2004-05 Compound Annual

(No. in Lakhs) (No. in Lakhs) Growth Rate 1993-94 – 2004-05
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Urban 377.7 385.7 402.5 405.4 0.58 0.46
Rural 1,205.7 1,234.6 1105.9 1,103.4 -0.78 -1.02
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation 50th & 61st Rounds; India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.31.
7.2 Table 36 presents the HCR of poverty by head of household in urban and rural areas in 1993-94 and
2004-05. Female-headed Households (FHHs) have been subject to a higher incidence of poverty compared
to Male-headed Households (MHH) in both urban and rural areas. As against the urban poverty ratio of 25.7
per cent for the country as a whole, that for FHH was 28.6 per cent in 2004-05 as per Planning Commission
estimates (Lakdawala methodology). The break-up of FHH in urban areas in 2004-05, as indicated by the
61st Round National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data, is as follows: widows – 67.9 per cent, currently
married – 20.3 per cent, divorced/separated – 3.5% and never married – 8.2%.
Table 36 Head Count Ratio (HCR) of Poverty by Head of Household - 1993-94 &
2004-05
Percentage
Area 1993-94 2004-05
Female Head Male Head Female Head Male Head
Urban 36.92 32.26 28.74 25.65
Rural 35.48 37.34 28.80 27.99
Source: NSSO 50th & 61st Round Surveys and Planning Commission; India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.32.
7.3 Table 37 presents the share of FHH in various Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE)
classes in urban and rural areas. As the table reveals, the proportion of FHH increased in both urban and
rural areas between 1993-94 and 2004-05. In urban areas the figure increased from 10.6 per cent in 1999-
2000 to 11.1 per cent in 2004-05. Compared to rural areas, the number of FHH in urban areas is more
concentrated in the lower MPCE categories. In fact, most FHH in cities and towns are poor. Also in the case
of better-off urban locations – in the top 20 per cent MPCE quintile, the percentage of FHH registered an
increase between 1993-94 and 2004-05.
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Slums in India
Table 37 Share of Female-headed Households (FHH) in various Monthly Per Capita

Expenditure (MPCE) Quimntiles - 1993-94 and 2004-05 (%)
Area Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 All
(Bottom 20%) (Top 20%)
Urban 1993-94 14.3 10.3 10.0 10.4 9.1 10.6
2004-05 12.3 11.6 10.7 10.3 11.2 11.1
Rural 1993-94 9.6 8.7 9.0 9.8 11.0 9.7
2004-05 9.8 9.9 10.2 11.4 14.1 11.3
Source: NSSO 50th (1993-94) & 61st (2004-05) Round Surveys, India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.34.
8. Trends in Urban Unemployment
The Indian economy registered a growth rate of a little over 8 per cent over the last four years of the
th
10 Five Year Plan, marking the highest growth rate achieved in any Plan period. However, employment
generation and quality of employment have been areas of concern. Table 38 depicts the trends in urban
unemployment as compared to rural unemployment based on various rounds of NSSO surveys. Table 39
shows the unemployment rates of persons 15 years & above according to usual status (out of 1000) for male
and female and by category of town.
Table 38 Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male
and Female - 1977-78 to 2007-08
NSSO Round/Year Rural Urban

Male Female Male Female
nd
32 Round (Jul.’77-Jun’78) 22 55 65 178
38th Round (Jan-Dec 1983) 21 14 59 69
43rd Round (Jul.’87-Jun’88) 28 35 61 85
50th Round (Jul.’93-Jun’94) 20 14 45 83
55th Round (Jul.’99-Jun’2000) 21 15 48 71
58th Round (Jul.’02-Dec.’02) 18 10 47 61
61st Round (Jul.’04-Jun’05) 21 31 44 91
62nd Round (Jul.’05-Jun’06) 25 22 48 79
64th Round (2007-08) 23 19 40 66
Source: Various NSSO Rounds: 32nd Round (July 77-June 78), 38th Round (January-December 1983), 43rd
Round (July 87-June 88), 50th Round (July 93-June 94), 55th Round (July 99-June 2000), 58th Round (July 02-
December 2002), 61st Round (July 2004-June 2005). 64th Round (2007-08)
65
Table 39 Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual
Status (Out of 1000) – 1999-2000 & 2004-2005
Class 55th Round 61st Round 55th Round 61st Round

(1999-2000) (2004-2005) (1999-2000) (2004-2005)
Male Female
Class 1 47 34 64 43
Class 2 46 37 63 84
Class 3 40 41 47 68
Class 1 – 1 million plus, Class 2 -1 lakh to 5 lakhs, Class 3 - less than 1 lakh
Source: NSSO 55th and 61st Rounds
9. Data Appendices
Appendix 101-120 provide data relating to Urban Housing, Poverty and Employment in India.

101 Distribution of Households by Type of Houses occupied: 2001
102 Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001
103 State-wise Houseless Population (Total, Rural & Urban) in India- 2001
104 State-wise Housing Shortage in India- 2007 (in million)
105 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union Territories
1993-1994 (Based on URP Consumption)
1999-2000 (Based on MRP Consumption)
2004-05 (Based on URP Consumption)
108 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by States : 2004-05 ( Based on
MRP Consumption)
109 Trends in Percentage of Urban Population below the Poverty Line (1973-74 to 2004-05) –
Lakdawala Methodology
110 State-Specific Poverty Lines in 2004-05 (Rs. Per Capita per Month) – Lakdawala Methodology
111 Final Poverty Lines and Poverty Head Count Ratio for 2004-05 using Tendulkar Methodology
112 Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure - Rural (in Rs.)
113 Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure - Urban (in Rs.)
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Slums in India
114 Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30 Days by
NSSO Rounds: All-India – Urban
115 Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18 Groups of
Consumption Items over NSSO Rounds: All-India- Urban
116 Usual Principal Status Unemployment Rates (UR) of the Educated Persons of age 15 Years
and above - 2004-05
117 Urban Unemployment Rates (per 1000) for different NSS Rounds
118 Education-level Specific Usual Status (ps+ss) Unemployment Rate (UR) for Persons of
Age Groups 15-29 and 15 years and above during 2007-08
119 Unemployment Rate (per 1000) according to Usual Principal Status Approach for each State/
UT
120 Unemployment Rate (per 1000) according to Usual Status (Adjusted) Approach for Persons
of Age 15 Years and above
67
8 Approach to Urban Poverty & Slums
1. Approach by Government of India
1.1 The Government of India has adopted a two-pronged approach to deal with the problems of slums
and urban poverty in the country: These include the provision of basic services and shelter to the urban poor
and addressing their concerns of skill development, employment and income generation. The first formal
attempt to deal with urban poverty started in 1958 with the adoption of community development approach
in cities and towns through Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project. This was following the
successful adoption of the community development approach in rural areas.
Table 40 gives an account of the various initiatives undertaken by the Government of India during
different Five Year Plans till the 11th Plan:
Table 40 Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans
S.No Five Year/ Year (s) Major Thrust Areas / Programmes

Annual Plan
1. II 1956-61 Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project, which was
started in 1958 based on, an area-oriented approach - later
followed by a series of UCD pilot projects.
2. III 1961-66 Major thrust was on housing programmes and co-ordination of
efforts of all agencies and orienting the programmes to the needs
of the Low Income Groups. A scheme was introduced in 1959
to give loans to State Governments for a period of 10 years for
acquisition and development of land in order to make available
building sites in sufficient numbers.
3. IV 1969-74 Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) was
established to fund housing and urban development programmes,
especially for the poor. A scheme for Environmental Improvement
of Urban Slums (EIUS) was launched in the Central Sector from
1972-73 with a view to providing a minimum level of services
like safe drinking water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage,
pavements, community baths and latrines, street lighting etc. to
slum-dwellers in 11 cities with a population of 8 lakhs and above.
The scheme was later extended to 9 more cities.
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Slums in India
4. V 1974-79 The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act was enacted to
prevent the concentration of land holding in urban areas and to
make available urban land for construction of houses for the
middle and low-income groups.Environmental Improvement of
Urban Slums (EIUS) was transferred to State Governments for
implementation from 1974 onwards.
5. VI 1980-85 The Plan emphasized on integrated provision of services along
with shelter, particularly for the poor. The Integrated
Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) was
launched in towns with population below one lakh for provision
of roads, pavements, minor civic works, bus stands, markets,
shopping complex etc. Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme
was started in 1981 aiming at catering to the basic physical and
social needs of the urban poor with a view to improving their
living conditions.
6. VII 1985-90 Seventh Five Year Plan made the first conscious attempt to
directly address the urban poverty issues. In the very beginning
of the Seventh Plan, Government of India decided to expand
the programme of Urban Basic Services (UBS) implemented
during 1981-84 with collaboration of the UNICEF in 42 towns,
to 168 towns. The UBS aimed at catering to the basic physical
and social needs of the urban poor with a view to improving
their living conditions.Subsequently, as a follow up of the
recommendations made by the National Commission on
Urbanization (NCU), the Government of India adopted a four-
pronged strategy for addressing the issues of growing incidence
of poverty in urban areas comprising (a) employment creation
for low income communities through promotion of micro-
enterprises and public works: (b) housing and shelter upgradation;
(c) social development planning with special focus on
development of children and women; and (d) environmental
upgradation of slums. Based on the above mentioned strategy,
the Government of India adopted a comprehensive approach to
urban poverty alleviation by launching two schemes, namely, (i)
The Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY) launched in 1989; to cater to
the economic needs of the urban poor by providing them
69
employment opportunities through skill upgradation and

assistance by setting up their own micro-enterprises; and (ii) the
Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) which was a modified
UBS Programme, started in 1990. The UBSP Programme
envisaged fostering community structures comprising urban poor
for ensuring their effective participation in their developmental
activities.
7. Annual 1990-92 Constitution 74th Amendment Act was enacted. Article 243W
of the Act mandated the setting up of elected municipalities as
‘institutions of self government’ - the third tier of government.
The Act envisaged urban poverty alleviation, slum upgradation
and protection of interests of weaker sections as amongst the
legitimate functions of Urban Local Bodies.
8. VIII 1992-97 The Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication
Programme (PMIUPEP) was started in 1995 for improving the
quality of life of urban poor by creating a facilitating environment
through community-based planning and implementation. The
objective of the scheme was effective achievement of social
sector goals, community empowerment, employment generation
and environmental improvement. The PMIUPEP incorporated
within itself all the components of UBSP as also the self-
employment, physical infrastructure creation component and the
shelter upgradation components of NRY. The programme,
however, was applicable to 345 Class II towns and 79 specifically
identified district headquarters and hill areas. The National Slum
Development Programme (NSDP) was launched in 1996,
providing Additional Central Assistance to States for the
upgradation of urban slums. The scheme covered the provision
of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains,
sewer, community bath, community latrines, widening and paving
of existing lanes, street lights etc. and social infrastructure and
community amenities like pre-school education, non-formal
education, adult education, maternity, child health and primary
health care including immunization etc.
9. IX 1997-2002 As per the recommendations of the Committee headed by Prof.
S.R. Hashim, all the three ongoing urban poverty alleviation
70
Slums in India
schemes, namely Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), Urban Basic

Services for the Poor (UBSP) and Prime Minister’s Integrated
Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP) were
subsumed in a new scheme, namely Swarna Jayanti Shahari
Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), which was launched with effect from
1.12.1997.Programme for Infrastructure Development for Mega
Cities, called the Mega City Scheme, was launched in 1997
covering Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
The scheme of Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) was
launched on 15th August 2001 with the objectives to provide or
upgrade shelter to slum-dwellers living below poverty line and
converge the same with environmental improvement of urban
slums. A National City Sanitation Project called Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan was also started as an integral component of VAMBAY.
10. X 2002-2007 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
was launched on 3rd December 2005 with a commitment of
Rs.50,000 Crores as Additional Central Assistance to States for
the provision of city-wide infrastructure and basic services to
the urban poor over the Mission Period 2005-12, with focus on
an urban sector reform agenda to be implemented by State
Governments and Urban Local Bodies.
1.2 The initiatives of the Government of India in recent years, including those in the 11th Five Year Plan
to address the issues of slums and urban poverty – affordable housing, basic amenities and lack of skill and
employment opportunities for the urban poor are summarized as follows:
2 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
2.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) aims at focusing attention on the integrated
development of urban infrastructure and services with an emphasis on the provision of affordable housing and
basic amenities to the urban poor, including water supply, drainage, sewerage, solid waste management, community
facilities etc. The Mission has four components: Urban Infrastructure & Governance (UIG) and Basic Services to
the Urban Poor (BSUP), applicable to 65 cities of national importance and Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) applicable to other cities and towns. UIG and UIDSSMT focus on the development of city-wide
infrastructure, whereas BSUP and IHSDP focus on housing and basic amenities to the urban poor, especially
slum-dwellers. The earlier schemes of National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) and Valmiki Ambedkar
Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) have been subsumed under IHSDP.
71
2.2 The broad objectives of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) are:
• Planned urban development;

• Integrated development of urban infrastructural services;
• Effective linkages between asset creation and asset management;
• Ensuring adequate investment of funds in cities;
• Scaling up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to
the urban poor;
• Taking up urbanm renewal programme, i.e., redevelopment of inner (old) cities area to reduce
congestion; and
• Provision of basic services to urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, where
possible in situ, improved housing, water supply, sanitation, education, health and social security.
2.3 The Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) components of JNNURM aim at the integrated provision of affordable housing and basic amenities
to the urban poor, with focus on slums. They contemplate the following key reforms relating to pro-poor
governance:
• Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies)
for EWS/LIG category with a system of cross-subsidization;
• Internal earmarking within local body budgets for basic services to the urban poor; and
• Implementation of 7-Point Charter, i.e. provision of basic services to urban poor, including security
of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery of
already existing universal services of the Government for education, health and social security within
the Mission period (2005-12) as per agreed timelines.
The essence of the above reforms are: (i) enabling the urban poor to have access to urban land and
not squeezing them out of the urban land market in the face of sky-rocketing land prices; (ii) facilitating a
dedicated budget/fund to be created at the city/state level to ensure a steady flow of resources for urban
poverty alleviation and slum upgradation, including the provision of land and housing to the poor; and (iii)
providing basic entitlements and services to be provided to the urban poor based on agreed milestones and
deliberately planned efforts to develop “inclusive” cities. These reforms are to be undertaken in conjunction
with other reforms aimed at creating an enabling framework of good urban governance for planned and
sustainable development of cities and towns.
2.4 Table 41 shows the physical and financial progress of BSUP and IHSDP as on 22.03.2011
72
Slums in India
Table 41 Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
Sl. No. Cumulative Physical Progress (Rs. in Crores)

BSUP IHSDP Total
1. Number of Projects Approved 490 993 1483
2. Number of States/UTs covered 31 31 -
3. Number of Cities/Towns covered 64 839 903
4. Number of Dwelling Units approved 1052666 530765 1583431
5. Number of Dwelling Units on which 310048 129612 439660
Construction started
6. Number of Dwelling Units completed 290882 116021 406903
7. Number of Dwelling Units Occupied 129858 69902 199760
Cumulative Financial Progress
8. Mission (7-years) allocation (revised) 16356.35 6828.31 23184.66
9. Total Project Cost approved 28521.71 10294.89 38816.60
10. Additional Central Assistance 14381.25 6910.71 21291.96
(ACA Committed
11 Total State Share approved 14138.07 3341.93 17480.00
12 Total ACA released 6591.83 3912.13 10503.96
Source: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India
3 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
3.1 The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), which has been under implementation since
1997, has been comprehensively revamped. The revised scheme came into operation from 1st April 2009.
The scheme strives to provide support for employment of the unemployed and under-employed urban poor,
through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures, skill development and also providing wage
employment by utilizing their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets.
3.2 The objectives of the revamped SJSRY are:
• Addressing urban poverty alleviation through gainful employment for the urban unemployed or
underemployed poor by encouraging them to set up self-employment ventures (individual or group),
with support for their sustainability or undertake wage employment;
• Supporting skill development and training programmes to enable the urban poor to have access to
employment opportunities opened up by the market or undertake self-employment; and
• Empowering the community to tackle the issues of urban poverty through suitable self-managed
community structures like Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs), Neighbourhood Committees (NHC),
Community Development Society (CDS), etc.
73
3.3 The revised SJSRY scheme has the following five components; the targets under these components
are as follows:
(i) Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) - Targeted at individuals among the urban poor for the
setting up of micro-enterprises;
(ii) Urban Women Self-help Programme (UWSP) - Targeted at urban poor women self-help groups for
setting up of group-enterprises and providing them assistance through a revolving fund for thrift &
credit/self-help group activities;
(iii)Skill Training for Employment Promotion amongst Urban Poor (STEP-UP) - Targeted at urban poor
for imparting quality skills training to the urban poor so as to enhance their employability for better
salaried/wage employment offered by the market or self-employment;
(iv)Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) - Targeted at assisting the urban poor by utilizing
their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets, in towns having
population less than 5 lakhs as per 1991 census; and
(v) Urban Community Development Network (UCDN) - Targeted at assisting the urban poor in organizing
themselves into self-managed community structures so as to gain collective strength to address the
issues of poverty facing them and participate in the effective implementation of urban poverty
alleviation programmes.
3.4 Table 42 shows the cumulative financial and physical progress under SJSRY as on 22.03.2011:
Table 42 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress
Sl.No. Cumulative Progress (since 1997-98) (Rs. in Crores)

1. Total number of Towns covered under SJSRY 3940
2. Total number of Urban Poor assisted to set up Micro-enterprises 1136636
3. Total number of DWCUA Groups formed 100454
4. Total number of Women Beneficiaries assisted under DWCUA Groups
for setting up of Micro-enterprises 443846
5. Total number of Urban Poor imparted Skill Training 1869309
6. Total number of Thrift and Credit Societies formed 414670
7. Total number of Man-days of Work generated under Wage Employment
(In lakhs) 761.31
8. Total Central Funds spent by the State/UT under SJSRY since Inception,
i.e.1997 (Rs. Crore) 2406.06
Source: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India
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Slums in India
4. National Policy on Urban Street Vendors
4.1 In 2004, the Government of India formulated a National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, which
aimed at recognizing the positive contribution of street vendors to the society and also the promotion of
street vending as an urban poverty alleviation measure. Considering the difficulties in implementation of the
2004 Policy and taking into account the views of the National Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganised
Sector (NCEUS), 2007 report and that the Policy required a supporting legal framework to be effective, the
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated the Revised National Policy on Urban
Street Vendors 2009 and Model Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending)
Bill, 2009. The Policy has come to effect since 1.4.2009.
4.2 It is envisaged that the following actions will be undertaken at the State level in pursuance of the
National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 2009 and Model Law on Street Vendors 2009:
• Enacting a Law on Urban Street Vending, taking into account the Model Bill, with the overall interest
of the vendors kept in view, suiting local conditions and also respecting any court decisions that may
impinge on the issue;
• Taking steps to restructure Master Planning laws and City Master/Zonal/Local Area Plans to make
them ‘inclusive’ and addressing the requirements of space for street vending as an important urban
activity through “norms” for reservation of space for street vendors in accordance with their current
population and projected growth;
• Ensuring the demarcation of ‘Restriction-free Vending Zones’, ‘Restricted Vending Zones’, ‘No-
vending Zones’ and ‘Mobile Vending Areas’ in every city/town, taking into account the natural
propensity of street vendors to locate in certain places at certain times in response to the patterns of
demand for their goods/services or the formation of “natural markets”, traffic congestion and other
factors in view;
• Requiring Urban Local Bodies/Development Authorities to allocate sufficient space for temporary
‘Vendors’ Markets’ such as Weekly Haats, Rehri Markets, Night Bazaars, Festival Bazaars, Food
Streets/Street Food Marts etc., with suitable timing restrictions;
• Providing a framework for the registration of street vendors, issuance of identity cards and regulation
of street vendors, including the constitution of Town Vending Committees in all cities/towns and, if
considered appropriate, at the level of wards/groups of wards, representing the local authority, planning
authority, police, associations of street vendors, resident welfare associations, civil society
organizations such as NGOs, CBOs, professional groups, trade and commerce associations, scheduled
banks and eminent citizens;
• Facilitating a comprehensive, digitalized photo census/survey/GIS mapping through competent
professional institutions/agencies to build a robust database and information system on street vendors
75
in every city/town for the purpose of granting registration to street vendors, issuing identity cards
and leasehold rights for the use of vending spaces/stalls;
• Formulating a scheme for street vendors to enable them to earn an honest livelihood without
harassment from officials and with access to civic facilities, health care schemes, education and skills
training, credit and insurance, social security, rehabilitation of child vendors, promotion of Vendors’
Organisations and maintenance of health and hygiene in vending places and vendors’ markets;
• Establishing a State Nodal Office for coordinating the implementation of the National Policy,
maintenance of database, formulation and implementation of programmes for the benefit of street
vendors, addressing the grievances of street vendors and reporting to the Government of India from
time to time.
5. National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007
5.1 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated the National Urban Housing
& Habitat Policy, 2007 (NUHHP-2007) which primarily aims at providing a framework for provision of
housing and basic infrastructure facilities to Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)/ Low Income Groups
(LIG) and other sections of the society at affordable cost. The salient features of NUHHP-2007 are:
• Target at Affordable Urban Housing for All with special emphasis on the urban poor, especially
Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Backward Classes/ Minorities and on empowerment of Women;
• Lay emphasis on inclusive urban planning and increasing supply of land for affordable housing,
removing legal impediments, using spatial incentives like additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR),
Transferable Development Rights (TDR), etc., accelerating flow of funds, promoting healthy
environment, effective solid waste management, use of renewable sources of energy and adoption
of participatory approach;
• Encouraging Integrated Townships and Special Economic Zones that are inclusive;
• Reserving 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing projects or 20-25% Floor Area Ratio
(FAR), whichever is greater for EWS/LIG housing through appropriate spatial incentives;
• Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP): The private sector to undertake land assembly within the purview
of Master Plans with focus on inclusion. Action Plans for urban Slum-dwellers and special package
for Cooperative Housing, Labour Housing and Employees Housing to be prepared.
• Accord primacy to the provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or near their work
place with emphasis on in-situ slum rehabilitation; relocation to be considered only in specific cases.
• Micro-finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of housing finance to urban
poor.
• Focus on detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey and ground verification.
Efforts should be on encouraging the use of proven cost-effective technology and building materials,
76
Slums in India
developing mass rapid transit system at sub-regional level, and creating green cover in and habitats
cities for balanced ecological development.
5.2 NHHUP-2007 envisages that the States/UTs would develop a “Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan”
for all cities with a population of over one lakh. It also envisages that they prepare 10-year perspective plan
for housing of EWS/LIG. Encouragement and support are to be provided by the Central Government to
State Governments for the preparation of State Urban Housing and Habitat Policy and Action Plan. State/
UT policy is required to provide a road map for institutional, legal and financial reforms to promote affordable
housing to all, especially to the urban poor.
6. Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS)
6.1 Low cost sanitation is seen as an important solution to the dehumanizing practice of manual scavenging.
The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS) aims at the conversion of individual dry latrines into
pour-flush latrines, thereby liberating manual scavengers from the age-old, obnoxious practice of manually
carrying the night soil. The scheme has recently been revised to implement it more effectively. The focus of
the scheme is on conversion of dry latrines and construction of new latrines for latrine-less households so as
to address the issues of sanitation in cities and towns.
6.2 Upper ceiling cost of Rs. 10,000/- has been provided for the complete unit of a two-pit pour flush
individual latrine with superstructure (excluding states falling in difficult / hilly areas). For states falling in
the category of difficult and hilly areas, an extra cost of 25% has been provided for each two-pit pour flush
latrine. The scheme is limited to EWS households only and does not entail a loan component.
7 Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP)
7.1 A scheme for Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) has been launched in 2009 as part of the
existing Sub-Mission of Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The scheme is in response to the recognition of the constraints on
supply of housing for the economically poor categories and is aimed at incentivizing land assembly for
affordable housing for the urban poor in various kinds of partnerships. It also intends to provide a stimulus
to economic activities through the multiplier effects of housing on other sectors of the economy.
7.2 The scheme of AHP has an outlay of Rs. 5,000 crores for the 11th Plan and a target of construction
of one million houses for Economically Weaker Section (EWS)/Low Income Group (LIG)/Middle Income
Group (MIG) categories with at least 25% for EWS category. The scheme aims at partnership between
various agencies: Government/ Parastatals/ Urban Local Bodies/ Developers for realizing the goal of
affordable housing for all and facilitating the creation of inclusive habitats.
77
8. Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP)
8.1 The interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), launched in 2008-09, seeks to
provide a subsidy of 5 per cent per annum on interest on loans up to Rs 1 lakh taken for housing purposes by
the urban poor, admissible over the full period of the loan. The scheme aims at leveraging the flow of
institutional finance for the EWS (with monthly income of up to Rs 5,000) and LIG (with monthly income
between Rs 5,001 and Rs 10,000). EWS and LIG households can avail an affordable housing loan for the
purchase of house or for the construction of new house under the scheme. Beneficiary borrowers may
choose fixed or floating rates. An additional 1% p.a. (maximum) will be permitted to be charged by banks/
Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) if fixed rate loans are extended which will be subject to review after a
minimum period of 5 years. Mortgage of the dwelling unit is to be accepted as the primary security under
ISHUP. There would be no collateral security/third party guarantee for loans up to and inclusive of Rs. 1
lakh, excluding group guarantee. No levy of prepayment charges would be permitted.
8.2 Under ISHUP, the Net Present Value (NPV) subsidy is given to the lenders on an up-front and
quarterly basis. The NPV subsidy to the lender will be deducted from the principal loan amount of the
borrower, who will then have to pay interest to the Bank/Housing Finance Institution (HFI) at an agreed
document rate for the whole duration of the loan. The advantages of this method are as under:
• The interest subsidy directly accrues to the benefit of the borrower upfront reducing his principal
outstanding amount;
• The EMI for any beneficiary type is lower than in a situation where the interest subsidy is disbursed
through the loan period quarterly;
• The transactional complexity of administering and accounting of provision of subsidy disbursal
through quarterly loan periods as well as cost involved for the PLIs claiming subsidy periodically and
National Housing Bank (NHB) / HUDCO on behalf of the Government of India effecting payments
is reduced;
• The beneficial impact of the upfront subsidy on the acceptability of borrowers should be higher than
in the case of periodical subsidy payment;
• The lenders prefer the upfront adjustment mechanism not only for reasons of administrative
convenience but also for facilitating credit risk evaluation. This is because the borrower’s equity in
the house goes up or the loan-to-value ratio comes down. This should also facilitate greater coverage
of borrowers.
9. Rajiv Awas Yojana
9.1 The President of India has announced a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) on June 4,
2009 for the slum-dwellers and urban poor, aimed at ushering in a ‘Slum-free India’ by encouraging States/
78
Slums in India
Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner. RAY calls for a multi-prolonged
approach focusing on:
• Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level of
basic amenities as the rest of the town;
• Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums and squatter
settlements; and
• Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor
and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and
employment.
Rajiv Awas Yojana would dovetail the schemes of Affordable Housing in Partnership and Interest
Subsidy for Housing the Urban Poor. It would extend support to States that are willing to assign property
rights to people living in slum areas. Property right need not be land; it could preferably be dwelling space.
9.2 As with JNNURM, the goals of RAY will be driven and incentivised by the provision of central
support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditional to a set of reforms
necessary for urban development to become inclusive.
9.3 As part of the preparatory activities for Rajiv Awas Yojana, the Government of India has launched a
scheme called Slum-free City Planning Scheme with a view to supporting States and Urban Local Bodies in
activities like slum survey, Slum MIS, GIS mapping of slums, GIS-MIS integration and preparation of Slum-
free City and State Plans.
10 11th Five-Year Plans: Strategy
10.1 The 11th Five Year Plan has adopted ‘inclusive growth’ as the dominant paradigm for India’s
development. The monitorable socio-economic targets for the 11th Five Year Plan, set out by the Planning
Commission as part of the inclusive growth strategy, include the following:
• Accelerate the growth rate of GDP from 8% to 10% and then maintain GDP growth at 10% in the
12th Plan in order to double the per capita income by 2016-2017;
• Increase the agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits;
• Create 70 million new employment opportunities;
• Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%;
• Raise real wage rate of unskilled workers by 20 percent;
• Reduce the headcount ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points.
As may be seen, employment creation, reduction in unemployment, raising real wages of unskilled
workers through skill development and reducing poverty are among the core objectives of the 11th Five Year
Plan.
79
10.2 The 11th Five Year Plan has identified the following primary causes of urban poverty and growth in
slums:
i) Structural - which include socially constructed constraints to opportunities for low-income groups;
ii) Influx of a large number of workers to cities without commensurate job opportunities and availability
of housing and basic amenities;
iii) High cost of living, including the cost of health care and medical facilities, housing, transport and
education;
iv) Lack of urban planning, especially for housing low-income categories and the provision of land for
informal sector activities;
v) Absence of adequate regulation to protect the economic interest of the poor; and
vi) Lack of involvement of the poor in urban planning and developmental processes.
10.3 The 11th Five Year Plan has adopted the objectives of urban poverty alleviation and slum development/
upgradation as part of the strategy of ‘inclusive growth’ (see Boxes 1 & 2). ‘Inclusive cities’ are needed as
key instruments of ‘inclusive growth’. The development of inclusive cities needs meticulous and ‘informed’
planning, policy-making, programme formulation and implementation based on authentic and reliable data.
Box 1
th
11 Plan: Objective for Urmban Poverty Alleviation
• To policy-making, programme formulation and implemeTo provide the urban poor affordable shelter
and decent living and working conditions;
• To make adequate provision of land for the poor in the master plan itself;
• To help in developing self-employment enterprises and job creation for the wage employment earners;
and
• To protect the economic interest and safety of women and other vulnerable sections of our society.
Source: 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission of India
Box 2
th
11 Plan: Objective for Slum Development
• Creating and updating database on slums;
• City-wise perspective and integrated slum development plans;
• Augmenting and facilitating access to services for slum dwellers;
• Granting tenure security to slum dwellers;
• In-situ upgradation and resettlement options for slum improvement;
• Using land as a resource for housing and shelter development for slum dwellers.
Source: 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission of India
80
Slums in India
References
Census of India 2001: General Population Tables (India, States and Union Territories, Table A-4, Part II). New
Delhi. Ministry of Home Affairs.
____ Series H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. 2006. Report of the Technical Group
(11th Five Year Plan: 2007-12) on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage. New Delhi:
____ (2009). India Urban Poverty Report: 2009. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India:
Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010
National Sample Survey Organisation: Conditions of Slum Area in Cities, NSSO 31st Round Survey, 1977
____ (1993) Slums in India, NSSO 58th Round Survey, Report No. 417
____ (1993) Housing Condition in India, NSSO 49th Round (Jan.1993-June.1993)
____ (2000) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 1999-2000 (Part I)’, NSSO 61st Round (July 1999-
June 2000), Report No. 458
____ (2000) Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000, NSS 55th Round, July 1999-June 2000.
____ (2002) Housing Condition in India, NSSO 58th Round (July to December 2002)
____ (2002) Conditions of Slums 2002, NSSO 58th Round Survey, Report No. 486
____ (2005) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05 (Part I), NSSO 61st Round (July 2004-
June 2005), Report No. 518
____ (2009) Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009)
____ (2010) Some Characteristics of Urban Slums 2008-09, NSSO 65th Round, Report No. 534
Planning Commission, Government of India (1979), Report of the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs
and Effective Consumption Demand, Perspective Planning Division.
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____ (1993), Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor
____ (2007), Estimates of Poverty, Press Release dated 21st March 2007
____ (2007), Towards Faster & More Inclusive Growth: An approach to the 11th Five Year Plan 2007-2012
____ (2008), Eleventh Five Year Plan
____ (2010), Eleventh Five Year Plan Mid-Term Review Press Note 2010
____ (2011), Estimates of Poverty, Press Release dated 27th January 2011
UN-Habitat: Challenges of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003
____ (2003) Report of the Expert Group Meeting on Slum Identification and Mapping
____ (2006) The State of the World’s Cities Report 2006/2007
____ (2010) The State of World’s Cities 2010/2011 – Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide
United Nations, World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2007 Revision, United Nations 2008.
82
Demographic Profile
of India - 2001
Slums in India
Appendix 1 Geographical Area of States & Union Territories: 2001
States / UTs Area in sq. km. Proportion to Rank

India’s Total Area
Total Rural Urban
Andhra Pradesh 275,045.00 270,297.50 4,747.50 8.37 4
Arunachal Pradesh 83,743.00 N.A. N.A. 2.55 14
Assam 78,438.00 77,476.23 961.77 2.39 16
Bihar 94,163.00 92,358.40 1,804.60 2.86 12
Chhattisgarh 135,191.00 133,325.25 1,865.75 4.11 10
Goa 3,702.00 3,190.33 511.67 0.11 29
Gujarat 196,024.00 190,796.50 5,227.50 5.96 7
Haryana 44,212.00 42,931.63 1,280.37 1.35 20
Himachal Pradesh 55,673.00 55,431.29 241.71 1.69 17
Jammu & Kashmir 222,236.00 221,272.69 963.31 6.76 6
Jharkhand 79,714.00 77,921.57 1,792.43 2.43 15
Karnataka 191,791.00 186,590.02 5,200.98 5.83 8
Kerala 38,863.00 35,611.14 3,251.86 1.18 21
Madhya Pradesh 308,245.00 301,283.24 6,961.76 9.38 2
Maharashtra 307,713.00 300,357.20 7,355.80 9.36 3
Manipur 22,327.00 22,176.81 150.19 0.68 23
Meghalaya 22,429.00 22,199.28 229.72 0.68 22
Mizoram 21,081.00 20,494.08 586.92 0.64 24
Nagaland 16,579.00 16,431.76 147.24 0.5 25
Orissa 155,707.00 152,912.87 2,794.13 4.74 9
Punjab 50,362.00 48,265.38 2,096.62 1.53 19
Rajasthan 342,239.00 336,807.81 5,431.19 10.41 1
Sikkim 7,096.00 N.A. N.A. 0.22 28
Tamil Nadu 130,058.00 117,532.75 12,525.25 3.96 11
Tripura 10,486.00 10,345.60 140.40 0.32 26
Uttar Pradesh 240,928.00 234,369.81 6,558.19 7.33 5
Uttarakhand 53,483.00 52,686.23 796.77 1.63 18
West Bengal 88,752.00 85,427.26 3,324.74 2.70 13
A & N Islands 8,249.00 8,222.66 26.34 0.25 27
Chandigarh 114.00 34.66 79.34 N.A. 33
D & N Haveli 491.00 473.83 17.17 0.02 31
Daman & Diu 112.00 88.64 23.36 N.A. 34
N.C.T. Delhi 1,483.00 558.32 924.68 0.05 30
Lakshadweep 32.00 21.41 10.59 N.A. 35
Puducherry 479.00 345.59 133.41 0.01 32
INDIA 3,287,263.00 3,118,237.74 78,163.26 100 -
Note: India’s Total Area Figure includes:
• 78,114 sq. km. under illegal occupation of Pakistan and 5,180 sq. km. illegally handed over by Pakistan to China
• 37,555 sq. km. under illegal occupation of China in Leh (Ladakh) district.
• Shortfall of 7 sq. km. area of Madhya Pradesh and 3 sq. km. area of Chhattisgarh is yet to be resolved by Survey
of India.
• 13 Sq. km disputed area between Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh which is not included in both the States
The Figure excludes Rural/Urban area Figures of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
85
Appendix 2 Total Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 - 2001
States / UTs Total Population (million)

1971 1981 1991 2001
Andhra Pradesh 43.50 53.55 66.51 76.21
Arunachal Pradesh 0.47 0.63 0.86 1.10
Assam 14.63 18.04 22.41 26.66
Bihar 42.13 52.30 64.53 83.00
Chhattisgarh 11.64 14.01 17.61 20.83
Goa 0.80 1.01 1.17 1.35
Gujarat 26.70 34.09 41.31 50.67
Haryana 10.04 12.92 16.46 21.14
Jammu & Kashmir 4.62 5.99 7.84 10.14
Jharkhand 14.23 17.61 21.84 26.95
Karnataka 29.30 37.14 44.98 52.85
Kerala 21.35 25.45 29.10 31.84
Madhya Pradesh 30.02 38.17 48.57 60.35
Maharashtra 50.41 62.78 78.94 96.88
Manipur 1.07 1.42 1.84 2.29
Meghalaya 1.01 1.34 1.77 2.32
Mizoram 0.33 0.49 0.69 0.89
Nagaland 0.52 0.77 1.21 1.99
Orissa 21.94 26.37 31.66 36.80
Punjab 13.55 16.79 20.28 24.36
Rajasthan 25.77 34.26 44.01 56.51
Sikkim 0.21 0.32 0.41 0.54
Tamil Nadu 41.20 48.41 55.86 62.41
Tripura 1.56 2.05 2.76 3.20
Uttar Pradesh 83.85 105.14 132.06 166.20
Uttarakhand 4.49 5.73 7.05 8.49
West Bengal 44.31 54.58 68.08 80.18
A & N Islands 0.12 0.19 0.28 0.36
Chandigarh 0.26 0.45 0.64 0.90
D & N Haveli 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.22
Daman & Diu 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.16
Delhi 4.07 6.22 9.42 13.85
Lakshadweep 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Puducherry 0.47 0.60 0.81 0.97
INDIA 548.16 683.33 846.42 1028.74
Note: The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
Maram, Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
• The population Figures of J&K excludes population of areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and
China where census could not be taken.
86
Slums in India
Appendix 3 Rural Population of States & Union Territories: 1971- 2001
States / UTs Rural Population (million)

1971 1981 1991 2001
Andhra Pradesh 35.10 41.06 48.62 55.40
Assam 13.34 16.26 19.93 23.22
Bihar 38.77 47.16 57.82 74.32
Chhattisgarh 10.43 11.95 14.55 16.65
Goa 0.59 0.68 0.69 0.68
Gujarat 19.20 23.48 27.06 31.74
Haryana 8.26 10.09 12.41 15.03
Jammu & Kashmir 3.76 4.73 6.04 7.63
Jharkhand 11.95 14.04 17.20 20.95
Karnataka 22.18 26.41 31.07 34.89
Kerala 17.88 20.68 21.42 23.57
Madhya Pradesh 24.44 29.64 36.29 44.38
Maharashtra 34.70 40.79 48.40 55.78
Manipur 0.93 1.05 1.33 1.72
Meghalaya 0.86 1.09 1.44 1.86
Mizoram 0.29 0.37 0.37 0.45
Nagaland 0.47 0.65 1.00 1.65
Orissa 20.10 23.26 27.42 31.29
Punjab 10.33 12.14 14.29 16.10
Rajasthan 21.22 27.05 33.94 43.29
Sikkim 0.19 0.27 0.37 0.48
Tamil Nadu 28.73 32.46 36.78 34.92
Tripura 1.39 1.83 2.34 2.65
Uttar Pradesh 72.20 86.39 106.09 131.66
Uttarakhand 3.76 4.58 5.42 6.31
West Bengal 33.34 40.13 49.37 57.75
A & N Islands 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.24
Chandigarh 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.09
D & N Haveli 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.17
Daman & Diu 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.10
Delhi 0.42 0.45 0.95 0.94
Lakshadweep 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
Puducherry 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.33
INDIA 439.05 523.87 628.86 742.62
Note
• The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
87
Appendix 4 Urban Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 - 2001
States / UTs Urban Population (million)

1971 1981 1991 2001
Andhra Pradesh 8.40 12.49 17.89 20.81
Assam 1.29 1.78 2.49 3.44
Bihar 3.36 5.14 6.71 8.68
Chhattisgarh 1.21 2.06 3.06 4.19
Goa 0.20 0.32 0.48 0.67
Gujarat 7.50 10.60 14.25 18.93
Haryana 1.77 2.83 4.05 6.12
Jammu & Kashmir 0.86 1.26 1.79 2.52
Jharkhand 2.28 3.57 4.64 5.99
Karnataka 7.12 10.73 13.91 17.96
Kerala 3.47 4.77 7.68 8.27
Madhya Pradesh 5.58 8.53 12.27 15.97
Maharashtra 15.71 21.99 30.54 41.10
Manipur 0.14 0.38 0.51 0.58
Meghalaya 0.15 0.24 0.33 0.45
Mizoram 0.04 0.12 0.32 0.44
Nagaland 0.05 0.12 0.21 0.34
Orissa 1.85 3.11 4.23 5.52
Punjab 3.22 4.65 5.99 8.26
Rajasthan 4.54 7.21 10.07 13.21
Sikkim 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.06
Tamil Nadu 12.46 15.95 19.08 27.48
Tripura 0.16 0.23 0.42 0.55
Uttar Pradesh 11.65 18.75 25.97 34.54
Uttarakhand 0.73 1.15 1.63 2.18
West Bengal 10.97 14.45 18.71 22.43
A & N Islands 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.12
Chandigarh 0.23 0.42 0.58 0.81
D & N Haveli - 0.01 0.01 0.05
Daman & Diu 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06
Delhi 3.65 5.77 8.47 12.91
Lakshadweep - 0.02 0.03 0.03
Puducherry 0.20 0.32 0.52 0.65
INDIA 109.11 159.46 217.57 286.12
Note
The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao Maram,
Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
88
Slums in India
Appendix 5 Number of Villages, Rural Households, Rural Geographical Area & Rural
Population Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
States / UTs No. of No. of No. of HH Population Area Populat

Habited Unhabit-ed in sq. km. -ion per
Villages Villages sq.km.
Andhra Pradesh 26613 1510 12607167 55401067 270297.50 205
Arunachal 3863 202 166468 870087 NA NA
Assam 25124 1188 4203976 23216288 77476.23 300
Bihar 39015 6083 12407132 74316709 92358.40 805
Chhattisgarh 19744 564 3273647 16648056 133325.25 125
Goa 347 12 145229 677091 3190.33 212
Gujarat 18066 473 5941858 31740767 190796.50 166
Haryana 6764 191 2541980 15029260 42931.63 350
Himachal 17495 2623 1079797 5482319 55431.29 99
Jammu & Kashmir 6417 235 1167108 7627062 221272.69 76
Jharkhand 29354 3261 3736524 20952088 77921.57 269
Karnataka 27481 1925 6725882 34889033 186590.02 187
Kerala 1364 0 5010259 23574449 35611.14 662
Madhya Pradesh 52117 3276 7996300 44380878 301283.24 147
Maharashtra 41095 2616 11173512 55777647 300357.20 186
Manipur 2315 76 273098 1717928 22176.81 77
Meghalaya 5782 244 333119 1864711 22199.28 84
Mizoram 707 110 86951 447567 20494.08 22
Nagaland 1278 39 263129 1647249 16431.76 100
Orissa 47529 3820 6618547 31287422 152912.87 205
Punjab 12278 395 2796284 16096488 48265.38 334
Rajasthan 39753 1600 7054434 43292813 336807.81 129
Sikkim 450 2 101225 480981 NA NA
Tamil Nadu 15400 917 8284383 34921681 117532.75 297
Tripura 858 12 539713 2653453 10345.60 256
Uttar Pradesh 97942 9510 20373081 131658339 234369.81 562
Uttarakhand 15761 1065 1185737 6310275 52686.23 120
West Bengal 37945 2837 11270822 57748946 85427.26 676
A & N Islands 501 46 51866 239954 8222.66 29
Chandigarh 23 1 22580 92120 34.66 2658
D & N Haveli 70 0 33938 170027 473.83 359
Daman & Diu 23 0 23204 100856 88.64 1138
Delhi 158 7 179804 944727 558.32 1692
Lakshadweep 8 16 5664 33683 21.41 1573
Puducherry 92 0 72966 325726 345.59 943
INDIA 593732 44856 13774738 742617747 3118237.7 247
Note:
• The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
Source:Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
89
Appendix 6 Number of Towns, Urban Households, Urban Geographical Area & Population
Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
States / UTs No. of Towns No. of HH Population Area Popn. per

(sq. km) sq. km.
Andhra Pradesh 210 4397138 20808940 4747.50 4383
Arunachal Pradesh 17 49106 227881 NA NA
Assam 125 710847 3439240 961.77 3576
Bihar 130 1336998 8681800 1804.60 4811
Chhattisgarh 97 817904 4185747 1865.75 2243
Goa 44 149583 670577 511.67 1311
Gujarat 242 3749504 18930250 5227.50 3621
Haryana 106 1170339 6115304 1280.37 4776
Himachal Pradesh 57 141792 595581 241.71 2464
Jammu & Kashmir 75 401411 2516638 963.31 2612
Jharkhand 152 1062557 5993741 1792.43 3344
Karnataka 270 3676036 17961529 5200.98 3453
Kerala 159 1716097 8266925 3251.86 2542
Madhya Pradesh 394 2915725 15967145 6961.76 2294
Maharashtra 378 8403224 41100980 7355.80 5588
Manipur 33 101997 575968 150.19 3835
Meghalaya 16 85731 454111 229.72 1977
Mizoram 22 89183 441006 586.92 751
Nagaland 9 64928 342787 147.24 2328
Orissa 138 1119518 5517238 2794.13 1975
Punjab 157 1552296 8262511 2096.62 3941
Rajasthan 222 2263241 13214375 5431.19 2433
Sikkim 9 12998 59870 NA NA
Tamil Nadu 832 6381600 27483998 12525.25 2194
Tripura 23 124621 545750 140.40 3887
Uttar Pradesh 704 5384559 34539582 6558.19 5267
Uttarakhand 86 417505 2179074 796.77 2735
West Bengal 375 4601261 22427251 3324.74 6746
A & N Islands 3 26376 116198 26.34 4411
Chandigarh 1 183885 808515 79.34 10191
Daman & Diu 2 12482 57348 23.36 2455
D & N Haveli 2 11648 50463 17.17 2939
Delhi 62 2553579 12905780 924.68 13957
Lakshadweep 3 4329 26967 10.59 2546
Puducherry 6 1425m72 648619 133.41 4862
INDIA 5161 55832570 286119689 78163.26 3657
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Appendix 7 Household Size in States & Union Territories: Rural, Urban and India - 2001
States / UTs Rural Urban All India

HH No. HH HH No. HH HH No. HH
million Size million Size million Size
Andhra Pradesh 12.61 4.4 4.40 4.7 17.00 4.5
Arunachal Pradesh 0.17 5.2 0.05 4.6 0.22 5.1
Assam 4.20 5.5 0.71 4.8 4.91 5.4
Bihar 12.41 6.0 1.34 6.5 13.74 6.0
Chhattisgarh 3.27 5.1 0.82 5.1 4.09 5.1
Goa 0.15 4.7 0.15 4.5 0.29 4.6
Gujarat 5.94 5.3 3.75 5.0 9.69 5.2
Haryana 2.54 5.9 1.17 5.2 3.71 5.7
Himachal Pradesh 1.08 5.1 0.14 4.2 1.22 5.0
Jammu & Kashmir 1.17 6.5 0.40 6.3 1.57 6.5
Jharkhand 3.74 5.6 1.06 5.6 4.80 5.6
Karnataka 6.73 5.2 3.68 4.9 10.40 5.1
Kerala 5.01 4.7 1.72 4.8 6.73 4.7
Madhya Pradesh 8.00 5.6 2.92 5.5 10.91 5.5
Maharashtra 11.17 5.0 8.40 4.9 19.58 4.9
Manipur 0.27 6.3 0.10 5.6 0.38 6.1
Meghalaya 0.33 5.6 0.09 5.3 0.42 5.5
Mizoram 0.09 5.1 0.09 4.9 0.18 5.0
Nagaland 0.26 6.3 0.06 5.3 0.33 6.1
Orissa 6.62 4.7 1.12 4.9 7.74 4.8
Punjab 2.80 5.8 1.55 5.3 4.35 5.6
Rajasthan 7.05 6.1 2.26 5.8 9.32 6.1
Sikkim 0.10 4.8 0.01 4.6 0.11 4.7
Tamil Nadu 8.28 4.2 6.38 4.3 14.67 4.3
Tripura 0.54 4.9 0.12 4.4 0.66 4.8
Uttar Pradesh 20.37 6.5 5.38 6.4 25.76 6.5
Uttarakhand 1.19 5.3 0.42 5.2 1.60 5.3
West Bengal 11.27 5.1 4.60 4.9 15.87 5.1
A & N Islands 0.05 4.6 0.03 4.4 0.08 4.6
Chandigarh 0.02 4.1 0.18 4.4 0.21 4.4
D & N Haveli 0.02 4.3 0.01 4.6 0.05 4.4
Daman & Diu 0.03 5.0 0.01 4.3 0.04 4.8
Delhi 0.18 5.3 2.55 5.1 2.73 5.1
Lakshadweep 0.01 5.9 0.00 6.2 0.01 6.1
Puducherry 0.07 4.5 0.14 4.5 0.22 4.5
INDIA 137.75 5.4 55.83 5.1 193.58 5.3
The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao Maram,
Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
91
Appendix 8 Total Number of Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories:
All India 2001 (in ‘000)
States / UTs Total No Number of Households by Household Size

of House
-holds*
1 2 3 4 5 6-8 9+
Andhra Pradesh 16,850 660 1,932 2,403 4,233 3,509 3,413 701
Arunachal Pradesh 213 17 20 25 33 33 62 23
Assam 4,935 160 322 563 843 908 1,591 549
Bihar 13,983 305 1,096 1,198 1,766 2,142 4,803 2673
Chhattisgarh 4,149 203 387 448 687 776 1,241 407
Goa 279 16 28 43 64 54 59 15
Gujarat 9,644 350 803 1,021 1,932 1,941 2,756 841
Haryana 3,530 86 182 285 641 752 1,125 459
Himachal Pradesh 1,241 99 101 127 249 241 312 111
Jammu & Kashmir 1,552 45 63 101 197 257 576 312
Jharkhand 4,863 176 368 470 731 850 1,619 649
Karnataka 10,232 357 811 1,240 2,288 2,025 2,595 917
Kerala 6,595 187 458 864 1,935 1,390 1,341 421
Madhya Pradesh 10,920 453 879 1,005 1,729 2,020 3,459 1374
Maharashtra 19,063 743 1,707 2,277 4,041 4,038 4,867 1390
Manipur 398 7 18 38 58 69 149 59
Meghalaya 420 19 32 49 62 64 138 58
Mizoram 161 7 12 18 25 30 54 15
Nagaland 332 12 22 29 39 45 118 68
Orissa 7,870 310 811 1,058 1,554 1,525 2,075 536
Punjab 4,265 114 231 357 784 926 1,358 495
Rajasthan 9,342 287 580 710 1,316 1,628 3,249 1571
Sikkim 105 7 9 13 18 18 31 10
Tamil Nadu 14,174 681 1,673 2,314 3,800 2,834 2,457 414
Tripura 662 22 50 97 146 134 176 36
Uttar Pradesh 25,761 745 1,563 1,774 2,910 3,720 9,123 5927
Uttarakhand 1,586 96 114 144 261 303 498 170
West Bengal 15,716 523 1,180 2,229 3,497 3,027 3,929 1332
A & N Islands 73 5 7 10 17 14 15 4
Chandigarh 202 18 22 28 51 38 36 7
D & N Haveli 44 2 5 6 9 8 11 3
Daman & Diu 34 2 4 6 7 6 7 2
Delhi 2,554 100 207 295 544 507 680 221
Lakshadweep 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
Puducherry 209 7 19 31 58 45 39 9
INDIA 191,964 6,821 15,716 21,275 36,524 35,879 53,967 21782
* Excludes institutional households.

Source: Census of India 2001: India-Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets
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Appendix 9 Total Number of Rural Households by Household Size in States & Union
Territories 2001 (in ‘000)
States / UTs Total No. Number of Rural Households by Household size

of Rural
House-
holds*
1 2 3 4 5 6-8 9+
Andhra Pradesh 12,676 561 1,539 1,826 3,102 2,624 2,544 480
Assam 4,220 111 257 458 689 780 1,435 490
Bihar 12,660 265 1,025 1,109 1,602 1,935 4,343 2380
Chhattisgarh 3,359 161 321 359 537 621 1,026 333
Goa 141 8 13 20 30 28 33 8
Gujarat 5,886 212 487 560 1,050 1,170 1,833 574
Haryana 2,454 49 113 180 411 515 833 354
Himachal Pradesh 1,098 78 84 107 215 218 292 104
Jammu & Kashmir 1,161 30 45 73 133 183 449 248
Jharkhand 3,802 118 297 372 561 662 1,287 506
Karnataka 6,675 238 491 722 1,402 1,346 1,811 665
Kerala 4,943 145 344 639 1,440 1,057 1,019 299
Madhya Pradesh 8,125 331 676 736 1,225 1,481 2,645 1030
Maharashtra 10,994 446 983 1,167 2,115 2,386 3,057 838
Manipur 296 5 14 27 41 50 112 47
Meghalaya 330 13 24 38 48 50 111 47
Mizoram 79 3 5 8 11 14 29 9
Nagaland 265 8 15 21 29 35 98 60
Orissa 6,783 262 724 923 1,319 1,312 1,794 449
Punjab 2,775 66 142 215 462 596 950 344
Rajasthan 7,157 199 432 527 949 1,216 2,582 1251
Sikkim 92 6 7 11 15 16 28 9
Tamil Nadu 8,275 474 1,026 1,292 2,057 1,669 1,515 242
Tripura 540 16 40 73 114 113 155 31
Uttar Pradesh 20,590 591 1,283 1,396 2,191 2,879 7,373 4876
Uttarakhand 1,196 73 85 104 181 224 395 135
West Bengal 11,162 309 774 1,416 2,454 2,275 2,977 957
A & N Islands 50 4 4 7 11 10 11 3
Chandigarh 21 3 3 3 4 3 3 1
D & N Haveli 33 1 4 4 6 6 10 2
Daman & Diu 22 1 3 4 5 4 4 1
Delhi 170 6 12 17 32 35 51 16
Lakshadweep 5 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 1 2 1
Puducherry 72 3 7 10 19 17 14 3
INDIA 138,272 4,809 11,294 14,443 24,485 25,554 40,873 16814

93
Appendix 10 Total Number of Urban Households by Household Size in States & Union
Territories 2001 (in ‘000)
States / UTs Total No. of Number of Urban Households by Household Size

Urban
House-
holds*
1 2 3 4 5 6-8 9+
Andhra Pradesh 4,174 99 393 576 1,131 885 869 221
Assam 715 49 64 104 154 128 156 59
Bihar 1,323 40 70 90 163 207 460 293
Chhattisgarh 789 42 66 88 149 156 215 74
Goa 138 8 15 23 34 26 26 7
Gujarat 3,758 138 316 461 882 771 923 267
Haryana 1,075 37 70 104 230 237 292 105
Himachal Pradesh 143 21 17 20 35 23 20 8
Jammu & Kashmir 390 15 18 28 64 74 126 65
Jharkhand 1,060 58 71 99 169 188 332 143
Karnataka 3,557 119 320 518 886 679 783 252
Kerala 1,653 42 113 225 495 333 322 122
Madhya Pradesh 2,795 122 203 268 504 540 814 344
Maharashtra 8,070 297 723 1,110 1,926 1,652 1,810 551
Manipur 101 2 5 10 17 19 36 12
Meghalaya 91 6 8 11 14 14 26 11
Mizoram 82 4 7 10 13 16 26 6
Nagaland 67 4 7 8 10 10 20 9
Orissa 1,087 48 87 135 235 214 282 87
Punjab 1,490 48 90 142 322 330 407 151
Rajasthan 2,186 88 148 182 367 412 668 320
Sikkim 13 1 1 2 3 2 3 1
Tamil Nadu 5,899 206 647 1,022 1,743 1,165 943 172
Tripura 122 7 11 24 32 22 21 5
Uttar Pradesh 5,171 153 280 378 719 841 1,750 1050
Uttarakhand 390 23 29 40 80 79 103 35
West Bengal 4,554 214 405 814 1,042 752 952 375
A & N Islands 23 1 2 4 6 5 4 1
Chandigarh 181 15 19 25 47 35 33 6
D & N Haveli 11 1 2 2 3 2 2 0
Daman & Diu 12 1 1 2 3 2 3 1
Delhi 2,385 93 195 278 512 472 629 205
Lakshadweep 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Puducherry 136 4 12 21 39 28 25 6
INDIA 53,692 2,012 4,422 6,832 12,039 10,325 13,094 4968

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Appendix 11 Scheduled Caste Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) - 2001
Population
States / UTs All India Male Female Scheduled Male Female
Total Caste Total (SC) (SC)
Andhra Pradesh 762.10 385.27 376.83 123.39 62.28 61.11
Assam 266.56 137.77 128.78 18.26 9.44 8.82
Bihar 829.99 432.44 397.55 130.49 67.85 62.64
Chhattisgarh 208.34 104.74 103.60 24.19 12.13 12.06
Goa 13.48 6.87 6.60 0.24 0.12 0.12
Gujarat 506.71 263.86 242.85 35.93 18.66 17.26
Haryana 211.45 113.64 97.81 40.91 21.89 19.03
Jammu & Kashmir 101.44 53.61 47.83 7.70 4.03 3.67
Jharkhand 269.46 138.85 130.61 31.89 16.41 15.49
Karnataka 528.51 268.99 259.52 85.64 43.40 42.24
Kerala 318.41 154.69 163.73 31.24 15.25 15.99
Madhya Pradesh 603.48 314.44 289.04 91.55 48.05 43.50
Maharashtra 968.79 504.01 464.78 98.82 50.63 48.19
Manipur 21.67 10.96 10.71 0.60 0.30 0.30
Meghalaya 23.19 11.76 11.43 0.11 0.06 0.05
Mizoram 8.89 4.59 4.29 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nagaland 19.90 10.47 9.43 - - -
Orissa 368.05 186.61 181.44 60.82 30.73 30.09
Punjab 243.59 129.85 113.74 70.29 37.14 33.14
Rajasthan 565.07 294.20 270.87 96.94 50.68 46.27
Sikkim 5.41 2.88 2.52 0.27 0.14 0.13
Tamil Nadu 624.06 314.01 310.05 118.58 59.33 59.25
Tripura 31.99 16.42 15.57 5.56 2.83 2.73
Uttar Pradesh 1,661.98 875.65 786.33 351.48 185.03 166.46
Uttarakhand 84.89 43.26 41.63 15.17 7.81 7.36
West Bengal 801.76 414.66 387.10 184.53 94.70 89.83
A & N Islands 3.56 1.93 1.63 - - -
Chandigarh 9.01 5.07 3.94 1.58 0.86 0.71
D & N Haveli 2.20 1.22 0.99 0.04 0.02 0.02
Daman & Diu 1.58 0.93 0.66 0.05 0.02 0.02
Delhi 138.51 76.07 62.43 23.43 12.65 10.78
Lakshadweep 0.61 0.31 0.30 - - -
Puducherry 9.74 4.87 4.87 1.58 0.78 0.80
INDIA 10,286.10 5,321.57 4,964.54 1,666.36 860.89 805.47
Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table-5
95
Appendix 12 Scheduled Tribe Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) – 2001
States / UTs All India Male Female Scheduled Male Female

Total Tribes (ST) (ST)
Andhra Pradesh 762.10 385.27 376.83 50.24 25.48 24.76
Assam 266.56 137.77 128.78 33.09 16.78 16.30
Bihar 829.99 432.44 397.55 7.58 3.93 3.65
Chhattisgarh 208.34 104.74 103.60 66.17 32.87 33.29
Goa 13.48 6.87 6.60 0.01 0.00 0.00
Gujarat 506.71 263.86 242.85 74.81 37.90 36.91
Haryana 211.45 113.64 97.81 - - -
Jammu & Kashmir 101.44 53.61 47.83 11.06 5.79 5.27
Jharkhand 269.46 138.85 130.61 70.87 35.66 35.21
Karnataka 528.51 268.99 259.52 34.64 17.56 17.08
Kerala 318.41 154.69 163.73 3.64 1.80 1.84
Madhya Pradesh 603.48 314.44 289.04 122.33 61.95 60.38
Maharashtra 968.79 504.01 464.78 85.77 43.48 42.30
Manipur 21.67 10.96 10.71 7.41 3.74 3.67
Meghalaya 23.19 11.76 11.43 19.93 9.97 9.96
Mizoram 8.89 4.59 4.29 8.39 4.23 4.16
Nagaland 19.90 10.47 9.43 17.74 9.13 8.61
Orissa 368.05 186.61 181.44 81.45 40.67 40.78
Punjab 243.59 129.85 113.74 - - -
Rajasthan 565.07 294.20 270.87 70.98 36.51 34.47
Sikkim 5.41 2.88 2.52 1.11 0.57 0.54
Tamil Nadu 624.06 314.01 310.05 6.51 3.29 3.22
Tripura 31.99 16.42 15.57 9.93 5.04 4.89
Uttar Pradesh 1,661.98 875.65 786.33 1.08 0.56 0.52
Uttarakhand 84.89 43.26 41.63 2.56 1.31 1.25
West Bengal 801.76 414.66 387.10 44.07 22.24 21.83
A & N Islands 3.56 1.93 1.63 0.29 0.15 0.14
Chandigarh 9.01 5.07 3.94 - - -
D & N Haveli 2.20 1.22 0.99 1.37 0.68 0.70
Daman & Diu 1.58 0.93 0.66 0.14 0.07 0.07
Delhi 138.51 76.07 62.43 - - -
Lakshadweep 0.61 0.31 0.30 0.57 0.29 0.29
Puducherry 9.74 4.87 4.87 - - -
INDIA 10,286.10 5,321.57 4,964.54 843.26 426.41 416.85
Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table-5
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Appendix 13 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - All India 1901 - 2001
States / UTs 1901 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 985 977 975 972 978
Arunachal Pradesh - 861 862 859 893
Assam 919 896 910 923 935
Bihar 1054 954 946 911 919
Chhattisgarh - - - - 989
Goa 1091 981 975 967 961
Gujarat 954 934 942 934 920
Haryana 867 867 870 865 861
Himachal Pradesh 884 958 973 976 968
Jammu & Kashmir 882 878 892 923 892
Jharkhand - - - - 941
Karnataka 983 957 963 960 965
Kerala 1004 1016 1032 1036 1058
Madhya Pradesh 990 941 941 931 919
Maharashtra 978 930 937 934 922
Manipur 1037 980 971 958 978
Meghalaya 1036 942 954 955 972
Mizoram 1113 946 919 921 935
Nagaland 973 871 863 886 900
Orissa 1037 988 981 971 972
Punjab 832 865 879 882 876
Rajasthan 905 911 919 910 921
Sikkim 916 863 835 878 875
Tamil Nadu 1044 978 977 974 987
Tripura 874 943 946 945 948
Uttar Pradesh 937 879 885 879 898
Uttarakhand - - - - 962
West Bengal 945 891 911 917 934
A & N Islands 318 644 760 818 846
Chandigarh 771 749 769 790 777
D & N Haveli 960 1007 974 952 812
Daman & Diu 995 1099 1062 969 710
Delhi 862 801 808 827 821
Lakshadweep 1063 978 975 943 948
Puducherry NA 989 985 979 1001
INDIA 972 930 934 927 933
Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5
97
Appendix 14 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - Rural 1901 – 2001
States / UTs 1901 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 983 983 984 977 983
Assam 929 912 924 934 944
Bihar 1057 971 963 921 926
Goa 1091 1025 1010 993 988
Gujarat 951 951 959 949 945
Haryana 861 870 876 864 866
Jammu & Kashmir 888 882 897 933 917
Karnataka 984 971 978 973 977
Kerala 1008 1020 1034 1037 1059
Madhya Pradesh 995 956 956 943 927
Maharashtra 1003 985 987 972 960
Manipur 1038 980 971 951 967
Meghalaya 1047 958 965 966 969
Mizoram 1113 947 928 912 923
Nagaland 997 928 899 917 916
Orissa 1039 1002 999 988 987
Punjab 836 868 884 888 890
Rajasthan 898 919 930 919 930
Sikkim 916 884 864 892 880
Tamil Nadu 1043 990 987 981 992
Tripura 887 944 945 942 946
Uttar Pradesh 940 889 893 884 904
West Bengal 994 942 947 940 950
A & N Islands 318 671 774 837 861
Chandigarh 771 683 888 632 621
D & N Haveli 960 1007 981 965 852
Daman & Diu 995 1104 1057 922 586
Delhi 916 825 810 807 810
Lakshadweep 1063 978 986 959 959
INDIA 979 949 951 938 946
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Appendix 15 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - Urban India 1901 - 2001
States / UTs 1901 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 999 949 948 959 965
Assam 576 744 792 838 872
Bihar 997 807 832 844 868
Goa @- 864 906 930 934
Gujarat 965 893 905 907 880
Haryana 908 853 849 868 847
Jammu & Kashmir 809 860 875 893 819
Karnataka 976 913 926 930 942
Kerala 953 997 1021 1034 1058
Madhya Pradesh 937 868 884 893 898
Maharashtra 862 820 850 875 873
Manipur 1036 980 967 975 1009
Meghalaya 725 853 904 910 982
Mizoram - 936 893 932 948
Nagaland 423 472 688 749 829
Orissa 967 845 859 866 895
Punjab 804 856 865 868 849
Rajasthan 947 875 877 879 890
Sikkim - 681 697 750 830
Tamil Nadu 1048 951 956 960 982
Tripura 595 935 957 958 959
Uttar Pradesh 917 821 846 860 876
West Bengal 650 751 819 858 893
A & N Islands - 558 720 769 815
Chandigarh - 756 775 810 796
D & N Haveli - - 884 817 691
@
Daman & Diu 1090 1071 1024 984
Delhi 817 798 808 830 822
Lakshadweep - - 963 930 935
INDIA 910 858 879 894 900
@
Urban Population not ascertainable hence included in Rural
99
Appendix 16 India: Age Composition of Urban & Rural Population, 2001
Age Group Urban Population (%) Rural Population (%)

Total Males Females Total Males Females
0-4 8.9 8.8 8.9 11.5 11.5 11.4
5-9 10.4 10.4 10.5 13.3 13.4 13.1
10-14 11.3 11.3 11.4 12.4 12.7 12.1
15-19 10.5 10.8 10.3 9.4 9.9 9.0
20-24 9.9 10.1 9.7 8.3 8.2 8.4
25-29 9.0 8.8 9.3 7.8 7.4 8.1
30-34 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.0 6.7 7.2
35-39 7.6 7.4 7.7 6.6 6.5 6.7
40-44 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.4 5.0
45-49 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.4
50-54 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.3
55-59 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.9
60-64 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.9
65-69 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1
70-74 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5
75-79 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
80+ 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Not Stated 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100
Source: Census of India 2001 (Age Data)
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Appendix 17 Literacy Rate in States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001
States/UTs 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 24.57 29.94 44.1 60.5
Assam NA 52.9 63.3
Bihar 19.94 26.20 37.5 47.0
Chhattisgarh - - 42.9 64.7
Goa 44.75 56.66 75.5 82.0
Gujarat 35.79 43.70 61.3 69.1
Haryana 26.89 36.14 55.8 67.9
Jammu & Kashmir 18.58 26.67 N.A. 55.5
Jharkhand - - 41.4 53.6
Karnataka 31.52 38.46 56.0 66.6
Kerala 60.42 70.42 89.8 90.9
Madhya Pradesh 22.14 27.87 44.7 63.7
Maharashtra 39.18 47.18 64.9 76.9
Manipur 32.91 41.35 59.9 70.5
Meghalaya 29.49 34.08 49.1 62.6
Mizoram 53.79 59.88 82.3 88.8
Nagaland 27.40 42.57 61.6 66.6
Orissa 26.18 34.23 49.1 63.1
Punjab 33.67 40.86 58.5 69.7
Rajasthan 19.07 24.38 38.6 60.4
Sikkim 17.74 34.05 56.9 68.8
Tamil Nadu 39.46 46.76 62.7 73.5
Tripura 30.98 42.12 60.4 73.2
Uttar Pradesh 21.70 27.16 40.7 56.3
Uttarakhand - - 57.8 71.6
West Bengal 33.20 40.94 57.7 68.6
A & N Islands 43.59 51.56 73.0 81.3
Chandigarh 61.56 64.79 77.8 81.9
D & N Haveli 14.97 26.67 40.7 57.6
Daman & Diu - - 71.2 78.2
Delhi 56.61 61.54 75.3 81.7
Lakshadweep 43.66 55.07 81.8 86.7
Puducherry 46.02 55.85 74.7 81.2
INDIA 29.48 36.23 52.2 64.8
Source: Census of India 1981 Part II B (i) Primary Census Abstract, Series I
Census of India 2001 Primary Census Abstract Total Population: Table A-5, Series I
101
Appendix 18 Rural-Urban Migrants in States & Union Territories 2001
States / UTs Number of Migrants (in ‘000’ ) Percentage share of Migrants

to all India’s Migrants
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Total %age Total %age
Andhra Pradesh 23,462 16,029 68 7,433 32 7.46 7.62 7.14
Arunachal Pradesh 411 270 66 142 34 0.13 0.13 0.14
Assam 6,793 5,274 78 1,519 22 2.16 2.51 1.46
Bihar 20,481 18,075 88 2,406 12 6.51 8.59 2.31
Chhattisgarh 6,907 5,082 74 1,826 26 2.20 2.42 1.75
Goa 785 379 48 406 52 0.25 0.18 0.39
Gujarat 19,222 10,897 57 8,325 43 6.11 5.18 7.99
Haryana 7,574 4,655 61 2,920 39 2.41 2.21 2.80
Himachal Pradesh 2,192 1,837 84 356 16 0.70 0.87 0.34
Jammu & Kashmir 1,806 1,192 66 614 34 0.57 0.57 0.59
Jharkhand 7,428 5,345 72 2,083 28 2.36 2.54 2.00
Karnataka 16,560 10,307 62 6,254 38 5.26 4.90 6.00
Kerala 9,190 6,835 74 2,356 26 2.92 3.25 2.26
Madhya Pradesh 18,222 12,708 70 5,514 30 5.79 6.04 5.29
Maharashtra 41,716 22,450 54 19,265 46 13.26 10.67 18.50
Manipur 377 278 74 99 26 0.12 0.13 0.10
Meghalaya 379 258 68 121 32 0.12 0.12 0.12
Mizoram 269 103 38 166 62 0.09 0.05 0.16
Nagaland 381 217 57 164 43 0.12 0.10 0.16
Orissa 11,054 8,714 79 2,340 21 3.51 4.14 2.25
Punjab 9,189 5,538 60 3,651 40 2.92 2.63 3.51
Rajasthan 16,386 12,629 77 3,757 23 5.21 6.00 3.61
Sikkim 187 153 82 34 18 0.06 0.07 0.03
Tamil Nadu 15,824 8,073 51 7,751 49 5.03 3.84 7.44
Tripura 962 733 76 229 24 0.31 0.35 0.22
Uttar Pradesh 41,217 32,652 79 8,565 21 13.10 15.52 8.22
Uttarakhand 3,071 2,090 68 981 32 0.98 0.99 0.94
West Bengal 25,098 16,709 67 8,389 33 7.98 7.94 8.05
A & N. Islands 174 118 68 56 32 0.06 0.06 0.05
Chandigarh 579 62 11 517 89 0.18 0.03 0.50
D & N Haveli 78 44 56 35 44 0.02 0.02 0.03
Daman & Diu 71 52 73 19 27 0.02 0.02 0.02
Delhi 6,014 453 8 5,561 92 1.91 0.22 5.34
Lakshadweep 18 9 49 9 51 0.01 0.00 0.01
Puducherry 461 158 34 303 66 0.15 0.07 0.29
INDIA 314,541 210,377 67 104,164 33 100.00 100.00 100.00
Note: Figures covers migrants by place of last residence

Source: Census of India, 2001: Series D-2 Migrants Tables
102
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Appendix 19 Total Workers & Percentage of Marginal Workers in Total Workers: Urban India
2001
States/UTs Total Workers Marginal Workers (%)

Total Male Female Total Male Female
Andhra Pradesh 6720971 5375091 1345880 9.79% 7.20% 20.13%
Arunachal Pradesh 80892 63292 17600 7.31% 4.77% 16.44%
Assam 1141822 971756 170066 6.86% 5.05% 17.20%
Bihar 2222037 1938181 283856 12.69% 9.68% 33.26%
Chhattisgarh 1302197 1035880 266317 10.09% 6.77% 23.00%
Goa 248403 189570 58833 11.28% 8.78% 19.32%
Gujarat 6262209 5427848 834361 5.61% 2.90% 23.23%
Haryana 1925879 1629905 295974 10.58% 7.52% 27.42%
Himachal Pradesh 220110 179947 40163 6.86% 5.12% 14.68%
Jammu & Kashmir 829129 711392 117737 10.02% 6.24% 32.85%
Jharkhand 1539439 1357713 181726 12.86% 10.69% 29.07%
Karnataka 6406988 4981103 1425885 7.88% 5.60% 15.83%
Kerala 2612777 2033258 579519 14.31% 12.28% 21.45%
Madhya Pradesh 4893293 3988452 904841 11.59% 8.02% 27.37%
Maharashtra 13911920 11503459 2408461 7.32% 5.35% 16.69%
Manipur 222126 128842 93284 25.89% 14.78% 41.23%
Meghalaya 147615 100396 47219 11.61% 8.03% 19.22%
Mizoram 211115 124153 86962 23.81% 15.62% 35.51%
Nagaland 106357 82109 24248 10.07% 7.64% 18.33%
Orissa 1689519 1428311 261208 10.20% 7.07% 27.28%
Punjab 2767123 2371164 395959 6.49% 4.48% 18.56%
Rajasthan 3910232 3316266 593966 11.13% 7.43% 31.80%
Sikkim 24041 18156 5885 7.46% 7.13% 8.48%
Tamil Nadu 10318514 7739671 2578843 8.25% 6.14% 14.57%
Tripura 177114 143864 33250 7.14% 5.50% 14.23%
Uttar Pradesh 9307872 8210873 1096999 13.03% 10.32% 33.30%
Uttarakhand 635194 559466 75728 9.20% 7.89% 18.83%
West Bengal 7592048 6368163 1223885 8.89% 6.67% 20.43%
A & N Islands 42202 35812 6390 4.86% 4.60% 6.26%
Chandigarh 300219 248126 52093 3.13% 2.42% 6.50%
D & N Haveli 22580 19580 3000 6.25% 2.35% 31.70%
Daman & Diu 20311 15551 4760 6.12% 2.73% 17.23%
Delhi 4244170 3702069 542101 4.72% 4.01% 9.60%
Lakshadweep 7347 6220 1127 20.85% 18.39% 34.43%
Puducherry 214889 169684 45205 5.11% 3.90% 9.65%
INDIA 92278654 76175323 16103331 9.17% 6.73% 20.69%
Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table A-5, Series I
103
Appendix 20 Estimated Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth & Infant Mortality Rate in
States & Union Territories: 2008 (Per ‘000)
States / UTs Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Infant

Growth Rate Mortality Rate
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Andhra Pradesh 18.4 19.1 16.8 7.5 8.3 5.7 10.9 10.8 11.1 52 58 36
Arunachal Pradesh 21.8 23.1 15.2 5.2 5.6 3 16.6 17.5 12.1 32 34 19
Assam 23.9 25.3 15.7 8.6 9 5.6 15.4 16.2 10.1 64 66 39
Bihar 28.9 29.7 22.5 7.3 7.4 6 21.6 22.3 16.5 56 57 42
Chhattisgarh 26.1 27.6 19.3 8.1 8.5 6.4 18 19.2 12.9 57 59 48
Goa 13.6 13.4 13.8 6.6 8.1 5.7 7.1 5.3 8.2 10 10 11
Gujarat 22.6 24.1 20.3 6.9 8 5.4 15.7 16.1 14.9 50 58 35
Haryana 23 24.2 20.4 6.9 7.3 5.9 16.1 16.8 14.5 54 58 43
Himachal Pradesh 17.7 18.2 12.1 7.4 7.7 4.7 10.3 10.6 7.4 44 45 27
Jammu & Kashmir 18.8 20.2 14 5.8 6 4.9 13.1 14.2 9.1 49 51 37
Jharkhand 25.8 27.5 18.9 7.1 7.5 5.2 18.7 19.9 13.7 46 49 32
Karnataka 19.8 20.9 17.9 7.4 8.5 5.5 12.4 12.4 12.4 45 50 33
Kerala 14.6 14.6 14.6 6.6 6.7 6.4 8 7.9 8.2 12 12 10
Madhya Pradesh 28 30 21.1 8.6 9.4 6 19.4 20.7 15.1 70 75 48
Meghalaya 25.2 27.3 15.6 7.9 8.4 5.4 17.3 18.9 10.2 58 60 43
Maharashtra 17.9 18.4 17.2 6.6 7.4 5.6 11.3 11 11.6 33 40 23
Manipur 15.8 15.9 15.7 5 4.8 5.4 10.9 11.1 10.3 14 16 8
Mizoram 17.8 22 13.4 5.1 5.9 4.2 12.8 16.1 9.2 37 45 24
Nagaland 17.5 17.8 16.4 4.6 5 3.3 12.9 12.9 13 26 25 28
Orissa 21.4 22.2 16 9 9.4 6.9 12.3 12.9 9.1 69 71 49
Punjab 17.3 18 16.1 7.2 8 6 10.1 10.1 10.1 41 45 33
Rajasthan 27.5 28.8 23.5 6.8 7 6.1 20.7 21.8 17.4 63 69 38
Sikkim 18.4 18.7 16.6 5.2 5.4 3.7 13.2 13.3 12.8 33 35 19
Tamil Nadu 16 16.2 15.8 7.4 8.2 6.3 8.6 8 9.4 31 34 28
Tripura 15.4 16.1 12 5.9 6 5.2 9.5 10.1 6.8 34 36 26
Uttar Pradesh 29.1 30 25.1 8.4 8.8 6.6 20.7 21.2 18.4 67 70 49
Uttarakhand 20.1 21 16.5 6.4 6.7 5.6 13.6 14.4 10.9 44 48 24
West Bengal 17.5 19.4 12.4 6.2 6.1 6.6 11.2 13.3 5.8 35 37 29
A & N Islands 16.9 16.9 17.1 4.8 5.5 3.6 12.1 11.4 13.4 31 35 23
Chandigarh 16.4 22.6 15.8 4.4 3.1 4.6 11.9 19.6 11.2 28 22 29
D & N Haveli 27 26.4 29.2 5.4 6.1 3 21.6 20.4 26.2 34 38 20
Daman & Diu 17.5 17.3 17.9 5.3 5.4 5.2 12.2 12 12.6 31 29 36
Delhi 18.4 20.2 18.1 4.8 5.1 4.7 13.6 15.1 13.4 35 40 34
Lakshadweep 14.3 15.7 12.9 7.1 6.4 7.8 7.1 9.3 5 31 28 35
Puducherry 16.4 16.4 16.4 7.5 8.8 6.9 8.9 7.6 9.5 25 31 22
INDIA 22.8 24.4 18.5 7.4 8 5.9 15.4 16.5 12.6 53 58 36
Note: Infant mortality rate for smaller States and UTs based on three year period 2006-08
Source: Sample Registration System Registrar General of India
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Appendix 21 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex & Residence in States & Union Territories : 2005
States/UTs Total Rural Urban

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
Andhra Pradesh 57 56 58 63 62 64 39 37 40
Arunachal Pradesh 37 29 46 - - - - - -
Assam 68 66 69 71 69 72 39 36 43
Bihar 61 60 62 62 61 63 47 45 50
Chhattisgarh 63 63 64 65 65 66 52 49 55
Goa 16 14 17 - - - - - -
Gujarat 54 52 55 63 61 64 37 36 38
Haryana 60 51 70 64 55 76 45 40 52
Himachal Pradesh 49 47 51
Jammu & Kashmir 50 47 55 53 49 58 39 36 43
Jharkhand 50 43 58 53 45 62 33 31 35
Karnataka 50 48 51 54 54 55 39 37 42
Kerala 14 14 15 15 15 16 12 11 14
Madhya Pradesh 76 72 79 80 77 84 54 52 56
Maharashtra 36 34 37 41 40 42 27 25 29
Manipur 13 12 13 - - - - - -
Meghalaya 49 48 51 - - - - - -
Mizoram 20 18 22 - - - - - -
Nagaland 18 19 18 - - - - - -
Orissa 75 74 77 78 77 79 55 50 61
Punjab 44 41 48 49 46 51 37 32 43
Rajasthan 68 64 72 75 71 79 43 37 49
Sikkim 30 29 31
Tamil Nadu 37 35 39 39 38 40 34 30 39
Tripura 31 30 31
Uttar Pradesh 73 71 75 77 75 79 54 53 55
Uttarakhand 42 37 48
West Bengal 38 38 39 40 40 40 31 28 35
A & N Island 27 26 27 - - - - - -
Chandigarh 19 17 22 - - - - - -
D & N Haveli 42 42 43 - - - - - -
Daman & Diu 28 27 28 - - - - - -
Delhi 35 33 37 44 50 36 33 30 37
Lakshadweep 22 23 21 - - - - - -
Puducherry 28 29 27 - - - - - -
INDIA 58 56 61 64 62 66 40 37 43
Notes: Per 1000 Live Births;

Infant mortality rates for smaller States and Union territories are based on three year period 2003-05. On
account of wide year-to-year fluctuations due to inadequate sample size, the infant mortality rate by sex,
separately for rural and urban areas is not given.
Source: Registrar General of India, Sample Registration System Bulletin, October 2006
105
Appendix 22 Area under Cities & Towns in States & Union Territories in Sq. Kms (1971-
2001)
States/UTs Area (sq. Km.)

1971 1981 1991 2001
Andhra Pradesh 3562 4046 5171 4,747
Arunachal Pradesh NA NA NA NA
Assam 456 619 828 962
Bihar 2774 3198 3,744 1,805
Chhattisgarh - - - 1,866
Goa 385 512
Gujarat 4615 4765 5137 5,227
Haryana 452 764 967 1,280
Himachal Pradesh 156 212 270 242
Jammu & Kashmir 393@ 587 N.A. 963
Jharkhand - - - 1,792
Karnataka 3135 3683 4,270 5,201
Kerala 1342 1788 3,365 3,252
Madhya Pradesh 2855 4878 7,908 6,962
Meghalaya 38 85 154 230
Maharashtra 6151 5888 6,228 7,356
Manipur 46 151 145 150
Mizoram - 319 493 587
Nagaland 42 109 147 147
Orissa 1658 2288 2,544 2,794
Punjab 692 1199 1,441 2,079
Rajasthan 3792 4497 4,864 5,431
Sikkim 10 NA NA NA
Tamil Nadu 5893 5861 6,176 12,525
Tripura 42 54 147 140
Uttar Pradesh 2845 4560 5,603 6,558
Uttarakhand - - - 797
West Bengal 1950 2646 3078 3,325
A & N Islands 8 14 14 26
Chandigarh 58 68 78 79
D & N Haveli - 7 7 17
Daman & Diu 137 193 23 24
Delhi 446 592 685 925
Lakshadweep - 11 13 11
Puducherry 58 100 141 133
INDIA 43607 53183 64026 78163
1. Rates are calculated for the five-year period preceding the survey.
@
NFHS2 Figures is for children under age 3 years
Note: Figures for Daman & Diu also include the Figures for urban areas of Goa
Exclude areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan & China, where census could not be held
Source: National Family Health Survey 2 & 3
Source: Census of India 1971 Part II-A (i), 1981 Part II-B (i), 1991 Part II-A (i) and 2001: Table (A1-A3) Part-I
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Appendix 23 Number of Towns (Statutory + Census): 1971 -2001
States/UTs 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 224 252 264 210
Arunachal Pradesh 4 6 10 17
Assam 72 80 93 125
Bihar 106 119 138 130
Chhattisgarh 46 56 95 97
Goa 11 15 31 44
Gujarat 216 255 264 242
Haryana 65 81 94 106
Jammu & Kashmir 45 58 74 75
Jharkhand 96 101 133 152
Karnataka 245 281 306 270
Kerala 88 106 197 159
Madhya Pradesh 204 271 370 394
Maharashtra 289 307 336 378
Manipur 8 32 31 33
Meghalaya 6 12 12 16
Mizoram 2 6 22 22
Nagaland 3 7 9 9
Orissa 81 108 124 138
Punjab 108 134 120 157
Rajasthan 157 201 222 222
Sikkim 7 8 8 9
Tamil Nadu 439 434 469 832
Tripura 6 10 18 23
Uttar Pradesh 288 642 670 704
Uttarakhand 37+ 62 83 86
West Bengal 223 291 382 375
A & N Islands 1 1 1 3
Chandigarh 2 4 5 1
D & N Haveli - 1 1 2
Daman & Diu 2 2 2 2
Delhi 3 30 32 62
Lakshadweep - 3 4 3
Puducherry 6 6 11 6
INDIA 3126 4029 4689 5161
+
Includes one uninhabited town: Badrinathpuri.
107
Appendix 24 Urban Density of Population in States & Union Territories in India (Population/
Sq km) 1971 – 2001
States/UTs 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 2360 3086 3459 4383
Arunachal Pradesh NA NA NA NA
Assam 2911 3307 3003 3576
Bihar 2032 2726 3033 4811
Chhattisgarh - NA - 2243
Goa 1654 1823 1247 1311
Gujarat 1625 2225 2773 3621
Haryana 3928 3701 4194 4776
Jammu & Kashmir NA 2147 - 2612
Jharkhand - - - 3344
Karnataka 2272 2913 3257 3453
Kerala 2585 2668 2283 2542
Madhya Pradesh 2378 2170 1940 2294
Maharashtra 2555 3735 4904 5588
Manipur 3083 2486 3479 3835
Meghalaya 3860 2839 2146 1977
Mizoram - 382 645 751
Nagaland 1230 1103 1414 2328
Orissa 1113 1359 1665 1975
Punjab 4650 3876 4160 3941
Rajasthan 1198 1603 2070 2433
Sikkim 1967 - NA NA
Tamil Nadu 2115 2722 3089 2194
Tripura 3871 4177 2873 3887
Uttar Pradesh 4356 4364 4927 5267
Uttarakhand - - - 2735
West Bengal 5628 5460 6079 6746
A & N Islands 3298 3545 5301 4411
Chandigarh 4044 6218 7382 10191
D & N Haveli NA 988 1763 2939
Daman & Diu - - 2035 2455
Delhi 8172 9744 12361 13957
Lakshadweep NA 1694 2189 2546
Puducherry 3431 3160 3656 4862
INDIA 2505 3003 3370 3657
Note: Figures for Goa also include the urban areas of Daman & Diu
Source: Census of India 1971 Table Part II A (i), 1981 Table Part II B(i), 1991 Part II A (i) Table A1 to
A3, and 2001 General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
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Appendix 25 Indices of Growth in Urban Population of States & Union Territories 1901-2001
(1901=100)
States/UTs Growth in Urban Population (1901=100)

1911 1971 1981 1991 2001
Andhra Pradesh 118 457 679 972 1131
Arunachal Pradesh - - 240 640 1318
Assam 121 1673 2313 3228 4462
Bihar 94 343 526 686 887
Chhattisgarh 99 939 1600 2383 3255
Goa - 287 455 676 945
Gujarat 93 369 522 702 932
Haryana 78 309 493 706 1065
Jammu & Kashmir+ 169 541 794 1130 1585
Jharkhand 135 1931 3029 3934 5081
Karnataka 96 433 653 846 1093
Kerala 115 763 1050 1690 1819
Madhya Pradesh 88 419 641 923 1201
Maharashtra 101 488 684 949 1278
Manipur 103 196 520 700 797
Meghalaya 142 1530 2508 3430 4720
Mizoram - 543 1753 4575 6345
Nagaland 78 1662 3887 6732 11083
Orissa 108 725 1221 1663 2166
Punjab 87 344 497 641 884
Rajasthan 95 293 465 649 852
Sikkim - 717 1862 1349 2182
Tamil Nadu 116 457 585 700 1009
Tripura 106 2531 3516 6574 8507
Uttar Pradesh 90 222 358 496 659
Uttarakhand 117 480 751 1068 1425
West Bengal 114 531 699 905 1085
A & N Islands - 337 637 962 1492
Chandigarh - 235 426 580 815
D & N Haveli - - - 170 730
Daman & Diu - 127 157 257 310
Delhi 111 1703 2694 3957 6027
Lakshadweep - - - 156 145
Puducherry - 223 355 581 729
INDIA 100 422 617 841 1107
109
Appendix 26 Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and
Union Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)
States /UTs Total Population Growth (%) Urban Population Growth (%)
1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01
Andhra Pradesh 23.10 24.20 14.59 48.62 43.24 16.33
Assam 23.36 24.24 18.92 38.25 39.58 38.24
Bihar 24.16 23.38 28.62 53.29 30.45 29.35
Chhattisgarh 20.39 25.73 18.27 70.39 48.90 36.58
Goa 26.74 16.08 15.21 58.82 48.63 39.78
Gujarat 27.67 21.19 22.66 41.42 34.38 32.88
Haryana 28.75 27.41 28.43 59.47 43.41 50.82
Jammu & Kashmir 29.69 30.89 29.43 46.86 42.33 40.29
Jharkhand 23.79 24.03 23.36 56.92 29.86 29.14
Karnataka 26.75 21.12 17.51 50.65 29.62 29.15
Kerala 19.24 14.32 9.43 37.64 60.97 7.64
Madhya Pradesh 27.16 27.24 24.26 52.92 43.92 30.09
Maharashtra 24.54 25.73 22.73 39.99 38.87 34.57
Manipur 32.46 29.29 24.86 165.36 34.67 13.91
Meghalaya 32.04 32.86 30.65 63.98 36.76 37.59
Mizoram 48.55 39.70 28.82 222.61 161.01 38.70
Nagaland 50.05 56.08 64.53 133.95 73.18 64.62
Orissa 20.17 20.06 16.25 68.54 36.16 30.28
Punjab 23.89 20.81 20.10 44.51 28.95 37.86
Rajasthan 32.97 28.44 28.41 58.69 39.62 31.26
Sikkim 50.77 28.47 33.06 159.73 (27.56) 61.78
Tamil Nadu 17.50 15.39 11.72 27.98 19.59 44.06
Tripura 31.92 34.30 16.03 38.93 86.96 29.41
Uttar Pradesh 25.39 25.61 25.85 60.89 38.52 32.99
Uttarakhand 27.45 23.13 20.41 56.38 42.20 33.35
West Bengal 23.17 24.73 17.77 31.73 29.49 19.88
A & N Islands 63.93 48.70 26.90 89.31 51.02 55.02
Chandigarh 75.55 42.16 40.28 81.52 36.18 40.41
D & N Haveli 39.78 33.57 59.22 - 69.58 330.39
Daman & Diu 26.07 28.62 55.73 23.34 63.81 20.62
Delhi 53.00 51.45 47.02 58.16 46.87 52.34
Lakshadweep 26.53 28.47 17.30 - 56.28 (7.37)
Puducherry 28.15 33.64 20.62 59.39 63.58 25.46
INDIA 24.66 23.87 21.54 46.14 36.44 31.51
ource: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
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Appendix 27 Level of Urbanization in States and Union Territories (%) - 1971-2001
States/UTs 1971 1981 1991 2001

Andhra Pradesh 19.31 23.32 26.89 27.30
Assam 8.82 9.88 11.10 12.90
Bihar 7.97 9.84 10.40 10.46
Chhattisgarh 10.38 14.69 17.40 20.09
Goa 25.56 32.03 41.01 49.76
Gujarat 28.08 31.10 34.49 37.36
Haryana 17.67 21.88 24.63 28.92
Jammu & Kashmir 18.59 21.05 22.89 24.81
Jharkhand 16.01 20.29 21.25 22.24
Karnataka 24.31 28.89 30.92 33.99
Kerala 16.24 18.74 26.39 25.96
Madhya Pradesh 18.58 22.34 25.27 26.46
Maharashtra 31.17 35.03 38.69 42.43
Manipur 13.19 26.42 27.52 25.11
Meghalaya 14.55 18.07 18.60 19.58
Mizoram 11.36 24.67 46.10 49.63
Nagaland 9.95 15.52 17.21 17.23
Orissa 8.41 11.79 13.38 14.99
Punjab 23.73 27.68 29.55 33.92
Rajasthan 17.63 21.05 22.88 23.39
Sikkim 9.37 16.15 9.10 11.07
Tamil Nadu 30.26 32.95 34.15 44.04
Tripura 10.43 10.99 15.30 17.06
Uttar Pradesh 13.90 17.83 19.67 20.78
Uttarakhand 16.36 20.07 23.18 25.67
West Bengal 24.75 26.47 27.48 27.97
A & N Islands 22.77 26.30 26.71 32.63
Chandigarh 90.55 93.63 89.69 89.77
D & N Haveli - 6.67 8.47 22.89
Daman & Diu 37.56 36.75 46.80 36.25
Delhi 89.70 92.73 89.93 93.18
Lakshadweep - 46.28 56.31 44.46
Puducherry 42.04 52.28 64.00 66.57
INDIA 19.91 23.34 25.70 27.81
111
Appendix 28 Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union
Territories
States / UTs 1971-81 1981-91 1991-2001

Andhra Pradesh 4.05 3.66 1.52
Arunachal Pradesh 7.18 10.65 7.65
Assam 3.27 3.41 3.28
Bihar 4.34 2.70 2.61
Chhattisgarh 5.46 4.04 3.19
Goa 4.81 4.14 3.39
Gujarat 3.52 3.00 2.88
Haryana 4.80 3.65 4.21
Himachal Pradesh 3.24 3.15 2.92
Jammu & Kashmir 3.89 3.57 3.48
Jharkhand 4.59 2.66 2.59
Karnataka 4.19 2.63 2.59
Kerala 3.23 4.88 0.74
Madhya Pradesh 4.34 3.70 2.67
Maharashtra 3.42 3.34 3.01
Manipur 10.50 2.99 1.29
Meghalaya 4.81 3.24 3.15
Mizoram 11.61 10.31 3.24
Nagaland 9.15 5.76 4.94
Orissa 5.33 3.12 2.70
Punjab 3.74 2.56 3.27
Rajasthan 4.73 3.40 2.75
Sikkim 9.60 -2.21 4.14
Tamil Nadu 2.50 1.81 3.72
Tripura 3.70 6.21 2.73
Uttar Pradesh 4.87 3.31 2.89
Uttarakhand 4.65 3.55 2.95
West Bengal 2.79 2.62 1.83
A & N Islands 5.24 3.42 5.54
Chandigarh 6.21 3.28 3.40
D & N Haveli - 0.00 17.46
Daman & Diu 4.14 5.24 1.84
Delhi 4.69 3.91 4.30
Lakshadweep - 4.14 0.00
Puducherry 4.81 4.97 2.26
INDIA 3.87 3.16 2.78
112
Slums in India
Appendix 29 Distribution of Population in Different Size Categories of Towns to Total Urban

Population 1981
States / UTs Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Class VI

Andhra Pradesh 55.43 16.50 19.75 6.91 1.29 0.12
Arunachal Pradesh - - - - 90.68 9.32
Assam - - - - - -
Bihar 49.39 15.09 22.41 11.70 1.41
Chhattisgarh 49.79 22.70 8.08 15.91 3.34 0.18
Goa 65.61 8.05 12.17 10.06 4.11
Gujarat 59.55 13.71 13.36 10.03 3.21 0.14
Haryana 56.69 10.83 14.77 11.62 5.82 0.27
Himachal Pradesh - 22.40 12.54 22.08 19.82 23.16
Jammu & Kashmir 67.94 12.74 3.94 9.92 5.46
Jharkhand 62.64 12.87 14.16 7.33 2.57 0.43
Karnataka 58.91 6.99 17.46 13.38 2.71 0.55
Kerala 65.17 9.51 22.03 2.77 0.52
Madhya Pradesh 46.18 16.89 13.26 14.82 8.73 0.12
Maharashtra 76.29 6.37 10.12 5.62 1.37 0.23
Manipur 41.72 - 11.18 14.80 16.68 15.62
Meghalaya 72.39 - 14.61 5.35 2.53 5.12
Mizoram - 61.15 - 14.13 24.72 -
Nagaland - - 55.90 25.17 18.93 -
Orissa 41.63 12.77 21.81 17.04 6.31 0.44
Punjab 46.38 14.39 20.46 11.06 6.50 1.21
Rajasthan 46.82 10.00 22.41 18.19 2.58
Sikkim - - 71.93 - - 28.07
Tamil Nadu 60.66 16.42 12.60 7.42 2.12 0.78
Tripura 58.60 9.22 23.06 6.00 3.12
Uttar Pradesh 52.26 12.09 12.54 13.45 8.50 1.16
Uttarakhand 38.20 18.1 1 17.25 12.42 8.41 5.61
West Bengal 77.72 8.85 6.60 4.86 1.70 0.27
A & N Islands - - 100.00 - - -
Chandigarh 100.00 - - - - -
D & N Haveli - - - - 100.00 -
Daman & Diu - - 72.37 27.63 -
Delhi 99.87 - 0.13 -
Lakshadweep - - - - - -
Puducherry 79.55 - 13.74 3.68 3.03 -
INDIA 61.21 11.47 13.77 9.36 3.59 0.60
Note:
1. All-India average excludes Assam in 1981 and Jammu & Kashmir in 1991.
2. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh represent their undivided status.
3. NA – data not available.
Source : Census of India : General Population Table A4 (ii)
113
Appendix 30 Population of Metropolitan Cities (1981-2001)
Metropolitan Cities/UAs Population

1981 1991 2001
Greater Mumbai 8,243,405 12,596,243 16434386
Kolkata 9,194,018 11,021,918 13205697
Delhi 5,729,283 8,419,084 12877470
Chennai 4,289,347 5,421,985 6560242
Bangalore 2,921,751 4,130,288 5701446
Hyderabad 2,545,836 4,344,437 5742036
Ahmedabad 2,548,057 3,312,216 4525013
Pune 1,686,109 2,493,987 3760636
Surat - 1,518,950 2811614
Kanpur 1,639,064 2,029,889 2715555
Jaipur 1,015,160 1,518,235 2322575
Lucknow 1,007,604 1,669,204 2245509
Nagpur 1,302,066 1,664,006 2129500
Patna - 1,099,647 1697976
Indore - 1,109,056 1516918
Vadodara - 1,126,824 1491045
Bhopal - 1,062,771 1458416
Coimbatore - 1,100,746 1461139
Ludhiana - 1,042,740 1398467
Kochi - 1,140,605 1355972
Vishakhapatnam - 1,057,118 1345938
Agra - - 1331339
Varanasi - 1,030,863 1203961
Madurai - 1,085,914 1203095
Meerut - - 1161716
Nashik - - 1152326
Jabalpur - - 1098000
Jamshedpur - - 1104713
Asansol - - 1067369
Dhanbad - - 1065327
Faridabad - - 1055938
Allahabad - - 1042229
Amritsar - - 1003917
Vijayawada - - 1039518
Rajkot - - 1003015
Note:
Blank columns depicts that the cities were not metropolitan in the respective years.
Source: Census of India 1981, 1991 and 2001
114
Slum Population
Estimate-2001 and
Projection-2011 to2017
Slums in India
Appendix 31 State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001
States/UTs Urban Slum % of Slum % of State

Population Population Population in Urban Slum Population
Population of state in Total Slum
Population of India
Andhra Pradesh 20808940 7254399 34.86 9.64
Arunachal Pradesh 227881 56538 24.81 0.08
Assam 3439240 805701 23.43 1.07
Bihar 8681800 1422155 16.38 1.89
Chhattisgarh 4185747 1578285 37.71 2.1
Goa 670577 100365 14.97 0.13
Gujarat 18930250 3708127 19.59 4.93
Haryana 6115304 2350269 38.43 3.12
Himachal Pradesh 595581 69310 11.64 0.09
Jammu & Kashmir 2516638 395696 15.72 0.53
Jharkhand 5993741 762025 12.71 1.01
Karnataka 17961529 2951441 16.43 3.92
Kerala 8266925 499498 6.04 0.66
Madhya Pradesh 15967145 5107505 31.99 6.79
Maharashtra 41100980 14319132 34.84 19.03
Manipur 575968 68967 11.97 0.09
Meghalaya 454111 172223 37.93 0.23
Mizoram 441006 87309 19.8 0.12
Nagaland 342787 73523 21.45 0.1
Orissa 5517238 1401973 25.41 1.86
Punjab 8262511 2164649 26.2 2.88
Rajasthan 13214375 3118120 23.6 4.14
Sikkim 59870 9609 16.05 0.01
Tamilnadu 27483998 7340271 26.71 9.75
Tripura 545750 104281 19.11 0.14
Uttar Pradesh 34539582 8527840 24.69 11.33
Uttarakhand 2179074 638467 29.3 0.85
West Bengal 22427251 7520116 33.53 9.99
A & N Island 116198 20303 17.47 0.03
Chandigarh 808515 208057 25.73 0.28
D & Nagar Haveli 50463 7653 15.17 0.01
Daman & Diu 57348 7420 12.94 0.01
Delhi 12905780 2318635 17.97 3.08
Lakshadweep 26967 1683 6.24 0
Puducherry 648619 92495 14.26 0.12
INDIA 286119689 75264040 26.31
Source: Report of the committee on Slum Statistics/Census 2010
117
Appendix 32 State-wise Projected Slum Population from Year 2011 to 2017
States/UTs 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Andhra Pradesh 8188022 8273434 8357451 8440074 8521999 8602530 8681318
Arunachal Pradesh 98248 103459 108669 114127 119833 125788 131494
Assam 1070835 1100118 1129636 1159857 1190780 1222406 1253798
Bihar 1683954 1707378 1730148 1752590 1774376 1795671 1816639
Chhattisgarh 2111546 2169237 2228058 2287634 2347964 2409802 2470886
Goa 154759 161494 168229 174815 180801 185741 192476
Gujarat 4662619 4759581 4856740 4954094 5051840 5149782 5245569
Haryana 3288292 3390907 3495059 3600364 3707207 3815202 3923582
Himachal Pradesh 87281 89143 91005 92983 94845 96707 98685
Jammu & Kashmir 494180 504243 514306 524369 534275 544180 553771
Jharkhand 931912 948949 966239 983530 1001202 1019382 1036673
Karnataka 3631147 3700490 3770161 3839998 3910162 3980656 4049341
Kerala 533278 536057 538776 541314 543671 545906 548021
Madhya Pradesh 6393040 6523229 6654059 6785528 6917636 7050705 7181214
Maharashtra 18151071 18549628 18950624 19352665 19754009 20152914 20557046
Manipur 75197 75915 76514 76993 77592 78190 78789
Meghalaya 205176 208590 212003 215416 219209 222622 226415
Mizoram 105720 107700 109679 111659 113639 115619 117599
Nagaland 83220 84292 85365 86223 87295 88368 89226
Orissa 1736064 1770623 1805436 1840503 1876078 1912161 1948244
Punjab 2798256 2864014 2930296 2996316 3062598 3128094 3193590
Rajasthan 3826160 3894590 3962311 4029561 4095395 4160049 4224939
Sikkim 13321 13803 14124 14605 14926 15408 15729
Tamil Nadu 8644892 8862969 9081045 9298651 9515080 9729624 9940165
Tripura 131080 134137 137003 140061 143118 146175 149232
Uttar Pradesh 10878336 11127210 11378552 11631376 11885434 12139739 12394291
Uttarakhand 826257 846181 866105 886615 906832 927342 947559
West Bengal 8546755 8640642 8733188 8825399 8918616 9014179 9106055
A & N Island 33722 35294 36867 38265 39663 41060 42633
Chandigarh 332473 348685 365154 381881 397321 411474 429744
Dadra & N Haveli 26083 28813 31542 34424 37305 40035 43219
Daman & Diu 9187 9316 9316 9445 9445 9575 9575
Delhi 3163430 3260984 3360874 3463999 3570716 3681745 3793313
Lakshadweep 1560 1560 1498 1435 1435 1435 1373
Puducherry 136899 143316 149876 156435 162282 167131 174118
INDIA 93055983 94977993 96907923 98845216 100786594 102729415 104668340
Source: Report of the Committee on Slum statistics/Census 2010

* Figures of 2011 should be shifted from state/UTs names
118
Slums in India-Census-2001
Slums in India
Appendix 33 Census of India - 2001 Slum and Non Slum population Figures at a Glance
Item Slum and Non Slum Population in India -2001

Population Slum@ Non Slum Urban
Persons 52371589 233748100 286119689
Males 27759224 122794874 150554098
Females 24612365 110953226 135565591
Population
(0-6 age group) Persons 7576856 29772261 37349117
Males 3944105 15647450 19591555
Females 3632751 14124811 17757562
Scheduled Castes Population
Absolute 9673817 2395100 33624822
Percentage 18.5 10.2 11.8
Scheduled Tribes Population
Absolute 1460290 5527353 6987643
Sex Ratio Per thousand 887 904 900
Sex Ratio
(0-6 Age Group) Per thousand 921 903 906
Literacy Rate
Persons 72.2 81.6 79.9
Males 80.1 87.6 86.3
Females 63.2 75.0 72.9
Work Participation Rate
Percentage Persons 33.1 32.1 32.3
Males 51.1 50.5 50.6
Females 12.8 11.7 11.9
Percentage of Workers
Total worker Main workers 89.3 91.2 90.8
Marginal Workers 10.7 8.8 9.2
Categories of
workers %
Cultivators 1.8 3.0 2.8
Agricultural Labourers 5.4 4.6 4.7
Household Industries workers 5.4 5.2 5.2
Other Workers 87.4 87.2 87.3
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

Note: @ slum population estimated for cities/towns having above 20,000 populations in 2001 census.
121
Appendix 34 Census of India - 2001 - slum population Figures at a Glance 1743 Cities/Towns
( 640 + 1103 towns)
Slum population of
Item 640 Cities/ 1103 Cities/ 1743 Cities/
Towns Towns Towns
(Survey vol. I) (Survey-vol.II) (640 + 1103
towns) @
Population
Persons 42,578,150 9,793,439 52,371,589
Males 22,697,218 5,062,006 27,759,224
Females 19,880,932 4,731,433 24,612,365
Population (0-6age Group)
Persons 6,070,951 1,505,905 7,576,856
Males 3,162,966 781,139 3,944,105
Females 2,907,985 724,766 3,632,751
Scheduled Castes Population
Absolute 7,402,373 2,271,444 9,673,817
Scheduled Tribes Population
Absolute 1,017,408 442,882 1,460,290
Sex Ratio 876 935 887
Sex Ratio (0-6age group) 919 928 921
Literacy Rate
Persons 73.1 68.2 72.2
Males 80.7 77.5 80.1
Females 64.4 58.2 63.2
Work Participation Rate
Persons 32.9 33.6 31.1
Males 51.3 49.7 51.1
Females 11.9 16.4 12.8
Percentage of Workers
Main workers 90.1 85.5 89.3
Marginal Workers 9.9 14.5 10.7
Categories of Workers
Cultivators 0.9 5.6 1.8
Agricultural Labourers 2.9 16.1 5.4
Household Industry workers 5.1 6.7 5.4
Other Workers 91.1 71.6 87.4

@ Slum population estimated for cities/towns having >20,000 populations and reported Slums in 2001.
122
Slums in India
Appendix 35 Total number of cities/towns, slum reporting towns and total number of
households in Slums and Urban India -2001
States/UTs **Total No. of No. of cities/towns No. of Slum **No. of

cities/towns in the (20000 and above popn.) Households @ Urban Households
states/country reporting slums @
Andhra Pradesh 210 118 1,324,762 4,397,138
Assam 125 12 17,830 710,847
Bihar 130 92 131,099 1,336,998
Chhattisgarh 97 34 215,685 817,904
Goa 44 3 3,881 149,583
Gujarat 242 79 386,318 3,749,504
Haryana 106 49 323,020 1,170,339
Jammu & Kashmir 75 12 62,507 401,411
Jharkhand 152 23 61,258 1,062,557
Karnataka 270 154 452,114 3,676,036
Kerala 159 21 14,573 1,716,097
Madhya Pradesh 394 142 674,143 2,915,725
Maharashtra 378 176 2,375,963 8,403,224
Meghalaya 16 4 21,542 85,731
Orissa 138 57 226,408 1,119,518
Punjab 157 59 274,570 1,552,296
Rajasthan 222 93 274,427 2,263,241
Tamil Nadu 832 242 966,162 6,381,600
Tripura 23 4 10,644 124,621
Uttar Pradesh 704 238 888,267 5,384,559
Uttarakhand 86 19 61,557 417,505
West Bengal 375 89 915,380 4,601,261
A & N Islands 3 1 3,599 26,376
Chandigarh 1 1 29,086 183,885
Delhi 62 16 415,637 2,553,579
Puducherry 6 5 20,287 142,572
INDIA 5161 1,743 10,150,719 55,832,570

Note: @ slum population estimated for cities/towns having above 20,000 populations and reported Slums in 2001
census.
**.All India total of 35 States & UT’s
123
Appendix 36 Percentage distribution of Total, Urban, Slum Population in different States /

UTs of India–2001
States/UTs **Total **Urban Slum @ % in Total % in Total % in Total

Population Population Population Population Urban Slum
Andhra Pradesh 76,210,007 20,808,940 6,268,945 7.4 7.3 12.0
Assam 26,655,528 3,439,240 89,962 2.6 1.2 0.2
Bihar 82,998,509 8,681,800 818,332 8.1 3.0 1.6
Chhattisgarh 20,833,803 4,185,747 1,097,211 2.0 1.5 2.1
Goa 1,347,668 670,577 18,372 0.1 0.2 0.0
Gujarat 50,671,017 18,930,250 1,975,853 4.9 6.6 3.8
Haryana 21,144,564 6,115,304 1,681,117 2.1 2.1 3.2
Jammu & Kashmir 10,143,700 2,516,638 373,898 1.0 0.9 0.7
Jharkhand 26,945,829 5,993,741 340,915 2.6 2.1 0.7
Karnataka 1,990,036 17,961,529 2,330,592 0.2 6.3 4.5
Kerala 31,841,374 8,266,925 74,865 3.1 2.9 0.1
Madhya Pradesh 60,348,023 15,967,145 3,776,731 5.9 5.6 7.2
Maharashtra 96,878,627 41,100,980 11,975,943 9.4 14.4 22.9
Meghalaya 2,318,822 454,111 109,271 0.2 0.2 0.2
Orissa 36,804,660 5,517,238 1,089,302 3.6 1.9 2.1
Punjab 24,358,999 8,262,511 1,483,574 2.4 2.9 2.8
Rajasthan 56,507,188 13,214,375 1,563,063 5.5 4.6 3.0
Tamil Nadu 62,405,679 27,483,998 4,240,931 6.1 9.6 8.1
Tripura 3,199,203 545,750 47,645 0.3 0.2 0.1
Uttar Pradesh 166,197,921 34,539,582 5,756,004 16.2 12.1 11.0
Uttarakhand 8,489,349 2,179,074 350,038 0.8 0.8 0.7
West Bengal 80,176,197 22,427,251 4,663,806 7.8 7.8 8.9
A & N Islands 356,152 116,198 16,244 0.0 0.0 0.0
Chandigarh 900,635 808,515 107,125 0.1 0.3 0.2
Delhi 13,850,507 12,905,780 2,029,755 1.3 4.5 3.9
Puducherry 974,345 648,619 92,095 0.1 0.2 0.2
INDIA 1,028,610,328 286,119,689 52,371,589 100 100 100
Source: Office of the Registrar General and census commissioner, India

census.
124
Slums in India
Appendix 37 Urban, Slum Population and their household size in India -2001
States/UTs Total Slum **Total **Total Total holds Average Average

@ population Urban Urban Slum Slum h.h. Urban
population House House Size h.h. Size
Hold
Andhra Pradesh 6268945 20,808,940 4,397,138 1324762 4.7 4.7
Assam 89962 3,439,240 710,847 17830 5.0 4.8
Bihar 818332 8,681,800 1,336,998 131099 6.2 6.5
Chhattisgarh 1097211 4,185,747 817,904 215685 5.1 5.1
Goa 18372 670,577 149,583 3881 4.7 4.5
Gujarat 1975853 18,930,250 3,749,504 386318 5.1 5.0
Haryana 1681117 6,115,304 1,170,339 323020 5.2 5.2
Jammu & Kashmir 373898 2,516,638 401,411 62507 6.0 6.3
Jharkhand 340915 5,993,741 1,062,557 61258 5.6 5.6
Karnataka 2330592 17,961,529 3,676,036 452114 5.2 4.9
Kerala 74865 8,266,925 1,716,097 14573 5.1 4.8
Madhya Pradesh 3776731 15,967,145 2,915,725 674143 5.6 5.5
Maharashtra 11975943 41,100,980 8,403,224 2375963 5.0 4.9
Meghalaya 109271 454,111 85,731 21542 5.1 5.3
Orissa 1089302 5,517,238 1,119,518 226408 4.8 4.9
Punjab 1483574 8,262,511 1,552,296 274570 5.4 5.3
Rajasthan 1563063 13,214,375 2,263,241 274427 5.7 5.8
Tamil Nadu 4240931 27,483,998 6,381,600 966162 4.4 4.3
Tripura 47645 545,750 124,621 10644 4.5 4.4
Uttar Pradesh 5756004 34,539,582 5,384,559 888267 6.5 6.4
Uttarakhand 350038 2,179,074 417,505 61557 5.7 5.2
West Bengal 4663806 22,427,251 4,601,261 915380 5.1 4.9
A & N Islands 16244 116,198 26,376 3599 4.5 4.4
Chandigarh 107125 808,515 183,885 29086 3.7 4.4
Delhi 2029755 12,905,780 2,553,579 415637 4.9 5.1
Puducherry 92095 648,619 142,572 20287 4.5 4.5
INDIA 52371589 286,119,689 55,832,570 10150719 5.2 5.1
Source: office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
census.
125
Appendix 38 Total Urban Population, Population of cities/town reporting Slums and Slum
Population - India, States, Union Territories - (cities/towns having population
20,000 and above in 2001 Census)
% of Slum Population
States/UTs **Total **Total Population Total To total To
Population Urban of cities/ slum Urban Population
population towns population population of cities/
of State/ reporting of State/ towns
UTs-India slums UTs-India reporting
slums
Andhra Pradesh 76,210,007 20,808,940 18,215,536 6,268,945 30.1 34.4
Assam 26,655,528 3,439,240 1,591,703 89,962 2.6 5.7
Bihar 82,998,509 8,681,800 7,148,152 818,332 9.4 11.4
Chhattisgarh 20,833,803 4,185,747 3,178,335 1,097,211 26.2 34.5
Goa 1,347,668 670,577 216,023 18,372 2.7 8.5
Gujarat 50,671,017 18,930,250 14,029,468 1,975,853 10.4 14.1
Haryana 21,144,564 6,115,304 5,213,913 1,681,117 27.5 32.2
Jammu & Kashmir 10,143,700 2,516,638 1,677,549 373,898 14.9 22.3
Jharkhand 26,945,829 5,993,741 2,908,552 340,915 5.7 11.7
Karnataka 52,850,562 17,961,529 15,980,763 2,330,592 13 14.6
Kerala 31,841,374 8,266,925 3,524,479 74,865 0.9 2.1
Madhya Pradesh 60,348,023 15,967,145 12,685,621 3,776,731 23.7 29.8
Maharashtra 96,878,627 41,100,980 37,807,986 11,975,943 29.1 31.7
Meghalaya 2,318,822 454,111 240,008 109,271 24.1 45.5
Orissa 36,804,660 5,517,238 4,358,521 1,089,302 19.7 25
Punjab 24,358,999 8,262,511 6,685,183 1,483,574 18 22.2
Rajasthan 56,507,188 13,214,375 9,966,057 1,563,063 11.8 15.7
Tamil Nadu 62,405,679 27,483,998 20,123,606 4,240,931 15.4 21.1
Tripura 3,199,203 545,750 262,832 47,645 8.7 18.1
Uttar Pradesh 166,197,921 34,539,582 26,711,243 5,756,004 16.7 21.5
Uttarakhand 8,489,349 2,179,074 1,465,610 350,038 16.1 23.9
West Bengal 80,176,197 22,427,251 16,199,327 4,663,806 20.8 28.8
A & N Islands 356,152 116,198 99,984 16,244 14 16.2
Chandigarh 900,635 808515 808515 107125 13.2 13.2
Delhi 13,850,507 12,905,780 11,277,586 2,029,755 15.7 18
Puducherry 974,345 648,619 581,232 92,095 14.2 15.8
INDIA 102,8610328 286,119,689 222,957,784 52,371,589 18.3 23.5
Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
126
Slums in India
Appendix 39 Total Population, Slum Population and its Percentage in Municipal Corporations
with Population above one Million – 2001
Name of the City Total Population Slum Population % of Slum Population

to Total Population.
Agra 1275134 121761 9.5
Ahmedabad 3520085 473662 13.5
Bangalore 4301326 430501 10
Bhopal 1437354 125720 8.7
Chennai 4343645 819873 18.9
Delhi 9879172 1851231 18.7
Faridabad 1055938 490981 46.5
Greater Mumbai 11978450 6475440 54.1
Haora 1007532 118286 11.7
Hyderabad 3637483 626849 17.2
Indore 1474968 260975 17.7
Jaipur 2322575 368570 15.9
Kalyan-Dombivili 1193512 34860 2.9
Kanpur 2551337 367980 14.4
Kolkata 4572876 1485309 32.5
Lucknow 2185927 179176 8.2
Ludhiana 1398467 314904 22.5
Meerut 1068772 471581 44.1
Nagpur 2052066 737219 35.9
Nashik 1077236 138797 12.9
Patna 1366444 3592 0.3
Pimpri-Chinchwad 1012472 123957 12.2
Pune 2538473 492179 19.4
Surat 2433835 508485 20.9
Thane 1262551 351065 27.8
Vadodara 1306227 186020 14.2
Varanasi 1091918 137977 12.6
TOTAL 73345775 17696950 24.1
127
Appendix 40 Total Urban & Slum Population and Share of Slum Population for the Cities
Having Population Between 5 Lakhs and 10 Lakhs – 2001
Name of city Total Urban Population Total Slum Population % of Slum Population
to Total Urban
Population
Aligarh 669087 304126 45.45
Allahabad 975393 126646 12.98
Amravati 549510 233712 42.53
Amritsar 966862 229603 23.75
Aurangabad 873311 147776 16.92
Bareilly 718395 156001 21.72
Bhavnagar 511085 81829 16.01
Bhilai Nagar 556366 63087 11.34
Bhiwandi 598741 115996 19.37
Bhubaneshwar 648032 71403 11.02
Bikaner 529690 98035 18.51
Chandigarh 808515 107125 13.25
Coimbatore 930882 58406 6.27
Cuttack 534654 93910 17.56
Ghaziabad 968256 258255 26.67
Gorakhpur 622701 53313 8.56
Guntur 514461 170007 33.05
Guwahati 809895 8547 1.06
Gwalior 827026 209769 25.36
Hubli Dharwad 786195 108709 13.83
Jabalpur 932484 275662 29.56
Jalandhar 706043 134840 19.1
Jamshedpur 573096 59314 10.35
Jodhpur 851051 154080 18.1
Kochi 595575 7897 1.33
Kota 694316 152588 21.98
Madurai 928869 221338 23.83
Mira-Bhayandar 520388 36973 7.1
Moradabad 641583 70945 11.06
Mysore 755379 74781 9.9
Navi Mumbai 704002 139009 19.75
Raipur 605747 226151 37.33
Rajkot 967476 166030 17.16
Ranchi 847093 74692 8.82
Salem 696760 151577 21.75
Solapur 872478 180882 20.73
Srinagar 898440 137555 15.31
Thiruvananthapuram 744983 11817 1.59
Tiruchirapalli 752066 178410 23.72
Vijayawada 851282 263393 30.94
Visakhapatnam 982904 170265 17.32
Warangal 530636 229661 43.28
Source: Offices of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
128
Slums in India
Appendix 41 Sex wise distribution of SC and ST Slum Population in India-2001
States/UTs Scheduled Castes population Scheduled Tribes population

Person Male Female Person Male Female
Andhra Pradesh 928462 463326 465136 153699 78451 75248
Assam 13371 6887 6484 258 140 118
Bihar 180053 94689 85364 9280 4839 4441
Chhattisgarh 197730 99879 97851 92469 47409 45060
Goa 633 326 307 7 4 3
Gujarat 271654 142489 129165 98279 50804 47475
Haryana 349548 187575 161973 0 0 0
Jammu & Kashmir 26421 13971 12450 22224 11868 10356
Jharkhand 37888 19639 18249 55879 27921 27958
Karnataka 563829 284138 279691 105771 53294 52477
Kerala 7248 3564 3684 120 62 58
Madhya Pradesh 755993 395704 360289 194897 101252 93645
Maharashtra 1435082 738795 696287 338266 174243 164023
Meghalaya 1783 925 858 63413 29643 33770
Orissa 214642 108592 106050 159211 80251 78960
Punjab 470586 248559 222027 0 0 0
Rajasthan 436798 228334 208464 74716 39378 35338
Tamil Nadu 1169560 582403 587157 23884 11849 12035
Tripura 11056 5533 5523 933 507 426
Uttar Pradesh 1212676 648275 564401 2718 1498 1220
Uttarakhand 64481 33944 30537 1156 613 543
West Bengal 706967 370308 336659 63086 31967 31119
A & N Islands 0 0 0 24 15 9
Chandigarh 41869 23078 18791 0 0 0
Delhi 552784 304610 248174 0 0 0
Puducherry 22703 11105 11598 0 0 0
INDIA 9673817 5016648 4657169 1460290 746008 714282
129
Appendix 42 Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in Urban & Slum
Areas in India - 2001
States/UTs ** Population in @Population in Population in

Urban areas slum areas Non Slum
SC ST SC ST SC ST
Andhra Pradesh 2120087 377181 928462 153699 1191625 223482
Assam 272258 154024 13371 258 258887 153766
Bihar 870053 40649 180053 9280 690000 31369
Chhattisgarh 519667 351761 197730 92469 321937 259292
Goa 13071 376 633 7 12438 369
Gujarat 1412274 614523 271654 98279 1140620 516244
Haryana 880193 0 349548 0 530645 0
Jammu & Kashmir 134139 51491 26421 22224 107718 29267
Jharkhand 601226 587054 37888 55879 563338 531175
Karnataka 2146687 529456 563829 105771 1582858 423685
Kerala 570216 14170 7248 120 562968 14050
Madhya Pradesh 2240451 787026 755993 194897 1484458 592129
Maharashtra 3787827 1090739 1435082 338266 2352745 752473
Meghalaya 4074 310192 1783 63413 2291 246779
Orissa 703275 446723 214642 159211 488633 287512
Punjab 1710469 0 470586 0 1239883 0
Rajasthan 1954536 379876 436798 74716 1517738 305160
Tamil Nadu 3548614 100178 1169560 23884 2379054 76294
Tripura 100101 25429 11056 933 89045 24496
Uttar Pradesh 4331781 12135 1212676 2718 3119105 9417
Uttarakhand 261064 15920 64481 1156 196583 14764
West Bengal 2927630 270428 706967 63086 2220663 207342
A & N Islands 0 1013 0 24 0 989
Chandigarh 142857 0 41869 0 100988 0
Delhi 2154877 0 552784 0 1602093 0
Puducherry 69226 0 22703 0 46523 0
INDIA 33624822 6987643 9673817 1460290 23733612 4700056
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.

@ SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UT’s where slum population has been reported.
NSC: No Notified Scheduled Castes, NST: No Notified Scheduled Tribes.
130
Slums in India
Appendix 43 Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in

Urban and Slum Areas - 2001
States/UTs **Population @ Population In Percentage of Slum

In Urban Areas Slum Areas SC/ST in Urban
SC/ST
SC ST SC ST SC ST
Andhra Pradesh 2120087 377181 928462 153699 43.8 40.7
Assam 272258 154024 13371 258 4.9 0.2
Bihar 870053 40649 180053 9280 20.7 22.8
Chhattisgarh 519667 351761 197730 92469 38.0 26.3
Goa 13071 376 633 7 4.8 1.9
Gujarat 1412274 614523 271654 98279 19.2 16.0
Haryana 880193 0 349548 0 39.7 0.0
Jammu & Kashmir 134139 51491 26421 22224 19.7 43.2
Jharkhand 601226 587054 37888 55879 6.3 9.5
Karnataka 2146687 529456 563829 105771 26.3 20.0
Kerala 570216 14170 7248 120 1.3 0.8
Madhya Pradesh 2240451 787026 755993 194897 33.7 24.8
Maharashtra 3787827 1090739 1435082 338266 37.9 31.0
Meghalaya 4074 310192 1783 63413 43.8 20.4
Orissa 703275 446723 214642 159211 30.5 35.6
Punjab 1710469 0 470586 0 27.5 0.0
Rajasthan 1954536 379876 436798 74716 22.3 19.7
Tamil Nadu 3548614 100178 1169560 23884 33.0 23.8
Tripura 100101 25429 11056 933 11.0 3.7
Uttar Pradesh 4331781 12135 1212676 2718 28.0 22.4
Uttarakhand 261064 15920 64481 1156 24.7 7.3
West Bengal 2927630 270428 706967 63086 24.1 23.3
A & N Islands 0 1013 0 24 0.0 2.4
Chandigarh 142857 0 41869 0 29.3 0.0
Delhi 2154877 0 552784 0 25.7 0.0
Puducherry 69226 0 22703 0 32.8 0.0
INDIA 33624822 6987643 9673817 1460290 28.8 20.9

@ SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UT’s where slum population has been reported.
131
Appendix 44 Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in

Slum and Non Slum and Urban Areas - 2001
States/UTs Percentage in Percentage in Percentage of

slum area Non Slum area population in
urban area
SC ST SC ST SC ST
Andhra Pradesh 14.8 2.5 8.2 1.5 10.2 1.8
Assam 14.9 0.3 7.7 4.6 7.9 4.5
Bihar 22.0 1.1 8.8 0.4 10.0 0.5
Chhattisgarh 18.0 8.4 10.4 8.4 12.4 8.4
Goa 3.4 0.0 1.9 0.1 1.9 0.1
Gujarat 13.7 5.0 6.7 3.0 7.5 3.2
Haryana 20.8 0.0 12.0 0.0 14.4 0.0
Jammu & Kashmir 7.1 5.9 5.0 1.4 5.3 2.0
Jharkhand 11.1 16.4 10.0 9.4 10.0 9.8
Karnataka 24.2 4.5 10.1 2.7 12.0 2.9
Kerala 9.7 0.2 6.9 0.2 6.9 0.2
Madhya Pradesh 20.0 5.2 12.2 4.9 14.0 4.9
Maharashtra 12.0 2.8 8.1 2.6 9.2 2.7
Meghalaya 1.6 58.0 0.7 71.6 0.9 68.3
Orissa 19.7 14.6 11.0 6.5 12.7 8.1
Punjab 31.7 0.0 18.3 0.0 20.7 0.0
Rajasthan 27.9 4.8 13.0 2.6 14.8 2.9
Tamil Nadu 27.6 0.6 10.2 0.3 12.9 0.4
Tripura 23.2 2.0 17.9 4.9 18.3 4.7
Uttar Pradesh 21.1 0.0 10.8 0.0 12.5 0.0
Uttarakhand 18.4 0.3 10.7 0.8 12.0 0.7
West Bengal 15.2 1.4 12.5 1.2 13.1 1.2
A & N Islands 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9
Chandigarh 39.1 0.0 14.4 0.0 17.7 0.0
Delhi 27.2 0.0 14.7 0.0 16.7 0.0
Puducherry 24.7 0.0 8.4 0.0 10.7 0.0
INDIA 18.5 2.8 10.2 2.4 11.8 2.4

Note: In case of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra
& Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep no slum population has been reported at the Census of India – 2001.
SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UT’s where slum population has been reported.
132
Slums in India
Appendix 45 Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living
in Slums in Million Plus Cities – 2001
Name of Population in slums Percentage of Percentage of

Million Plus Cities of million plus cities population in slums population in
urban areas
SC ST SC ST SC ST
Greater Mumbai 385626 56567 6.0 0.9 4.9 0.8
Delhi 483640 NST 26.1 0.0 15.8 0.0
Kolkata 92812 2507 6.2 0.2 6.0 0.2
Chennai 269301 1830 32.8 0.2 13.8 0.2
Bangalore 139920 6957 32.5 1.6 11.1 1.1
Hyderabad 89860 8875 14.3 1.4 7.4 0.9
Ahmedabad 95633 6692 20.2 1.4 12.1 1.0
Surat 30112 36236 5.9 7.1 3.6 3.5
Kanpur 84255 786 22.9 0.2 11.1 0.1
Pune 125127 5264 25.4 1.1 11.8 1.0
Jaipur 90607 19957 24.6 5.4 12.6 3.7
Lucknow 24943 107 13.9 0.1 10.1 0.1
Nagpur 151111 107936 20.5 14.6 16.7 8.9
Indore 61244 4429 23.5 1.7 13.7 2.5
Bhopal 36073 5794 28.7 4.6 12.4 3.0
Ludhiana 47917 NST 15.2 0.0 13.1 0.0
Patna 944 0 26.3 0.0 8.5 0.3
Vadodara 20765 12823 11.2 6.9 6.6 3.6
Agra 39054 22 32.1 Neg. 21.5 Neg.
Thane 23722 10955 6.8 3.1 4.6 2.5
Kalyan-Dombivili 7111 323 20.4 0.9 5.8 2.1
Varanasi 16622 0 12.0 0.0 7.2 0.0
Nashik 44198 16749 31.8 12.1 12.5 6.8
Meerut 111345 25 23.6 Neg. 16.3 Neg.
Faridabad 57763 NST 11.8 0.0 9.1 0.0
Pimpri Chinchwad 50607 2355 40.8 1.9 13.9 1.9
Haora 9430 368 8.0 0.3 4.8 0.4
TOTAL 2589742 307557 14.6 1.7 10.3 1.2
133
Appendix 46 0-6 Age Group Population of Slums in India -2001
States/UTs Total Slum Slum Population % of 0-6 age

population in the age group Population
group 0-6 in the Total Popn.
Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female
Andhra Pradesh 6268945 3167850 3101095 829914 423304 406610 13.2 13.4 13.1
Assam 89962 47336 42626 11699 6024 5675 13.0 12.7 13.3
Bihar 818332 433908 384424 152886 78409 74477 18.7 18.1 19.4
Chhattisgarh 1097211 564580 532631 169340 86903 82437 15.4 15.4 15.5
Goa 18372 9547 8825 2816 1499 1317 15.3 15.7 14.9
Gujarat 1975853 1077160 898693 311506 165024 146482 15.8 15.3 16.3
Haryana 1681117 918293 762824 260745 142161 118584 15.5 15.5 15.5
Jammu & Kashmir 373898 200249 173649 41912 22252 19660 11.2 11.1 11.3
Jharkhand 340915 179105 161810 52835 27200 25635 15.5 15.2 15.8
Karnataka 2330592 1184879 1145713 345614 177480 168134 14.8 15.0 14.7
Kerala 74865 36624 38241 9933 5096 4837 13.3 13.9 12.6
Madhya Pradesh 3776731 1984139 1792592 601655 314122 287533 15.9 15.8 16.0
Maharashtra 11975943 6534670 5441273 1696429 879038 817391 14.2 13.5 15.0
Meghalaya 109271 54456 54815 13782 6938 6844 12.6 12.7 12.5
Orissa 1089302 566991 522311 153189 78365 74824 14.1 13.8 14.3
Punjab 1483574 800581 682993 198100 108734 89366 13.4 13.6 13.1
Rajasthan 1563063 824067 738996 277822 145898 131924 17.8 17.7 17.9
Tamil Nadu 4240931 2133209 2107722 511095 261252 249843 12.1 12.2 11.9
Tripura 47645 24141 23504 4957 2562 2395 10.4 10.6 10.2
Uttar Pradesh 5756004 3072253 2683751 972144 516349 455795 16.9 16.8 17.0
Uttarakhand 350038 186141 163897 57543 30171 27372 16.4 16.2 16.7
West Bengal 4663806 2501672 2162134 528925 271725 257200 11.3 10.9 11.9
A & N Islands 16244 8855 7389 1991 1013 978 12.3 11.4 13.2
Chandigarh 107125 62762 44363 22395 11681 10714 20.9 18.6 24.2
Delhi 2029755 1140334 889421 334949 174527 160422 16.5 15.3 18.0
Puducherry 92095 45422 46673 12680 6378 6302 13.8 14.0 13.5
INDIA 52371589 27759224 24612365 7576856 3944105 3632751 14.5 14.2 14.8
134
Slums in India
Appendix 47 Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage
of Slum Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million
Plus Cities - 2001
Name of Million Plus Child population in 0-6 Percentage of slum

Municipal Corporations age group child population to
Urban population Slum population Urban population Slum population
Agra 179411 18884 10.5 15.5
Ahmadabad 441022 75110 17 15.9
Bangalore 484982 61978 12.8 14.4
Bhopal 208587 22591 10.8 18
Chennai 433340 93961 21.7 11.5
Delhi 1352656 300260 22.2 16.2
Faridabad 158603 80276 50.6 16.4
Greater Mumbai 1364423 856388 62.8 13.2
Haora 94330 13032 13.8 11
Hyderabad 463150 86476 18.7 13.8
Indore 200081 38826 19.4 14.9
Jaipur 352661 68879 19.5 18.7
Kalyan-Dombivili 144097 5765 4 16.5
Kanpur 317756 52796 16.6 14.3
Kolkata 390282 149606 38.3 10.1
Lucknow 273401 24097 8.8 13.4
Ludhiana 169273 41019 24.2 13
Meerut 163570 79321 48.5 16.8
Nagpur 249827 98450 39.4 13.4
Nashik 147919 23554 15.9 17
Patna 182037 574 0.3 16
Pimpri Chinchwad 143034 20307 14.2 16.4
Pune 302960 70005 23.1 14.2
Surat 340582 78759 23.1 15.5
Thane 161698 51886 32.1 14.8
Vadodara 148034 27179 18.4 14.6
Varanasi 161172 21298 13.2 15.4
TOTAL 9028888 2461277 27.3 13.9
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Sensus Commissioner, India
135
Appendix 48 Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in States/UTs - 2001
States/UTs Slum Population Non Slum Population **Sex Ratio

Male Female Male Female Slum Non
Slum
Andhra Pradesh 3167850 3101095 7422359 7117636 979 959
Assam 47336 42626 1789756 1559522 900 871
Bihar 433908 384424 4214891 3648577 886 866
Chhattisgarh 564580 532631 1602195 1486341 943 928
Goa 9547 8825 337156 315049 924 934
Gujarat 1077160 898693 8990646 7963751 834 886
Haryana 918293 762824 2392672 2041515 831 853
Jammu & Kashmir 200249 173649 1183025 959715 867 811
Jharkhand 179105 161810 3026336 2626490 903 868
Karnataka 1184879 1145713 8065081 7565856 967 938
Kerala 36624 38241 3980708 4211352 1044 1058
Madhya Pradesh 1984139 1792592 6428420 5761994 903 896
Maharashtra 6534670 5441273 15407249 13717788 833 890
Meghalaya 54456 54815 174632 170208 1007 975
Orissa 566991 522311 2344609 2083327 921 889
Punjab 800581 682993 3667868 3111069 853 848
Rajasthan 824067 738996 6169304 5482008 897 889
Tamil Nadu 2133209 2107722 11736206 11506861 988 980
Tripura 24141 23504 254446 243659 974 958
Uttar Pradesh 3072253 2683751 15335646 13447932 874 877
Uttarakhand 186141 163897 995193 833843 880 838
West Bengal 2501672 2162134 9348304 8415141 864 900
A & N Islands 8855 7389 55156 44798 834 812
Chandigarh 62762 44363 387360 314030 707 811
Delhi 1140334 889421 5944813 4931212 780 829
Puducherry 45422 46673 277836 278688 1028 1003
INDIA 27759224 24612365 122794874 110953226 887 904

Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
**Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs
136
Slums in India
Appendix 49 Population in The Age Group 0-6 in Urban and Slum areas and % of Child
population in Slums to Total Urban Population and total population of Slums –
India - 2001
States/UTs Total Slum 0-6 Urban 0-6 Slum % of % of % of

Urban popn. popn. popn. Child to Child Child
popn. popn. popn. popn.
Urban In In
Popn. slum slum
to to
Urban Slum
Popn. Popn.
Andhra Pradesh 20,808,940 6268945 2,550,058 829914 12.3 32.5 13.2
Assam 3,439,240 89962 393,668 11699 11.4 3.0 13.0
Bihar 8,681,800 818332 1,407,574 152886 16.2 10.9 18.7
Chhattisgarh 4,185,747 1097211 590,936 169340 14.1 28.7 15.4
Goa 670,577 18372 74,630 2816 11.1 3.8 15.3
Gujarat 18,930,250 1975853 2,446,463 311506 12.9 12.7 15.8
Haryana 6,115,304 1681117 853,389 260745 14.0 30.6 15.5
Jammu & Kashmir 2,516,638 373898 270,838 41912 10.8 15.5 11.2
Jharkhand 5,993,741 340915 846,501 52835 14.1 6.2 15.5
Karnataka 17,961,529 2330592 2,246,720 345614 12.5 15.4 14.8
Kerala 8,266,925 74865 935,460 9933 11.3 1.1 13.3
Madhya Pradesh 15,967,145 3776731 2,338,470 601655 14.6 25.7 15.9
Maharashtra 41,100,980 11975943 5,242,298 1696429 12.8 32.4 14.2
Meghalaya 454,111 109271 67,416 13782 14.8 20.4 12.6
Orissa 5,517,238 1089302 662,452 153189 12.0 23.1 14.1
Punjab 8,262,511 1483574 995,103 198100 12.0 19.9 13.4
Rajasthan 13,214,375 1563063 2,063,613 277822 15.6 13.5 17.8
Tamil Nadu 27,483,998 4240931 3,002,516 511095 10.9 17.0 12.1
Tripura 545,750 47645 53,269 4957 9.8 9.3 10.4
Uttar Pradesh 34,539,582 5756004 5,365,415 972144 15.5 18.1 16.9
Uttarakhand 2,179,074 350038 287,672 57543 13.2 20.0 16.4
West Bengal 22,427,251 4663806 2,295,219 528925 10.2 23.0 11.3
A & N Islands 116,198 16244 13,338 1991 11.5 14.9 12.3
Chandigarh 808,515 107125 101,197 22395 12.5 22.1 20.9
Delhi 12,905,780 2029755 1,858,689 334949 14.4 18.0 16.5
Puducherry 648,619 92095 75,338 12680 11.6 16.8 13.8
INDIA + 283,741,818 52371589 37,038,242 7576856 13.1 20.5 14.5

+All India data pertains to 26 States & UT’s where slum population has been reported in 2001
137
Appendix 50 Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage
of Slum Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million
Plus Cities - 2001
Name of Million Child population in 0-6 age group Percentage of slum child
Plus Municipal population to
Corporations
Urban popn. Slum popn. Urban popn. Slum popn.
Greater Mumbai 1364423 856388 62.8 13.2
Delhi 1352656 300260 22.2 16.2
Kolkata 390282 149606 38.3 10.1
Chennai 433340 93961 21.7 11.5
Bangalore 484982 61978 12.8 14.4
Hyderabad 463150 86476 18.7 13.8
Ahmadabad 441022 75110 17.0 15.9
Surat 340582 78759 23.1 15.5
Kanpur 317756 52796 16.6 14.3
Pune 302960 70005 23.1 14.2
Jaipur 352661 68879 19.5 18.7
Lucknow 273401 24097 8.8 13.4
Nagpur 249827 98450 39.4 13.4
Indore 200081 38826 19.4 14.9
Bhopal 208587 22591 10.8 18.0
Ludhiana 169273 41019 24.2 13.0
Patna 182037 574 0.3 16.0
Vadodara 148034 27179 18.4 14.6
Agra 179411 18884 10.5 15.5
Thane 161698 51886 32.1 14.8
Kalyan-Dombivili 144097 5765 4.0 16.5
Varanasi 161172 21298 13.2 15.4
Nashik 147919 23554 15.9 17.0
Meerut 163570 79321 48.5 16.8
Faridabad 158603 80276 50.6 16.4
Pimpri Chinchwad 143034 20307 14.2 16.4
Haora 94330 13032 13.8 11.0
TOTAL 9028888 2461277 27.3 13.9
138
Slums in India
Appendix 51 Sex Ratio of Population in The Age Group 0-6 for Non-Slum Urban and Slum
Population - India By State &UTs - 2001
States/UTs Slum Popn. (0-6 age) Non Slum Popn. (0-6 age) **Sex Ratio
(0-6 age)
Male Female Male Female Slum Non
Slum
Andhra Pradesh 423304 406610 881009 839135 961 952
Assam 6024 5675 196593 185376 942 943
Bihar 78409 74477 653207 601481 950 921
Chhattisgarh 86903 82437 218010 203586 949 934
Goa 1499 1317 37292 34522 879 926
Gujarat 165024 146482 1166597 968360 888 830
Haryana 142161 118584 329800 262844 834 797
Jammu & Kashmir 22252 19660 122333 106593 884 871
Jharkhand 27200 25635 411410 382256 942 929
Karnataka 177480 168134 980921 920185 947 938
Kerala 5096 4837 472698 452829 949 958
Madhya Pradesh 314122 287533 911999 824816 915 904
Maharashtra 879038 817391 1868311 1677558 930 898
Meghalaya 6938 6844 27296 26338 986 965
Orissa 78365 74824 264255 245008 955 927
Punjab 108734 89366 445211 351792 822 790
Rajasthan 145898 131924 947441 838350 904 885
Tamil Nadu 261252 249843 1274369 1217052 956 955
Tripura 2562 2395 24780 23532 935 950
Uttar Pradesh 516349 455795 2322242 2071029 883 892
Uttarakhand 30171 27372 123530 106599 907 863
West Bengal 271725 257200 906643 859651 947 948
A & N Islands 1013 978 5876 5471 965 931
Chandigarh 11681 10714 43178 35624 917 825
Delhi 174527 160422 819607 704133 919 859
Puducherry 6378 6302 31927 30731 988 963
INDIA 3944105 3632751 15647450 14124811 921 903

Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
** Slum Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs
139
Appendix 52 Sex Ratio of Population in The Age Group 0-6 for Urban Non-Slum and Slum
Population – Million Plus Municipal. Corporations - 2001
Name of MillionPlus Sex Ratio of population Child sex ratio in the age group 0-6
Municipal. Corporations
Non slum popn. Slum popn. Non slum popn. Slum popn.
Agra 846 850 852 860
Ahmedabad 891 850 821 884
Bangalore 915 947 942 949
Bhopal 897 907 926 948
Chennai 953 974 972 974
Delhi 836 780 854 918
Faridabad 837 795 830 867
Greater Mumbai 859 770 918 925
Haora 850 779 937 945
Hyderabad 930 938 943 941
Indore 905 901 897 897
Jaipur 873 892 881 889
Kalyan-Dombivili 885 845 916 894
Kanpur 857 857 851 879
Kolkata 841 805 928 926
Lucknow 890 894 909 909
Ludhiana 764 759 817 827
Meerut 886 875 855 868
Nagpur 930 948 920 951
Nashik 864 924 869 957
Patna 831 874 895 952
Pimpri-Chinchwad 846 888 883 931
Pune 920 928 902 935
Surat 794 701 804 893
Thane 890 821 917 919
Vadodara 915 880 827 879
Varanasi 875 884 910 935
TOTAL 874 820 888 918
140
Slums in India
Appendix 53 Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and With Gender
Differential - India, State and Union Territory - 2001
States/UTs Literacy Rate In Slum Areas Gender

Person Male Female Differential
Andhra Pradesh 69.0 77.4 60.4 17.0
Assam 74.9 81.0 68.1 12.9
Bihar 57.4 67.6 45.8 21.8
Chhattisgarh 74.6 85.4 63.0 22.4
Goa 61.2 71.2 50.5 20.6
Gujarat 65.3 74.8 53.7 21.1
Haryana 72.4 80.6 62.4 18.3
Jammu & Kashmir 67.5 75.5 58.3 17.2
Jharkhand 72.1 81.1 62.2 18.9
Karnataka 67.4 75.2 59.3 16.0
Kerala 84.6 88.5 81.0 7.5
Madhya Pradesh 73.9 83.4 63.3 20.1
Maharashtra 80.2 87.2 71.5 15.7
Meghalaya 88.1 90.9 85.3 5.5
Orissa 70.5 80.2 59.8 20.4
Punjab 72.0 76.6 66.6 10.1
Rajasthan 64.2 77.0 50.0 27.0
Tamil Nadu 76.7 84.4 69.0 15.4
Tripura 86.6 91.2 81.8 9.4
Uttar Pradesh 62.7 71.0 53.1 17.9
Uttarakhand 67.2 74.7 58.7 15.9
West Bengal 74.6 80.5 67.6 12.8
A & N Islands 77.1 83.5 69.2 14.2
Chandigarh 54.8 64.9 39.5 25.4
Delhi 66.6 73.2 58.0 15.2
Puducherry 74.1 82.4 66.1 16.2
INDIA 72.2 80.1 63.2 16.9

Note: Data relates to 1743 cities/towns having above 20000population and reported slums.
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001
141
Appendix 54 Literacy rate of Slum and Non Slum Population in Million plus Municipal
Corporations
MunicipalCorporation Slum literacy rate Non Slum literacy rate

Agra 60.7 68.9 51.1 70.9 77.0 63.8
Ahmedabad 65.3 74.9 53.8 85.5 91.1 79.3
Bangalore 69.3 75.3 63.0 87.3 91.2 83.0
Bhopal 65.3 74.6 54.9 81.1 86.5 75.0
Chennai 76.3 82.9 69.6 87.4 91.6 82.9
Delhi 67.4 73.6 59.2 86.4 90.9 81.1
Faridabad 73.5 82.7 61.6 84.8 90.5 78.1
Greater Mumbai 83.0 89.0 75.0 91.0 93.8 87.7
Haora 74.4 79.7 67.5 85.4 89.1 81.1
Hyderabad 71.0 77.1 64.5 80.3 84.9 75.3
Indore 78.8 87.0 69.7 84.5 89.9 78.5
Jaipur 60.7 73.0 47.0 81.2 88.9 72.3
Kalyan-Dombivili 69.8 79.3 58.4 90.6 94.6 86.0
Kanpur 68.6 75.2 60.9 80.4 84.1 76.0
Kolkata 73.3 77.7 67.8 84.4 86.7 81.6
Lucknow 70.6 76.0 64.6 77.7 82.2 72.6
Ludhiana 77.9 80.6 74.3 80.4 82.4 77.8
Meerut 60.7 68.7 51.6 72.6 78.1 66.5
Nagpur 85.4 91.5 78.9 91.4 95.2 87.4
Nashik 70.4 80.7 59.1 88.6 93.7 82.8
Patna 52.5 56.9 47.5 81.3 86.9 74.4
Pimpri-Chinchwad 68.1 78.8 55.8 88.1 93.3 81.9
Pune 75.0 83.6 65.8 89.0 93.4 84.2
Surat 66.3 74.5 54.1 87.3 91.8 81.6
Thane 83.1 90.1 74.4 90.4 94.5 85.7
Vadodara 73.4 82.8 62.7 89.8 93.9 85.4
Varanasi 68.2 75 .9 59.3 72.6 79.2 65.0
TOTAL 75.8 82.4 67.6 85.2 89.5 80.2
142
Slums in India
Appendix 55 Work Participation Rate in Slum Population in India -2001
States/UTs Total workers Work Participation Rate

Andhra Pradesh 2142963 1639142 503821 34.2 51.7 16.2
Assam 28683 24767 3916 31.9 52.3 9.2
Bihar 225785 187728 38057 27.6 43.3 9.9
Chhattisgarh 361238 272633 88605 32.9 48.3 16.6
Goa 6539 4882 1657 35.6 51.1 18.8
Gujarat 701575 595333 106242 35.5 55.3 11.8
Haryana 523708 448120 75588 31.2 48.8 9.9
Jammu & Kashmir 113743 95880 17863 30.4 47.9 10.3
Jharkhand 94267 78505 15762 27.7 43.8 9.7
Karnataka 854879 632188 222691 36.7 53.4 19.4
Kerala 24634 19448 5186 32.9 53.1 13.6
Madhya Pradesh 1153858 929844 224014 30.6 46.9 12.5
Maharashtra 4168632 3492077 676555 34.8 53.4 12.4
Meghalaya 35318 24091 11227 32.3 44.2 20.5
Orissa 338965 276881 62084 31.1 48.8 11.9
Punjab 488377 418647 69730 32.9 52.3 10.2
Rajasthan 457503 384865 72638 29.3 46.7 9.8
Tamil Nadu 1568237 1168396 399841 37.0 54.8 19.0
Tripura 14810 12199 2611 31.1 50.5 11.1
Uttar Pradesh 1532504 1353463 179041 26.6 44.1 6.7
Uttarakhand 96893 85407 11486 27.7 45.9 7.0
West Bengal 1590192 1340320 249872 34.1 53.6 11.6
A & N Islands 5607 4824 783 34.5 54.5 10.6
Chandigarh 42375 36600 5775 39.6 58.3 13.0
Delhi 707233 621602 85631 34.8 54.5 9.6
Puducherry 32050 24188 7862 34.8 53.3 16.8
INDIA 17310568 14172030 3138538 33.1 51.1 12.8

Note: Data relates to 1743 cities/towns having above 20000 population and reported slums.
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001
143
Appendix 56 Main and Marginal Worker among Slum Population in India -2001
States/UTs Total Worker Percentage in Total Worker

Main Marginal Main Marginal
Andhra Pradesh 1880024 262939 87.7 12.3
Assam 26521 2162 92.5 7.5
Bihar 186194 39591 82.5 17.5
Chhattisgarh 320007 41231 88.6 11.4
Goa 4769 1770 72.9 27.1
Gujarat 656458 45117 93.6 6.4
Haryana 456301 67407 87.1 12.9
Jammu & Kashmir 101100 12643 88.9 11.1
Jharkhand 77982 16285 82.7 17.3
Karnataka 762060 92819 89.1 10.9
Kerala 20926 3708 84.9 15.1
Madhya Pradesh 1000031 153827 86.7 13.3
Maharashtra 3816953 351679 91.6 8.4
Meghalaya 33261 2057 94.2 5.8
Orissa 296379 42586 87.4 12.6
Punjab 447963 40414 91.7 8.3
Rajasthan 390767 66736 85.4 14.6
Tamil Nadu 1405300 162937 89.6 10.4
Tripura 13789 1021 93.1 6.9
Uttar Pradesh 1304511 227993 85.1 14.9
Uttarakhand 86209 10684 89.0 11.0
West Bengal 1432286 157906 90.1 9.9
A & N Islands 5343 264 95.3 4.7
Chandigarh 40761 1614 96.2 3.8
Delhi 655182 52051 92.6 7.4
Puducherry 29465 2585 91.9 8.1
INDIA 15450542 1860026 89.3 10.7

Note: Data relates to 1743 cities/towns having above 20000population and reported slums.
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001
144
Slums in India
Appendix 57 Population of Slum and Workers in Slum - Million Plus Cities - 2001
Name of MillionPlus Slum population Slum Working popn.

Municipal Corporations
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Agra 121761 65830 55931 30757 27700 3057
Ahmadabad 473662 255974 217688 159149 133020 26129
Bangalore 430501 221107 209394 173338 124960 48378
Bhopal 125720 65930 59790 39446 31054 8392
Chennai 819873 415296 404577 275257 217753 57504
Delhi 1851231 1040233 810998 649451 571226 78225
Faridabad 490981 273457 217524 149264 135373 13891
Greater Mumbai 6475440 3659434 2816006 2384687 2062904 321783
Haora 118286 66499 51787 43146 38559 4587
Hyderabad 626849 323373 303476 189431 154221 35210
Indore 260975 137290 123685 84338 69841 14497
Jaipur 368570 194762 173808 108223 92346 15877
Kalyan-Dombivili 34860 18898 15962 12445 9717 2728
Kanpur 367980 198183 169797 213819 190597 23222
Kolkata 1485309 822678 662631 542648 465901 76747
Lucknow 179176 94580 84596 49194 43641 5553
Ludhiana 314904 178990 135914 112128 102177 9951
Meerut 471581 251508 220073 119946 110403 9543
Nagpur 737219 378526 358693 231219 188167 43052
Nashik 138797 72148 66649 48640 36792 11848
Patna 3592 1917 1675 937 870 67
Pimpri Chinchwad 123957 65670 58287 43205 33337 9868
Pune 492179 255294 236885 102460 91277 11183
Surat 508485 298924 209561 171466 129420 42046
Thane 351065 192825 158240 119318 103018 16300
Vadodara 186020 98936 87084 62935 52847 10088
Varanasi 137977 73245 64732 39297 33332 5965
Total 17696950 9721507 7975443 6156144 5250453 905691
Source: i) Registrar General of India
145
Appendix 58 Percentage of Total Workers to Total population and Main Workers to Total
Workers in Slums in Million Plus Cities – 2001
Million Plus Cities Percentage 0 of Total Workers Percentage of Main Workers

to Total Popn. to Total Workers
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Agra 25.3 42.1 5.5 85.2 87.8 61.5
Ahmedabad 33.6 52.0 12.0 92.9 95.9 78.0
Bangalore 40.3 56.5 23.1 90.1 92.1 84.8
Bhopal 31.4 47.1 14.0 79.0 82.2 67.0
Chennai 33.6 52.4 14.2 88.6 90.0 83.5
Delhi 35.1 54.9 9.6 93.1 94.1 85.4
Faridabad 30.4 49.5 6.4 89.3 91.2 70.7
Greater Mumbai 36.8 56.4 11.4 93.1 94.2 86.3
Haora 36.5 58.0 8.9 93.8 94.9 84.2
Hyderabad 30.2 47.7 11.6 90.0 91.7 82.4
Indore 32.3 50.9 11.7 91.0 92.6 83.3
Jaipur 29.4 47.4 9.1 89.8 91.8 78.5
Kalyan-Dombivili 35.7 51.4 17.1 88.9 90.2 84.5
Kanpur 27.8 46.1 6.6 87.1 88.2 78.0
Kolkata 36.5 56.6 11.6 93.4 94.6 85.9
Lucknow 27.5 46.1 6.6 87.7 88.8 79.0
Ludhiana 35.6 57.1 7.3 93.4 95.5 71.7
Meerut 25.4 43.9 4.3 86.0 87.5 68.4
Nagpur 31.4 49.7 12.0 86.8 89.2 76.4
Nashik 35.0 51.0 17.8 92.4 94.6 85.3
Patna 26.1 45.4 4.0 94.7 96.1 76.1
Pimpri Chinchwad 34.9 50.8 16.9 92.1 93.6 96.8
Pune 34.8 50.7 17.7 90.9 92.4 86.4
Surat 42.1 63.8 11.1 97.5 98.8 87.2
Thane 34.0 53.4 10.3 92.5 93.6 85.4
Vadodara 33.8 53.4 11.6 93.5 95.5 83.1
Varanasi 28.5 45.5 9.2 87.3 91.9 61.5
TOTAL 34.8 54.0 11.4 92.0 93.4 83.7
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001
146
Slums in India
Appendix 59 Percentage of Slum Working population in four categories to the Total working
slum population - 2001
States/UTs Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers

labourers industry workers
Andhra Pradesh 1.5 10.4 7.9 80.2
Assam 0.3 0.6 1.7 97.4
Bihar 5.4 23.6 6.6 64.4
Chhattisgarh 3.0 4.6 4.8 87.6
Goa 0.2 0.4 1.0 98.3
Gujarat 0.3 2.0 2.6 95.1
Haryana 1.8 2.7 4.0 91.5
Jammu & Kashmir 2.5 2.4 8.9 86.3
Jharkhand 1.5 3.4 3.4 91.6
Karnataka 2.5 7.7 6.8 82.9
Kerala 0.3 5.1 1.8 92.8
Madhya Pradesh 4.9 5.4 7.8 81.8
Maharashtra 0.6 3.0 3.7 92.8
Meghalaya 0.2 0.4 1.5 97.9
Orissa 2.6 4.7 3.2 89.4
Punjab 1.8 4.7 4.4 89.1
Rajasthan 3.1 2.0 5.7 89.3
Tamil Nadu 2.2 11.3 4.9 81.6
Tripura 0.7 1.4 1.2 96.7
Uttar Pradesh 3.8 5.5 8.3 82.4
Uttarakhand 1.5 3.8 3.4 91.2
West Bengal 1.0 2.2 4.8 92.1
A & N Islands 0.0 0.1 0.4 99.6
Chandigarh 0.1 0.1 1.3 98.6
Delhi 0.1 0.1 3.7 96.1
Puducherry 0.7 15.2 2.1 82.0
INDIA 1.8 5.4 5.4 87.4
147
Appendix 60 Percentage of Slum Working Population In Four Categories To Working Slum

Population In Million Plus Cities-2001
Million Plus Cities. State/Union Cultivators Agricultural Household Other

Territory labourers industry workers
workers
Greater Mumbai Maharashtra 0.1 0.1 3.7 96.1
Delhi Delhi 0.1 0.1 3.9 95.9
Kolkata West Bengal 0.4 0.5 4.2 95.0
Chennai Tamil Nadu 1.2 0.5 2.3 96.0
Bangalore Karnataka 0.2 0.3 4.0 95.5
Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 1.1 0.8 3.6 94.5
Ahmadabad Gujarat 0.1 0.3 4.2 95.5
Surat Gujarat 0.1 0.8 1.2 97.9
Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 1.7 1.6 4.5 92.2
Pune Maharashtra 0.1 0.1 3.9 95.9
Jaipur Rajasthan 0.2 0.3 4.4 95.1
Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 1.7 2.7 7.5 88.0
Nagpur Maharashtra 0.3 0.5 4.5 94.7
Indore Madhya Pradesh 0.5 0.3 4.8 94.3
Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 0.9 1.4 2.5 95.2
Ludhiana Punjab 0.6 1.9 6.0 91.4
Patna Bihar 0.0 0.3 9.5 90.2
Vadodara Gujarat 0.1 1.0 1.9 97.0
Agra Uttar Pradesh 3.0 2.9 8.2 86.0
Thane Maharashtra 0.2 0.2 2.5 97.2
Kalyan-Dombivili Maharashtra 0.0 0.0 1.5 98.4
Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 1.1 1.1 29.6 68.2
Nashik Maharashtra 0.4 1.5 2.5 95.6
Meerut Uttar Pradesh 1.7 3.3 5.4 89.6
Faridabad Haryana 1.0 0.4 3.6 95.1
Pimpri Chinchwad Maharashtra 0.1 1.4 1.6 96.9
Haora West Bengal 0.1 0.1 3.0 96.8
TOTAL 0.3 0.4 3.9 95.3
148
Condition of Slums in
India-NSSO
Slums in India
Appendix 61 Estimated Number of Slums and Households in different NSSO Surveys for
each State/UTs-India
States/UTs Estimated No. of Slum and Households

49th Round 58th Round 65th Round
(Jan. – Jun, 1993) (July – Dec, 2002) (July 2008
to June 2009)
Slums Households Slums Households Slums
Andhra Pradesh 6443 786300 7724 1129374 5249
Assam 274 22000 - - -
Bihar 2404 192200 1326 69363 -
Chhattisgarh - - 1244 109902
Gujarat 2590 210000 1532 157863 3360
Haryana 1265 122400 - - -
Himachal Pradesh 23 3200 - - -
Jammu & Kashmir - - 364 15880 -
Karnataka 6007 589500 1983 483828 2250
Kerala 481 25200 - - -
Madhya Pradesh 2803 299300 2222 308138 2215
Maharashtra 11204 1459500 16662 3182576 17019
Meghalaya 105 9800 - - -
Orissa 1735 139400 401 18208 1953
Punjab 526 45100 157 8962 -
Rajasthan 750 91100 874 56860 -
Sikkim 14 3000 - -
Tamil Nadu 4065 458900 3165 619618 3374
Uttar Pradesh 3080 247100 2643 227799 2394
West Bengal 7828 787800 8125 1530920 5045
Chandigarh 25 9100 - - -
Delhi 4678 432000 1847 212299 3133
Puducherry 12 1200 211 11296 -
INDIA 56311 5934000 51688 8229744 48994
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation.

Note: Comparative Information on number of Estimated Households for 65th Round not available.
151
Appendix 62 Estimated Number of Slums in Major State/UTs
States/UT Estimated number of slums - 65th Round NSS Survey (July 2008 to June 2009)
Notified Non- notified All
Andhra Pradesh 3964 1285 5249
Delhi 1058 2075 3133
Gujarat 1342 2017 3360
Karnataka 1118 1132 2250
Madhya Pradesh 759 1456 2215
Maharashtra 9282 7736 17019
Orissa 630 1323 1953
Tamil Nadu 1711 1663 3374
Uttar Pradesh 1334 1060 2394
West Bengal 2475 2570 5045
INDIA 24781 24213 48994
152
Slums in India
Appendix 63 Number of slums by location per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
States/UTs Slums by location

Fringe area Other area
Along Along River River Others Along Along River River Other
Nallah Railway Bank Bed Nallah Rly. Bank Bed
Line Line
Andhra Pradesh 10 44 15 0 171 127 67 22 0 543
Bihar 95 181 0 0 280 0 173 0 0 272
Chhattisgarh 24 379 0 0 24 150 0 0 0 424
Gujarat 25 183 12 0 22 237 25 5 0 493
Jammu & Kashmir 0 0 4 235 4 462 0 220 0 76
Karnataka 92 197 0 0 79 140 116 0 31 345
Madhya Pradesh 314 9 0 0 2 361 3 0 0 311
Maharashtra 53 15 0 0 29 152 93 14 8 636
Orissa 0 0 0 0 0 131 0 326 0 543
Punjab 159 0 0 0 150 0 0 634 0 57
Rajasthan 0 0 0 0 30 5 0 0 0 966
Tamil Nadu 54 8 46 0 145 164 103 36 0 445
Uttar Pradesh 4 3 64 0 171 358 0 8 0 391
West Bengal 8 22 14 0 128 75 106 14 0 634
Delhi 100 0 0 0 0 136 28 64 0 673
Puducherry 0 0 263 0 463 56 0 80 0 137
INDIA 51 43 13 2 93 152 78 22 4 542
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)
153
Appendix 64 Number of slums by location per 1000 slums for each State/UTs--2009
States/UTs Fringe Area Other Area

Along Along River River Others n.r. Along Along River River Others n.r.
Nallah Rly. Bank Bed Nallah Rly. Bank Bed
/Drain Line /Drain Line
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 32 20 77 28 199 0 99 51 117 33 345 0
Delhi 0 0 0 0 0 0 210 36 0 0 754 0
Gujarat 56 0 0 0 234 0 0 0 34 0 676 0
Karnataka 167 40 0 0 162 0 276 92 0 0 263 0
Madhya Pradesh 3 0 0 0 200 0 603 5 184 0 6 0
Maharashtra 6 20 0 12 52 0 120 97 51.0 0 641 0
Orissa 0 0 481 0 0 0 7 184 0 0 328 0
Tamil Nadu 79 0 77 12 146 0 246 0 73 0 367 0
Uttar Pradesh 249 0 0 0 0 0 646 0 7 0 97 0
West Bengal 38 68 0 0 63 0 94 111 0 0 627 0
INDIA 49 19 30 10 97 0 170 80 51 5 488 0
Non Notified
Andhra Pradesh 42 119 0 0 170 0 2 65 0 0 603 0
Delhi 107 73 0 0 172 0 181 73 0 0 395 0
Gujarat 101 120 6 0 106 0 77 125 14 0 450 0
Karnataka 0 22 0 0 26 0 492 26 12 0 422 0
Madhya Pradesh 106 2 0 0 214 0 160 3 74 0 312 128
Maharashtra 32 7 19 0 60 0 279 182 10 0 398 0
Orissa 18 81 203 0 5 0 218 12 0 0 462 0
Tamil Nadu 75 40 75 0 196 0 187 170 17 21 219 0
Uttar Pradesh 0 0 6 0 145 0 118 0 0 0 731 0
West Bengal 82 0 39 0 72 0 97 122 28 0 559 0
INDIA 58 40 33 0 94 0 202 105 20 1 434 8
Combined
Andhra Pradesh 34 44 58 21 192 0 75 54 89 25 408 0
Delhi 71 48 0 0 114 0 191 60 0 0 516 0
Gujarat 83 72 3 0 157 0 46 75 22 0 540 0
Karnataka 83 31 0 0 94 0 385 59 6 0 343 0
Madhya Pradesh 71 2 0 0 210 0 312 3 111 0 207 84
Maharashtra 18 14 9 7 56 0 192 136 33 0 530 0
Orissa 12 55 293 0 3 0 150 68 0 0 419 0
Tamil Nadu 77 20 76 6 171 0 217 84 45 10 294 0
Uttar Pradesh 139 0 3 0 64 0 413 0 4 0 378 0
West Bengal 60 33 20 0 67 0 96 117 14 0 592 0
INDIA 54 29 32 5 96 0 186 92 35 3 461 4
th
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65 Round (July 2008 to June 2009)
154
Slums in India
Appendix 65 Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs-1993
States/UTs Area type

Resi-dential Industrial Commercial Others
Assam# - - - -
Bihar 942 - 58 -
Gujarat 855 126 19 -
Haryana 419 547 33 -
Himachal Pradesh# - - - -
Karnataka 989 11 - -
Kerala # - - - -
Madhya Pradesh 847 71 - 82
Meghalaya# - - - -
Orissa 961 21 18 -
Punjab 514 343 143 -
Rajasthan 964 36 - -
Sikkim# - - - -
Tamil Nadu 1000 - - -
Uttar Pradesh 946 - 54 -
West Bengal 861 68 19 52
Chandigarh# - - - -
Delhi 854 93 - 53
Puducherry # - - - -
INDIA 891 53 31 25
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan- June, 1993)
# indicates that the relevant results are not presented as sample slums were less than 10. However, All-India includes
these states also.
155
each State/UTs-2002
States/UTs Type of area surrounding the slum

Residential Industrial Commercial Others not reported
Andhra Pradesh 899 60 6 8 27
Bihar 811 0 0 189 0
Chhattisgarh 953 0 0 47 0
Gujarat 961 29 0 11 0
Jammu & Kashmir 558 0 76 367 0
Karnataka 585 196 38 181 0
Madhya Pradesh 835 11 77 78 0
Maharashtra 783 114 44 54 5
Orissa 522 326 21 131 0
Punjab 352 0 648 0 0
Rajasthan 276 0 721 3 0
Tamil Nadu 824 50 96 31 0
Uttar Pradesh 968 24 6 3 0
West Bengal 768 81 103 48 0
Delhi 662 120 219 0 0
Puducherry 570 0 24 407 0
INDIA 799 80 65 51 6
156
Slums in India
each State/UTs - 2009
States/UTs Type of area surrounding the Slum

Residential Industrial Commercial Others Slum
Notified
Delhi 745 0 70 70 115
Gujarat 198 97 2 149 555
Karnataka 693 0 40 40 228
Maharashtra 419 60 80 21 419
Orissa 993 0 0 7 0
Tamil Nadu 855 0 0 48 97
West Bengal 525 76 38 0 361
INDIA 583 55 41 25 296
Non-notified
Delhi 550 198 26 71 155
Gujarat 354 269 169 0 208
Karnataka 589 0 225 129 57
Maharashtra 550 132 56 46 215
Orissa 718 54 0 228 0
Tamil Nadu 794 37 81 79 8
West Bengal 763 41 2 62 133
INDIA 623 102 70 73 132
Combined
Delhi 616 131 41 71 141
Gujarat 291 200 102 60 347
Karnataka 641 0 133 85 142
Maharashtra 479 93 69 33 327
Orissa 807 36 0 157 0
Tamil Nadu 825 18 40 63 53
West Bengal 646 58 19 32 245
INDIA 602 78 55 49 215
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)
157
Appendix 68 Number of slums by type of ownership of the land where the slum is located
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
States/UTs Ownership Type

Public
Private Railway Defense Airport
Bihar 263 272 0 0
Gujarat 275 0 0 0
Karnataka 117 7 0 0
Orissa 0 0 0 0
Punjab 143 0 0 0
Rajasthan 2 0 0 0
Tamil Nadu 139 93 0 0
Delhi 0 0 0 0
Puducherry 80 0 0 0
INDIA 353 49 8 2
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002
158
Slums in India
Appendix 68: Concld.
States/UTs Ownership Type

Public
Highway Local Bodies Others Not Known not reported
Bihar 0 276 189 0 0
Gujarat 1 719 5 0 0
Karnataka 0 673 105 98 0
Orissa 0 289 691 21 0
Punjab 0 223 634 0 0
Rajasthan 0 977 21 0 0
Tamil Nadu 0 639 98 31 0
West Bengal 0 89 159 14 0
Delhi 0 900 72 28 0
INDIA 4 412 160 11 1
159
Appendix 69 Number of slums by type of ownership of the land where the slum is located
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs -2009
States/UTs Public
Private Railway Local Bodies Others Not Known
Notified
Delhi 115 0 649 9 227
Gujarat 503 0 496 2 0
Karnataka 24 0 831 145 0
Maharashtra 328 33 485 148 6
Orissa 0 184 809 7 0
Tamil Nadu 180 0 763 36 21
Uttar Pradesh 727 18 131 14 109
West Bengal 692 0 220 14 74
INDIA 371 32 467 103 27
Non-Notified
Delhi 291 127 413 125 45
Gujarat 199 126 600 9 66
Karnataka 468 0 467 0 65
Maharashtra 432 44 380 73 71
Orissa 279 160 277 274 9
Tamil Nadu 345 40 370 245 0
West Bengal 624 37 106 138 95
INDIA 416 57 349 132 46
Combined

Delhi 231 84 492 86 106
Gujarat 320 76 558 6 40
Karnataka 248 0 648 72 33
Maharashtra 375 38 437 114 36
Orissa 189 168 449 188 6
Tamil Nadu 261 20 569 139 10
West Bengal 657 19 162 77 85
INDIA 393 44 409 117 37
160
Slums in India
Appendix 70 Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000
slums for each State / UT’s-1993
States/UTs Type of structure

49th Round (Jan- June, 1993)
Pucca Semi-Pucca Katcha
Assam# - - -
Bihar 108 524 369
Gujarat 224 256 520
Haryana 694 169 138
Himachal Pradesh# - - -
Karnataka 67 150 783
Kerala# - - -
Meghalaya# - - -
Orissa 484 498 18
Punjab 111 18 871
Rajasthan 443 352 206
Sikkim# - - -
Tamil Nadu 53 167 779
West Bengal 441 472 87
Chandigarh#
Delhi 696 257 46
Puducherry# - - -
INDIA 305 337 354
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation

# indicates that the relevant results are not presented as sample slums were less than 10. However, All-India includes
these states also.
161
slums for each State / UT’s-2002
States/UTs Type of structure

58th Round (July – Dec, 2002)
Pucca Semi-Pucca Service-able Un-serviceable
Katcha Katcha
Assam - - - -
Bihar 0 259 465 276
Gujarat 434 553 13 0
Haryana - - - -
Himachal Pradesh - - - -
Karnataka 430 383 188 0
Kerala - - - -
Meghalaya - - - -
Orissa 0 57 943 0
Punjab 143 191 666 0
Rajasthan 48 223 248 481
Sikkim - - - -
Tamil Nadu 297 296 326 81
Chandigarh - - - -
Delhi 338 363 299 0
INDIA 476 345 126 53
162
Slums in India
slums for each State / UT’s -2009
States/UTs Type of structure of the majority of houses

Pucca Semi Pucca Serviceable Unserviceable
katcha katcha
Notified
Delhi 770 142 70 17
Gujarat 140 659 201 0
Karnataka 256 625 120 0
Orissa 0 986 14 0
Tamil Nadu 434 424 142 0
INDIA 636 296 62 6
Non-notified
Delhi 491 232 170 107
Gujarat 285 383 227 105
Karnataka 672 214 114 0
Orissa 0 368 591 41
Tamil Nadu 324 274 247 154
INDIA 500 290 147 63
Combined
Delhi 585 202 136 77
Gujarat 227 493 217 63
Karnataka 465 418 117 0
Orissa 0 567 405 28
Tamil Nadu 380 350 194 76
INDIA 569 293 104 34
163
Appendix 73 Number of slums by type of approach road/lane/constructed path to the slum

States/UTs Approach Road to Slum

Cartable Non-Cartable
Pucca Katcha Pucca Katcha not reported
Arunachal Pradesh - - - -
Assam 300 499 202 - -
Bihar 574 109 317 -
Goa - - -
Gujarat 532 287 - 181 -
Haryana 832 135 33 - -
Himachal Pradesh - - 1000 - -
Jammu & Kashmir - - - - -
Karnataka 898 52 20 30
Kerala 485 267 6 242 -
Madhya Pradesh 247 465 91 197 -
Maharashtra 730 131 24 115 -
Manipur - - - - -
Meghalaya 649 - - 351 -
Mizoram - - - - -
Nagaland - - - - -
Orissa 430 354 - 216
Punjab 855 38 - 107 -
Rajasthan 831 - 169 - -
Sikkim 1000 - - -
Tamil Nadu 628 150 63 159 -
Tripura - - - - -
Uttar Pradesh 648 196 42 114 -
West Bengal 653 70 195 83 -
A & N Islands - - - -
Chandigarh 1000 - - - -
D & N-Haveli - - - - -
Daman & Diu - - - - -
Delhi 993 - - 7 -
Lakshadweep - - - - -
Puducherry 500 - - 500 -
INDIA 686 154 50 106 3
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)
164
Slums in India

States/UTs Type of approach road/lane/constructed path to the slum

Motorable Non motorable
Pucca Katcha Pucca Katcha
Bihar 630 0 189 181
Gujarat 589 227 17 167
Karnataka 389 299 203 109
Orissa 715 203 0 82
Punjab 237 129 0 634
Rajasthan 258 5 0 737
Tamil Nadu 670 132 46 152
West Bengal 658 15 223 104
Delhi 573 191 219 17
INDIA 640 110 120 130
165

per 1000 slums for each State/UTs--2009
States/UTs Type of Approach Road / lane / constructed path to the slum

Motarable Non motarable
Pucca Katcha Total Pucca Katcha Total
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 816 0 816 158 26 184
Delhi 633 0 633 367 0 367
Gujarat 716 0 716 17 267 284
Karnataka 576 199 775 225 0 225
Madhya Pradesh 490 0 490 29 481 510
Maharashtra 782 3 786 198 17 214
Orissa 7 321 328 184 488 672
Tamil Nadu 848 73 921 79 0 79
Uttar Pradesh 657 0 657 343 0 343
West Bengal 706 0 706 253 41 294
INDIA 728 25 753 188 59 247
Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh 610 219 829 5 167 171
Delhi 486 197 683 236 82 317
Gujarat 532 115 646 192 162 354
Karnataka 382 254 636 248 116 364
Madhya Pradesh 548 0 548 234 218 452
Maharashtra 734 48 782 199 19 218
Orissa 570 158 728 95 177 272
Tamil Nadu 563 66 629 56 315 371
Uttar Pradesh 311 392 703 28 269 297
West Bengal 510 103 612 329 59 388
INDIA 578 113 691 180 129 309
Combined
Andhra Pradesh 766 54 819 120 60 181
Delhi 536 130 666 280 54 334
Gujarat 605 69 674 122 204 326
Karnataka 479 226 705 237 58 295
Madhya Pradesh 528 0 528 164 308 472
Maharashtra 760 24 784 198 18 216
Orissa 388 211 599 124 278 401
Tamil Nadu 708 70 777 68 155 223
Uttar Pradesh 504 174 677 204 119 323
West Bengal 606 52 658 292 50 342
INDIA 654 68 722 184 94 278
166
Slums in India
Appendix 76 Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs -1993
Urban
States/UTs Type Of Road Within Slum

Katcha Pucca not reported
Arunachal Pradesh - -
Assam 616 384 -
Bihar 700 300 -
Goa - - -
Gujarat 908 92 -
Haryana 446 554 -
Himachal Pradesh - 1000 --
Jammu & Kashmir - - -
Karnataka 219 781 -
Kerala 994 6 -
Madhya Pradesh 888 112 -
Maharashtra 572 428 -
Manipur - - -
Meghalaya 822 178 -
Mizoram - - -
Nagaland - - -
Orissa 581 419 -
Punjab 889 111 -
Rajasthan 815 185 -
Sikkim - 1000 -
Tamil Nadu 678 , 322 -
Tripura -. - -
Uttar Pradesh 545 455 -
West Bengal 249 751 --
A & N Islands - -
Chandigarh 1000 - -
D & N-Haveli - - -
Daman & Diu - - -
Delhi 339 661 -
Lakshadweep - -
Puducherry 500 500 -
INDIA 531 465 3
167
States/UTs Type Of Road/Lane / Constructed Path Within The Slum

Pucca Katcha not reported
Bihar 181 819 0
Chhattisgarh 409 591 0
Gujarat 362 638 0
Jammu & Kashmir 95 905 0
Karnataka 407 593 0
Orissa 41 929 30
Punjab 32 968 0
Rajasthan 2 998 0
Tamil Nadu 410 590 0
West Bengal 657 343 0
Delhi 438 498 64
Puducherry 137 863 0
INDIA 542 453 4
168
Slums in India
States/UTs Type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum

Pucca Katcha
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 883 117
Delhi 913 87
Gujarat 194 806
Karnataka 395 605
Madhya Pradesh 524 476
Maharashtra 934 66
Orissa 0 1000
Tamil Nadu 882 118
Uttar Pradesh 749 251
West Bengal 877 123
INDIA 783 217
Non-notified
Delhi 428 572
Gujarat 308 692
Karnataka 593 407
Maharashtra 815 185
Orissa 522 478
Tamil Nadu 434 566
West Bengal 651 349
INDIA 566 434
Combined
Delhi 592 408
Gujarat 262 738
Karnataka 494 506
Maharashtra 850 120
Orissa 354 646
Tamil Nadu 661 339
West Bengal 761 239
INDIA 676 324
169
Appendix 79 Number of slums by status of electricity connection per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002
States/UTs Slums with

Electricity for
Both street Household Street light only No electricity
lights and use only
households use
Bihar 0 445 0 555
Gujarat 614 204 177 5
Orissa 449 122 402 27
Punjab 57 191 118 634
Tamil Nadu 814 65 60 61
Delhi 418 582 0 0
INDIA 691 178 49 82
170
Slums in India
Appendix 80 Number of slums by status of electricity connection per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009
States/UTs Slum with

Electricity For
Both Street Light Household Street Light Only No Electricity
and H.H Use use Only
Notified
Delhi 937 63 0 0
Gujarat 146 702 153 0
Orissa 321 664 7 7
INDIA 763 163 66 8
Non-notified
Delhi 491 366 36 107
Gujarat 567 191 139 104
Karnataka 516 184 301 0
Orissa 693 201 25 81
Tamil Nadu 711 213 76 0
West Bengal 579 126 241 54
INDIA 527 257 151 65
Combined
Delhi 642 264 24 71
Gujarat 399 395 144 62
Orissa 573 350 19 57
Tamil Nadu 818 105 77 0
West Bengal 655 117 200 28
INDIA 646 209 108 36
171
Appendix 81 Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-1993
Urban
States/UTs Source of Drinking Water

Tap Tube Well/Hand Pump Well Others
Assam# - - - -
Bihar 355 530 115 -
Gujarat 497 145 48 310
Haryana 856 144 - -
Himachal Pradesh# - - - -
Karnataka 209 743 18 30
Kerala# - - - -
Madhya Pradesh 513 282 205 -
Maharashtra 956 27 17 -
Meghalaya# - - - -
Orissa 391 506 82 21
Punjab 111 889 - -
Rajasthan 815 185 - -
Sikkim# - - - -
Tamil Nadu 588 142 65 206
Uttar Pradesh 301 634 65 -
West Bengal 794 206 - -
Chandigarh# - - - -
Delhi 900 100 - -
Puducherry# - - - -
INDIA 648 267 44 40

Note: Others Include Tank/Pond, River, Canal, Spring Etc.
# Indicates That The Relevant Results Are Not Presented As Sample Slums Were Less Than 10. However, All-India
Includes These States Also
172
Slums in India
State/UTs-2002
States/UTs Major source of drinking water

Tap Tube Well/ Well River/ Spring Others
Hand Canal/
Pump Lake
Andhra Pradesh 801 114 19 0 0 66
Bihar 0 1000 0 0 0 0
Chhattisgarh 550 426 24 0 0 0
Gujarat 630 192 0 0 0 177
Jammu & Kashmir 992 8 0 0 0 0
Karnataka 840 130 0 31 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 700 218 81 0 0 0
Maharashtra 935 27 12 5 0 21
Orissa 577 423 0 0 0 0
Punjab 143 857 0 0 0 0
Rajasthan 276 3 0 0 0 721
Tamil Nadu 903 20 33 0 0 44
Uttar Pradesh 514 486 0 0 0 0
West Bengal 779 154 51 0 0 16
Delhi 737 263 0 0 0 0
Puducherry 976 24 0 0 0 0
INDIA 777 157 24 3 1 39
173
State/UTs-2009
States/UTs Major Source of Drinking Water

Tap Tube well well others not reported
/hand pump
Notified
Delhi 946 36 0 17 0
Gujarat 851 149 0 0 0
Karnataka 880 120 0 0 0
Orissa 351 649 0 0 0
Tamil Nadu 667 209 21 103 0
West Bengal 766 166 30 38 0
INDIA 790 168 14 28 0
Non-notified
Delhi 680 266 0 54 0
Gujarat 842 133 1 23 0
Karnataka 888 8 0 104 0
Orissa 560 250 190 0 0
Tamil Nadu 810 112 37 40 0
West Bengal 818 118 28 36 0
INDIA 766 171 24 34 4
Combined
Delhi 770 188 0 42 0
Gujarat 846 140 1 14 0
Karnataka 884 64 0 52 0
Orissa 493 379 129 0 0
Tamil Nadu 737 162 29 72 0
West Bengal 792 142 29 37 0
INDIA 778 170 19 31 2
174
Slums in India
Appendix 84 Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
Urban
States/UTs Type Of latrine Facility

No Service Septic Flush Others not
Latrine Latrine Tank System reported
Andhra Pradesh 634 52 110 102 73 28
Arunachal Pradesh - - - - -
Assam 7 316 292 - 384 -
Bihar 1000 - - - - -
Goa - - - - - -
Gujarat 469 68 220 243 - -
Haryana 575 - 266 160 - -
Himachal Pradesh 1000 - - - - -
Jammu & Kashmir - - - - - -
Karnataka 823 40 48 88 0 -
Kerala 994 - 6 - - -
Madhya Pradesh 882 107 11 - - -
Maharashtra 235 77 246 420 23 -
Manipur - - - - - -
Meghalaya - 707 293 - - -
Mizoram - - - - - -
Nagaland - - - - - -
Orissa 1000 - - - - -
Punjab 1000 - - - - -
Rajasthan 620 169 195 - 16 -
Sikkim - 500 500 - - -
Tamil Nadu 830 84 43 14 28 -
Tripura - - - - - -
Uttar Pradesh 723 142 6 129 - -
West Bengal 172 58 459 201 110 -
A & N Islands - - - - - -
Chandigarh - 1000 - - -
D & N Haveli - - - - -
Daman & Diu - - - - - -
Delhi 425 93 250 232 - -
Lakshadweep - - - - - -
Puducherry 1000 - - - - -
INDIA 544 69 176 175 32 3
175
States/UTs Latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum

Owned Shared
Septic Pit Service Septic Pit Service
tank/Flush tank/Flush
Andhra Pradesh 378 21 22 112 0 19
Bihar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chhattisgarh 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gujarat 242 0 0 0 0 0
Jammu & Kashmir 0 0 0 0 0 235
Karnataka 130 2 0 0 0 0
Madhya Pradesh 7 1 0 3 0 0
Maharashtra 72 0 0 36 0 0
Orissa 0 0 0 0 0 0
Punjab 0 32 0 57 86 0
Rajasthan 0 5 0 0 0 0
Tamil Nadu 76 0 0 78 0 45
Uttar Pradesh 5 89 63 3 0 4
West Bengal 30 31 14 415 53 31
Delhi 0 0 0 0 0 0
Puducherry 0 0 0 0 0 0
INDIA 102 17 9 99 12 14
176
Slums in India
Appendix 85 Conclude.
States/UTs Latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum

Public Community Other
Septic tank/Flush Pit Service Latrine No latrine
Bihar 0 0 0 173 827
Gujarat 74 0 11 149 524
Karnataka 192 2 31 38 606
Orissa 0 0 0 0 1000
Punjab 0 32 0 0 793
Tamil Nadu 213 0 0 74 513
West Bengal 87 82 46 17 194
Delhi 263 0 239 0 498
INDIA 303 13 52 46 334
177
States/UTs Owned Shared Public

septic/ pit service septic pit Service septic pit service other no n. r.
flush tank/ tank/ latrine latrine
tank flush flush
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 311 26 11 67 26 0 260 13 0 203 82 0
Delhi 367 0 0 0 0 0 588 0 45 0 0 0
Gujarat 97 5 2 3 0 0 100 15 241 153 385 0
Karnataka 210 4 0 92 120 0 340 16 52 163 4 0
Madhya Pradesh 187 0 0 0 0 0 307 0 111 212 184 0
Maharashtra 31 0 3 70 0 0 733 6 58 90 9 0
Orissa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 505 488 0
Tamil Nadu 131 0 0 26 0 0 470 0 0 100 273 0
Uttar Pradesh 0 106 0 132 0 0 638 5 12 100 7 0
West Bengal 24 1 0 375 27 24 375 0 0 43 131 0
INDIA 111 17 3 89 13 2 482 13 43 127 100 0
Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh 91 77 0 0 0 0 304 0 0 231 269 28
Delhi 0 9 0 19 0 0 667 47 108 43 107 0
Gujarat l 3 4 2 24 10 261 20 0 196 479 0
Karnataka 198 107 0 104 26 0 205 59 65 69 167 0
Madhya Pradesh 0 3 0 0 0 0 140 5 4 611 237 0
Maharashtra 99 0 0 30 0 0 586 8 115 101 62 0
Orissa 0 153 0 0 0 0 77 77 0 334 360 0
Tamil Nadu 0 0 0 12 0 0 374 0 12 200 402 0
Uttar Pradesh 0 0 0 0 0 0 381 193 0 269 157 0
West Bengal 59 2 0 366 13 85 138 85 26 123 103 0
INDIA 52 19 1 56 5 10 364 41 59 197 195 2
Combined
Andhra Pradesh 257 39 8 51 20 0 271 10 0 210 128 7
Delhi 124 6 0 12 0 0 640 31 87 29 71 0
Gujarat 39 4 3 2 14 6 197 18 96 179 442 0
Karnataka 204 56 0 98 73 0 272 37 58 115 86 0
Madhya Pradesh 64 2 0 0 0 0 197 3 41 474 219 0
Maharashtra 62 0 2 52 0 0 666 7 84 95 33 0
Orissa 0 104 0 0 0 0 52 54 0 389 401 0
Tamil Nadu 66 0 0 19 0 0 423 0 6 149 336 0
Uttar Pradesh 0 59 0 73 0 0 525 88 7 175 73 0
West Bengal 42 1 0 370 20 55 254 43 13 84 116 0
INDIA 82 18 2 72 9 6 424 27 51 161 147 1
178
Slums in India
Appendix 87 Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-1993
Urban
States/UTs Type of Drainage System

No Open Open Covered Under not
Drainage Katcha Pucca Pucca Ground reported
Andhra Pradesh 440 171 281 10 70 28
Arunachal Pradesh - - - - - -
Assam 684 316 - - - -
Bihar 642 358 - - - -
Goa - - - - - -
Gujarat 457 72 287 19 166 -
Haryana 446 420 133 1 -
Himachal Pradesh - 1000 - - - -
Jammu & Kashmir - - - - - -
Karnataka 156 69 726 49 - -
Kerala 994 - 6 - - -
Madhya Pradesh 504 218 150 42 87 -
Maharashtra 224 224 484 51 17 -
Manipur - - - - - -
Meghalaya - 644 356 - - -
Mizoram - - - - - -
Nagaland - - - - - -
Orissa 401 428 171 - - -
Punjab 603 287 111 - - -
Rajasthan 589 192 219 - - -
Sikkim 1000 - - - - -
Tamil Nadu 454 404 86 28 28
Tripura - - - - - -
Uttar Pradesh 251 336 359 54 - -
West Bengal 228 147 443 95 87 -
A & N Islands - - - - - -
Chandigarh 1000 - - - -. -
D & N Haveli - - - - - -
Daman & Diu - - - - -
Delhi 53 7 290 139 511 -
Lakshadweep - - - - -
Puducherry 1000 - - - -
INDIA 316 201 351 49 80 3
179
UTs-2002
States/UTs Type of Drainage System

Under Covered Open Open No
ground pucca pucca katcha Drainage
Bihar 0 0 185 173 642
Gujarat 282 0 140 36 542
Karnataka 267 31 301 87 314
Maharashtra 116 136 506 96 146
Orissa 0 0 79 46 875
Punjab 57 0 150 159 634
Tamil Nadu 214 10 277 141 358
West Bengal 253 63 335 98 251
Delhi 0 0 657 100 244
Puducherry 56 0 287 576 80
INDIA 129 62 384 132 293
180
Slums in India
UTs-2009
States/UTs Type of Drainage system

Under Covered Open Open No
ground pucca pucca katcha drainage
Notified
Delhi 735 157 108 0 0
Gujarat 143 69 0 167 621
Karnataka 448 0 398 154 0
Maharashtra 260 348 323 69 0
Orissa 0 0 0 512 488
Tamil Nadu 299 50 338 77 237
West Bengal 254 140 472 40 94
INDIA 230 161 391 121 96
Non-notified
Delhi 145 83 369 278 125
Gujarat 171 23 102 305 399
Karnataka 22 8 825 0 145
Maharashtra 151 382 308 70 90
Orissa 0 0 138 368 494
Tamil Nadu 0 0 420 248 332
West Bengal 250 0 440 115 195
INDIA 105 131 301 237 226
Combined
Delhi 344 108 281 184 83
Gujarat 160 41 61 250 488
Karnataka 234 4 613 76 73
Maharashtra 210 363 316 70 41
Orissa 0 0 93 415 492
Tamil Nadu 151 25 378 161 284
West Bengal 252 69 455 78 146
INDIA 168 147 347 178 160
181
Appendix 90 Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-1993
Urban
States/UTs Garbage Disposal System
No By By Others
Arrangement Resident Panchayat
Municipality
Corporation
Arunachal Pradesh - - - -
Assam 798 202 - -
Bihar 676 55 - 269
Goa - - -
Gujarat 211 254 472 64
Haryana 854 19 127 -
Himachal Pradesh - - 1000 -
Jammu & Kashmir - - - -
Kerala 994 - 6 -
Maharashtra 258 40 702 -
Manipur - - - -
Meghalaya - 822 178 -
Mizoram - - - -
Nagaland - - - -
Orissa 433 136 432 -
Punjab 980 20 - -
Rajasthan 713 142 145 -
Sikkim 500 500 -
Tamil Nadu 353 151 470 27
Tripura - - - -
A & N Islands - - - -
Chandigarh 1000 - - -
D & N Haveli - - - -
Daman & Diu - - - -
Delhi 53 139 807 -
Lakshadweep - - - -
Puducherry 1000 - - -
INDIA 348 108 517 24
182
Slums in India
State/UTs-2002
States/UTs Garbage disposal System

Arrangement by
Panchayat/ Residents Others No arrangement
municipality/
Corporation
Bihar 87 91 0 823
Gujarat 389 374 5 232
Orissa 104 52 27 817
Punjab 14 205 29 752
Tamil Nadu 590 79 0 331
Delhi 573 128 0 299
INDIA 607 69 12 312
183
State/UTs-2009
States/UTs Garbage Disposal System

Arrangement by
Municipality/ Residents Others No
corporation arrangement
Notified
Delhi 431 253 316 0
Gujarat 355 8 15 623
Orissa 489 0 184 328
Tamil Nadu 723 89 73 115
INDIA 751 60 88 101
Non-notified
Delhi 597 46 161 197
Gujarat 410 84 179 327
Karnataka 576 119 157 149
Orissa 377 46 96 481
Tamil Nadu 394 21 195 390
West Bengal 565 84 128 223
INDIA 552 78 141 229
Combined
Delhi 388 54 113 445
Gujarat 681 82 161 76
Karnataka 134 236 308 321
Orissa 561 55 133 251
Tamil Nadu 333 124 213 330
West Bengal 653 69 114 164
INDIA 807 11 66 117
184
Slums in India
Appendix 93 Number of slums by availability of underground sewerage system per 1000

slums for each State/UTs-1993
States/UTs Type of Sewerage System

Underground Not-Underground Not reported
Arunachal Pradesh - - -
Assam 146 854 -
Bihar - 1000 -
Goa - - -
Gujarat 185 815 -
Haryana 127 873 -
Himachal Pradesh - 1000 -
Jammu & Kashmir - - -
Karnataka 49 951 -
Kerala - 1000 -
Madhya Pradesh 42 958 -
Maharashtra 195 805 -
Manipur - - -
Meghalaya - 1000 -
Mizoram - - -
Nagaland - - -
Orissa - 1000 -
Punjab - 1000 -
Rajasthan - 1000 -
Sikkim - 1000 -
Tamil Nadu 87 913 -
Tripura - - -
Uttar Pradesh 159 841 -
West Bengal 285 715 -
A & N Islands - - -
Chandigarh - 1000 -
D & N-Haveli - - -
Daman & Diu - -
Delhi 464 536 -
Lakshadweep - - -
Puducherry - 1000 -
INDIA 166 831 3
185

States/UTs Underground Sewerage System

Available Not available
Bihar 0 1000
Chhattisgarh 0 1000
Gujarat 277 723
Jammu & Kashmir 0 1000
Karnataka 236 764
Maharashtra 315 685
Orissa 0 1000
Punjab 115 885
Rajasthan 0 1000
Tamil Nadu 243 757
West Bengal 371 629
Delhi 28 972
Puducherry 56 944
INDIA 225 775
186
Slums in India

States/UTs Underground Sewerage System

Available Not available
Notified
Delhi 883 117
Gujarat 143 857
Karnataka 596 404
Maharashtra 407 593
Orissa 7 993
Tamil Nadu 299 701
West Bengal 428 572
INDIA 331 669
Non-notified
Delhi 117 883
Gujarat 184 816
Karnataka 294 706
Maharashtra 328 672
Orissa 0 1000
Tamil Nadu 82 918
West Bengal 294 706
INDIA 186 814
Combined
Delhi 376 624
Gujarat 167 833
Karnataka 444 556
Maharashtra 371 629
Orissa 2 998
Tamil Nadu 192 808
West Bengal 360 640
INDIA 260 740
187
Appendix 96 Per thousand distribution of slums by distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km &
above from a motarable road, a primary school and a hospital/health centre
for each State/UTs-1993
States/UTs Motorable Road Primary School Hospital/Health Centre

Less 1 Km.& Less 1 Km. Less 1 Km.
than Above than & than &
1 Km 1 Km Above 1 Km Above
Andhra Pradesh 962 38 863 137 723 277
Assam - - - - - -
Bihar 892 108 946 51 276 724
Gujarat 1000 - 725 275 483 517
Haryana 1000 - 820 180 127 873
Himachal Pradesh - - - - - -
Karnataka 1000 - 1000 - 885 115
Kerala - - - - - -
Madhya Pradesh 909 91 821 179 340 660
Maharashtra 980 20 872 128 799 201
Meghalaya - - - - - -
Orissa 1000 - 962 38 593 407
Punjab 1000 ~ 1000 - 218 782
Rajasthan 1000 - 1000 - 681 319
Sikkim - - - - - -
Tamil Nadu 1000 - 807 193 606 394
Uttar Pradesh 984 16 775 225 478 522
West Bengal 992 8 981 19 400 600
Chandigarh - - - - - -
Delhi 1000 - 993 7 901 99
Puducherry - - - - - -
INDIA 980 20 900 100 635 365
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49 th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)
188
Slums in India
Appendix 97 Per thousand distribution of slums by distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km &
above from a motarable road, a primary school and a hospital/health centre
for each State/UTs -2002
States/UTs Motorable Road Primary School Hospital/Health Centre

Less 1 Km.& Less 1 Km. Less 1 Km.
Than Above Than & than &
1 Km 1 Km Above 1 Km Above
Andhra Pradesh 1000 0 975 25 517 484
Bihar 745 255 905 95 371 630
Chhattisgarh 1000 0 747 253 126 874
Gujarat 920 80 980 20 370 630
Jammu & 1000 0 776 224 95 905
Karnataka 1000 0 771 229 628 372
Madhya Pradesh 1000 0 970 30 519 482
Maharashtra 953 46 920 80 475 525
Orissa 1000 0 1000 0 371 629
Punjab 1000 0 1000 0 281 720
Rajasthan 1000 0 1000 0 740 260
Tamil Nadu 1000 0 977 22 603 397
Uttar Pradesh 1000 0 833 168 272 727
West Bengal 1000 0 955 45 462 538
Delhi 1000 0 709 291 554 446
Puducherry - - 1000 0 751 249
INDIA 974 27 920 80 473 528
189
Appendix 98 Distribution of Slums not having motarable roads by distance from nearest
motarable road for different States (per 1000) -2009
States/UTs Distance from nearest motorable road (in km)

Less than 0.5 0.5 - 1 1-2 2-5
Notified
Delhi 810 190 0 0
Gujarat 1000 0 0 0
Orissa 11 512 477 0
INDIA 861 105 33 0
Non-notified
Delhi 1000 0 0 0
Gujarat 692 308 0 0
Orissa 403 529 67 0
INDIA 862 117 9 12
Combined
Delhi 929 71 0 0
Gujarat 799 201 0 0
Orissa 191 520 289 0
INDIA 861 112 20 7
190
Slums in India
Appendix 99 Distribution of slums by distance from nearest government Primary school

for different states (per 1000)-2009
States/UTs Distance From Nearest Primary School (in K.M)

Less than 0.5 0.5-1 1-2 2-5 above 5
Notified
Delhi 728 227 45 0 0
Gujarat 436 528 36 0 0
Karnataka 691 249 60 0 0
Maharashtra 499 367 123 11 0
Orissa 0 495 505 0 0
Tamil Nadu 648 204 109 39 0
Uttar Pradesh 338 364 108 189 0
West Bengal 637 362 1 0 0
INDIA 572 307 103 17 0
Non-notified
Delhi 652 89 116 142 0
Gujarat 627 296 31 45 0
Karnataka 808 96 94 2 0
Orissa 489 327 110 75 0
Tamil Nadu 327 455 170 48 0
West Bengal 600 291 109 0 0
INDIA 485 367 115 26 7
Combined
Delhi 678 136 92 94 0
Gujarat 551 389 33 27 0
Karnataka 750 172 77 1 0
Orissa 331 381 237 51 0
Tamil Nadu 490 328 139 43 0
Uttar Pradesh 338 399 151 112 0
West Bengal 618 326 56 0 0
INDIA 529 337 109 22 3
191
Appendix 100 Distribution of slums by distance from nearest Government hospital / health
centre (in km)for different states (per 1000)-2009
States/UTs Distance From Nearest Government Hospital / Health Centre (in km)
Less than 0.5 0.5 - 1 1-2 2-5 >5
Notified
Andhra Pradesh 162 430 163 233 12
Delhi 595 306 36 63 0
Gujarat 219 260 4 517 0
Karnataka 475 331 24 66 104
Madhya Pradesh 32 117 280 388 184
Maharashtra 199 354 206 212 29
Orissa 328 0 488 184 0
Tamil Nadu 245 415 57 260 23
Uttar Pradesh 153 378 18 439 12
West Bengal 40 407 324 65 164
INDIA 201 343 185 222 49
Non-notified
Delhi 361 184 152 232 71
Gujarat 375 26 275 129 195
Karnataka 55 387 312 222 24
Maharashtra 262 268 291 91 89
Orissa 153 102 104 391 251
Tamil Nadu 92 80 362 295 171
Uttar Pradesh 31 112 122 713 23
West Bengal 73 221 355 246 106
INDIA 204 214 274 194 114
Combined
Andhra Pradesh 188 336 205 196 75
Delhi 440 225 113 175 47
Gujarat 313 119 167 284 117
Karnataka 264 359 169 145 64
Madhya Pradesh 123 453 226 136 63
Maharashtra 228 315 245 157 56
Orissa 210 69 228 324 170
Tamil Nadu 169 250 207 277 96
West Bengal 57 312 340 157 134
INDIA 202 279 229 208 81
192
Urban Housing,
Poverty and Unemployment
Slums in India
Appendix 101 Distribution of Households by type of Houses occupied: 2001
Sl. Households Total Rural Urban

No. With No. of % No. of % No. of %
H.H H.H H.H
Structure of the House
1 Pucca Houses 99432 51.80 56829 41.10 42602 79.35
2 Semi-Pucca Houses 57664 30.04 49402 35.73 8262 15.39
3 Katcha Houses 34816 18.14 32010 23.15 2806 5.23
4 Unclassified 52 0.03 30 0.02 22 0.04
Ownership of the House
1 Own Houses 166353 86.66 130491 94.37 35862 66.79
2 Rented Houses 20230 10.05 4913 3.55 15317 28.05
3 Any Other 5380 3.11 2868 2.08 2513 5.16
Size of the Household / No. of Rooms
1 No exclusive Room 5972 3.11 4724 3.42 1248 2.32
2 One Room 73856 38.47 55003 39.78 18853 35.11
3 Two Rooms 57571 29.99 41714 30.17 15857 29.53
4 Three Rooms 27542 14.35 18365 13.28 9177 17.09
5 Four Rooms 14362 7.48 9705 7.02 4657 8.67
6 Five Rooms 5566 2.90 3812 2.76 1754 3.27
7 Six Rooms and above 7094 3.70 4948 3.58 2146 4.0
Source: Census of India 2001: Tables on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets
195
Appendix 102 Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001
Characteristics Total Rural Urban

Percentage of Households having Source of Drinking Water as
Tap 36.7 24.3 68.7
Hand pump 35.7 43.2 16.2
Tube well 5.6 5.7 5.1
Well 18.2 22.2 7.7
Tank, Pond, Lake 1.0 1.3 0.3
River, Canal 1.0 1.3 0.2
Spring 0.7 0.9 0.2
Any other 1.2 1.0 1.5
Percentage of Households having Source of Drinking Water
Within premises 39.0 28.7 65.4
Near the premises 44.3 51.8 25.2
Away from the premises 16.7 19.5 9.4
Percentage of Households by availability of Drinking Water Facility within the premises
Tap 56.7 39.6 72.4
Hand pump 31.2 28.3 50.8
Tube well 29.4 20.0 56.6
Well 28.6 24.8 56.6
Tank, Pond, Lake 13.9 13.2 21.0
River, Canal - - -
Spring - - -
Any other 6.2 5.3 7.6
Percentage of Households by availability of Drinking Water Facility near the Premises
Tap 35.5 50.3 21.9
Hand pump 53.5 56.0 36.3
Tube well 44.9 51.3 26.5
Well 44.9 47.4 26.4
Tank, Pond, Lake 44.4 45.1 37.2
River, Canal 42.7 42.3 50.2
Spring 43.4 42.0 56.4
Any other 34.3 33.9 35.0
Percentage of Households by availability of Drinking Water facility away from the Premises
Tap 7.8 10.1 5.7
Hand pump 15.4 15.7 12.9
Tube well 25.7 28.8 16.8
Well 26.6 27.8 17.0
Tank, Pond, Lake 41.7 41.7 41.8
River, Canal 57.3 57.7 49.8
196
Slums in India
Appendix 102 Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001
(…Contd.)
Spring 56.6 58.0 43.6

Any other 59.5 60.8 57.4
Percentage of Households having Source of Lighting as
Electricity 55.8 43.5 87.6
Kerosene 43.3 55.6 11.6
Solar energy 0.3 0.3 0.2
Other oil 0.1 0.1 0.1
Any other 0.2 0.2 0.1
No lighting 0.3 0.3 0.4
Percentage of Households by type of Latrine within the House
Pit latrine 11.5 10.3 14.6
Water closet 18.0 7.1 46.1
Other latrine 6.9 4.5 13.0
No latrine 63.6 78.1 26.3
Percentage of Households by type of Drainage Facilities
Closed drainage 12.5 3.9 34.5
Open drainage 33.9 30.3 43.4
No drainage 53.6 65.8 22.1
Percentage of Households having Bathroom Facilities within the House
Bath room within the house 36.1 22.8 70.4
Percentage of Households having Kitchen within the House
Available 64.0 59.4 76.0
Not available 23.9 26.1 18.0
Cooking in Open 11.8 14.2 5.5
No Cooking 0.3 0.2 0.6
Percentage of Households by type of Fuel used for Cooking
Firewood 52.4 64.1 22.7
Crop residue 10.0 13.1 2.1
Cow dung cake 9.8 12.8 2.0
Coal, Lignite, Charcoal 2.0 1.1 4.6
Kerosene 6.5 1.6 19.2
LPG 17.5 5.7 48.0
Electricity 0.2 0.1 0.3
Biogas 0.4 0.5 0.4
Any other 0.6 0.8 0.2
Source: Census of India 2001: Analytical report on Housing Amenities
197
Appendix 103 State-wise Houseless Population (Total, Rural & Urban) in India- 2001
State/ UTs Houseless Population

Total Rural % age Urban % age
Andhra Pradesh 163,938 97,101 59 66,837 41
Arunachal Pradesh 442 360 81 82 19
Assam 13,355 10,989 82 2,366 18
Bihar 42,498 29,768 70 12,730 30
Chhattisgarh 28,772 22,558 78 6,214 22
Goa 5,280 2,991 57 2,289 43
Gujarat 220,786 148,691 67 72,095 33
Haryana 59,360 35,384 60 23,976 40
Himachal Pradesh 8,364 7,047 84 1,317 16
Jammu & Kashmir 12,751 10,129 79 2,622 21
Jharkhand 10,887 6,998 64 3,889 36
Karnataka 102,226 61,898 61 40,328 39
Kerala 16,533 9,096 55 7,437 45
Madhya Pradesh 231,246 169,376 73 61,870 27
Maharashtra 340,924 236,412 69 104,512 31
Manipur 2,897 2,525 87 372 13
Meghalaya 1,827 1,644 90 183 10
Mizoram 336 73 22 263 78
Nagaland 2,002 1,254 63 748 37
Orissa 42,871 31,039 72 11,832 28
Punjab 46,958 23,549 50 23,409 50
Rajasthan 143,497 87,866 61 55,631 39
Sikkim 286 228 80 58 20
Tamilnadu 86,472 29,344 34 57,128 66
Tripura 857 670 78 187 22
Uttar Pradesh 201,029 104,387 52 96,642 48
Uttarakhand 14,703 10,768 73 3,935 27
West Bengal 110,535 19,726 18 90,809 82
A& N Islands 242 78 32 164 68
Chandigarh 2,722 41 2 2,681 98
D & Nagar Haveli 1,471 1,261 86 210 14
Daman & Diu 1,071 659 62 412 38
Delhi 24,966 1,063 4 23,903 96
Lakshadweep 0 0 - 0 -
Puducherry 1,662 194 12 1,468 88
INDIA 1,943,766 1,165,167 60 778,599 40
Source: Census of India 2001: Series-1: Primary Census Abstract; Total Population: Table A-5.
198
Slums in India
Appendix 104 State-wise Housing Shortage in India- 2007 (in million)
States/UTs Housing Shortage

Andhra Pradesh 1.95
Arunachal Pradesh 0.02
Assam 0.31
Bihar 0.59
Chhattisgarh 0.36
Goa 0.07
Gujarat 1.66
Haryana 0.52
Himachal Pradesh 0.06
Jammu & Kashmir 0.18
Jharkhand 0.47
Karnataka 1.63
Kerala 0.76
Madhya Pradesh 1.29
Maharashtra 3.72
Manipur 0.05
Meghalaya 0.04
Mizoram 0.04
Nagaland 0.03
Orissa 0.50
Punjab 0.69
Rajasthan 1.00
Sikkim 0.01
Tamil Nadu 2.82
Tripura 0.06
Uttarakhand 0.18
Uttar Pradesh 2.38
West Bengal 2.04
A & N Islands 0.01
Chandigarh 0.08
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 0.01
Daman & Diu 0.01
Delhi 1.13
Lakshadweep 0.00
Puducherry 0.06
INDIA 24.71
Source: Report of Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2006, Ministry of Housing &
Urban Poverty Alleviation
199
Appendix 105 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 1993-1994 (Based on URP- Consumption)
States/UTs Rural Urban Combined

No. of Percentage No. of Percentage No. of Percentage
Persons of Persons of Persons of
(lakhs) Persons (lakhs) Persons (lakhs) Persons
Andhra Pradesh 79.49 15.92 74.47 38.33 153.97 22.19
Assam 94.33 45.01 2.03 7.73 96.36 40.86
Bihar 450.86 58.21 42.49 34.50 493.35 54.96
Goa 0.38 5.34 1.53 27.03 1.91 14.92
Gujarat 62.16 22.18 43.02 27.89 105.19 24.21
Haryana 36.56 28.02 7.31 16.38 43.88 25.05
Jammu & Kashmir 19.05 30.34 1.86 9.18 20.92 25.17
Karnataka 95.99 29.88 60.46 40.14 156.46 33.16
Kerala 55.95 25.76 20.46 24.55 76.41 25.43
Madhya Pradesh 216.19 40.64 82.33 48.38 298.52 42.52
Maharashtra 193.33 37.93 111.90 35.15 305.22 36.86
Manipur 6.33 45.01 0.47 7.73 6.80 33.78
Meghalaya 7.09 45.01 0.29 7.73 7.38 37.92
Mizoram 1.64 45.01 0.30 7.73 1.94 25.66
Nagaland 4.85 45.01 0.20 7.73 5.05 37.92
Orissa 140.90 49.72 19.70 41.64 160.60 48.56
Punjab 17.76 11.95 7.35 11.35 25.11 11.77
Rajasthan 94.68 26.46 33.82 30.49 128.50 27.41
Sikkim 1.81 45.01 0.03 7.73 1.84 41.43
Tamil Nadu 121.70 32.48 80.40 39.77 202.10 35.03
Tripura 11.41 45.01 0.38 7.73 11.79 39.01
Uttar Pradesh 496.17 42.28 108.28 35.39 604.46 40.85
West Bengal 209.90 40.80 44.66 22.41 254.56 35.66
A & N Islands 0.73 32.48 0.33 39.77 1.06 34.47
Chandigarh 0.07 11.35 0.73 11.35 0.80 11.35
D & N Haveli 0.72 51.95 0.06 39.93 0.77 50.84
Daman & Diu 0.03 5.34 0.15 27.03 0.18 15.80
Delhi 0.19 1.90 15.32 16.03 15.51 14.69
Lakshadweep 0.06 25.76 0.08 24.55 0.14 25.04
Puducherry 0.93 32.48 2.38 39.77 3.31 37.40
INDIA 2440.31 37.27 763.37 32.36 3203.68 35.97
Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated 11th March, 1997)
200
Slums in India
Territories 1999-2000 (Based on MRP-Consumption)

No. of Percentage No. of Percentage No. of Percentage
Persons of Persons of Persons of
(lakhs) Persons (lakhs) Persons (lakhs) Persons
Andhra Pradesh 58.13 11.05 60.88 26.63 119.01 15.77
Assam 92.17 40.04 2.38 7.47 94.55 36.09
Bihar 376.51 44.30 49.13 32.91 425.64 42.60
Goa 0.11 1.35 0.59 7.52 0.70 4.40
Gujarat 39.80 13.17 28.09 15.59 67.89 14.07
Haryana 11.94 8.27 5.39 9.99 17.34 8.74
Jammu & Kashmir 2.97 3.97 0.49 1.98 3.46 3.48
Karnataka 59.91 17.38 44.49 25.25 104.40 20.04
Kerala 20.97 9.38 20.07 20.27 41.04 12.72
Madhya Pradesh 217.32 37.06 81.22 38.44 298.54 37.43
Maharashtra 125.12 23.72 102.87 26.81 227.99 25.02
Manipur 6.53 40.04 0.66 7.47 7.19 28.54
Meghalaya 7.89 40.04 0.34 7.47 8.23 33.87
Mizoram 1.40 40.04 0.45 7.47 1.85 19.47
Nagaland 5.21 40.04 0.28 7.47 5.49 32.67
Orissa 143.69 48.01 25.40 42.83 169.09 47.15
Punjab 10.20 6.35 4.29 5.75 14.49 6.16
Rajasthan 55.06 13.74 26.78 19.85 81.83 15.28
Sikkim 2.00 40.04 0.04 7.47 2.05 36.55
Tamil Nadu 80.51 20.55 49.97 22.11 130.48 21.12
Tripura 12.53 40.04 0.49 7.47 13.02 34.44
Uttar Pradesh 412.01 31.22 117.88 30.89 529.89 31.15
West Bengal 180.11 31.85 33.38 14.86 213.49 27.02
A & N Islands 0.58 20.55 0.24 22.11 0.82 20.99
Chandigarh 0.06 5.75 0.45 5.75 0.51 5.75
D & N Haveli 0.30 17.57 0.03 13.52 0.33 17.14
Daman & Diu 0.01 1.35 0.05 7.52 0.06 4.44
Delhi 0.07 0.40 11.42 9.42 11.49 8.23
Lakshadweep 0.03 9.38 0.08 20.27 0.11 15.60
Puducherry 0.64 20.55 1.77 22.11 2.41 21.67
INDIA 1932.43 27.09 670.07 23.62 2602.50 26.10
Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated 22nd Feb, 2001)
201
Territories 2004-05 (Based on URP-Consumption)

Percentage No. of Percentage No. of Percentage No. of
of Persons of Persons of Persons
Persons (lakhs) Persons (lakhs) Persons (lakhs)
Andhra Pradesh 11.2 64.70 28.0 61.40 15.8 126.10
Assam 22.3 54.50 3.3 1.28 19.7 55.77
Bihar 42.1 336.72 34.6 32.42 41.4 369.15
Chhattisgarh 40.8 71.50 41.2 19.47 40.9 90.69
Goa 5.4 0.36 21.3 1.64 13.8 2.01
Gujarat 19.1 63.49 13.0 27.19 16.8 09.69
Haryana 13.6 21.49 15.1 10.60 14.0 32.10
Jammu & Kashmir 4.6 3.66 7.9 2.19 5.4 5.85
Jharkhand 46.3 103.19 20.2 13.20 40.3 116.39
Karnataka 20.8 75.05 32.6 63.83 25.0 138.89
Kerala 13.2 32.43 20.2 17.17 15.0 49.60
Madhya Pradesh 36.9 175.65 42.1 74.03 38.3 249.68
Maharashtra 29.6 171.13 32.2 146.25 30.7 317.38
Manipur 22.3 3.76 3.3 0.20 17.3 3.95
Meghalaya 22.3 4.36 3.3 0.16 18.5 4.52
Mizoram 22.3 1.02 3.3 0.16 12.6 1.18
Nagaland 22.3 3.87 3.3 0.12 19.0 3.99
Orissa 46.8 151.75 44.3 26.74 46.4 178.49
Punjab 9.1 15.12 7.1 6.50 8.4 21.63
Rajasthan 18.7 87.38 32.9 47.51 22.1 134.89
Sikkim 22.3 1.12 3.3 0.02 20.1 1.14
Tamil Nadu 22.8 76.50 22.2 69.13 22.5 145.62
Tripura 22.3 6.18 3.3 0.20 18.9 6.38
Uttar Pradesh 33.4 473.00 30.6 117.03 32.8 590.03
Uttarakhand 40.8 27.11 36.5 8.85 39.6 35.96
West Bengal 28.6 173.22 14.8 35.14 24.7 208.36
A & N Islands 22.9 0.60 22.2 0.32 22.6 0.92
Chandigarh 7.1 0.08 7.1 0.67 7.1 0.74
D & N Haveli 39.8 0.68 19.1 0.15 33.2 0.84
Daman & Diu 5.4 0.07 21.2 0.14 10.5 0.21
Delhi 6.9 0.63 15.2 22.30 14.7 22.93
Lakshadweep 13.3 0.06 20.2 0.06 16.0 0.11
Puducherry 22.9 0.78 22.2 1.59 22.4 2.37
INDIA 28.3 2209.24 25.7 807.96 27.5 3017.20
Source: Planning Commission of India, (PIB dated March, 2007)
202
Slums in India
Appendix 108 Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by States :
2004-05 (Based on MRP-Consumption)

Percentage No. of Percentage No. of Percentage No. of
of Persons Persons of Persons Persons of Persons Persons
(lakhs) (lakhs) (lakhs)
Andhra Pradesh 7.5 43.21 20.7 45.50 11.1 88.71
Assam 17.0 41.46 2.4 0.93 15.0 42.39
Bihar 32.9 262.92 28.9 27.09 32.5 290.01
Chhattisgarh 31.2 54.72 34.7 16.39 32.0 71.11
Goa 1.9 0.13 20.9 1.62 12.0 1.74
Gujarat 13.9 46.25 10.1 21.18 12.5 67.43
Haryana 9.2 14.57 11.3 7.99 9.9 22.56
Jammu & Kashmir 2.7 2.20 8.5 2.34 4.2 4.54
Jharkhand 40.2 89.76 16.3 10.63 34.8 100.39
Karnataka 12.0 43.33 27.2 53.28 17.4 96.60
Kerala 9.6 23.59 16.4 13.92 11.4 37.51
Madhya Pradesh 29.8 141.99 39.3 68.97 32.4 210.97
Maharashtra 22.2 128.43 29.0 131.40 25.2 259.83
Manipur 17.0 2.86 2.4 0.14 13.2 3.00
Meghalaya 17.0 3.32 2.4 0.12 14.1 3.43
Mizoram 17.0 0.78 2.4 0.11 9.5 0.89
Nagaland 17.0 2.94 2.4 0.09 14.5 3.03
Orissa 39.8 129.29 40.3 24.30 39.9 153.59
Punjab 5.9 9.78 3.8 3.52 5.2 13.30
Rajasthan 14.3 66.69 28.1 40.50 17.5 107.18
Sikkim 17.0 0.85 2.4 0.02 15.2 0.87
Tamil Nadu 16.9 56.51 18.8 58.59 17.8 115.10
Tripura 17.0 4.70 2.4 0.14 14.4 4.85
Uttar Pradesh 25.3 357.68 26.3 100.47 25.5 458.15
Uttarakhand 31.7 21.11 32.0 7.75 31.8 28.86
West Bengal 24.2 146.59 11.2 26.64 20.6 173.23
A & N Islands 16.9 0.44 18.8 0.27 17.6 0.71
Chandigarh 3.8 0.04 3.8 0.36 3.8 0.40
D & N Haveli 36.0 0.62 19.2 0.16 30.6 0.77
Daman & Diu 1.9 0.03 20.8 0.14 8.0 0.16
Delhi 0.1 0.01 10.8 15.83 10.2 15.83
Lakshadweep 9.6 0.04 16.4 0.05 12.3 0.09
Puducherry 16.9 0.58 18.8 1.34 18.2 1.92
INDIA 21.8 1702.99 21.7 682.00 21.8 2384.99
Source: Planning Commission of India, (PIB dated March, 2007)
203
Appendix 109 Trends in Percentage of Urban Population below the Poverty Line (1973-74
to 2004-05) – Lakdawala Methodology
States/UTs 1973-74 1977-78 1983 1987-88 1993-94 2004-05+

Andhra Pradesh 50.61 43.55 36.30 40.11 38.33 28.0
Assam 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Bihar 52.96 48.76 47.33 48.73 34.50 34.6
Chhattisgarh - - - - - 41.2
Goa 37.69 36.31 27.00 35.48 27.03 21.3
Gujarat 52.57 40.02 39.14 37.26 27.89 13.0
Haryana 40.18 36.57 24.15 17.99 16.38 15.1
Jammu & Kashmir 21.32 23.71 17.76 17.47 9.18 7.9
Jharkhand - - - - - 20.2
Karnataka 52.53 50.36 42.82 48.42 40.14 32.6
Kerala 62.74 55.62 45.68 40.33 24.55 20.2
Madhya Pradesh 57.65 58.66 53.06 47.09 48.38 42.1
Maharashtra 43.87 40.09 40.26 39.78 35.15 32.2
Manipur 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Meghalaya 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Mizoram 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Nagaland 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Orissa 55.62 50.92 49.15 41.63 41.64 44.3
Punjab 27.96 27.32 23.79 14.67 11.35 7.1
Rajasthan 52.13 43.53 37.94 41.92 30.49 32.9
Sikkim 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Tamil Nadu 49.40 48.69 46.96 38.64 39.77 22.2
Tripura 36.92 32.71 21.73 9.94 7.73 3.3
Uttar Pradesh 60.09 56.23 49.82 42.96 35.39 30.6
Uttarakhand 36.5
West Bengal 34.67 38.20 32.32 35.08 22.41 14.8
A & N Islands 49.40 48.69 46.96 38.64 39.77 22.2
Chandigarh 27.96 27.32 23.79 14.67 11.35 7.1
D & N Haveli 37.69 36.31 27.00 - 39.93 19.1
Daman & Diu NA NA NA NA 27.03 21.2
Delhi 52.23 33.51 27.89 13.56 16.03 15.2
Lakshadweep 62.74 55.62 45.68 40.33 24.55 20.2
Puducherry 49.4 48.69 46.96 38.64 39.77 22.2
INDIA 49.01 45.24 40.79 38.20 32.36 25.7
+ URP Consumption Data

Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated 11 March 1997, 22nd Feb 2001 and March 2007)
204
Slums in India
Appendix 110 State-Specific Poverty Lines in 2004-05 (Rs. Per Capita per Month) – Lakdawala
Methodology
States/UTs Rural Urban

Andhra Pradesh 292.95 542.89
Assam 387.64 378.84
Bihar 354.36 435.00
Chhattisgarh 322.41 560.00
Goa 362.25 665.90
Gujarat 353.93 541.16
Haryana 414.76 504.49
Himachal Pradesh 394.28 504.49
Jammu & Kashmir 391.26 553.77
Jharkhand 366.56 451.24
Karnataka 324.17 599.66
Kerala 430.12 559.39
Madhya Pradesh 327.78 570.15
Maharashtra 362.25 665.90
Orissa 325.79 528.49
Punjab 410.38 466.16
Rajasthan 374.57 559.63
Tamil Nadu 351.86 547.42
Uttar Pradesh 365.84 483.26
Uttarakhand 478.02 637.67
West Bengal 382.82 449.32
D & N Haveli 362.25 665.90
Delhi 410.38 612.91
#
INDIA 356.30 538.60
#
The poverty line (implicit) at all India level is worked out from the expenditure class-wise distribution of persons
(based on URP - consumption, that is, consumption data collected from 30-day recall period for all items). The poverty
ratio at all India level is obtained as the weighted average of the State-wise poverty ratios.
Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated March 2007)
205
Appendix 111 Final Poverty Lines and Poverty Head Count Ratio for 2004-05 using Tendulkar
Methodology
States/UTs Poverty Line (Rs) Poverty Headcount Ratio (%)

Rural Urban Rural Urban Total
Andhra Pradesh 433.43 563.16 32.3 23.4 29.9
Arunachal Pradesh 547.14 618.45 33.6 23.5 31.1
Assam 478.00 600.03 36.4 21.8 34.4
Bihar 433.43 526.18 55.7 43.7 54.4
Chhattisgarh 398.92 513.70 55.1 28.4 49.4
Delhi 541.39 642.47 15.6 12.9 13.1
Goa 608.76 671.15 28.1 22.2 25.0
Gujarat 501.58 659.18 39.1 20.1 31.8
Haryana 529.42 626.41 24.8 22.4 24.1
Himachal Pradesh 520.40 605.74 25.0 4.6 22.9
Jammu & Kashmir 522.30 602.89 14.1 10.4 13.2
Jharkhand 404.79 531.35 51.6 23.8 45.3
Karnataka 417.84 588.06 37.5 25.9 33.4
Kerala 537.31 584.70 20.2 18.4 19.7
Madhya Pradesh 408.41 532.26 53.6 35.1 48.6
Maharashtra 484.89 631.85 47.9 25.6 38.1
Manipur 578.11 641.13 39.3 34.5 38.0
Meghalaya 503.32 745.73 14.0 24.7 16.1
Mizoram 639.27 699.75 23.0 7.9 15.3
Nagaland 687.30 782.93 10.0 4.3 9.0
Orissa 407.78 497.31 60.8 37.6 57.2
Puducherry 385.45 506.17 22.9 9.9 14.1
Punjab 543.51 642.51 22.1 18.7 20.9
Rajasthan 478.00 568.15 35.8 29.7 34.4
Sikkim 531.50 741.68 31.8 25.9 31.1
Tamilnadu 441.69 559.77 37.5 19.7 28.9
Tripura 450.49 555.79 44.5 22.5 40.6
Uttar Pradesh 435.14 532.12 42.7 34.1 40.9
Uttaranchal 486.24 602.39 35.1 26.2 32.7
West Bengal 445.38 572.51 38.2 24.4 34.3
INDIA 446.68 578.8 41.8 25.7 37.2
Source: Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty
206
Slums in India
Appendix 112 Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure -Rural
(in Rs.)
States/UTs Rural
1983 1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05
Andhra Pradesh 115.58 288.70 453.61 585.55
Arunachal Pradesh N.A 316.85 648.00 771.53
Assam 113.03 258.10 426.13 543.18
Bihar 93.76 218.30 385.10 417.11
Chhattisgarh - - - 425.10
Goa 169.12 487.24 868.77 985.49
Gujarat 119.25 303.30 551.33 596.09
Haryana 149.14 385.00 714.38 862.89
Jammu & Kashmir 128.11 363.31 677.60 793.16
Jharkhand - - - 425.30
Karnataka 118.12 269.40 499.78 508.46
Kerala 145.24 390.40 765.71 1013.15
Madhya Pradesh 101.78 252.00 401.50 439.06
Maharashtra 110.98 272.70 496.77 567.76
Manipur 131.45 299.57 537.80 614.20
Meghalaya N.A 356.98 563.45 655.30
Mizoram 119.81 389.55 721.84 778.35
Nagaland N.A 441.46 941.31 1010.81
Orissa 97.48 219.80 373.17 398.89
Punjab 170.30 433.00 742.82 846.75
Rajasthan 127.52 322.40 548.88 590.83
Sikkim N.A 298.72 531.77 688.53
Tamil Nadu 112.19 293.60 514.07 602.17
Tripura N.A 343.93 528.41 487.63
Uttar Pradesh 104.25 273.80 466.63 532.63
Uttarakhand - - - 647.15
West Bengal 104.60 278.80 454.80 562.11
A & N Islands 156.75 495.89 780.21 1069.08
Chandigarh 199.41 463.04 989.19 862.75
D & N Haveli 93.33 234.29 561.18 569.80
Daman & Diu N.A 452.48 901.48 1160.89
Delhi 208.81 605.22 917.21 918.50
Lakshadweep N.A 526.32 876.19 1312.55
Puducherry 96.02 347.95 597.63 735.31
INDIA 112.31 281.40 486.16 558.78
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, (NSSO)
207
Appendix 113 Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure: Urban
(in Rs.)
States/UTs Urban
1983 1993-94 1999-2000 2004-05
Andhra Pradesh 159.55 408.60 773.52 1018.55
Arunachal Pradesh N.A 494.12 762.66 881.10
Assam 160.48 458.60 814.12 1057.99
Bihar 139.58 353.00 601.90 696.27
Chhattisgarh - - - 989.97
Goa 222.91 519.33 1155.50 1431.97
Gujarat 164.06 454.20 891.68 1115.20
Haryana 183.97 473.90 912.08 1142.35
Jammu & Kashmir 155.19 541.58 952.84 1070.12
Jharkhand - - - 985.43
Karnataka 168.11 423.10 910.99 1033.21
Kerala 178.31 493.80 932.62 1290.89
Madhya Pradesh 148.39 408.10 693.56 903.68
Maharashtra 187.56 529.80 973.33 1148.27
Manipur 138.20 319.55 707.77 726.38
Meghalaya N.A 530.55 972.18 1190.09
Mizoram 192.31 549.51 1056.60 1200.51
Nagaland 196.43 510.01 1242.40 1498.47
Orissa 151.35 402.50 618.49 757.31
Punjab 184.38 510.70 898.82 1326.09
Rajasthan 159.96 424.70 795.81 964.02
Sikkim 222.81 518.44 905.69 1106.79
Tamil Nadu 164.15 438.30 971.63 1079.65
Tripura N.A 489.94 876.60 1000.54
Uttar Pradesh 137.84 389.00 690.33 857.05
Uttarakhand - - - 978.26
West Bengal 169.94 474.20 866.59 1123.61
A & N Islands 240.79 907.19 1114.30 1802.39
Chandigarh 289.55 1028.00 1435.60 1769.52
D & N Haveli N.A 441.86 1207.40 1407.50
Daman & Diu N.A 474.98 979.43 1079.59
Delhi 230.43 794.95 1383.60 1319.31
Lakshadweep N.A 507.63 1018.20 1421.22
Puducherry 160.34 419.84 784.27 1022.53
INDIA 165.80 458.00 854.92 1052.36
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, (NSSO)
208
Slums in India
Appendix 114 Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30
Days by NSS Rounds: All-India – Urban
Item Average Value of Consumption (in Rs.)

43rd 50th # 55 th 56 th 57 th
Round Round Round Round Round
Cereals 36.97 64.30 105.57 100.67 97.77
Gram 0.41 0.80 0.95 0.92 0.94
Cereal substitutes 0.17 0.30 0.35 0.45 0.39
Pulses & their products 8.44 13.90 24.25 22.13 22.31
Milk & milk products 23.84 44.90 74.17 75.90 75.82
Edible oil 13.23 20.10 26.81 24.90 26.84
Egg, fish & meat 8.85 15.50 26.78 27.71 25.83
Vegetables 13.12 25.00 43.90 41.75 45.22
Fruits & nuts 6.27 12.20 20.68 19.18 18.70
Sugar 5.86 10.90 14.00 14.11 13.96
Salt & spices 5.78 9.40 19.11 15.16 15.60
Beverages etc. 16.82 33.00 54.28 57.67 58.94
Food total 139.73 250.30 410.84 400.57 402.31
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants 6.53 10.70 16.22 17.07 16.60
Fuel & light 16.72 30.20 66.26 76.77 83.38
Clothing 15.00 32.70 51.76 58.16 57.81
Footwear 2.69 5.60 10.05 10.50 10.33
Misc. goods & services 58.64 122.60 232.62 212.48 212.82
Durable goods 10.60 12.20 30.85 34.41 38.09
Non-food total 110.18 214.00 444.08 514.01 530.48
Total expenditure (Rs.) 249.92 464.30 854.92 914.57 932.79
MPCE index (43rd round = 100) 100 186 342 366 373
Consumer Price index
(43rd round = 100) 100 173 279 294 309
209
Appendix 114 Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30
(…Contd.) Days by NSS Rounds: All-India – Urban
Item 58 th 61 st 62 nd 63rd 64 th
Cereals 100.64 105.82 109.79 118.80 130.62
Gram 1.07 1.10 1.23 1.68 1.75
Pulses & their products 22.86 22.51 25.57 30.06 31.20
Milk & milk products 78.19 83.30 84.94 97.49 106.64
Edible oil 31.32 36.37 35.02 37.52 46.43
Egg, fish & meat 27.07 28.47 32.28 34.20 39.47
Vegetables 48.34 46.84 49.73 56.87 64.34
Fruits & nuts 21.59 23.65 25.52 28.00 31.02
Sugar 13.59 15.88 17.45 17.25 14.67
Salt & spices 16.12 17.65 17.44 20.48 22.21
Beverages etc. 68.51 65.31 68.32 74.42 93.57
Food total 429.79 447.41 467.82 517.25 582.43
Fuel & light 91.22 104.62 109.55 117.44 125.71
Clothing 60.83 61.85 63.77 70.25 80.12
Footwear 10.52 11.36 11.90 13.07 14.65
Durable goods 44.91 47.17 46.83 59.21 62.23
Non-food total 582.18 657.19 702.78 795.25 889.11
Total expenditure (Rs.) 1011.97 1104.60 1170.60 1312.50 1471.54
MPCE index (43rd round = 100) 405 326.80 329.75 345.39 366.05
Consumer Price index
(43rd round = 100) 318 338 355 380 402
Includes rents and taxes

CPI for urban non-manual employees with base 1984-85 = 100 has been used.
# Data were 365-day reference period (normalized to 30 days) used for clothing, footwear, durables,
Education and institutional health expenditure for comparability with 55 th and subsequent rounds
43rd Round – July 1987 to June 1988 57th Round - July 2001 to June 2002
th
50 Round – July 1993 to June 1994 58th Round – July 2002 to December 2002
55th Round – July 1999 to June 2000 59th Round – January to December 2003
th
56 Round – July 2000 to June 2001 60th Round - January to June, 2004
nd
62 Round –July 2005 to June 2006 61st Round – July 2004 to June, 2005
63st Round – 2006-07(July2006-June 2007)
64th Round – 2007-08(July2007-June 2008)
210
Slums in India
Appendix 115 Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18

Groups of Consumption Items over NSS Rounds: All-India- Urban
Item 43rd 50th # 55 th 56 th 57 th

Cereals 14.8 13.8 12.3 11.0 10.5
Gram 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Pulses & products 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.4
Milk & products 9.5 9.7 8.7 8.3 8.1
Edible oil 5.3 4.3 3.1 2.7 2.9
Egg, fish & meat 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8
Vegetables 5.2 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.9
Fruits & nuts 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.0
Sugar 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.5
Salt & spices 2.3 2.0 2.2 1.7 1.7
Beverages etc. 6.7 7.2 6.3 6.3 6.3
Food total 55.9 53.9 48.1 43.8 43.1
Fuel & light 6.7 6.5 7.8 8.4 8.9
Clothing 6.0 7.0 6.1 6.4 6.2
Footwear 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
Durable goods 4.2 2.6 3.6 3.8 4.1
Non-food total 44.1 46.1 51.9 56.2 56.9
TOTAL EXPENDITURE (Rs.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
211
Appendix 115 Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18

(…Contd.) Groups of Consumption Items over NSS Rounds: All-India- Urban
Item 58 th 60 th 61 st 62 nd 63rd 64 th
Round Round Round Round Round Round
Cereals 9.9 10.0 9.58 9.38 9.05 8.88
Gram 0.1 0.1 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.12
Cereal substitutes 0.0 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03
Pulses & products 2.3 2.1 2.04 2.18 2.29 2.12
Milk & products 7.7 7.8 7.54 7.26 7.43 7.25
Edible oil 3.1 3.5 3.29 2.99 2.86 3.16
Egg, fish & meat 2.7 2.6 2.58 2.76 2.61 2.68
Vegetables 4.8 4.2 4.24 4.25 4.33 4.37
Fruits & nuts 2.1 2.2 2.14 2.18 2.13 2.11
Sugar 1.3 1.3 1.44 1.49 1.31 1.00
Salt & spices 1.6 1.6 1.60 1.49 1.56 1.51
Beverages etc. 6.8 6.1 5.91 5.84 5.67 6.36
Food total 42.5 41.6 40.50 39.96 39.41 39.58
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants 1.7 1.6 1.54 1.47 1.42 1.34
Fuel & light 9.0 9.0 9.47 9.36 8.95 8.54
Clothing 6.0 6.0 5.60 5.45 5.35 5.44
Footwear 1.0 1.1 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.00
Misc. goods & services 23.8 25.2 37.58 38.74 39.37 39.87
Durable goods 4.4 3.6 4.27 4.00 4.51 4.23
Non-food total 57.5 58.4 59.50 60.04 60.59 60.42
TOTAL EXPENDITURE(Rs.) 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Includes rents and taxes
CPI for urban non-manual employees with base 1984-85 = 100 has been used.
# Data were 365-day reference period (normalized to 30 days) used for clothing, footwear, durables, education
and institutional health expenditure for comparability with 55 th and subsequent rounds
43rd Round – July 1987 to June 1988 57th Round - July 2001 to June 2002
50th Round – July 1993 to June 1994 58th Round – July 2002 to December 2002
th
55 Round – July 1999 to June 2000 59th Round – January to December 2003
th
56 Round – July 2000 to June 2001 60th Round - January to June, 2004
61st Round – July 2004 to June, 2005

62 Round – 2005-06(July2005-June 2006)
63st Round – 2006-07(July2006-June 2007)
64th Round – 2007-08(July2007-June 2008)
212
Slums in India
Appendix 116 Usual Principal Status Unemployment Rates (UR) of the Educated Persons of
age 15 years and above - 2004-05
(Per ‘000)
States / UTs Rural Urban
Male Female Male Female
Arunachal Pradesh 33 29 9 48
Assam 138 331 104 218
Bihar 44 52 12 291
Goa 132 23 135 205
Gujarat 31 31 31 113
Haryana 78 157 48 211
Jharkhand 44 21 93 76
Karnataka 48 134 35 167
Kerala 134 533 126 555
Manipur 65 86 85 146
Meghalaya 11 80 45 50
Mizoram 24 9 21 61
Nagaland 147 215 81 225
Orissa 125 574 127 379
Punjab 71 530 42 243
Sikkim 74 83 64 63
Tamil Nadu 62 148 51 155
Tripura 362 784 209 696
Uttarakhand 62 53 47 228
A&N Islands 143 321 54 207
Chandigarh 76 150 39 97
D&N Haveli 45 671 16 446
Daman Diu 0 0 40 0
Delhi 26 0 61 92
Lakshadweep 43 777 141 342
INDIA 59 231 60 194
Note:- Unemployment rate (UR): Unemployment rate is defined as the number of persons unemployed per 1000
persons in the labour force (which includes both the employed and the unemployed). This, in effect, gives the
unutilized portion of the labour force.
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, Report No. 515, NSS 61st Round
213
Appendix 117 Urban Unemployment rates (per 1000) for different NSS Rounds
all-India
NSSO Round’s Male Female

Usual Usual Current Current Usual Usual Current Current
Status Adjusted Weekly Daily Status Adjusted Weekly Daily
Status Status Status Status
64 (2007-08) 40 38 47 69 66 52 65 95
(23) (22) (27) (39) (8) (8) (9) (12)
62 (July’05-June’ 06) 48 45 58 79 79 63 77 101
(27) (25) (32) (44) (10) (10) (11) (13)
61 (July’04-June’ 05) 44 38 52 75 91 69 90 116
(25) (22) (30) (42) (14) (12) (15) (18)
60 (Jan.-June’04) 46 40 57 81 89 67 90 117
(25) (22) (32) (45) (12) (11) (14) (16)
59(Jan -Dec’03) 43 40 51 - 44 35 49 -
(24) (23) (28) - (5) (5) (6) -
58(July -Dec’02) 47 45 55 - 61 47 57 -
(26) (25) (31) - (8) (7) (7) -
57(July’01-June’02) 42 39 46 - 49 38 48 -
(24) (22) (26) - (6) (5) (6) -
56(July’00-June’01) 42 39 48 - 38 29 39 -
(23) (22) (26) - (5) (4) (5) -
55(July’99-June’00) 48 45 56 73 71 57 73 94
(26) (24) (30) (38) (9) (8) (10) (12)
54(Jan-June’98) 53 51 54 - 81 68 78 -
(28) (27) (29) - (9) (8) (8) -
53 (Jan-Dec.’97) 37 39 43 - 51 44 58 -
(21) (21) (23) - (6) (6) (7) -
52(July’95-June’96) 40 38 41 - 36 31 35 -
(22) (18) (22) - (4) (4) (4) -
51(July’94-June’95) 37 34 39 - 41 34 40 -
(20) (18) (21) - (5) (5) (5) -
50(July’93- 45 40 52 67 83 62 84 105
June’94) (24) (22) (28) (36) (11) (10) (12) (14)
Note: Figures within bracket indicate the proportion of unemployed per 1000 persons (person- days for col.5 and 9)
Source: NSS Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008
214
Slums in India
Appendix 118 Education-level specific usual status (ps+ss) unemployment rate (UR) for
persons of age groups 15-29 and 15 years and above during 2007-08
Education level Rural Urban Rural+Urban

Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person
Age group: 15-29 years
Not Literate 11 0 5 35 9 27 14 2 9
Literate & Up To Primary 31 11 24 56 44 54 35 15 31
Middle School 45 33 43 79 97 82 53 43 52
Secondary 79 64 75 87 169 95 81 83 82
Higher Secondary 102 136 109 134 176 144 114 155 120
Diploma/Certificate 191 408 239 128 163 136 156 266 182
Graduate 172 344 208 172 249 193 173 281 200
Post Graduate And Above 142 236 172 168 256 196 159 249 187
Secondary & Above 104 147 111 130 212 146 113 173 125
Age group: 15 years and above
Not Literate 2 0 2 9 4 9 3 0 2
Literate & Up To Primary 11 5 10 24 15 22 13 6 12
Middle School 22 25 23 40 48 42 27 31 27
Secondary 36 48 37 34 86 40 35 54 39
Higher Secondary 52 95 57 56 107 63 54 98 61
Diploma/Certificate 85 272 122 56 115 66 68 188 90
Graduate 69 222 91 55 136 70 61 162 76
Post Graduate & above 50 143 69 51 115 66 50 122 67
Secondary &Above 47 99 55 48 114 58 48 108 56
All 18 11 16 37 53 40 24 17 22
Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008
215
Appendix 119 Unemployment rate (per 1000) according to usual principal status approach
for each State/U.T.rounds
States/UTs Rural Urban Rural+Urban

Andhra Pradesh 14 7 11 24 51 30 16 12 15
Arunachal Pradesh 33 20 28 44 66 49 35 25 32
Assam 48 89 54 76 238 97 51 102 58
Bihar 27 4 23 43 40 42 29 6 25
Chhattisgarh 8 1 5 41 27 39 13 3 9
Delhi 26 0 25 22 23 22 22 22 22
Goa 8 56 16 23 96 38 17 81 29
Gujarat 10 2 8 25 12 23 16 4 13
Haryana 46 1 38 23 23 23 40 6 34
Himachal Pradesh 42 53 47 35 95 49 42 54 47
Jammu & Kashmir 34 3 31 55 113 63 38 32 37
Jharkhand 27 4 21 83 33 77 37 6 29
Karnataka 12 2 8 31 32 31 18 7 15
Kerala 57 182 93 59 269 115 57 201 98
Madhya Pradesh 10 1 7 36 30 35 16 5 13
Maharashtra 20 7 15 37 57 41 27 16 24
Manipur 47 25 40 54 73 58 48 34 44
Meghalaya 19 3 13 55 55 54 24 9 18
Mizoram 4 2 3 59 50 55 26 20 24
Nagaland 103 91 99 169 279 197 117 116 116
Orissa 34 29 33 48 159 67 36 40 37
Punjab 30 114 38 37 41 38 33 85 38
Rajasthan 19 14 17 38 45 38 24 17 22
Sikkim 35 40 36 90 143 102 42 49 44
Tamil Nadu 30 21 26 40 62 46 34 34 34
Tripura 70 395 137 121 549 254 79 437 160
Uttarakhand 43 31 40 70 156 81 50 45 49
Uttar Pradesh 15 5 14 45 60 47 22 12 21
West Bengal 31 45 33 70 64 69 41 50 42
A & N Islands 55 151 73 51 328 91 55 197 79
Chandigarh 0 0 0 76 20 66 65 19 57
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 62 0 58 19 0 18 56 0 52
Daman & Diu 17 0 16 15 0 13 17 0 15
Lakshadweep 56 318 117 87 421 159 76 366 136
Puducherry 51 47 49 70 320 128 61 173 91
INDIA 23 19 22 40 66 45 28 27 28
216
Slums in India
Appendix 120 Unemployment rate (per 1000) according to usual status (adjusted) approach
for persons of age 15 years and aboverounds
States/UTs Rural Urban Rural+Urban

Andhra Pradesh 11 4 8 23 39 27 14 9 12
Arunachal Pradesh 32 17 27 44 67 49 34 23 30
Assam 42 60 46 72 205 90 45 69 50
Bihar 20 2 16 39 29 38 22 4 18
Chhattisgarh 6 1 4 39 24 36 11 3 8
Delhi 26 0 25 22 22 22 22 21 22
Goa 7 43 15 23 86 37 17 69 28
Gujarat 9 0 6 24 7 21 15 1 11
Haryana 43 0 29 23 19 22 37 3 28
Himachal Pradesh 22 17 20 34 62 41 23 19 21
Jammu & Kashmir 31 1 21 51 65 54 35 7 26
Jharkhand 21 3 15 83 30 76 32 4 23
Karnataka 11 2 8 31 30 30 18 7 14
Kerala 44 131 72 50 208 96 46 147 78
Madhya Pradesh 6 0 4 35 27 33 13 3 10
Maharashtra 13 5 10 33 43 35 21 12 18
Manipur 45 21 37 51 62 54 46 29 41
Meghalaya 17 3 11 54 48 52 22 8 17
Mizoram 3 1 3 50 39 46 23 16 20
Nagaland 63 40 53 160 187 168 82 58 73
Orissa 28 13 23 44 128 61 30 22 27
Punjab 28 30 28 35 34 35 30 30 30
Rajasthan 13 2 8 33 30 32 18 4 13
Sikkim 33 40 35 90 143 102 40 49 43
Tamil Nadu 27 12 21 38 58 43 32 26 30
Tripura 69 352 131 118 549 251 78 402 154
Uttarakhand 31 20 27 68 123 75 40 30 37
Uttar Pradesh 12 2 9 41 38 41 18 6 15
West Bengal 22 28 23 61 45 59 32 32 32
A & N Islands 53 109 65 48 221 71 50 135 68
Chandigarh 0 0 0 76 19 66 65 18 57
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 48 0 45 19 0 18 42 0 40
Daman & Diu 17 0 15 15 0 12 17 0 14
Lakshadweep 45 280 105 57 269 115 57 275 110
Puducherry 50 46 49 67 314 126 59 169 89
INDIA 18 11 16 37 53 40 24 17 22
217

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Slums in India

Title Page No.

1. Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)

1. 11th Plan: Objective for Urban Poverty Alleviation

BPL Below Poverty Line

2 Cities and Slums

need to be tackled from efficiency considerations apart from equity.

3. Slums and Public Policy

• Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

4. Moving to Rajiv Awas Yojana

5. Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium

2 RGI & NSSO: Definition of Slum

Lack of Basic Services

Over-crowding and High Density

Insecure Tenure/Informal Settlements

Poverty and Exclusion

Minimum Settlement Size

4. Operational Definition of Slum

Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources:

Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities:

Sufficient Living Area:

on the presence (or rather absence) of de facto or de jure rights.

5. Slum Definition: UN-HABITAT

• Insecure residential status;

Figure 1 Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)

Source: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects 2001.

6. Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census: Slum Definition

Appendix Subject Matter

1 Geographical Area of States and Union Territories: 2001

3 Main Sources of Data on Slums in India

1. Slum Statistics in India

2. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI)

3. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

Sr.No. Name of Report Round No Period Report No.

4. Other Sources of Slum Statistics

4.1 Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO)

4 Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its

1. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census

2. Estimation of Slum Population

Table 5 India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017

3. Coverage for Slum Census 2011

5. Methodology/Road Map for Slum Census 2011

6. Urban Information Management System on Slums

Appendix Subject Matter

5 Salient Features of Slums in India – Census 2001

1. Size and Distribution of Slum Population: Census-2001

Table 6 Population & Slum Population Profiles of India-2001

Figure 2 Slum and Non-slum Population in India - 2001

Figure 3 Percentage of Slum and Non-Slum Population in India, 2001

Figure 4 State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India - 2001

Figure 5 State/UT - wise Slum Population as per Census 2001

Figure 6 Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UT’s-India

Figure 8 Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities

Table 7 Slum Population in Million Plus Cities in India-2001

Name of Major Slum Slum Population % of City Slum % of City

Figure 9 Slum & Non Slum Population in Million Plus Cities.

3. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population in the Slums

Table 8 Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India - 2001

Slum Non Slum Total

Scheduled Castes 9,673,817 23,951,005 33,624,822

Scheduled Tribes 1,460,290 5,527,353 6,987,643

Area Percentage in slum areas % in Non Slum areas % in urban areas

Figure 10 Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001