Major Symbols

Aυ - stress on moisture, kg / (m ³ · h);

c - specific heat, J / (kg · K);
D - diffusion coefficient, m ² / s;
d - diameter dryers, m diameter particles of material, m;
H, h - height, m;
I, i - enthalpy, kJ / kg;
K - coefficient of heat transfer (W / m ² · K);
L - Consumption of drying agent, kg / s;
l - specific consumption of the drying agent, kg / kg;
n - rotational speed of drum dryer, m;
P, p - pressure, MPa;
Q - heat rate, kW;
q - specific fuel consumption, kW / kg;
T, t - temperature;
W - the performance of the dryer by evaporation of moisture, kg / s;
ὠ - the rate of drying agent, m / s;
χ - moisture content of drying agent, kg / kg;
α - coefficient of excess air, heat transfer coefficient (W / m ² · K);
β - coefficient of mass transfer, m / s;
ε - porosity of the layer, m ³ / m ³;
μ - viscosity, Pa · s;
ρ - density, kg / m ³;
ω - material moisture,%;
Re - Reynolds number;
Nu, Nu '- Nusselt number;
Pr, Pr '- Prandtl number;
Ar - Archimedes criterion;

Indexes
0 - parameters of fresh air;
1 and 2 - the parameters of drying agent at the inlet of the dryer and at the exit
from it;
M - moisture;

W. T.- the parameters of wet-bulb;

S - pairs;

D. A. - parameters of dry air;

D. G. - the parameters of dry gas;

mix - the parameters of the mixture;

mid - mean value;

F - fuel parameters;
 Introduction

Removal of moisture from the solid and pasty materials cheaper

transportation and gives them certain properties, as well as reducing corrosion of
equipment. Moisture can be removed by mechanical means: extraction,
centrifugation, sedimentation. However, these methods, the moisture is removed in
part, a more thorough removal of moisture is carried out by heat-drying:
evaporation of moisture, removal of vapors.
The process of thermal drying may be natural and artificial. The EU is
natural drying is seldom applied. On the physical nature of drying is a complex
diffusion process. His speed is determined by the rate of diffusion of moisture from
the deep parts of the material to the surface, and then Environment Programme.
Removal of moisture during drying involves not only the transfer of the material,
but also the transfer of heat, so is the heat exchanger and mass-variables processes.

By way of supplying heat to a dried material drying divide:

1) Contact - through the transfer of heat from the coolant to the material through
once-a separating wall;
2) Convection - by direct contact of the dried material with a drying agent. As is
used: heating-th air, flue gases or flue gases from the air;
3) Radiation - Heat transfer by infrared radiation;
4) Dielectric - in the field of high frequency currents;
5) Freeze - a frozen state in a vacuum.

Dried material for any method of drying is in contact with moist air or
gas. In convective drying of moist air from the usual, the main role. Therefore, you
must clearly understand what is described by the parameters of air.

Schematic diagram of the drum dryer

1 - drums 2 - Feeder 3 - tumble dryer, 4 - furnace, 5 - mixing chamber, 6, 7, 11. -
Fans: 8 - intermediate bunker; 9 - transporter; 10 - Cyclone, 12 - gear.

Wet material from the hopper 1 by means of the feeder 2 falls into a rotating
drying drum 3. In parallel, the material is fed into the dryer drying agent, which is
formed from the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber 4 and the mixing
of gases in the mixing chamber 5. Air into the furnace and mixing chamber fed
fans 6,7. The dried material from the opposite end of the drying drum 8, and from
there to the transporting device 9.
The spent drying agent before release into the atmosphere is cleared of dust
in the cyclone 10. If necessary, performed additional, mock-Roe dedusting.
Transportation of the drying agent through a drying chamber by means of fan 11.
However, the installation is under a slight negative pressure, which eliminates the
leakage of the drying agent through leaks packaging.
The drum is driven by electric motor through a gear re-giving 12.

Drum dryer
 It is a welded cylinder - drum on the outer surface is reinforced bandage
supports, stiffening rings and the drive ring gear; drum axis can be tilted to the
horizon at 4  6 .
Atmospheric drum dryers are designed for continuous drying of granular
materials by flue gases or heated air.
Nozzle inside the drum set, the design of which depends on the properties
of dried material. From the loading chamber a lot of stop screw cap, with the
number of helical blades from six to sixteen, depending on the diameter of the
drum. When drying the material with high adhesion to the surface at the initial part
of the last fix the chain with which destroy the damask walls and clean the drum.
For the same purpose may use shock devices, located on the outside of the drum.
In the dryer diameter 1000 - 1600 mm for material with good flowability
and particle size of up to 8 mm nozzle set the pie. In those dryers, for materials
with high adhesion or granular materials with an average particle size of more than
8 mm mounted lifting - bladed device. In the dryer diameter 1000 - 3500 mm for
materials prone to sticking, but reducing bulk properties in the drying process, first
set of lifting - lobed staging device, and then packing sector.
The basic material for the manufacture of drums dryers, loading and unloading
chambers - carbon steel. In technically justified cases, the additional manufacturing
of drums, handling and unloading chambers partially or entirely of heat-resistant
steels of special stamps.
Drum vacuum dryers work, often repeatedly, and they are used for drying
heat sensitive materials from water and organic solvents and drying of toxic
materials. Depending on the material properties and requirements for finished
products are used dryer medium or high vacuum. Vacuum drum dryers at-me
mainly in the production of polymer materials.

Classification of dryers.

Drying of materials, intermediates or finished products used in almost all stages of

production of building materials, products and designs.
For drying use a variety of dryers, characterized by a number of attributes that
underlie the classification given below:
Symptom classification
1. The pressure in the working space.
2. Mode.
3. Type of coolant.
4. Direction of movement of fluid
relative to the material.
5. Nature of the circulation of coolant.
6. Method of heating fluid.
7. Brevity is the use of coolant.
8. Way to remove moisture from the
dryer.
9. Method of supplying heat to the
material.
10. Form a dried material.
11.Gidrodinamichesky mode.
12. Constructive type dryers.
Theoretical amount of absolutely dry air required for burning 1 kg of
gaseous fuel, kg air / kg fuel:
L0 = 1.38·(0.0179СО+0.248Н2+0.44Н2S+Σ(m+(n/4)CmHn)/(12m+n)
Types of dryers
Atmospheric, vacuum, excess pressure.
Periodical and non-action-action.
Air on the flue or inert gas gases, for
saturated or superheated steam, the
liquid coolant.
Direct-flow, counterflow, with cross-
current, reversible.
With the natural and forced circulation.
With the steam heater, a furnace devices
with electric heaters, combined.
Direct-flow or recirculation.
With the off coolant to purge air,
compensatory, with the chemical
absorption of moisture.
Convection, contact with heating by
high frequency, with the radiant heating,
with acoustic or ultrasonic heating.
For large dispersion, fine, dust, tape,
paste, liquid solutions or suspensions.
With tight fixed bed, stirred bed, a layer
of weights is (fluidized layer swirling
flows), with the spray in the flow of
coolant.
Chamber, shaft, belt, drum, pipe and so
on ...
where the compositions of combustible gases are expressed in volume fractions.
Substituting the appropriate values, we obtain:

L0 = 138 [0.0179 · 0.01 +0.248 · 0.09 + (1 + (4 / 4) 092 / (12 · 1 · 4) + (2 +

(6 / 4) 0,005 / (12 · 2 +6)] = 17.68 kg / kg;

The amount of heat Qυ, released by burning one m³ of gas is:

Qυ=0.92·35741+0.005·63797+0.05·10810+0.01·12680=33868kDj/(m³·t)

The density of gaseous fuels:

ρт=
 CmHnMi  T0
0 T0  t

where Mi - molar mass of fuel, kmol / kg; - the fuel temperature is equal to 20 ° C
- molar volume equal to 22.4 m³ / kmol. Substituting we get:

0.92  16  0.005  30  0.05  2  0.01 28  0.015  28)273

   0.65 kg/m³
22.4(273  20)

Amount of heat produced during combustion of 1kg of fuel:

Q=Qυ/  =33868/0.652=51945kDj/kg

Mass of dry gas fed into the drying drum, per 1 kg of fuel burned is
determined by the total excess air coefficient α, required for combustion and
dilution of flue gases to the mixing temperature = 300 ° C.
Hence α is found from the equations of material and heat balances.
The material balance equation:

9n
1+ L0  LD.G .   CmHn ;
12m  n

where LD.G. - Mass of dry gases from the combustion of 1 kg of fuel; CmHn -
massawa proportion of the components, which are formed during the combustion
of water, kg / kg.
Heat balance equation:

 9n 
Q  cT t T L0 I 0  [ LD .G .  L0 (  1)]iD .G . L0 x0   Cm H n in
 12m  n 
 Solving the equation, we obtain:

9n
 in  Cm H n
 9n  
Q  ctT  iD.G. 1   Cm H n     12 m n
 12m  n  L0 (iD.G.  in x0  I 0 )

Recalculate the components of the fuel combustion which produce water

from the volume fraction of the mass:

CH 4  0.92  16  273 /[22.4  0.652( 273  20)]  0.939

C2 H 6  0.005  30  273 /[22.4  0.652( 273  20)]  0.0096
H 2  0.05  2  273 /[22.4  0.652( 273  20)]  0.0064

The amount of moisture released by the combustion of 1 kg fuel, equal to:

9n 94 96
 12m  n C m Hn 
12  1  4
0.939 
12  2  6
 0.0096  0.0064  2.19kg / kg

Excess air coefficient is found from the equation:

51945  0.95  1.34  20  1.05  200(1  2.19)  92500  1.97  30)2.19

   8.06
17.68[1.05  300  (2500  1.97  300)0.0092  41.9]

The total mass of specific gases produced by burning 1 kg of fuel and

dilution of flue gas air mixture to a temperature 300 ° C, is:

GD.G .  1  L0   9nCm H n /(12m  n)  1  8.06  17.68  2.19  141.3kg / kg

Specific weight of water vapor in the gas mixture burning 1 kg of fuel:

GS   9nC m H n /(12m  n)  x0 L0  2.19  8.06  0.0092  17.68  3.5kg / kg

Moisture content of inlet gas to the dryer for 1 kg of dry air is:

x1  GS / GD.G .
From x1  3.5 / 141.3  0.0248kg / kg

Enthalpy of gas at the inlet of the dryer:

I1  (Q  cT tT  L0 I 0 ) / GD.G .  (51945 0.95  1.34  20  8.06  17.68  41.9) / 141.3  392kDj / kg
 Since the excess air coefficient α is large, the physical properties of the gas
mixture used as a drying agent, is virtually identical to the physical properties of
air. This allows you to use calculations of the phase diagram of humid air I - x:

Parameters of the exhaust gases. Consumption of the drying agent.

Consumption of water:

W  GK (S  F ) /(100  S )  8(13  1.5) /(100  13)  1.057kg / s

Internal heat balance of the dryer:

  c1  qSUP  ( qF  qW .T .  qS )

transforming formula we get:

  G c (  1 
  c1   K M 2  qS 
 W 

hence:

qS  22.6kDj / kg
1  30C
 2  110 C
GK cM ( 2  1 )
qW .T . 
W
n1C1  n2C2  n3C3 3  26  15  9.6  2  22.6  8  16.8
cM    1.626kDj /(kg  K )
M 247

hence:

 8  1.626(110  30) 
  4.19  30    22.6   881.4kDj / kg
 1.057 

The equation of the working line drying:

  I  I1 /( x  x1 )

hence:

x1  0.017 kg / kg
I1  400kDj / kg

substituting the values we obtain:

I  I1  ( x  x1 )  400  881.4(0.075  0.017)  348.88kDj / kg

Consumption of dry gas:

W 1.057
LD.G .    16.26kg / s
( x2  x1 ) 0.082  0.017

Flow of dry air:

W 1.057
LD. A.    16.26kg / s
( x2  x0 ) 0.082  0.017

Heat consumption for drying:

QD  LD.G . ( I1  I 0 )  16.26(400  115)  4634.1kVt

 Fuel consumption for drying:

QD 4634.1
GF    0.089kg / s
Q 51945

Determination of main dimensions of the drying drum.

Basic dimensions of the drum is selected according to the standards and

directories-directories according to the amount of drying space. The volume of the
drying up of the space V of VS, necessary for heating of wet material to a
temperature at which the intense evaporation of moisture (wet-bulb temperature to
the drying agent), and volume V, required for the evaporation of moisture, ie,
V = VD +VS.
Volume of drum drying space can be calculated by a modified mass transfer
equation:

 )
VD  W /( K X mid

For drum dryer mass transfer coefficient can be calculated by the empirical
equation:
   1.62  102 ( mid ) 0.9 n 0.7  0.54 P0 /[c mid ( P0  P )]

Taking these values, we find:

  2.4m / s

The average temperature in the drum:

t1  t2 350  110
tmid    230C
2 2

The density of the drying agent at an average temperature of the drum is

virtually the air density at this temperature:

M T0 29 273
 mid      0.703kg / m3
0 T0  tmid 22.4 273  230

In this case  mid  2.4  0.703  1.7 kg /(m 2  s ) , that does not violate the validity
of Eq.

Substituting these values, we obtain:

n  5rev / min
  14%
 0  105 Pa

Partial pressure of water vapor in the gas:

 x  0  0.017  105
1   1      2698Pa
 MM   1  x1 

 18   1  0.017 
 
M  29 18 
 D. A. M M 

 x  0  0.082  105
 2   2      11681Pa
 MM   1  x2 

 18   1  0.082 
 
M  29 18 
 D. A. M M 

Hence:


 1  2    2698  11681  7192Pa
2 2

Thus, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient is equal to:

 1.62  102  1.7 0.9  50.7  140.54  105
   0.512c 1
0.703  92810

Driving force for mass transfer x'mid is defined by the equation:

Pmid M W
x'mid 
P00 (T0  tmid ) / T0

P *M  19860 Pa
If: P *  17327 Pa then:
L

(PM  PL ) (19860  2698)  (17327  11681)

Pmid    10469Pa
ln(PM  PL ) ln[(19860  2698)  (17327  11681)]

Express the driving force in kg / m³ according to the equation:

Pmid M W 10469  18
x'mid   5  0.0456kg / m3
P00 (T0  tmid ) / T0 10  22.4(273  230)
273

The volume of the dryer needed to warm moist material found on the
modified equation:

QS
VS 
K tmid

Heat consumption is equal to:

QS  GK cM (tm1  1 )  WB cB (tCM 1  1 )  8  1.626(58  30)  1.057  4.19(56.5  30)  481kVt

Volumetric heat transfer coefficient is determined by the empirical equation:

K  16( mid ) 0.9 n0.7  0.54  16  (1.7)0.9 50.7140.54  330Vt (m3  K )

From this equation, we find that the temperature of the drying agent:

QS  LD .G . (1  x1 )cG (t1  t X )

Hence:
 481  16.26(1  0.017)1.05(350  t X )
t X  322.3C

The average temperature difference is equal to:

[(t1  1 )  (t X  tM 1 )] [(350  30)  (322.3  58)]

tmid    292.15C
2 2

Substitute these values into the equation:

QS 481
VS    5m 3
( K tmid ) 0.33  292.15

Volume of drum drying space can be calculated by a modified mass transfer

equation:

W 1.057
VD    70.5m3
 ) (0.33  0.0456)
( K X mid

Volume of drying space:

V  VD  VS  70.5  5  75.5m3

Determine the actual velocity of the gases in the drum:

G

10.785d 2

Hence, we find:

(T0  tmid )  1 X 
G  LD.G .0   mid 
T0  M D.G . M M 

X1  X 2
X mid   0.05
Finding 2

(T0  tmid )  1 X  (273  230)  1 0.05 

G  LD.G .0   mid   16.26  22.4     23.01m / s
3

T0  M D.G. M M  273  29 81 

Thus the actual velocity of the gases in the drum is equal to:
 G 23.01
   3.7m3 / s
10.785d 2
0.785  2.8 2

Thus we choose drum dryer number 7208 with the following characteristics:
volume V  74m3 , diameter d  2.8m and length l  14m .

We define the average residence time of material in the dryer:

GW .T .

 W
 GK  
 2

Hence, we find the number located in the drier material:

GW .T .  V mid  86.2  0.14  1200  14481.6kg

Thus:

GW .T . 14481.6
   1698s
 W   1.057 
 GK    8  
 2  2 

Knowing the time spent, we calculate the angle of the drum:

 " 
 
30l
dn  
 0.00 7 

 180

 

Next, you need to check the speed limit gas emissions, according to the
condition that the particles are dried material smallest diameter shall not be carried
away the flow of the drying agent from the drum. Entrainment velocity equal to the
velocity of free wandering  D. A. is determined by the equation:

mid  Ar 
D. A.   
d mid  18  0.575 Ar 

Hence, we find the average density of the drying agent:

T 273
 mid  [ M D. A. ( P0  p)  M M p ]  [29(105  7190)  18  7190]  0.68kg
0 P0 (T  tmid ) 22.4  10 (273  230)
5

Archimedes' criterion:
 (1  103 )31500  0.68  9.8
Ar   3.7  104
(2.7  10 5 ) 2

Substituting the values we obtain:

 mid  Ar  2.7  10 2  3.7  10 4 

 D. A.        11 .4m / s
d mid  18  0.575 Ar  0.68  1  10
3  
 18  0.575 3.7  10
4


References:

1. Pavlov, KF, Romankiv PG, POSCO, AA Examples and problems at the rate of
processes and apparatuses of chemical technology. L.: Khimiya, 1981.

2. Dryers and installation. Catalog NIICHIMMASH. 3rd ed., M.: 1975.

3. Machines with rotating devices for general purposes. Basic parameters and
dimensions. GOST 11875-79.

4. Kasatkin AG Basic processes and apparatuses of chemical technology. Moscow:

Khimiya, 1973.

5. MV Lykov Drying in the Chemical Industry. Moscow: Khimiya, 1970.