Phonology studies

the combination of sounds into organized units of speech, the combination of syllables and
larger units.

❤Phoneme
is a distinctive, contrasted sound unit, e.g. /b/, /æ/, /g/. It is the smallest unit of sound of any
language that causes a difference in meaning.

❤Allophones
are variants or other ways of producing a phoneme.

❤Phonetics
studies language at the level of sounds: how sounds are articulated by the human speech
mechanism.

❤Morphology
studies the patterns of forming words by combining sounds into minimal distinctive units of
meanings called morphemes.

❤Morpheme
is a short segment of language which (1) is a word or word part that has meaning, (2)
cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violating its meaning, (3) recurs in
different words with a relatively stable meaning.

❤Allomorphs
are morphs which belong to the same morpheme e.g., /s/, /z/, and /ez/ of the plural
morpheme /s/ or /es/.

❤Free morphemes
can stand on their own as independent words, e.g., beauty in beautifully, like in unlikely.
Thus, they can occur in isolation.

❤Bound morphemes
cannot stand on their own as independent words. These morphemes are also called as
affixes.

❤Inflectional morphemes
never change the form class of the words or morphemes to which they are attached. They
show person, tense, number, case, and degree.

❤Derivational morphemes
are added to root morphemes or stems to derive new words.

☀Syntax deals with how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences, and
studies the way phrases, clauses, and sentences are constructed.

❤Structure of predication
refers to the two components : subject and predicate

❤Structure of complementation
has two basic elements : verbal and complement

❤Structure of modification
includes two components : head word and modifier

❤Structure of coordination covers two components : equivalent grammatical units

☀Semantics
attempts to analyze the structure of meaning in language and deals with the level of
meaning in language.
❤Lexical ambiguity
refers to the characteristic of a word that has more than one meaning.

❤Syntactic ambiguity
refers to the characteristic of a phrase that has more than one meaning e.g. Filipino
teacher.

☀Pragmatics deals with the contextual aspects of meaning in particular situations ; studies
how language is used in real communication.

❤Speech act theory advances that every utterance consists of three separate acts
(1) locutionary force an act of saying something and describes what a speaker says,
(2) illocutionary force the act of doing something and what the speaker intends to do by
uttering a sentence, and
(3) perlocutionary act an act of affecting someone; the effect on the hearer of what a
speaker says.

Categories of illocutionary acts refers to categories proposed by John Searle to group

together closely related intentions for saying something:
❤Representative stating,
asserting,
denying,
confessing,
admitting,
notifying,
concluding,
predicting, etc.

❤Directive requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting,

recommending, etc.Question asking, inquiring, etc.
Commissive promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, betting, etc.
Expressive apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling, welcoming, deploring,
objecting, etc.
Declaration appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing, surrendering, excommunicating,
arresting, etc.
❤Discourse studies chunks of language which are bigger than a single sentence.

☀ Language Views / Theories of Language

The Structuralists support the idea that language can be described in terms of observable
and verifiable data as it is being used.
✅Language is a means of communication.
✅Language is primarily vocal
✅Language is a system of systems.
✅Language is arbitrary.

✳The Transformationalists believe that language is a system of knowledge made

manifest in linguistic forms but innate and, in its most abstract form universal.
Language is a mental phenomenon. It is not mechanical.
Language is innate. Children acquire their first language because they have a language
acquisition device (LAD) in their brain.

Language is universal: all normal children learn a mother tongue, all languages share
must share key features like sounds and rules.

Language is creative and enables speakers to produce and understand sentences they
have not heard nor used before.

The Functionalists advocates that language is a dynamic system through which members of
a community exchange information. It is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning
such as expressing ones emotions, persuading people, asking and giving information, etc.

They emphasize the meaning and functions rather than the grammatical characteristics of
language.

✳The Interactionists believe that language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal

relations and for performing social transactions between individuals.

Language teaching content may be specified and organized by patterns of exchange and
interaction.

Language Acquisition / Theories of Language Learning

Behaviorist learning theory the language behavior of an individual is conditioned by
sequences of differential rewards in his/her environment.

According to Littlewood (1984), the process of habit formation includes the following :
Children imitate the sounds and patterns which they hear around them.
People recognize the childs attempts as being similar to the adult models and reinforce
(reward) the sounds by approval or some other desirable reaction.
In order to obtain more of these rewards, the child repeats the sounds and patterns so that
these become habits.
In this way the childs verbal behavior is conditioned (shaped) until the habits coincide with
adult models.

Behavioralists see three crucial elements of learning:

(1) a stimulus, which serves to elicit behavior,
(2) a response triggered by the stimulus, and
(3) reinforcement which serves to mark the response as being appropriate and encourages
the repetition of the response.

Cognitive learning theory.

Noam Chomsky believes that all normal human beings have an inborn biological internal
mechanism that makes language learning possible.
Cognitivists / innatists mentalists account of second language acquisition include
hypothesis testing, a process of formulating rules and testing the same with competent
speakers of the target language.

Krashens Monitor Model (1981).This is the most comprehensive theory in second

language acquisition. It consists of five central hypotheses.

The acquisition / learning hypothesis claims that there are two ways of developing
competence in L2:
Acquisition the subconscious process that results from informal, natural communication
between people where language is a means, not a focus nor an end in itself.

Learning the conscious process of knowing about language and being able to talk about it,
that occurs in a more formal situation where the properties of a language are taught

The natural order hypothesis suggests that grammatical structures are acquired in a
predictable order for both children and adults _ certain grammatical structures are acquired
before others, irrespective of the language being learned.

The monitor hypothesis claims that conscious learning of grammatical rules has an
extremely limited function in language performance: as a monitor or editor that checks
output.

The input hypothesis. Krashen proposes that when learners are exposed to grammatical
features a little beyond their current level those features are acquired.

The affective filter hypothesis. Filter consists of attitude to language, motivation, self-
confidence and anxiety. Learners with a low affective filter seek and receive more input,
interact with confidence, and are more receptive to the input they are exposed to.

Teachers must continuously deliver at a level understandable by learners

Teaching must prepare the learners for real life communication situations
Teachers must ensure that learners do not become anxious or defensive in language
learning.

Formal grammar teaching is of limited value because it contributes to learning rather than
acquisition
Geoffrey Chaucer
= The Father of English Literature
= The Father of English Poetry
= The Father of English Language
= The Morning Star of the Renaissance
= The First National Poet

Venerable Bede
= The Father of English Learning.
= The Father of English History

King Alfred the Great

= The Father of English Prose

Aeschylus
= The Father of Tragedy

Nicholas Udall
= The First English Comedy Writer

11.Edmund Spenser
= The Poet’s poet (by Charles Lamb)
= The Child of Renaissance
= The Bridge between Renaissance and Reformation

14.Gutenberg
= The Father of Printing

15.William Caxton
= Father of English Press

16.Francis Bacon
= The Father of English Essay
17.John Wycliffe
= The Morning Star of the Reformation

18.Christopher Marlowe
= The Father of English Tragedy

19.William Shakespeare
= Bard of Avon
= The Father of English Drama
= Sweet Swan of Avon
= The Bard

Robert Burns
= The Bard of Ayrshire (Scotland)
= The National Poet of Scotland
= Rabbie
= The Ploughman Poet

William Dunber
= The Chaucer of Scotland

John Dryden
= Father of English criticism

William of Newbury
= Father of Historical Criticism

John Donne
= Poet of love
= Metaphysical poet

John Milton
= Epic poet
= The great master of verse

John Milton
= Lady of the Christ College
= Poet of the Devil’s Party
= Master of the Grand style
= The Blind Poet of England

Alexander Pope
= Mock heroic poet

William Wordsworth
= The Worshipper of Nature
= The High Priest of Nature
= The Poet of Nature
= The Lake Poet
= Poet of Childhood
= Egotistical Sublime

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

= The Poet of Supernaturalism

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

= Opium Eater

Coleridge & Wordsworth

= The Father of Romanticism

Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey

= Lake Poets

Lord Byron
= The Rebel Poet

Percy Bysshe Shelley

= The Revolutionary Poet
= Poet of hope and regeneration

John Keats
= Poet of Beauty

William Blake
= The Mystic Poet

John Keats
= Chameleon Poet

Lord Alfred Tennyson

= The Representative of the Victorian Era

George Bernard Shaw

= The greatest modern dramatist
= The Iconoclast

Jane Austen
= Anti-romantic in Romantic age

Lindley Murray
= Father of English Grammar

ames Joyce
= Father of English Stream of Conscious Novel

Edgar Allen Poe

= Father of English Mystery play
= The Father of English Short Story

Henry Fielding
= The Father of English Novel

Samuel Johnson
= Father of English one Act Play

Sigmund Freud
= A great Psycho-analyst

Robert Frost
= The Poet of Terror

Francesco Petrarch
= The Father of Sonnet (Italian)

Francesco Petrarch
= The Father of Humanism

Sir Thomas Wyatt

= The Father of English Sonnet

Henry Louis Vivian Derozio

= The Father of Indian-Anglican Sonnet

.William Hazlitt
= Critic’s Critic

Charles Lamb
= The Essay of Elia

Arthur Miller
= Mulk Raj Anand of America

.Addison
= The voice of humanist Puritanism

Emerson
= The Seneca of America

.Mother Teresa
= The Boon of Heaven

Thomas Nash
= Young Juvenile

Thomas Decker
= Fore-runner of Humorist

Homer
= The Father of Epic Poetry
= The Blind Poet

Henrick Ibsen
= Father of Modern theatre

Rabindranath Tagore
= Indian National Poet

Nissim Ezekiel
= The Father of Indian English Poet
1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678)
A story of a man in search of truth told with the simple clarity and beauty of Bunyan’s
prose make this the ultimate English classic.

2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719)

By the end of the 19th century, no book in English literary history had enjoyed more
editions, spin-offs and translations. Crusoe’s world-famous novel is a complex
literary confection, and it’s irresistible.

3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)

A satirical masterpiece that’s never been out of print, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s
Travels comes third in our list of the best novels written in English

4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748)

Clarissa is a tragic heroine, pressured by her unscrupulous nouveau-riche family to
marry a wealthy man she detests, in the book that Samuel Johnson described as
“the first book in the world for the knowledge it displays of the human heart.”

5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749)

Tom Jones is a classic English novel that captures the spirit of its age and whose
famous characters have come to represent Augustan society in all its loquacious,
turbulent, comic variety.

6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne

(1759)
Laurence Sterne’s vivid novel caused delight and consternation when it first
appeared and has lost little of its original bite.

7. Emma by Jane Austen (1816)

Jane Austen’s Emma is her masterpiece, mixing the sparkle of her early books with
a deep sensibility.

8. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)

Mary Shelley’s first novel has been hailed as a masterpiece of horror and the
macabre.

9. Nightmare Abbey by Thomas Love Peacock (1818)

The great pleasure of Nightmare Abbey, which was inspired by Thomas Love
Peacock’s friendship with Shelley, lies in the delight the author takes in poking fun at
the romantic movement.

10. The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)
Edgar Allan Poe’s only novel – a classic adventure story with supernatural elements
– has fascinated and influenced generations of writers.

11. Sybil by Benjamin Disraeli (1845)

The future prime minister displayed flashes of brilliance that equalled the greatest
Victorian novelists.
A whirlwind success … Jane Eyre

12. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë (1847)

Charlotte Brontë’s erotic, gothic masterpiece became the sensation of Victorian
England. Its great breakthrough was its intimate dialogue with the reader.

13. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (1847)

Emily Brontë’s windswept masterpiece is notable not just for its wild beauty but for its
daring reinvention of the novel form itself.

14. Vanity Fair by William Thackeray (1848)

William Thackeray’s masterpiece, set in Regency England, is a bravura performance
by a writer at the top of his game.

15. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1850)

David Copperfield marked the point at which Dickens became the great entertainer
and also laid the foundations for his later, darker masterpieces.

16. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850)

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s astounding book is full of intense symbolism and as haunting
as anything by Edgar Allan Poe.

17. Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (1851)

Wise, funny and gripping, Melville’s epic work continues to cast a long shadow over
American literature.

18. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (1865)

Lewis Carroll’s brilliant nonsense tale is one of the most influential and best loved in
the English canon.

19. The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins (1868)

Wilkie Collins’s masterpiece, hailed by many as the greatest English detective novel,
is a brilliant marriage of the sensational and the realistic.

20. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (1868-9)

Louisa May Alcott’s highly original tale aimed at a young female market has iconic
status in America and never been out of print.

21. Middlemarch by George Eliot (1871-2)

This cathedral of words stands today as perhaps the greatest of the great Victorian
fictions.
22. The Way We Live Now by Anthony Trollope (1875)
Inspired by the author’s fury at the corrupt state of England, and dismissed by critics
at the time, The Way We Live Now is recognised as Trollope’s masterpiece.

23. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (1884/5)

Mark Twain’s tale of a rebel boy and a runaway slave seeking liberation upon the
waters of the Mississippi remains a defining classic of American literature.

24. Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson (1886)

A thrilling adventure story, gripping history and fascinating study of the Scottish
character, Kidnapped has lost none of its power.

25. Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome (1889)

Jerome K Jerome’s accidental classic about messing about on the Thames remains
a comic gem.

26. The Sign of Four by Arthur Conan Doyle (1890)

Sherlock Holmes’s second outing sees Conan Doyle’s brilliant sleuth – and his bluff
sidekick Watson – come into their own.
Helmut Berger and Richard Todd in the 1970 adaptation of The Picture of Dorian
Gray.

27. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1891)

Wilde’s brilliantly allusive moral tale of youth, beauty and corruption was greeted with
howls of protest on publication.

28. New Grub Street by George Gissing (1891)

George Gissing’s portrayal of the hard facts of a literary life remains as relevant
today as it was in the late 19th century.

29. Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy (1895)

Hardy exposed his deepest feelings in this bleak, angry novel and, stung by the
hostile response, he never wrote another.

30. The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane (1895)

Stephen Crane’s account of a young man’s passage to manhood through soldiery is
a blueprint for the great American war novel.

31. Dracula by Bram Stoker (1897)

Bram Stoker’s classic vampire story was very much of its time but still resonates
more than a century later.
32. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad (1899)
Joseph Conrad’s masterpiece about a life-changing journey in search of Mr Kurtz
has the simplicity of great myth.

33. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser (1900)

Theodore Dreiser was no stylist, but there’s a terrific momentum to his unflinching
novel about a country girl’s American dream.

34. Kim by Rudyard Kipling (1901)

In Kipling’s classic boy’s own spy story, an orphan in British India must make a
choice between east and west.

35. The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)

Jack London’s vivid adventures of a pet dog that goes back to nature reveal an
extraordinary style and consummate storytelling.

36. The Golden Bowl by Henry James (1904)

American literature contains nothing else quite like Henry James’s amazing,
labyrinthine and claustrophobic novel.

37. Hadrian the Seventh by Frederick Rolfe (1904)

This entertaining if contrived story of a hack writer and priest who becomes pope
sheds vivid light on its eccentric author – described by DH Lawrence as a “man-
demon”.

38. The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame (1908)

The evergreen tale from the riverbank and a powerful contribution to the mythology
of Edwardian England.

39. The History of Mr Polly by HG Wells (1910)

The choice is great, but Wells’s ironic portrait of a man very like himself is the novel
that stands out.

40. Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm (1911)

The passage of time has conferred a dark power upon Beerbohm’s ostensibly light
and witty Edwardian satire.

41. The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford (1915)

Ford’s masterpiece is a searing study of moral dissolution behind the facade of an
English gentleman – and its stylistic influence lingers to this day.
42. The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan (1915)
John Buchan’s espionage thriller, with its sparse, contemporary prose, is hard to put
down.

43. The Rainbow by DH Lawrence (1915)

The Rainbow is perhaps DH Lawrence’s finest work, showing him for the radical,
protean, thoroughly modern writer he was.

44. Of Human Bondage by W Somerset Maugham (1915)

Somerset Maugham’s semi-autobiographical novel shows the author’s savage
honesty and gift for storytelling at their best.

45. The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1920)

The story of a blighted New York marriage stands as a fierce indictment of a society
estranged from culture.

46. Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)

This portrait of a day in the lives of three Dubliners remains a towering work, in its
word play surpassing even Shakespeare.

47. Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (1922)

What it lacks in structure and guile, this enthralling take on 20s America makes up
for in vivid satire and characterisation.

48. A Passage to India by EM Forster (1924)

EM Forster’s most successful work is eerily prescient on the subject of empire.

49. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loos (1925)

A guilty pleasure it may be, but it is impossible to overlook the enduring influence of
a tale that helped to define the jazz age.

50. Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf (1925)

Woolf’s great novel makes a day of party preparations the canvas for themes of lost
love, life choices and mental illness.
Carey Mulligan and Leonardo DiCaprio in The Great Gatsby’s film adaptation by Baz
Luhrmann.

51. The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald (1925)

Fitzgerald’s jazz age masterpiece has become a tantalising metaphor for the eternal
mystery of art.

52. Lolly Willowes by Sylvia Townsend Warner (1926)

A young woman escapes convention by becoming a witch in this original satire about
England after the first world war.

53. The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway (1926)

Hemingway’s first and best novel makes an escape to 1920s Spain to explore
courage, cowardice and manly authenticity.

54. The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett (1929)

Dashiell Hammett’s crime thriller and its hard-boiled hero Sam Spade influenced
everyone from Chandler to Le Carré.

55. As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner (1930)

The influence of William Faulkner’s immersive tale of raw Mississippi rural life can be
felt to this day.

56. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932)

Aldous Huxley’s vision of a future human race controlled by global capitalism is
every bit as prescient as Orwell’s more famous dystopia.

57. Cold Comfort Farm by Stella Gibbons (1932)

The book for which Gibbons is best remembered was a satire of late-Victorian
pastoral fiction but went on to influence many subsequent generations.

58. Nineteen Nineteen by John Dos Passos (1932)

The middle volume of John Dos Passos’s USA trilogy is revolutionary in its intent,
techniques and lasting impact.

59. Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller (1934)

The US novelist’s debut revelled in a Paris underworld of seedy sex and changed
the course of the novel – though not without a fight with the censors.

60. Scoop by Evelyn Waugh (1938)

Evelyn Waugh’s Fleet Street satire remains sharp, pertinent and memorable.

61. Murphy by Samuel Beckett (1938)

Samuel Beckett’s first published novel is an absurdist masterpiece, a showcase for
his uniquely comic voice.
Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall in The Big Sleep.

62. The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler (1939)

Raymond Chandler’s hardboiled debut brings to life the seedy LA underworld – and
Philip Marlowe, the archetypal fictional detective.
63. Party Going by Henry Green (1939)
Set on the eve of war, this neglected modernist masterpiece centres on a group of
bright young revellers delayed by fog.

64. At Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O’Brien (1939)

Labyrinthine and multilayered, Flann O’Brien’s humorous debut is both a reflection
on, and an exemplar of, the Irish novel.

65. The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1939)

One of the greatest of great American novels, this study of a family torn apart by
poverty and desperation in the Great Depression shocked US society.

66. Joy in the Morning by PG Wodehouse (1946)

PG Wodehouse’s elegiac Jeeves novel, written during his disastrous years in
wartime Germany, remains his masterpiece.

67. All the King’s Men by Robert Penn Warren (1946)

A compelling story of personal and political corruption, set in the 1930s in the
American south.

68. Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry (1947)

Malcolm Lowry’s masterpiece about the last hours of an alcoholic ex-diplomat in
Mexico is set to the drumbeat of coming conflict.

69. The Heat of the Day by Elizabeth Bowen (1948)

Elizabeth Bowen’s 1948 novel perfectly captures the atmosphere of London during
the blitz while providing brilliant insights into the human heart.
Richard Burton and John Hurt in Nineteen Eighty-four

70. Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949)

George Orwell’s dystopian classic cost its author dear but is arguably the best-
known novel in English of the 20th century.

71. The End of the Affair by Graham Greene (1951)

Graham Greene’s moving tale of adultery and its aftermath ties together several vital
strands in his work.

72. The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger (1951)

JD Salinger’s study of teenage rebellion remains one of the most controversial and
best-loved American novels of the 20th century.
73. The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1953)
In the long-running hunt to identify the great American novel, Saul Bellow’s
picaresque third book frequently hits the mark.

74. Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954)

Dismissed at first as “rubbish & dull”, Golding’s brilliantly observed dystopian desert
island tale has since become a classic.

75. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (1955)

Nabokov’s tragicomic tour de force crosses the boundaries of good taste with glee.

76. On the Road by Jack Kerouac (1957)

The creative history of Kerouac’s beat-generation classic, fuelled by pea soup and
benzedrine, has become as famous as the novel itself.

77. Voss by Patrick White (1957)

A love story set against the disappearance of an explorer in the outback, Voss paved
the way for a generation of Australian writers to shrug off the colonial past.

78. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)

Her second novel finally arrived this summer, but Harper Lee’s first did enough alone
to secure her lasting fame, and remains a truly popular classic.

79. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark (1960)

Short and bittersweet, Muriel Spark’s tale of the downfall of a Scottish
schoolmistress is a masterpiece of narrative fiction.

80. Catch-22 by Joseph Heller (1961)

This acerbic anti-war novel was slow to fire the public imagination, but is rightly
regarded as a groundbreaking critique of military madness.

81. The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing (1962)

Hailed as one of the key texts of the women’s movement of the 1960s, this study of
a divorced single mother’s search for personal and political identity remains a
defiant, ambitious tour de force.
Malcolm Macdowell in Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange film.

82. A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)

Anthony Burgess’s dystopian classic still continues to startle and provoke, refusing
to be outshone by Stanley Kubrick’s brilliant film adaptation.
83. A Single Man by Christopher Isherwood (1964)
Christopher Isherwood’s story of a gay Englishman struggling with bereavement in
LA is a work of compressed brilliance.

84. In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (1966)

Truman Capote’s non-fiction novel, a true story of bloody murder in rural Kansas,
opens a window on the dark underbelly of postwar America.

85. The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath (1966)

Sylvia Plath’s painfully graphic roman à clef, in which a woman struggles with her
identity in the face of social pressure, is a key text of Anglo-American feminism.

86. Portnoy’s Complaint by Philip Roth (1969)

This wickedly funny novel about a young Jewish American’s obsession with
masturbation caused outrage on publication, but remains his most dazzling work.

87. Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont by Elizabeth Taylor (1971)

Elizabeth Taylor’s exquisitely drawn character study of eccentricity in old age is a
sharp and witty portrait of genteel postwar English life facing the changes taking
shape in the 60s.

88. Rabbit Redux by John Updike (1971)

Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom, Updike’s lovably mediocre alter ego, is one of America’s
great literary protoganists, up there with Huck Finn and Jay Gatsby.

89. Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison (1977)

The novel with which the Nobel prize-winning author established her name is a
kaleidoscopic evocation of the African-American experience in the 20th century.

90. A Bend in the River by VS Naipaul (1979)

VS Naipaul’s hellish vision of an African nation’s path to independence saw him
accused of racism, but remains his masterpiece.

91. Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie (1981)

The personal and the historical merge in Salman Rushdie’s dazzling, game-
changing Indian English novel of a young man born at the very moment of Indian
independence.

92. Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson (1981)

Marilynne Robinson’s tale of orphaned sisters and their oddball aunt in a remote
Idaho town is admired by everyone from Barack Obama to Bret Easton Ellis.
Nick Frost as John Self Martin Amis's Money.
 93. Money: A Suicide Note by Martin Amis (1984)
Martin Amis’s era-defining ode to excess unleashed one of literature’s greatest
modern monsters in self-destructive antihero John Self.

94. An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro (1986)

Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel about a retired artist in postwar Japan, reflecting on his
career during the country’s dark years, is a tour de force of unreliable narration.

95. The Beginning of Spring by Penelope Fitzgerald (1988)

Fitzgerald’s story, set in Russia just before the Bolshevik revolution, is her
masterpiece: a brilliant miniature whose peculiar magic almost defies analysis.

96. Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1988)

Anne Tyler’s portrayal of a middle-aged, mid-American marriage displays her
narrative clarity, comic timing and ear for American speech to perfection.

97. Amongst Women by John McGahern (1990)

This modern Irish masterpiece is both a study of the faultlines of Irish patriarchy and
an elegy for a lost world.

98. Underworld by Don DeLillo (1997)

A writer of “frightening perception”, Don DeLillo guides the reader in an epic journey
through America’s history and popular culture.

99. Disgrace by JM Coetzee (1999)

In his Booker-winning masterpiece, Coetzee’s intensely human vision infuses a
fictional world that both invites and confounds political interpretation.

100. True History of the Kelly Gang by Peter Carey (2000)

Peter Carey rounds off our list of literary milestones with a Booker prize-winning
tour-de-force examining the life and times of Australia’s infamous antihero, Ned
Kelly.

What is Philosophy? - the science that seeks to organize and systemize all fields of knowledge as a
means of understanding and interpreting the totality of reality. - systematic and logical explanation of
the nature, existence, purpose and relationships of things, including human beings in the universe.
Main Branches of Philosophy

1. Metaphysics
– deals with the first principles, the origin an essence of things, the causes and end of thing. - it is
the science of existence.

2. Epistemology
– deals with knowledge and with ways of knowing. - Conceptual - Perceptual – Intuitive
3. Axiology
– deals with purposes and values. - Ethics

4. Logic
– deals with the correct way of thinking.

Major Philosophies of Education

1. 1. Idealism
– (Platonic) Reality consists of transcendental universal, form, or ideals which are the object
of true knowledge. (DECS order No. 13 s 1998 – Revised rules and regulation on the
teaching of religion in public elementary and secondary schools)

2. Naturalism
– This opposed to idealism. This is the view that the whole of reality is nature.

3. Pragmatism
– a tendency, movement, or more definite system of thought in which stress is place upon
critical consequence and values as standard for explicating philosophic concept, and as a
test of truth lies in its practical consequence and that the purpose of conduct. - James -
Chiller - Dewey

4. Supernaturalism
– has a purpose to educate the individual for his life here on earth and to prepare for the life
beyond. Humanism – places human being over in above worldly things.

5. Realism
– universals are independent of antecedent to and more real than the specific individual
instances in which they manifest.

6. Progressivism
– dominated by the technological experimental advancement which have so powerfully
shaped our modern culture. (DECS order No. 57 s 1998 – Clarification on the changes in the
Social Studies Program, WH for 3rd year and Economics for 4th year) (DECS order No 91 s.
1998 – Changes in the THE program of the NSEC) Some important features of
Progressivism
1. The child as the center of the educational process.
2. It emphasizes learning by doing. Advocates of Progressivism John Dewey William
Kilpatrick

7. Existentialism
- Puts emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual.
- Existence precedes, that is, essence is created by existence.
- Human nature is a product of existence.
- Holds the view that human existence, or the human situation is the starting point of
thinking.
– It emphasizes concreteness of the individual.
- It values the freedom of choice, individual dignity, personal love, and creative effort. (DECS
order no. 65 s. 1998 – revised Guidelines on the selection of honor students in secondary
level) (DECS order no. 10 s. 1998
– Revised system of rating and reporting of student performance for secondary schools)
Freedom of choice is an important value of existentialism and is determined or affected to a
large extent several factors among which are the following:
1. Influence of the family especially the parents.
2. Influence of peers and associates.
3. Religious orientation
4. Social approval
5. Cultural patterns
6. Financial status
7. Psychological traits
8. Sex
9. Health and physical fitness
10. Education

8. Positivism
- a philosophical movement characterized by an emphasis upon science and scientific
method as the only source of knowledge.

9. Relativism
- a doctrine of relationism or relativity – a theory that knowledge is relative to the limited
nature of the mind and the condition of knowing.

10. Materialism
- it maintains that all events are not true to the nature of independent reality and that holds
that absolutely true knowledge is impossible.

11. Empiricism
- it spouses that legitimate human knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind by the
senses or by introspective awareness through experience.
-hence it believes on education through.

12. Romanticism
- it questioned the notions of the enlightenment that had dominated Europe in the early 18th
century.

13. Epicureanism
- philosophical teaching about nature and ethics that was derived from the writing of
Epicurus. - this philosophy base its knowledge on sense perception, asserting that
sensations are invariably good.
 14. Hedonism
- it centers on pleasure - learning is pleasurable

15. Utilitarianism
- it believes that any moral theory that value of human actions, policies, and institutions by
their consequences in men’s experience or by general welfare of all person affected by them.

16. Communism
- disregard basic human rights and educates the young for subservience to the state.

17. Fascism
– conceives that the state is an absolute.

18. Progressivism
- it emphasizes that educational concern must be on the child interest, desires, and the
learners freedom as an individual rather than the subject matter.

19. Essentialism
- it ascribes ultimate reality to immense embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses.
2. All theories of human growth and development has an effect upon decisions made in the
classroom and parental management.

🐝🐝SIGMUND FREUD believes that all human beings pass through a series of
Psychosexual Development. This theory includes pleasure-giving bodies per stages and may
result to “fixation” if cannot be able to move on

🐝The Psychosexual Development Theory

🌾1. Oral
From birth to 18 months
Overstimulation - Gullible, Easy to be fooled
Understimulation - Mistrust, alcoholic drinker, smoker and gossiper
Charactersitics - Mouth is the center of pleasure and major source of gratification and
exploration

🐝2. Anal Stage (toilet training)

18 months to 3 years
Overstimulation - Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder, too obedient
Understimulation - Messy, clumsy, disobedient and rebellious
Charactersitics - Anus and bladder as pleasure-giving bodies

🐝3. PHALLIC (Penis)

3-6 years old
Overstimulation - Pervert
Understimulation - Frigid impotence, too shy
Charactersitics - Genitalia as the source of pleasure (masturbation). Develops Elektra and
Oedipus complex

🐝4. LATENCY (school age)

 6- puberty
Overstimulation - Workaholic
Understimulation -Failing grades
Charactersitics - Energy directed to physical and intellectual activities. Sexual responses are
repressed. Normal homosexual stage (relationship with same sex or “barkada”

🐝5. GENITAL
Puberty onwards
Charactersitics - Energy towards full sex maturity. Reappearance of Oedipus and Elektra
complex but directed to opposite sex
🌾*Oedipus Complex means that the son is more into the mother while Elektra Complex
means that the daughter is more into the father.

🐝*Overstimulation means that when the child during the given age of a particular stage is
given something too much may result to something negative. For example, during the Oral
stage, if the baby doesn‟t need a breastfeed but the mother still gives him milk he will
become too used to it resulting to being gullible when he grow up. On the other hand, if the
baby is understimulated or wants milk to the point that he/she is crying but the mother always
ignore him/her, then the baby will grow up as if he/she always wanted to have something in
his mouth for he/she was deprived of it. This may result for him/her to be a drinker, a smoker
or gossiper.

Sigmund Freud also developed the differences between our id, ego, and superego.
🐝EGO (moral principle; conscience) SUPEREGO (reality principle; balances id and
ego) ID(evil; the “I” principle; self-centered)

Teachers should be aware of the Psychosexual Development Theory in order for us to fully
understand why some of our pupils/students behave the way they do
🌾🌾ERIK ERIKSON proposed the Psychosocial Development Theory. According to him
under this theory, crisis must be resolved in order to develop a healthy direction. Take note
that the focus on Psychosocial Development Theory is an important sociocultural
determinance of human development.

3. 🐝The Psychosocial Development Theory

4.

🐝1. Infancy
Psychosocial conflict: Trust VS Mistrust
Task: attachment to the mother/caregiver
If successful: trust in persons/faith and hope about the environment and future
If unsuccessful: difficulties in relating to persons effectively. Fear of the future

🐝 2. Toddlerhood (18 months – 3 years)

Psychosocial conflict: Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
Task: gaining some basic control over self and environment
If successful: sense of self-control
If unsuccessful: severe feeling of self-doubt. Always thinking that he cannot do something.
 🐝3. Preschool Age (3 – 6 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Initiative VS Guilt
Task: children areasked to assume more responsibilities, becoming purposeful and directive
If successful: ability to initiate one‟s activities
If unsuccessful: sense of inadequacy/guilt

🐝4.School Age (6 – 12 years)

Psychosocial conflict: Industrious VS Inferiority
Task: developing social, physical and learning skills
If successful: competence and ability to work and learn
If unsuccessful: sense of inferiority or difficulty in working and learning

🐝5. Adolescence period (12 – 20 years)

Psychosocial conflict: Identity VS Role Confusion
Task: developing sense of identity
If successful: sense of personal identity
If unsuccessful: role confusion

🐝6. Young Adulthood (20 – 35 years)

Psychosocial conflict: Intimacy VS Isolation
Task: establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship
If successful: ability to love deeply and commit oneself
If unsuccessful: emotional isolation, egocentric (self-directed)

🐝7. Middle Adulthood (35 -65 years)

Psychosocial conflict: Generativity VS Stagnation
Task: fulfilling life goals (family, career, society)
If successful: ability to give and care for others
If unsuccessful: self-absorption, inability to grow as a person

🐝8. Late Adulthood (65 years – death)

Psychosocial conflict: Integrity VS Despair
Task: looking back over one‟s life.

✔Wilhelm Woundt
= german psycologist “founder of modern psychology.

✔Titchener
= structuralism psychology

William james, G. Stanley Hall, James M. Cattell….

these three promote “functionalism psychology

✔Charles darwin
= theories to mental characteristics as human think, feel & behave(” evolutionary
psychology”)

✔Herman Ebbinghaus
= associationism psychology

✔Edwin Guthrie
= (stimulus and response ) :; temporal conguity

✔Edward Lee Thorndike

= “satisfaction” “the law of effect”.

✔Ivan Pavlov
= involuntary behavior

✔Max Wertheimer
= gestalt psychology

✔Otto Loewi
= discovered “acetylchloline” respobsible in stimulation of muscles

✔Ulf von Euler

discovered “norepinephrine” bringing our nervous system into “high alert”

✔Arvid Carlsson
discovered “dopamine” the reward mechanisms in the brain

✔Jean Piaget
— cognitive dev’t , info processing , dynamic interrelation.

✔Sigmund Freud
— psychosexual , psychoanalytic

✔Erik Erickson
— psychosocial

✔Lawrence Kohlberg
— moral dev’t,

✔Burrhus Frederic Skinner

— operant cond.
✔Ivan Pavlov
— classical cond.

✔Edward Lee Thorndike

— connectionism

✔Albert Bandura
— social learning, neo – behaviorism

✔Robert Gagne
— sequence of instruction

✔Abraham Maslow
— hierarchy of needs , motivation theory

✔William Kohler
— insight learning

✔Robert Havighurst
— devt task theory

✔Benjamin Bloom
— bloom’s cognitive taxonomy

✔Simpsons / Anita Harrow

— psychomotor domain

✔David Krathwohl
— affective domain

✔Jerome Bruner
— constructivist, spiral curr, instrumental conceptualism

✔Lev Vygotsky
— socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding

✔Edgar Dale
— cone of exp. (20% remember)
✔kohler,koffka, weirtheimer
— gestalt psychology

✔John Locke
— tabularasa , empiricism

✔Howard Gardner
— multiple int.

✔Noam Chomsky
— language acquisition theory , fr of linguistic, nativism

✔David Ausubel
— meaningful learning, graphic organizer, assumption

✔Charles Cooley
— lookin

PSYCHOSOCIAL (Erick Erickson)

1. 🌾TRUST vs MISTRUST (Infant) 0-28mos

2. 🌾AUTONOMY vs SHAME & DOUBT ( Toddler) 1-3mos
3. 🌾INIATIVE vs GUILT (Preschooler) 3-6yrs.
4. 🌾INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY (School Age) 6-12yrs
5. 🌾IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION (Adolescent) 12-18yrs
6. 🌾INTIMACY vs ISOLATION. (Young Adult)
7. 🌾GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION (Middle Adult) 24-54yrs
8. 🌾EGO INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR (Older Adult) Self, Satisfaction, Stories

🐝COGNITIVE DEVT. (Jean Piaget)🐝

✔Schemas- building blocks

✔Eyes and ears- most common.senses children usually use

1.) Assimilation- OLD
2.) Accomodation- NEW

▶4 Stages of Cognitive Devt.◀

1.) 🌾Sensorimotor. (birth-2)

✔Object permanence- develop 6mos.

2.) 🌾Pre-operational (2-7)
➡magical thinking
➡Symbolic thought

✔Animism- give life to non-living things.

🌾Centration-
🌾Egocentrism- self centered
🌾Conservation- identify quantity
🌾Irreversibility-
🌾Intuitive thought- beliefs w/out basis

3.) 🐝Concrete operational (7-11 yrs old)

➡ logical thinking
Seriation- numbering based on size
5.) 🌾Formal operational (11- adulthood)
➡concrete
➡scientific reasoning
➡science

🐝MORAL DEVT. (Kohlberg)🐝

1.) 🌾Pre- conventional (PARENTS)

Stage 1- punishment
Stage2- reward

2.) 🌾Conventional (OTHER PEOPLE)

Stage 3- Recognition
Stage 4- Rules

3.) 🌾Post conventional (SELF)

Stage 5- Exemption
Stage 6- Justice
🌾SOCIAL DEVT. (Lev Vgotzsky)🌾
➡ mentorship
➡ support to students
1. Culture
2. Social interaction
3. Language

▶Pre intellectual- (nonverbal)

▶External/ social language- ( for communication other people)
▶Inner/ hidden speech - (non verbal, deep thougths)
▶Private speech- (verbal, talk to your self)
🌾ZPD or ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVT🌾 (Scafolding)- assistance
🌾Computer Analogy- Information Processing Theory🌾
1.) 🌾Input devices- sensory memory
(what I LEARN)
2.) 🌾Processor/Ram- working memory (what I THINK)
3.) 🌾Output - response to stimuli
(what I DO)
4.) 🌾Hard drive storage- long term memory (what I REMEMBER)

🐝SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (Albert Bandura)

➡ modelling
➡ observational
➡ meditation
1. Anticipate
2. Attention
3. Retention- (recall or ulitin)
4. Motor reproduction- (performing)
5. Motivational- (reinforcement/ pinagalitan)

🐝SOCIAL and EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (Daniel Goleman)

➡ Ability to identify, asses and control your emotion and emotion of others.

🐝BOWLBY's THEORY (Bowlby)

➡ attachment
1.) 🌾Self awareness
2.) 🌾Self management- activities you do to control your emotion
3.) 🌾Social awareness
4.) 🌾Relationship management
▶Monotropy (normal)

▶Maternal deprivation- psychopathy, affectionless

▶Distress- detachment, despair, protest

🐝SOCIO ECOLOGICAL MODEL (Bronfenbrenner)

➡ interaction in environment
1.) 🌾Microsystem- center
2.) 🌾Mesosystem- how your microsystem interact
4.) 🌾Ecosystem-
5.) 🌾Macrosystem-

🐝HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (Abraham Maslow)

1.) 🌾Physiological (basic needs)
2.) 🌾Safety and Security (water)
3.) 🌾Love and Belongingness (shelter)
4.) 🌾Self Esteem
5.) 🌾Self actualization

🐝PSYCHO-ANALYTIC (Sigmund Freud)

1.) 🌾ID- (pleasure)
2.) 🌾EGO (reality, balance)
3.) 🌾SUPER EGO (conscience)
🌾PSYCHO-SEXUAL🌾
1.) 🌾ORAL. (mouth use)
2.) 🌾ANAL. (toilet use)
3.) 🌾PHALLIC (both BOY and GIRL)
4.) 🌾LATENCY
5.) 🌾GENITAL

✔Electra Complex- (mother/girl)

✔Oedipus Complex- (father/boy)8

🐝CONNECTIONISM (Thorndike) 🐝
🌾 Law of READINESS
🌾 Law of EXERCISE
🌾Law of EFFECT

🐝MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE (Howard Gardner)

1.)Linguistic (language)
2.)Logical-mathematical (numbers)
3.)Musical (music)
4.)Kinesthetic (movement)
5.)Naturalistic (nature)
6.)Interpersonal (other people)
7.)Intrapersonal (self)
8.)Spatial (ability to visualize in mind's eyes and solve problems)

🐝16 stages of Readiness (Goddell)

1.)Basic Sight words (lowest)
2.)Phoenitics
3.)Structural Analysis
4.)Context Clues
5.)Vocabulary
6.)Main Idea
7.)Supporting Details
8.)Conclusion
9.)Facts
10.)Books
11.)Dictionaries
12.)Encyclopedias
13.)Library
14.)Private Library
15.)Mass Media
16.)Internet (highest)

🐝ART OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES (Socratic Method- Socrates)

➡🌾 DDBGFCRSW
1.)DISCUSSION
✔🌾Panel- (conversational discussion)
✔🌾Symposium- (un-interpreted conversation)
2.)DEBATE (negative & affirmative)
3.)BRAIN STORMING (exchanging of ideas)
✔🌾Round Table- (clockwise movement of talks, 7 members)
✔🌾 Box Section- (box)
✔🌾Phillips 66- (6 mems., 6mins)
4.)GAMES (all about fun)
5.)FISH BOWL (use in large groups)
6.)CASE STUDY (studying case of the problem)
7.)ROLE PLAYING (stage play)
8.)SEMINAR
9.)WORKSHOP (activity)

🐝CONE OF EXPERIENCE (Edgar Dale)

1.)PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCE
2.)🌾CONTRIVED EXPERIENCE
(real like)
✔🌾Model- (globe or example)
✔🌾Realia- (real)
✔🌾Replica- (imitation of relia)
✔🌾Mock-up- (dis-assemble, rearrange)
✔🌾Specimen- (sample)
✔🌾Objects- (seen as artifacts in the museum)
✔🌾Diorama- (scene with 3 dimensional figure)
3.)DRAMATIZATION
✔🌾Roleplay
✔🌾Pantomime- (body movt.)
✔🌾Tableau- (picture like scene)
✔🌾Puppet
✔🌾Pageant- (local actors presenting local history)
4.)DEMONSTRATION
5.)SYMBOL
6.)FIELDTRIP
7.)MOTION PICTURE
8.)STILL PICTURE
9.)VISUAL SYMBOLS
✔🌾Drawings- (made up of line that create creation)
✔🌾Cartoons- (metaphor, hidden meaning)
✔🌾Strip Drawings- (comic, dialogue)
✔🌾Diagram- (organization of information)
✔🌾Chart- (organization of data)
✔🌾Graph- (organization of mathematical data)
➡🌾DIAGRAM. (organization of INFO.)
✔🌾Affinity- (large data, brain storming)
✔🌾Tree- (increasing details)
✔🌾Fish Bone (cause & effect)
✔🌾Venn- (comparison)

➡🌾CHART. (organization of DATA)

✔🌾Time- (time)
✔🌾Flow chart- (process)
✔🌾Organizational chart- (formal)
✔🌾Parreto- (bar graph in descending order)
✔🌾Gantt- (for research purposes)8

➡🌾GRAPH (organization of MATHEMATICAL DATA)

✔🌾Pie- (whole, circle)
✔🌾Bar- (magnitude, rectangle)
✔🌾Line- (progress)
✔🌾Picto graph- (pictures)
✔🌾Histogram- (time, like bar graph)

🐝CONCRETE-ABSTRACT CONTINUUM (Jerome Bruner)

✔🌾ENACTIVE (direct experience, real)
✔🌾ICONIC (pictures)
✔🌾SYMBOLIC (symbols, no pictures )
ESD supports five fundamental types of learning to provide quality education and foster sustainable
human development, namely;

🐝 Learning to know
- To recognize the evolving nature of the concept of sustainability
- To reflect the ever-growing needs of societies
- To acknowledge that fulfilling local needs often has international effects and consequences
- To address content, context, global issues and local priorities

🐝 Learning to be
- To build on the principles and values that underline sustainable development
- To deal with the well-being of all three realms of sustainability
– environment, society, and economy
- To contribute to a person’s complete development: mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic
appreciation and spirituality
🐝 Learning to live together
- To build capacity for community-based decision making, social tolerance, environmental stewardship,
adaptable workforce and quality of life

🐝 Learning to do
- To contribute to a concrete reality for all our daily decisions and actions - To build a sustainable and safe
world for everyone

 🐝 Learning to transform oneself and society

- To integrate the values inherent in sustainable development into all aspects of learning
- To empower people to assume responsibility for creating and enjoying a sustainable future
amily
- is the smallest social institution which the unique function od producing and rearing the
young.
Conjugal famil
- consist of husband, wife and children.
Consanguine family
- consist of married couple, their parents, siblings, etc.
Polyandry
- one woman is married to two or more men at the same time.
Polygamy
- one man is married to two or more women at the same time.
Cenogamy
- two or more men mate with two or more women in group marriage.
Patrilineal
- when the descent is recognized through the father's line.
Matrilineal
- when descent is recognized through the mother's line.
Bilineal
- when the descent is recognized through both the father's and mother's line.
Patrilocal
- newly married couple lives with parents of the husband.
Matrilocal
- newly married couple lives with parents of the wife.
Neolocal
- newly married couple lives by themselves.
Patriarchal
- When the father is considered the head and plays the dominant role.
Matriarchal
- When the mother is considered the head and makes the major decision.
Equalitarian
- When the father and mother share im making decision. 👉INTELLIGENCE TEST
-This test measures the intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individual as genius, very superior,
high average, and average, low average, borderline or mentally defective.

👉PERSONALITY TEST
-This measures the ways in which the individual's interest with other individuals or in terms
of the roles an individual has assigned to himself and how he adopts in the society.
👉APTITUDE TEST
-This kind of test is a predictive measure of a person's likelihood of benefit from instruction
or experience in a given field such as arts, music, clerical work, mechanical tasks, or
academic studies.

👉PROGNOSTIC TEST
-This test forecast how well a person may do in a certain school subject or work.

👉PERFORMANCE TEST
-It is a measure which often makes use of accomplishing the learning task involving
minimum accomplishment or none at all.

👉DIAGNOSTIC TEST
-This test identifies the weaknesses of an individual's achievement in any field which serves
as basis for remedial instruction.

👉ACHIEVEMENT TEST
-This test measures how much the students attain the learning task.

👉PREFERENCE TEST
-This test is a measure of vocational or academic interest of an individual or aesthetic
decision by forcing the examinee to make force options between paired or group items.

👉SCALE TEST
-this test is a series of items arranged in the order of difficulty.

👉SPEED TEST
- this test measures the speed of accuracy of the examinee within the time imposed. It is
called "alertness test".

👉POWER TEST
- this test is made up of series of items arranged from easiest to the most difficult.

👉STANDARDIZED TEST
-this test provides exact procedures in controlling the method of administration and scoring
with norms and data concerning the reliability and validity of the test.

👉TEACHER-MADE TEST
-this test is prepared by classroom teachers based on the contents stated in the syllabi and
the lessons taken by the students.

👉PLACEMENT TEST
- this test is used to measure the job an applicant should fill in the school setting and the
grade or year level the student or student should be enrolled after quitting from school.

Republic ACT for Teacher

REPUBLIC ACT No. 137
-Board of Textbooks. It provided for all public schools to use only those books approved by the
board for a period of six years from the date of theiradoption.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 1425
-The inclusion of a course on the life, works and writings- especially the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo of Dr. Jose Rizal in the curricula of all public and private schools.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 4670
-The Magna Cartafor Public School Teachers.
REPUBLIC ACT 1079
- Commonwealth Act No.117. Civil Service Eligibility shall be permanent and shall be valid
throughout a person’s lifetime.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 6728
-The Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education.
(Scholarship Programs)
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7722
-Creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) composed of a chairperson and four (4)
commissioners.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7743
- The establishment of public libraries and reading centers in everybarangay and municipality of the
country.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7784
- The Centers of Excellence Law
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7796
- The TESDA Law
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7836
- Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7877
- Anti Sexual harassment Act of 1995
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 27
- the inclusion of subject courses on human rights in the school curricula, textbooks, and other
reading materials
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 189
- All publicSecondary School teachers under the administrative supervision and control of DECS.
Issued by former President Corazon Aquino.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A
- Known as the Educational Development Decree of 1972, and was implemented by the late former
President Ferdinand Marcos.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 146
- This decree requiring ALL senior high school students to pass the National CollegeEntrance
Examination (NCEE) as pre-requisite for admission to any post- secondaryacademic or professional
degree program.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.451
- This law repealed R.A No. 6139 and authorized the Sec. of Education and Culture to regulate the
imposition of tuition fee and other school fees in all private educational institutions.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 688
- This law gave the Civil Service Commission the power and authority to give the appropriate
examination for all public school teachers.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1139
- This decree issued on May 13, 1977, created the position of the undersecretary for NON-FORMAL
Education who shall make an overall assessment of the existing non formal education programs and
shall take charge of all non-formal education programs of DECS.
DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 1, s.1973
- This DECS order reiterates the policy on the use of locally published textbooks of
Filipinoauthorship in all levels of education, both public and private.
DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 25, s.1974
- The implementation of BILINGUAL EDUCATION Program which mandates the use of English and
Filipino as separate media of instruction.
MEC ORDER No. 22, s.1978
- ALL institutions shall offer in all their curricular programs at least six (6) units of Filipino, starting the
FIRST SEM Of school year 1979- 1980.
DECS ORDER No. 30, s. 1993
- This orderissued on May 20, 1993, providing for a National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT)
for ALL grade six pupils in Public and Private schools
DECS ORDER No. 38, s. 1994
- Provided for a National Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT) to be administered to ALL graduating
public and private high school.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 1265
- The Law on the Observance of Flag Ceremony
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 200, sec.3
-The Law prohibits fund raising in school
1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 3:2
-The Law teaches and imposes discipline
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232, sec. 13:2 / 1987 CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XIV, sec 5:2,/ 1973
CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XV, sec. 8:2
-the Law recognizes Academic Freedom
1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec 48-49
- The Law requires to have a fixed calendar
1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec. 44-47
- The Law on Education specifies faculty qualification
R.A No. 1054 AS AMENDED BY P.D.’s Nos. 442, 570-A, 622, AND 643
- The Law requires Education to provide Medical and Dental Services
CIVIL CODE, ARTICLE 349
- The Law considers teachers, professors, and administrators to be in LOCO PARENTIS to their
pupils and students
1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 5:4
- The Law requires Education to provide professional advancement teachers.
BASIC MATHEMATICS Formula
- June 04, 2019
Perimeter of a Square
- P = 4s
Perimeter of a Rectangle
- P=2l+2w
Circumference of a Circle
- C = 2πr OR πd
Area of a Square
- A=s²
Area of a Rectangle/ Square
- A=lw
Area of a Parallelogram
- A=bh
Area of a Trapezoid
- A=½(b₁+b₂)h
Area of a Circle
- A=πr²
Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism
- SA = 2lw + 2wh + 2lh
Surface Area of a Circular Prism (Cylinder)
- 2pR² + 2pRH
Surface Area of a Triangular Prism
- bh + (S1+ S2 + S3)H
Base shape: Triangle:
base 'b', height 'h', and sides S1, S2 and S3
Area of base
: ½b×h
Perimeter of base:
S1+ S2 + S3
Surface Area of a Cone
- SA=πrl+πr²
Surface Area of a Sphere
- SA=4πr²
Volume of a Cube
- V=s³
Volume of a Prism
- V =Bh
Volume of a Pyramid
- V=⅓Bh
Volume of a Cone
- V=1/3πr²h
Volume of a Sphere
- V=(4/3)πr³
average = sum of terms / number of terms
average speed = total distance / total time
mode = value in the list that appears most often
median = middle value in the list
Area of a Trapezoid
- A=½(b₁+b₂)h
Slope Formula
- m=y₂-y₁/x₂-x₁
Slope-Intercept Form
- y=mx+b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept of the line.
Point-Slope Form
- y-y₁=m(x-x₁), where m is the slope and (x₁,y₁) is a given point on the line
Standard Form (Linear Equations)
- Ax + By=C, where A, B, and C are not decimals or fractions, where A and B are not both zero, and
where A is not a negative
Standard Form (Quadratic Equations)
- ax² + bx + c = 0
Quadratic Formula
- x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a
Standard Form (Quadratic Functions)
- y=ax²+bx+c
Intercept Form (Quadratic Functions)
- the form y=a(x-p)(x-q), where the x-intercepts of the graph are p and q
Vertex Form (Quadratic Functions)
- y=a(x-h)²+k
Exponential Growth Formula
- y = a (1 + r), r is a decimal value for the percent increase
Exponential Decay Formula
- y = a(1 - r), r is a decimal value for the percent decrease
Arithmetic Sequence Formula
- a₁+(n-1)d
Geometric Sequence (Definition and Formula)
- a sequence that can be defined recursively as An = A(n-1)r
Simple Interest Formula
- I=Prt
Compound Interest Formula
- A = P(1 + r/n)^(n x t), r is the rate, n is the number of times compounded, t is time
Distance Formula
- d = √[( x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²]
Midpoint Formula
- (x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2
Distance Traveled Formula
- d=rt
1 kg (kilograms) --> lbs - 2.2 lbs (pounds)
1 kg (kilograms) --> grams - 1000 g (grams)
1 g (gram) --> milligrams - 1000 mg (milligrams)
1000 mcg (micrograms) --> milligrams - 1 mg (milligram)
1000 mg (milligram) --> gram - 1 g (gram)
1000 mL (milliliters) --> liters - 1 L (liters)
30 mL (millilters) --> ounces - 1 oz (ounce)
30 mL (milliliters) --> tablespoon - 2 tbsp (tablespoons)
5 mL (milliliters) --> teaspoon - 1 tsp (teaspoon)
15 mL (milliliters) --> tablespoon - 1 tbsp (tablespoon)
DO NOT WRITE - trailing zeros ex: 5.0
DO WRITE - leading zeros ex: 0.5
Linear Function Format - Y = mx + b
Identity function format - F(x) = x
Square function format - Y = x^2
Cube function format? - Y = x^3
Square root function format? - Y = (x)^(1/2)
Exponential Function format? - y = e^x
LET Reviewer: Professional Education
🌾Curriculum🌾
W- ritten
A- ssessed
S- upported
H- idden
L- rearned
T- taught
R- ecommended (UNESCO)
🌾Lesson Plan🌾
O- bjective
S- ubject matter
L- earning activites
E- valuation
A- ssignment
✔Wundt- (fr. of Psychology)
✔Freud- (fr. of Modern Psychology,)
✔Augustus Comte- (fr. of Sociology)
✔Jerome Bruner- (fr. of IMs)
✔Albert Binet- (fr. of IQ)
✔Lao Tsu- (fr. of Taoism)
🌾Summary of Theories🌾
✔🌾ERICK ERIKSON (Psychosocial)
✔🌾GARDNER (Multiple Intelligence)
✔🌾GOLEMAN (Emotional)
✔🌾SIGMUND FREUD (PsychoAnalytic and PsychoSexual)
✔🌾THORNDIKE (Connectionism)
✔🌾SCAFFOLDING (ZPD or Zone of Proximity Control)
✔🌾ALBERT BANDURA (Social Learning)
✔🌾JEAN PIAGET (Cognitive Devt.)
✔🌾KOHLBERG (Moral Devt.)
✔🌾EDGAR DALE (Cone of Experience)
✔🌾BROFENBENNER (Socio Ecological)
✔🌾BOWLBY (Bowlby's theory)
✔🌾ABRAHAM MASLOW (Heirarchy of Needs)
✔🌾PAVLOV (Classical conditioning)
✔🌾SKINNER (Operant Conditioning)
✔🌾CHOMSKY (Language Acquisition)
✔🌾GODDELL (16 Stages od Readiness)
✔🌾FRITZ (Banking)
✔🌾FROEBEL (father of Kindergarten)
✔🌾MONTESSORI (KinDergarten)
✔🌾VIGOTSKY (Proximal Devt.)
✔🌾SOCRATES (Socratic Method- the questioning method)
✔🌾PLATO (Academy)
✔🌾Confucius (Morality)
🌾Philosophies of Education🌾
✔🌾REALISM- (real, Truth)
✔🌾IDEALISM- (mind, untangible)
✔🌾PERRENIALISM- (forever, unchanging truth)
✔🌾ESSENTIALISM- (beauty, back to basic, books)
✔🌾EXISTENTIALISM- (choice)
✔🌾PROGRESSIVISM- (focus on childs interest progress)
✔🌾PRAGMATISM- (practice, practical)
✔🌾UTILITARIANISM- (use, utak ginagamit hindi puso)
✔🌾CONSTRUCTIVISM- (society, build)
✔🌾RECONSTRUTIONISM- (society, rebuild)
✔🌾HEDONISM- (pleasure)
✔🌾RATIONALISM- (reason)
🌾Classroom Management🌾
➡🌾WITHITWITNESS (teacher has eyes on the back)
➡🌾RIPPLE EFFECT (hawa hawa)
➡🌾SURFACE BEHAVIOR (nangingibabaw)
🌾"Teacher's Misbehavior"🌾
✔🌾DANGLING (left hanging, cutting)
✔🌾TRUNCATION (lumipat, pinutol agad)
✔🌾THRUST (not ready)
✔🌾FLIPLOP (jump from topic to another, tumalon)
✔🌾DIRECT APPEAL (confront, tiningnan)
✔🌾SIGNAL INTERFERENCE (body movements)
✔🌾STIMULUS BOUNDED (easily distracted)
✔🌾ANTISEPTIC BOUNCING (go out, pinalabas)
✔🌾REMOVAL OF SEDUCTIVE OBJECTS (kinuha ang bagay)
✔🌾PROXIMITY CONTROL (Distance, lumipat)
✔🌾PLANNED IGNORE (binalewala)
✔🌾TOUCH CONTROL (hinawakan)
✔🌾HURDLE HELP (tinulungan)
✔🌾PHYSICAL RESTRAINT (hiniwalay sa grupo)
✔🌾OVERLAPPING (multi tasking)
✔🌾OVERDWELLING (inubos)
🌾"Student's Misbehavior"🌾
✔🌾POWER (authority)
✔🌾ATTENTION
✔🌾REVENGE
✔🌾WITHDRAWAL (aalis bago makagawa or makasabi ng masama, playing safe)
🌾Principles of Morality🌾
➡TWO LESSER EVIL (ex. Boy that jump on the window of the building)
➡DOUBLE EFFECT (what is good, what is bad)
➡MATERIAL COOPERATION (w/out willingness)
➡FORMAL COOPERATION (willingness)
🌾Types of Consciousness🌾
➡🌾PHARISICALL (hipocrite)
➡🌾LAX (nagmamagaling)
➡🌾CALLOUS (insensitive)
➡🌾SCRUPULOUS (Pahumble, kala niya mali sya tama pala)
➡🌾DOUBTFUL (not sure)
➡🌾CERTAIN (sure)
🌾Power of the Teacher🌾
✔🌾EXPERT (description of his or herself and hisor her success)
✔🌾REFERENT (touch the lives of students, manners)
✔🌾REWARD
🌾Students Control🌾
✔🌾HAWTHORNE EFFECT. (awareness of being observed)
✔🌾PYGMALION EFFECT (expectations)
✔🌾PLACEBO EFFECT (treatment)
✔🌾HALO EFFECT (influence other)
✔🌾JOHN HENRY EFFECT (experimental bias)
General Science Keywords
- June 04, 2019
1. Is the relationship between an organism and a host where neither is benefited nor harmed.
COMMENSALISM
2. Living and feeding on leaves by caterpillar is an example of _____.
🌾PARASITIC
3. NOT used in the manufacture of food by green plants.
🌾OXYGEN
4. Josef weighs 65 kilos on the ground. How much is the force of gravity on him?
🌾65 KILOS
5. During respiration, green plants take in?
🌾OXYGEN
6. A root may perform all the following functions except?
🌾PHOTOSYNTHESIS
7. Ang kutsilyo ni Mang Atong ay kinalawang pagkatapos ng ilang buwan. Ano ang sanhi nito?
🌾ANG OXYGEN AY HUMALO SA IRON
8. Alin ang nagpapakita ng kemikal na pagbabago?
🌾PAGSUNOG NG PAPEL
9. Ito ang pagtaas ng likido sa maliit na tubo.
🌾CAPILLARITY
10. Ito ang paulit-ulit na pagbabagosa pagtaas at pagbaba ng tubig sa mga baybayin.
🌾TIDES
11. To lessen vehicular air pollution, the government should?
🌾BAN SMOKE BELCHERS ON THE ROADS
12. Developing mines require getting a DENR clearance. Which clearances are required?
🌾ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
13. The latest discovery in biological science as applied to animal industry, is widely used in?
🌾ARTIFICIAL BREEDING
14. Agricultural centers have found lately varieties of coconut propagation. Through what means
were the coconut varieties get discovered and distributed?
🌾PUTTING UP PLANT NURSERIES
15. Food preparations are handled well to avoid spoilage caused by _____ in the preparation and
processing of the food products.
🌾UNSANITARY CONDITIONS
16. The DOH warns the public about preservatives being used in vegetables. What advice could you
give with regards ensuring safe vegetables?
🌾WASH THE VEGETABLES WELL WITH CLEAN WATER
17. School feeding and milk rationing programs to school children are being implemented by the
government. The project is designed to?
🌾STOP MALNUTRITION AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN
18. Food, plants and other animal wastes should be segregated in waste disposal because?
🌾THESE ARE BIODEGRADABLE
19. People on earth experience day and night regularly every 24 hours. Why is this so?
🌾BECAUSE THE EARTH ROTATES ON ITS OWN AXIS
20. Acid rain cause fish kills, destroy buildings,dissolve river nutrients, etc. Which cause acid rain?
🌾BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS
21. What would be the best way to prevent soil erosion in a hill?
🌾BUILDING TERRACES
22. Tge application of specific concepts and principles.
🌾TECHNOLOGY
23. What causes the feeling of coolness after experiencing perspiration?
🌾CONDENSATION OF PERSPIRATION
24. A weather disturbance having a 50 km/ hour center winds is called?
🌾TROPICAL DEPRESSION
25. Environmental pollution is classified as violence that is now termed as?
🌾ECOLOGICAL
26. There are some insects or animals that can walk on water surface. This is made possible by?
🌾SURFACE TENSION
27. Is a group of interacting plants, animals and humans in a particular area.
🌾ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY
28. Excessive presence of CO^2 in the air trapping heat near the earth's surface causing a rise in
the temperature in the environment.
🌾GREENHOUSE EFFECT
29. The earth's shield against the sun's harmful radiation.
🌾OZONE LAYER
30. The use of products with _____ is discouraged because they contribute to the depletion of
_____.
🌾CFC's ; ozone layer
31. Is a condition in which the excessive number of organisms may result in unhealthy living
conditions and lower quality of life.
🌾overpopulation
32. Branch of science that deals with the study of the relationship between plants, animals and other
living things found in their habitats.
🌾ECOLOGY
33.is NOT a biodegradable waste material.
🌾PAPER
34. These are substances disposed of after use or by-products brought about by certain processes.
🌾WASTE MATERIALS
35. A change in the shape or size of an object can be classified as?
🌾PHYSICAL CHANGE
36. Process that occurs when CO^2 as solid, changes CO^2 as gas.
🌾SUBLIMATION
37. It is the space between the sun and the planets of the solar system.
🌾INTERPLANETARY SPACE
38. Iron sheet is coated with _____ to prevent rusting.
🌾ZINC
39. The sudden change in the genetic composition of an organism which can either result in a
wholesome or unwholesome by-product.
🌾MUTATION
40. He evolved the theory of evolution in his book "Origin of Species".
🌾CHARLES DARWIN
41. The relationship between give-and-take of living organisms in the biosphere is a balance of
nature called _____.
🌾SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
42. Process in removing excess odor in water.
🌾AERATION
43. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
🌾As altitude increases, atmospheric pressures correspondingly decreases
44. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east. This causes the sun to _____.
🌾Rise from the east and sets in the west
45. Has the greatest gravitational pull.
🌾JUPITER
46. It is the law explains why one can pull a piece of paper without toppling a glass in a quick motion.
🌾LAW OF INERTIA
47. NOT a source of energy.
🌾INERTIA AT REST
48. Which instrument will one use to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy?
🌾GENERATOR
49. Sun's energy is generated by?
🌾NUCLEAR FISSION REACTION
50. Application of energy is called _____.
🌾WORK
51. Within a large population, which factor helps to maintain a constant gene pool?
🌾RANDOM MATING
52. The sum of all the heritable alleles for all of the traits in a given population.
🌾GENE POOL
53. All the members of the group of organisms are considered to belong to the same species if they?
🌾Interbreed to produce fertile offspring
54. A contributing factorto the formation of new species.
🌾GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
55. Many group of insects have developed resistance to DDT and other insecticides as a result of?
🌾GENETIC MUTATIONS
56. This group of plants is sensitive to airborne chemicals and is often used to indicate presence of
pollution?
🌾LICHENS
57. During the process of photosynthesis, oxygen is given off as a by-product. The oxygen comes
from?
🌾CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER
58. NOT a function of transpiration?
🌾UPTAKE OF MINERALS
59. Green plants are considered autotrophs because they?
🌾CAN BUILD SIMPLE INORGANIC SUBSTANCES INTO COMPLETE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
60. Fatima uses information that she gathered so that she can decide what might happen in the
future. She is said to be?
🌾ANALYZING
61. Which of the following procedures is said to check the presence of starch?
🌾IODINE SOLUTION
62. Which distinguishing characteristics does a mammal possess?
🌾HAIR and MAMMARY GLANDS
63. A humid day is a condition in which the air is?
🌾WARM and MOIST
64. One major problem involved in organ transplants
🌾ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION
65. Rolando wants to know the mass of a piece of metal. What instrument should he use?
🌾PLATFORM BALANCE
Iah Redoma
20 hrs ·

5 levels of technology Integration in the Classroom:

1. ENTRY
- Dito nagsisimulang gumamit si teacher ng technology para i-deliver ang curriculum. Hindi pa gumagamit ng
technology ang mga estudyante at hindi pa malaking parte sa pag-aaral ang technology tools.
2. ADOPTION
- Dito ginaguide o dinadirect ni teacher ang mga estudyante niya sa paggamit ng technology. PS: Lamang pa
rin sa paggamit ng technology tools si teacher kasi nga kaka-introduce pa lamang niya sa mga estudyante.
3. ADAPTATION
- Dito naman facilitator na lamang si teacher. Ang mga estudyante ay nagagamit na independently ang
technology tools. Nakakapag-explore na rin sila hindi tulad kanina na dinadirect pa lamang sila ng teacher.
4. INFUSION
- Dito, si teacher ay nagpro-provide na ng learning context o situation tapos ang mga estudyante ay malayang
pipili kung ano sa tingin nila ang best technology tool/s na dapat gamitin para ma-achieve ang target outcome.
5. TRANSFORMATION
- Level up na ito. Dito, ine-encourage na ni teacher ang paggamit ng technology tools sa mas mataas na antas,
yung advanced. Yung mga high order learning activities ay hindi magiging matagumpay kung walang
technology tool/s. Kung sa entry level, kaya pa rin o tatakbo pa rin ang discussion kahit walang technology
tool/s na gamit, dito po ay hindi na,
ANTAS NG WIKA, TEORYA NG PAGBASA at MGA ISTILO NG PAGBASA
1. Pormal - wikang istandard dahil kinikilala, tintanggap at ginagamit ng higit na nakararami lalo na
ng mga nakapag-aral ng wika.
1. Pambansa- salitang karaniwang ginagamit sa mga aklat pangwika/pambalarila sa lahat ng mga
paaralan. Wikang panturo rin ito.
2. Pampanitikan- salitang gamitin ng mga manunulat sa kanilang mga akdang pampanitikan. Ito ang
mga salitang matatayog, malalalim, makulay at masining.
2. Impormal
–salitang karaniwan, palasak at pang-araw-araw na ginagamit sa pakikipagtalastasan sa mga
kakilala at kaibigan.
1. Lalawiganin- gamitin ang ito sa mga particular na pook o lalawigan lamang .
2. Kolokyal- mga salitang may kagaspangan sa ng kaunti.
3. Balbal- slang kung sa Ingles. Gamitin ng mga pangkat-pangkat upang magkaroon sila ng sarili
nilang codes.
TEORYA NG PAGBASA
1. Bottom up- (behaviorist) pagkilala ng mga seye ng mga nakasulat na simbolo (stimulus) upang
maibigay ang katumbas nitong tunog (tugon o response).
-ang pagkatuto sa pagbasa ay nagsisimula s payugtu-yugtong pagkilala ng mga salita, parirala,
pangungusap ng buong teksto bago pa man ang pagpapakhulugan sa teksto.
-ang tagabasa ay pasibong partisipant lamang
-outside-in o data driven
2. top-down- (Gestalt)- ang pag-unawa ay nagsisimula sa isip ng tagabasa tungo sa teksto.
- ang tagabasa ay isang napaaktibong partisipant sa proseso ng pagbasa. May dati nang
kaalaman(prior knowledge) na nakaimbak sa kaniyan isipan at may sariling kakayahn sa wika
(lanuage proficiency) na gamit.
-inside- out o conceptually driven
3. interkatib- (sikolohiya) higit na angkopang kombinasyon ng bottom-up at top-down sapagkat ang
proseso ng komprehensyon ay may dalawang proseso.
-ang teksto ay kumakatawan sa wika at kaisipan ng awtor at sa pag-unawa nito, ginagamit ng
mambabasa ang kaniyang kaalaman sa wika at sariling konsepto o kaisipan kung saan nagaganap
ang interaksyon ng mambabasa at ng awtor.
4. iskema- ang teksto ay nagbibigay lamang ng direksyon sa nakikinig o mambabasa kung paano
nila gagamitin o paano bubuo ng pagpapakahulugan mula sa kanilang dating kaalaman.
MGA ISTILO NG PAGBASA
1. Iskiming- pagbasang napakabilis na naisasakripisyo na ang pagkilala at pag-alam sa layunin.
Madalas mangyari sa mga taong abala sa araw-araw na gawain.
2. Iskaning- higit itong nakapokus sa isang tiyak na impormasyon sa isang pahina. Hindi nito
layuning makita ang lahat ng may kinalaman sa kaniyang paksa o maging ang kaisipan ng isang
awtor. Ang mahalaga ay makita ang isang tiyak na nais sa pinakamabilis na paraan. Hal:
numero,diksyunaryo, nanalo sa lotto,LET result
3. Prebyuwing- karaniwang pagbasa ng nilalaman bago ang kabuuang pagbasa.
4. kaswal- pagbasa nang walang layunin kundi ang magpalipas-oras lamang.
5. Kritikal- pagbasang may layuning makagawa ng isang komprehensibong report, riserts at iba
pang dokumentong nangangailangan ng matibay na batayan. Sinusuri nang husto sa istilong ito ang
bawat pahayag upang hindi maligaw sa pag-alam ng tunay na kahulugan.
6. Impormatib- may layuning makakuha ng wastong kabatiran
7. Muling basa- isinasagawa kung nagkaroon ng iba pang bagay na dapat kumpirmahin. Makabubuti
ito upang matiyak ang mga impormasyong may kaunting kalabuan pa sa mambabasa. Hal: akdang
pammpanitikan gaya ng tula
GENERAL EDUCATION FILIPINO/ENGLISH
MGA URI NG KWENTO
1. PABULA (fable) – hayop
2. PARABULA (parable)– Bibliya
3. ANEKDOTA (anecdote) – tunay na buhay
4. MITOLOHIYA (myth) – diyos at diyosa (pinagmulan)
ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (Verb)
1. PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo
2. IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo
3. KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo
KAANTASAN NG PANG-URI (Adjective)
1. LANTAY – walang pinaghahambingan
2. PAHAMBING ¬– inihahalintulad
3. PASUKDOL – nangingibabaw (H: pinakamataas)
MGA URI NG TULA
1. PATULA (Moro-moro)
2. PASALAYSAY (Epiko, Awit, Korido)
MGA AWITING BAYAN
1. DALIT/HIMNO – pagsamba sa anito o pang-relihiyon
2. DIONA – kasal
3. DUNG-AW – patay (pagdadalamhati)
4. KALUSAN – paggawa
5. KUMINTANG – tagumpay (pandigma)
6. KUNDIMAN – pag-ibig
7. OYAYI – pagpapatulog ng bata
8. SOLIRANIN – pagsasagwan
9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
1. ASIMILASYON – Parsyal (pangsukli), Ganap (panukli)
2. MAY ANGKOP – wikain mo – “kamo”
3. MAYSUDLONG/PAGDARAGDAG NG PONEMA - muntik – muntikan, pagmuntikan, pagmuntikanan
4. METATESIS – linipad – nilipad
5. PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMO – takipan – takpan
6. PAGLILIPAT-DIIN – laRUan (playground) - laruAN (toy)
7. PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA – madapat – marapat
MGA URI NG PANGHALIP/PRONOUNS
1. PANAO/PERSONAL PRONOUN – ako/I etc.
2. PAMATLIG/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN – ito/this etc.
3. PANAKLAW/INDEFINITE P. - isa,all, anyone etc.
4. PATULAD – ganito, ganyan atbp.
5. PANANONG/INTERROGATIVE P. –sino, when etc.
6. PAMANGGIT/RELATIVE P. – daw, umano, which, who
MORPEMA, (mga anyo ng Morpema)
Ang morpema ay ang pinakamaliit na yunit ng isang salita na nagtataglay ng kahulugan. Bawat
salita sa isang wika ay binubuo ng mga pantig na pinagsama-sama. Subalit hindi lahat ng
pinagsama-samang mga pantig ay makakabuo ng isang salita. May tatlong uri ng morpema: ang
morpemang di-malaya (kilala rin bilang panlapi), ang morpemang malaya (kilala rin bilang salitang
ugat), at angmorpemang di-malaya na may kasamang salitang ugat.
MGA ANYO NG MORPEMA
1. Morpemang binubuo ng isang ponema
( makabuluhang tunog )
-nakikilala ang pagkakaibang ito sa pamamagitan ng [-a]
Kinulong natin ang titik a dahil ito ay isang makabuluhang tunog o isang ponema
hal. propesora
(ibig sabihin dalawang morpema ang mabubuo.) Ang salitang propesor at ponemang a. Bakit? Dahil
nung dinagdag natin ang ponemang a, ay nagbago ang kahulugan ng salitang propesor. Nakuha?
Punta tayo sa pangalawang anyo.
2. Morpemang salitang - ugat ( salitang payak ) mga salitang walang panlapi
- ang salitang-ugat ay tinatawag ding malayang morpema dahil nakatatayo sila ng mag-isa kahit
wala silang mga panlapi
hal. bahay
bayani
kain
ibig sabihin mayroong tig-iisang morpema ang mga nabigay na halimbawa dahil hindi na sila
maaaring hatiin pa.
o punta tayo sa ikatlong anyo.
3.Morpemang panlapi
Mga PANLAPI: (Narito ang mga iba’t ibang gamit ng mga panlapi
a. -an o - han
•lalagyan ng marami sa bagay na isinasaad ng salitang-ugat
hal. aklat= aklatan, manok = manukan
•pook na ginaganapan ng kilos na isinasaad ng salitang-ugat
hal. luto = lutuan, tahi = tahian
•gantihang kilos
hal. damay = damayan, turo = turuan
•panahon ng pagganap o maramihang pagganap
hal. ani = anihan, tanim = taniman
b. -in o –hin
•nagsasaad ng aksyon o galaw
hal. kamot = kamutin , ihaw = ihawin
•relasyong isinasaad ng salitang-ugat
hal. tiya = tiyahin , ama = amahin
c. ka-
•kasama sa pangkat
hal. lahi = kalahi, baro = kabaro
•nagsasaad ng relasyon ayon sa sinasabi ng salitang-ugat
hal. kambal = kakambal, galit = kagalit
d. ka – an, han
•nagsasaad ng pinakagitna ng salitang-ugat
hal. sama = kasamaan, sulat = kasulatan
•nagsasaad ng kasukdulan ng pangyayari
hal. tindi = katindihan, bagsik = kabagsikan
e. mag-
•nagsasaad ng relasyong tinutukoy ng salitang-ugat
hal. ina = mag-ina, lolo = maglolo
f. pa-an
•nagsasaad ng ganapan ng kilos
hal. aral = paaralan, limbag = palimbagan
•nagsasaad ng paligsahan ng kilos
hal. galing = pagalingan,taas = pataasan
g. pala - an
•nagsasaad ng sistema o pamamaraan
hal. bigkas = palabigkasan, tuldik = patuldikan
h. pang-/pam-/pan-
•nagsasaad ng ukol o para sa bagay na binabanggit ng salitang-ugat
hal. bata = pambata, sahog = pansahog
i. taga-
•nagsasaad ng gawain
hal. laba = tagalaba, masid = tagamasid
•nagsasaad ito ng doon nakatira
hal. bundok = tagabundok, Baguio = taga-Baguio
j. tag-
•nagsasabi ito ng panahon
hal. lamig = taglamig, araw = tag-araw
k. ma-
•nagsasaad ng pagkakaroon ng katangian
hal. kisig = makisig, talino = matalino
•nagsasaad ng pagkamarami
hal. tao = matao, bunga = mabunga
l. maka-
•nagsasaad ng kampi o kapanalig
hal. tao = makatao, bayan = makabayan
m. mapag-
•nangangahulugang “ may ugali “
hal. usisa = mapag-usisa, biro = mapagbiro
o. pala-
•nangangahulugang “ laging ginagawa “
hal. dasal = paladasal, tawa = palatawa
o, natapos tayo sa mga anyo ng mga morpema. Punta naman tayo sa alomorp ng morpema
MGA ALOMORP NG MORPEMA- ang katangian ng morpema na magbagong anyo dahil sa
impluwensiya ng kaligiran nito
ALOMORP- galing sa salitang Ingles na ALLOMORPH, na hinati sa salitang griyego na
ALLO ( kapara ) at MORPH ( yunit / anyo )
Pang-, Mang-, Sing- Pam-, Mam-, Sim- Pan-, Man-, Sin-
a,e,i,o,u
K,g,h,m,n,ng,w,y b,p d,l,r,s,t
Panggabi
Manggagawa
Singgaling Pambansa
Mambabatas
Sim Pandikdik
Mandamay
Sintalino
ANO ANG TAYUTAY? Ang Tayutay ay isang salita o grupo ng mga salita na kadalasang ginagamit
upang maipahayag ang isang emosyon sa paraang hindi karaniwan upang makabuo ng mas
malalim na kahulugan. Ito ay hindi literalkundi isang patalinghaga na minsa'y ginagamit bilang
simbolo. MGA URI NG TAYUTAY
1) ALITERASYON (Alliteration) - Pag-uulit ng mga tunog-katinig sa inisyal na bahagi ng salita.
Halimbawa:
a. Makikita sa mga mata ni Maria ang mga masasayang nangyari sa kaniya kasama si Marco.
(makikita, mga, mata, Maria, masasayang, Marco)
ANO ANG TAYUTAY? Pag-uulit ng mga tunog-katinig sa final na bahagi ng salita.
Halimbawa:
a. Ang aking pagmamahal para kay Rosal ay lalong tumatatag habang tumatagal. (pagmamahal,
Rosal, tumatagal)
3) ASONANS - Pag-uulit ng mga tunog-patinig sa alinmang bahagi ng salita.
Halimbawa:
a. Ang aking alagang aso ay agad kong pinaliguan pagdating ko sa amin.
4) ANAPORA - Pag-uulit sa unang bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod.
Halimbawa:
Ikaw ang aking pangarap. Ikaw ang bigay ng maykapal. Ikaw ang lahat sa akin.
5) EPIPORA - Pag-uulit sa huling bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod. Halimbawa: Ang Konstitusyon ay
para sa mamamayan, Gawa ng mamamayan, At mula sa mamamayan.
6) ANADIPLOSIS - Pag-uulit sa una at huling bahagi ng pahayag o talutod.
Halimbawa:
Ang mahal ko ay tanging ikaw, Ikaw na nagbigay ng ilaw, Ilaw sa gabi na kay dilim, Dilim man o
liwanag, ikaw ay mahal pa rin.
7) PAGTUTULAD (Simile) - Isang di-tuwirang paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay gamit
ang pariralang tulad ng, kawangis ng, para ng, gaya ng, makasing, at magkasim.
Halimbawa:
a. Parang hari si Tonio kung mag-utos.
8) PAGWAWANGIS (Metaphor) - Isang tuwirang paghahambing ng magkaibang bagay at hindi
gumagamit ng mga pariralang nabanggit sa itaas. Halimbawa:
a. Ang kanyang buhay ay isang bukas na aklat.
9) PAGHAHALINTULAD (Analogy) - Ito ay paghahambing na nagpapakita ng ugnayan ng kaisipan
sa kapwa kaisipan. Halimbawa:
a. Ang mga dalaga ay bulaklak at ang mga binata naman ay bubuyog.
10) PAGBIBIGAY - KATAUHAN (Personification) - Ginagamit ito upang bigyang-buhay ang mga
bagay na walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagkakapit sa mga ito ng mga gawi o kilos ng tao.
Halimbawa:
a. Ang mga bituin sa langit ay kumikindat sa akin.
11) PAGMAMALABIS (Hyperbole) - Lagpas sa katotohanan o eksaherado ang mga pahayag kung
pagkasusuriin. Halimbawa:
a. Narinig ng buong mundo ang iyong sigaw.
b. Huminto ang pagtibok ng aking puso nang makita kong may kasama siyang iba.
12) PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG (Metonymy) - Ito ang pagpapalit ng katawagan o pangalan sa bagay na
tinutukoy. Halimbawa: a. Ang palasyo ay nag-anunsyo na walang pasok bukas. (palasyo -
Presidente ng Pilipinas)
13) PAGPAPALIT-SAKLAW (Synecdoche) - Ito ay ang pagbabanggit ng bahagi bilang pagtukoy sa
kabuuan. Halimbawa: a. Apat na mata ang patuloy na tumititig sa kanya.
14) PAGLUMANAY (Euphemism) - Ito ay paggamit ng mga piling salita upang pagandahin ang
isang dikagandahang pahayag.
Halimbawa:
a. Sumakabilang buhay kagabi ang ama ni Nena. (sumakabilang buhay - namatay)
15) PANAWAGAN (Apostrophe) - Ito ay isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay
isang tao.
Halimbawa:
a. O tukso! Layuan mo ako!
b. Buhos na ulan, aking mundo’y lunuring tuluyan.
c. Kamatayan nasaan ka na? Wakasan mo na ang aking kapighatian.
16) PAGHIHIMIG (Onomatopeia) - Sa pamamagitan ng tunog o himig ng salita ay nagagawang
maihatid ang kahulugan nito.
Halimbawa:
a. Dumagundong ang malakas na kulog na sinundan ng pagguhit ng matatalim na kidlat.
b. Ang tik-tak ng relo ay nangibabaw.
17) PAG-UYAM (Irony) - Isang pagpapahayag na may layuning mangutya ngunit itinatago sa
paraang waring nagbibigay-puri. Halimbawa: a.Siya ay may magandang mukha na kung saan
tanging ina niya lang ang humahanga.
18) PAGTATAMBIS (Oxymoron) - Ito ay ang paglalahad ng mga bagay na magkasalungat upang
higit na mapatingkad ang bisa ng pagpapahayag. Halimbawa: a. Kailan nagiging tama ang mali?
19) PAGLILIPAT-WIKA (Transferred Epithet) - Katulad ng pagbibigay-katauhan na pinagsasabay
ang mga katangiang pantao na ginagamit ang pang-uri.
Halimbawa:
a. Madilim ang kinabukasan para sa kaniya at kaniyang pamilya mula nang iwanan sila ng kanilang
ama.
20) TANONG RETORIKAL (Rhetorical Question) - Ito ay isang tanong na walang inaasahan sagot
na ang layunin ay maikintal sa isipan ng nakikinig ang mensahe.
Halimbawa:
a. Natutulog ba ang Diyos?
b. Bakit napakalupit ng kapalaran?
Science Keywords
Air sacs
– Small bulb shapes structures in the lungs. Oxygen moves through the walls of the sacs into the
blood
Alimentary cana
– The main part of the digestive system. It serves as passageway for food movement in the body.
Alveoli
–A cluster of little air sacs found in the lungs.
Artery(ies)
– Largest blood vessels of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Atom
– The smallest particle of an element.
Atrium
– The upper chamber of the heart which receives blood.
Bile
–A gastric juice produced by the liver.
Birth rate
–Tells how fast babies are born.
Blood
–A tissue fluid of the body, also called the red river of life.
Blood vessels
– Pathways through which the blood carries nutrients to all parts of the body.
Brittleness
–The ability of a material to be broken easily.
Capillary(ies)
– Tiniest blood vessels. Also connects arteries and veins.
Celsius scale
– A common temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is at 0°C and the boiling point is at 100°C.
Chemical energy Energy stored in matter.
Circuit
– A path in which electricity moves.
Circulation
– A process by which blood is carried to all part of the body.
Climate
– The condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time.
Closed circuit
–A circuit which has all the parts connected so that electricity keeps on flowing; also called complete circuit.
Commensalim
– A kind of relationship wherein one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected.
Community
– A place where organisms live and interact.
Competition
– A kind of relationship wherein two or more organisms compete for food, water, shelter, and other things in
order to survive.
Compound
– A material with two or more elements that are chemically combined.
Constellation
– A group of stars.
Contour farming
– Plowing the soil across gentle slopes.
Current electricity
– Electricity in motion.
Death rate
– Tells how fast people are dying.
Decibel
– A unit of measurement for the intensity of sound.
Decomposer
– One who feeds and breaks down dead bodies of organisms.
Density
– The amount of matter present in a given volume.
Digestion
– A process by which food is broken down and used up by all parts of the body.
Digestive glands
– One of the two main partd of the digestive system. They include the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and
gastric glands of the small intestine.
Ductility
– Ability of a material to be drawn into fine wires.
SOCIAL SCIENCE major- Philippine Politics and Governance🌾
🌾Politics- in general, it means organizing human activities.
 Politics is all around.
 Politics happens because of the need to make
decisions in the complex world we live in.
 According to Aristotle, “Man by nature is a political
animal”. If it is true, then politics is not only
common in our lives – it is unavoidable.
🌾Elements of Politics:
 Power
 Rule
 Authority
 Influence
🌾Demo – people / Kratos – power
🌾Governance- it refers to the way in which something is
governed to meet objectives such as protecting its people,
and acting in the country’s best interest.
🌾State is a group of people living in a definite territory,
having a government of their own and enjoying their own
independence.
🌾Elements of State
1.People – a mass of population or community of people living within the territorial jurisdiction of
state.
2. Territory- The space within which the government exercise its supreme authority.
3. Government- agency through which the will of the state are formulated, expressed carried out.
4. Sovereignty– the supreme power of the state to enforce its will upon its citizen through laws. It
also means independence from the control of other states.
🌾It has two aspects:
a. internal sovereignty- w/c means complete authority to rule over the people inside the state
b. external sovereignty (often referred as independence) – which means independence from outside
or foreign control.
🌾Nation - any large group of people who are united by common bonds of race, language, custom,
tradition, or religion.
State vs Nation
🌾State is a political concept while nation is an ethnic concept.🌾
🌾Modes of Acquiring a Territory
1. Discovery and Occupation- a state may acquire a territory by discovering a continent, an island or
land with no inhabitants or occupied by uncivilized
inhabitants and thereafter, occupying it, by placing it under its political administration.
2. Prescription- it is a mode of acquiring territory
through continuous and undisputed exercise of sovereignty over it during such period as it is
necessary to create under the general conviction that the present condition of things is in conformity
with international order.
3. Cession – it is the assignment, transfer or yielding
up of territory by one state or government to
another. It may be in a form of sale or donation.4. Subjugation and annexation- it is a mode of
acquiring territory belonging to a state in the
course of war and by annexation at the end of the war.
5. Accretion- mode of acquiring territory by addition of portions of soil, either artificial or by gradual
disposition through the operation of natural causes.
🌾CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE🌾
1. Monarchy (ruled by one person)
- where one person exercises sovereignty. It
is the form of government in which the
supreme and final authority is in the hands
of a single person.
2. Aristocracy- ( ruled by a few persons)
- where political power is exercised by a
privilege class known as the elite or
oligarchs.
3. Democracy ( ruled by many)
- is one in which supreme power is vested to the people . It is classified into two:
a. direct democracy ( pure democracy)- is where people directly govern themselves
b. indirect democracy (representative democracy)
– is where people elect representatives to act in their behalf.
🌾Political Science- is a branch of social science that studies
politics and state.
🌾Subfields of Political Science
1. National Politics - deals with the study of the structure of the government, its branches, the
political system of the state, public opinon and elections.
2. Comparative Politics – studies the politics and government of other countries
3. International Relations – political cooperation among states, diplomatic relationships, international
organizations and laws.
4. Political Theory – defines what is good and what is bad government.
Example: Machiavelli
5. Constitutional Law – studies the balance between the powers of the government and the rights of
the people.
6. Public Policy – focuses on the programs of the state to benefit the economy and the state as a
whole.
🌾Political Science is a social science.
🌾Social science is the study of society and the manner in which people behave and influence the
world around us.
🌾The following are the Major branches of Social Science:
🌾Psychology studies emotional and cognitive impacts of environments and relationships, and the
reactions of human systems to emotional and cognitive changes.
🌾Sociology – how we become members of groups, move between groups, and how being in
different groups affects individuals and the groups in which they participate.
🌾Political Science – how we identify ourselves as citizens of a particular nation, how we participate
in our political structure, how it affects us, what motivates us to affiliate ourselves with certain points
of view or parties.
🌾Anthropology deals with of what it means to be human, through the understanding of modern
cultures across the globe, the cultures of the past, languages, the human body,
and our evolutionary history.
🌾History – the interpretation of the past, how it affects our views of the present, understanding
trends or the lack
thereof in the past.
🌾Economics – refers to the scientific study of human action, particularly as it relates to human
choice and the utilization
of scarce resources.
🌾Political Phenomenon- any occurrence, events, or facts relating to politics.
🌾Ideology - refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and operate
🌾Political Ideology is a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an individual,
group of individuals or a particular social class.
🌾Major Political Ideologies
1. Anarchism - The belief that the best government is absolutely no government. This ideology
argues that everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely.
2. Absolutism - The belief that a single ruler should have control over every aspect of the
government and of the people’s lives.
3. Liberalism - A set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties
4. Conservatism - A set of political beliefs based on preservation of customs and traditions that
define the character of a society 5. Socialism - A set of political beliefs emphasizing community and
social equality
🌾Political Power is:
 The ability to shape and control the political
behavior of others and to lead and guide their
behavior in the direction desired by the person, group, or institution exercising the political power.
 The capacity to influence, condition, mold, and control human behavior for the accomplishment of
political objectives.
🌾Major Forms of Political Power
1. Political Authority - is governmental power. It is the legally established power of the government to
make rules and issue commands and to compel obedience to them,
making use of physical force and coercion when deemed necessary. Political authority in short, is
the legal right--the legally established power--to govern society.
2. Political Influence - is the ability of private individuals and groups to impact on the government's
making and implementation of official policy decisions. It is a form of
political power exercised by those who do not possess the formal-legal authority, but have and utilize
the ability to condition, modify, and control the official decision-making
behavior of those in government office who do possess the authority to make and implement the
decisions.
🌾CONSTITUTION
 heart of the nation
 foundation of the government
 blueprint of the government
 fundamental law of the land
 highest law of the land
 basic law of the land
🌾Constitution is a written instrument enacted by direct action of the people by which the
fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined, and by which those
powers are distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the
benefit of the body politic.
🌾The Republic of the Philippines is using the 1987 Philippine
Constitution also known as the Freedom Constitution.🌾
🌾Preamble – introduction to the constitution
“We, the sovereign Filipino, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society and establish a government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and
democracy, under the rule of law, and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.”
🌾Articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
🌾Article I National Territory
🌾Article II Declaration of Principles and State Policies
🌾Article III Bill of Rights
🌾Article IV Citizenship
🌾Article V Suffrage
🌾Article VI Legislative Department
🌾Article VII Executive Department
🌾Article VIII Judicial Department
🌾Article IX Constitutional Commissions
🌾Article X Local Government
🌾Article XI Accountability of Public Officers
🌾Article XII National Economy and Patrimony
🌾Article XIII Social Justice and Human Rights
🌾Article XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
🌾Article XV The Family
🌾Article XVI General Provisions
🌾Article XVII Amendments or Revisions
🌾Article XVIII Transitory Provisions
🌾Article I: National Territory
Section 1. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines
has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its
territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of their breath and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
🌾Article II: Declarations of Principles and State Policies
Basic Principles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican
state. Sovereignty and government authority
belong to the people. ART II SEC 1
2. The Philippines renounces war as an element of
national policy ART II SEC 2
3. Civilian authority is all times supreme over the
military. ART II SEC 3
4. The prime duty of the government is to serve and
protect the people. ART II SEC 4
5. The separation of church and state shall be at all
times be upheld. ART II SEC 6
6. The government shall provide social justice. ART II
SEC 10
🌾Article III: Bill of Rights
Basic rights that are recognized and protected by the
Constitution:
1. Right to due process of law (Art III Sec 1)
2. Right against unreasonable search and seizure (Art
III Sec 2)
3. Right to privacy of communication and
correspondence (Art III Sec 3)
4. Right to travel and Liberty of abode (Art III Sec 6)
5. Right to Assembly and Petition/ Right to form association (Art III Sec 8)
🌾Article IV: Citizenship
It encapsulates the provisions that will answer the question:
Who are the citizens of the Philippines?
🌾Article V: Suffrage
Right to vote/Election
🌾Article VI: Legislative Department
Philippine Congress is bicameral legislature which consists of :
Upper house: Senate
Lower house: House of Representatives
🌾Article VII: Executive Department
President of the Philippines (qualifications, manner of
voting, term of office, powers and limitations)
🌾Article VIII: Judicial Department
1. The Supreme Court
2. Intermediate Appellate Court (Court of Appeals)
3. Regional Trial Court (RTC)
4. Municipal Trial Court (MTC), Municipal Circuit Trial
Court
In addition to these regular courts, there are two special
courts, namely:
1. Court of Tax Appeals
2. Sandiganbayan
The Constitution also provides for two special legal bodies,
namely:
1. Judicial and Bar Council
2. Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)
🌾Article IX: Constitutional Commissions
1. Commission on Elections
2. Commission on Audit
3. Civil Service Commission
🌾Article X: Local Government
Political Subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines:
1. Provinces
2. Cities
3. Municipalities
4. Barangays
*** Autonomous Regions: ARMM and CAR
🌾Article XI: Accountability of Public Officers
 Impeachment
 Sandiganbayan – anti-graft court
 Ombudsman/Tanodbayan – investigates on its own
any act or omission of any public official, employee,
office or agency.
🌾Article XII: National Economy and Patrimony
 Distribution of income, wealth and opportunities
 Economy of the nation
 Sustainable development
 Industrialization and full employment
 Agricultural Development
 Agrarian Reform
 Natural Resources
🌾Article XIII: Social Justice and Human Rights
 Human dignity
 Reduce social, economic, and political inequalities
 Remove cultural inequities
 Social Justice – commitment to create economic
opportunities based on freedom of initiative and
self-reliance
🌾Article XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts,
Culture and Sports
 Quality education
 System of education
 The study of constitution shall be part of the
curricula of all educational institutions
 Language: Filipino is the official language
 Research and Development
 Invention
 Innovation
 Preservation of arts and culture
 Physical education
 Sports Program
 League competitions
 Amateur sports
 Regular sports activities in all educational
institutions.
🌾Article XV: The Family
 Family is the foundation of the nation
 Marriage
 Family Rights and Duties
🌾Article XVI: General Provision
 Flag
 Name of the country
 National anthem
 National seal
 Armed Forces of the Philippines
 The State may not be sued without its consent
 Ownership of mass media is limited to citizens of
the Philippines
🌾Article XVII: Amendments or Revisions
-Changing the constitution.
🌾Article XVIII: Transitory Provisions:
- Provision about the first election of Philippine congress/
first local election
-Provisions about the revolutionary powers, legislative power of President (Cory Aquino)

GEN.ED. BACK-UP
---------------------------------
1. Fr. Pedro Pelaez- Secularization Movement.
2. Limited- Mother Financial Problem.
3. Polka- NOT a folk dance from Mexico.
4. Bodabil- A play NOT from the Spanish Era.
5. Acta de Tejeros- Rejected Aguinaldo as President.
6. Folklore- The Philosophy of oir folks during Pre-hispanic Era.
7. Katalinuhan- Basal o Di-Koncreto.
8. Spanish Surnames- by Narciso Claveria.
9. Leeches:Anticoagulation - Segmented:Worm
10. Biotechnology*
11. Teaching is like... Simile is not in the choices but METAPHOR* is there.
12. Rebirth- Rennaisance
13. Bitterness- Rancor
14. Oxygen- Waste product of photosynthesis.
15. Tissue- Group of cells.
16. Spencer- Survival of the Fittest.
17. Pagsang-ayon- Kasalungat ng pagtugol.
18. In Vitro Fertilization - Test tube babies.
19. Kuwit- Paghihiwalay ng mga sunod-sunod na pangungusap.
20. Pangungusap- Salita o grupo ng mga salita.
21. P3,200- Manufactured bed P4,000 less 20%.
22. 20 Times - How many times digit 7 appears between 1-100.
23. Lupang Hinirang- Pamagat ng Nat'l Anthem ng Pilipinas.
24. Balagtasan- Uri ng pagtatanghal na binubuo ng paligsahan ng dalawang makata.
25. Elements*
26. Oxygen- These are compounds EXCEPT.
27. K-III - Anong grade tinuturo ang mother tongue.
28. Chat room-Science Subject.
29. Learning is an active process - What is violated when Teacher Ivon just lectures while students
listen.
30. Pancreas- Organ who secretes insulin.
31. Multi-grade class- Combining 2-3 grade level
32. K-12- Kindergarten is compulsory before proceed to grade 1.
33. 45,46- Consecutive number whose sum is 91.
34. Developmental Portfolio- Penmanship skills of the students in the biggining, middle, and after the
school year.
35. Persiflage- Praise glowingly.
36. Indefatigable- Tireless.
37. Working- The father finally found the time to rest after_____the whole day.
38. Irrelevant- Impertinent
39. I, II ( I-trial and error, II-stimulus response) - Behaviorism anchored with the theories related to.
40. 5x3x2x2x2- Prime factor of 120.
41. I, II, III ( I-Participative Learning, II- Constructive planning, III- innovative Planning) - Formulation
of teachers professional development plan.
42. Diksyunaryo- Kahulugan ng mga salita.
43. Routine*
44. Operant Conditioning- Skinner
45. Authentic Assessment- Real-life.
46- Developmental Portfolio- Display the drawings of the childrens.
47. Below 75- Did not meet expectation.
48. Pagkatakot- Gabi na ngunit bakit wala pa siya.
49. Brigada Eskwela- Bayanihan in School.
50. Drive- MotivationMarch 2018
Part 2 🌾
51. Pre-conventional( Mutual Benefit) - reward, star, stamp.
52. Post-conventional(Common Good) - A taxi driver returned the baggage left by the passenger.
53. Blood Compact- Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna in Bohol.
54. Sounds- Phonology
55. Socialization- Participafing and functioning members of the society by figting into organize way of
living.
56. Drawing- Visual/Spatial.
57. Heirarchy of Biology Taxonomy - Has 8 levels.
58. Spiral Curriculum- K-12
59. Essentialism- Basic/Essential.
60. "Ganyan lang talaga"- Teacher Mediocrity.
61. Punishment- A quiz NOT as.
62. Should match with the objectives- Criterion reference.
63. Professional Licensed- Signed by the PRC.
64. CPU - brain of the computer.
65. Sa kanyang ama (Padre Damaso) - Saan namana ni Maria Clara ang kanyang pagka mestiza.
66. Resource Provider- Role of the teachers play when they help their colleagues by sharing
instructional resources.
67. Deductive- From Generalization to Specific.
68. Motivation- Part of lesson developme t is concerned with mood setting.
69. Field Trip - Stimulate more senses.
70. Visual Imagery- Graphic Organizer.
71. Tax reform for Acceleration and INclusion-TRAIN Law means....
GENED Booster
1. Black sheep --- Idiom
2. Love sonnets -- Ophelia Dimalanta
3.Tatlong tuldok na sunod sunod -- Ellipses
4. Phantom of Delight -- Metaphor
5. Tinkle, tinkle, tinke -- Onomatopoeia
6. Naghihiwalay sa mga salita -- Kuwit
7.Pangatnig na nagbubukod -- Pamukod
8. Largest desert -- Sahara
9. First religious missionary in the Philippines -- Augustinians
10 Founder of La Solidaridad/Greatest Orator -- Graciano Lopez-Jaena
11. Ang paksa ay ibinibigay bago magsimula ang talumpati -- Impromptu
12. Term of Marcelo H. del Pilar to friars -- Frailocracia
13.Arena theater proponent -- Severino Montano
14. Released by plants at night -- Carbon dioxide
15. Sala theater proponent -- Naty Crame Rogers
16. Shape of a brick - Rectangle
17. Protein shell of a virus -- Capsid
18. Hair-like structure -- Cilia
19. Author of Annabel Lee -- Edgar Allan Poe
20. Novels in letters -- Epistolary
21. Birthplace of Rizal -- Calamba, Laguna
22. Real name of Mark Twain -- Samuel (Langhorne) Clemens
23. Writ of Amparo -- Right to life, liberty, and security
24. Writ of Habeas Corpus -- Demand presence of the accused
25. Penicillin discoverer -- Alexander Fleming
26. Author of Doctrina Christiana -- Fray Juan de Plasencia
27. Light travels fastest -- Air
28. Protons of Silicon -- 14
29. Funji -- Yeast
30. Law of Bicameralism -- Jones Law
31. Pagbabagong anyo ng bayan -- Reduccion
32. Permutation 9P9 -- 362,880
33. Absolute mean -- 14.35/14.5
34. Agreement between Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna) -- Blood Compact (Sandugo
35. Hierarchy of Needs proponent -- Maslow
36. Oldest religion in Asia – Hinduism
37. Enrolled bills becomes a law - 90 days
38. "Lapse" - 30 days
39. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
40. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3 lines and 17 syllables)
41. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
42. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
43. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for individual character.
44.ELEGY – death of individual
45. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
46. EULOGY – message for the dead
47. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with rhyme
48. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene LYRICS - thoughts and feelings
49. NARRATIVE – tells story
50. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
51. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized way
52. AIMS OF ERAS PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
53. SPANISH – Christianity/Religion
54. AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
55. COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency
56 .JAPANESE – progress

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
LIST OF KEYWORDS
1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal
2. realism- science
3. empiricism- senses
4. naturalism- innate
5. existentialism- choice,decision,unique
6. essentialism- specialization, basic, fundamental
7. perrenialism- classic, literature, traditional
8. pragmatism- activation of skills
9. progressivism-child-centered
10. Epicureanism- perfection
11. Agnosticism- aetheist, unknown
12. stoicism- passionate emotions
13. hedonism- pleasure
14. humanism- humans
15. constuctivism- prior knowledge activation
16. reconstructionism- solution to problem
17. scholasticism- rationalization of church
Theories
1.Stages of development- jean piaget, thinking
2. Cognitivism- discovery learning, Jerome bruner,
concrete to abstract
3. behaviourism- environment, watson
4. connectionism- classroom environment, thorndike
5. humanism- carl rogers, child centered
6. operant conditioning- reinforcement/punishment,
skinner
7. Classical conditioning- habit and stimuli
8. Meaningful learning- conceptual, graphic organizers,
Ausubel
9. Insightful learning- Activation of prior knowledge,
problem solving, kohler
10. Moral development- value formation, Kohlberg
11. need theory- needs, maslow
12. attachment theory- caregiver, john Bowlby
13. identity statuses- jame marcias, confusion
14. field theory- internal and external environment
15. bioecological- system of environment,
Brofenbrenner
16. choice theory- glasser, decision
17. social learning- bandura, modelling
18. socio-cultural- Vygotsky, scaffolding more
knowledgeable other(mko)
Commonly used terms
Metacognition- thinking about thinking
Recitation- thinking aloud
Schooling- system controlled by teacher
Rebus- making a poem out of a concept
Indoctrination- religion, without addition nor
subtraction
KASH
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, SKILLS AND HABITS
KCAASE - Blooms taxonomy
Dahil wala na si NCBTS
Pinalitan na ni PPST, I'm sure marami lalabas sa exam to.
I hope makatulong...
Significant Notes on PPST and RPMS
A. PPST is a statement of professional accountability
B. Features of the PPST: It has 4 Career Stages, 7 Domains, 37 Strands, and 37 Indicators per
career stage.
C. PPST Career Stages
1. Beginning
2. Proficient
3. Highly Proficient
4. Distinguished
D. PPST Domains
1. Content Knowledge and Pedagogy
2. Learning Environment
3. Diversity of Learners
4. Curriculum and Planning
5. Assessment and Reporting
6. Community Linkages and Professional Engagement
7. Personal Growth and Professional Development
E. By default, ALL Teachers 1-3 are considered under the PROFICIENT career stage this current
rating period (May 2018-April 2019). On the other hand, ALL Master Teachers 1-4 are categorized
under the HIGHLY PROFICIENT career stage.
F. For the current rating period (Year 1-2018), there are 12 (out of a total of 37) priority indicators for
both the Proficient and Highly Proficient teachers. Year 2-2019 will focus on the other 12 indicators,
and the last 13 indicators will be focused on Year 3-2020.
1. Apply knowledge of content within and across curriculum teaching areas
2. Use a range of teaching strategies that enhance learner achievement in literacy and numeracy
skills
3. Apply a range of teaching strategies to develop critical and creative thinking, as well as other
higher-order thinking skills
4. Manage classroom structure to engage learners, individually or in groups, in meaningful
exploration, discovery and hands-on activities within a range of physical learning environments
5. Manage learner behavior constructively by applying positive and non-violent discipline to ensure
learning-focused environments
6. Use differentiated, developmentally-appropriate learning experiences to address learners’ gender,
needs, strengths, interests and experiences
7. Plan, manage and implement developmentally sequenced teaching and learning process to meet
curriculum requirements through various teaching contexts
8. Participate in collegial discussions that use teacher and learner feedback to enrich teaching
practice
9. Select, develop, organize and use appropriate teaching and learning resources, including ICT, to
address learning goals
10. Design, select, organize and use diagnostic, formative and summative assessment strategies
consistent with curriculum requirements
11. Monitor and evaluate learner progress and achievement using learner attainment data
12. Communicate promptly and clearly the learners’ needs, progress and achievement to key
stakeholders, including parents/guardians
G. The available PPST resource package (Modules 1-12) is aligned with the RPMS Tool for
PROFICIENT teachers. In the case of HIGHLY PROFICIENT teachers, they may refer to the
available package, but must elevate the illustrations of practice mentioned in the package.
H. Phases of the RPMS Cycle
1. Performance Planning and Commitment
2. Performance Monitoring and Coaching
3. Performance Review and Evaluation
4. Performance Rewarding and Development Planning
I. The 5 Key Result Areas (KRAs) in the RPMS Tools
1. KRA1: Content Knowledge and Pedagogy
2. KRA2: Learning Environment and Diversity of Learners
3. KRA3: Curriculum and Planning
4. KRA4: Assessment and Reporting
5. KRA5: Plus Factor
J. The Objectives in the RPMS Tools are aligned with the PPST Indicators.
K. In the case of Head Teacher: For elementary, HT serving as School Head may use their OPCRF
aligned to the existing NCBSSH. For secondary, HT with teaching load may use the Highly Proficient
Tools for Master Teachers 1-4; HT without teaching load but serving as Department Head may craft
their IPCRF anchored on the OPCRF of the Principal.
L. The IPCRF-Development Plan shall be prepared after accomplishing the Self-Assessment Tool
(SAT).
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR TEACHERS SUMMARY
The education levels in the Philippines
🌾• Basic Education –includes
▷ Kindergarten
▷ Grade 1 – Grade 6 (elementary)
▷ Grade 7 – Grade 10 (Junior High School)
▷ Grade 11- 12 (Senior High School)
🌾• Technical Vocational Education
▷ Taken care of by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
▷ For the TechVoc track in SHS, DepEd and TESDA work in close coordination (Technology and
Livelihood Education (TLE) and Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) Track specializations may be
taken between Grades 9 to 12. Exploratory Subjects at 40 hours per quarter are taken during
Grades 7 to 8.)
🌾• Higher Education
(The new basic education levels are provided in the K ton12nEnhanced Curriculum of 2013)
🌾7 types of curriculum according to Allan Glatthorn🌾
🌾• Recommended curriculum. The recommended curriculum is that which is recommended by
scholars and professional organizations
▷ Basic Education – recommended by DepEd
▷ Higher Education – recommended by CHED
▷ Vocational Ed- TESDA
🌾• Written Curriculum
▷ Documents based on recommended curriculum
▷ Example: syllabi, course of study, module, books or instructional guides, lesson plan
🌾• Taught curriculum. The taught curriculum is that which teachers actually deliver day by day.
🌾• Supported curriculum.
▷ includes those resources that support the curriculum-textbooks, software, and other media
▷ supporting materials that make learning and teaching meaningful
▷ print materials like books, charts, posters, worksheets,
▷ or non-print materials like Power Point presentations, movies, slides, models, mock ups, realias
▷ facilities – playground, laboratory, AV rooms, zoo, museum, market or plaza (places where direct
experiences occur)
• Learned curriculum. The learned curriculum is the bottom-line curriculum-the curriculum that
students actually learn.
🌾• Assessed curriculum. The assessed curriculum is that which appears in tests and performance
measures: state tests, standardized tests, district tests, and teacher-made tests.
🌾• Hidden/implicit curriculum.
▷ This is the unintended curriculum. It defines what students learn from the physical environment,
the policies, and the procedures of the school.
▷ Not planned but has a great impact on students
🌾ways of presenting the curriculum🌾
🌾• Topical approach – content is based on knowledge and experiences
🌾• Concept approach – fewer topics in clusters around major and sub concepts
🌾• Thematic – combination of concepts
🌾• Modular – leads to complete units of instruction
🌾 criteria in the selection of the subject matter🌾
🌾• Self-sufficiency – it is helping the learners to attain the utmost independency in learning yet in an
inexpensive way is the most important guiding principle in selecting the content according to
Scheffler. This means, more of the results and effective learning outcomes though a lesser amount
of the teacher’s effort and so with the learner’s effort.
🌾• Significance – It is significant if fundamental ideas, concepts, principles and generalization are
supplied in the subject matter to achieve the overall aim of the curriculum.
🌾• Validity – the genuineness of a content selected is by its legality. The subject matter to be
selected has to be legal to avoid selecting the obsolete ones.; must be verified at regular interval
🌾• Interest – the learner’s interest is a major factor in selecting the content; one of the driving forces
of the learner to learn better
🌾• Utility - deciding on subject matter, its usefulness is considered to be essential.
🌾• Learnability – if there is a quotation to “live within our means” then there is also the consideration
of “teaching within the means of the learners.”
🌾• Feasibility – content selection takes into thought the possibility, the practicability and the
achievability of the subject matter in terms of the availability of the resources, proficiency of the
teachers, and the personality of learners especially within the framework of the society and the
government
🌾🌾Guide in addressing CONTENT in the curriculum as proposed by Palma?🌾
🌾• BASIC
🌾▷ Balance – content should be fairly distributed in depth and breadth
🌾▷ Articulation - as the content complexity progresses, vertically or horizontally, smooth connections
or bridging should be provided
-this ensures that there is no gaps or overlaps in the content
🌾▷ Sequence – logical arrangement
- Vertically – for deepening the content
- Horizontally – for broadening the content
🌾▷ Integration – relatedness or connectedness to other contents
- Provides a wholistic or unified view of curriculum instead of segmentation
🌾▷ Continuity – should be perennial, endures time
- Constant repetition, reinforcement and enhancement are elements of contnuity
🌾 Four phases of curriculum development 🌾
🌾• Curriculum Planning – considers the school vision, mission, and goals; includes the philosophy or
strong education belief of the school
🌾• Curriculum Designing – the way curriculum is conceptualized to include the selection and
organization of content, the selection and organization of learning experiences or activities and the
selection of the assessment procedure and tools to measure achieved learning outcomes.
-Also include the resources to be utilized and the statement of the intended learning outcomes
🌾• Curriculum Implementing – putting into action the plan; it is where the action takes place;
involves the activities transpire in every teacher’s classroom where learning becomes an active
process
🌾• Curriculum Evaluating – determines the extent to which the desired outcomes have been
achieved.
-this is an ongoing procedure as in finding out the progress of learning (formative) or the mastery of
learning (summative)
🌾Curriculum development process models🌾
🌾• Ralph Tyler Model : Four Basic Principles
▷ Purposes of the school
▷ Educational experiences related to the purposes
▷ Organization of the purposes
▷ Evaluation of the experience
🌾• Hilda Taba Model : Grassroots Approach
▷ Taba strongly believed teachers should take part in the design of curricula. Taba’s model included
seven steps
🌾▷ Educators must first identify the students’ needs for the development of the curriculum.
🌾▷ Objectives should by specific.
🌾▷ The content matches the objectives, as well as demonstrates validity.
🌾▷ Curriculum content is designed based on students’ interest, development, and achievement.
🌾▷ Instructional methods are selected by teachers.
🌾▷ The organization of the learning activities is determined by the teacher.
🌾▷ Evaluation procedures are determined by students and teachers.
🌾• Galen Sayler and Wiliam Alecander Curriculum Model – viewed curriculum development as
consisting of four steps
🌾▷ Goals, Objectives and Domain
🌾▷ Curriculum Designing
🌾▷ Curriculum Implementation
🌾▷ Evaluation
🌾Philosophical foundations of curriculum🌾
🌾• Perennialism
🌾• Essentialism
🌾• ProgressivismP
🌾• Reconstructionism
🌾Elements/components of a curriculum design🌾
🌾• Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) or the Desired Learning Outcomes DLO
🌾• Subject matter or content
🌾• Teaching and learning methods
🌾• Assessment /Evaluation
🌾5 categories of curriculum change🌾
🌾• Substitution
▷ Current curriculum will be replaced or substituted by a new one
▷ Complete overhaul
▷ Not merely a revision
🌾• Alteration
▷ There is a minor change
▷ Example: graphing paper – to graphing calculator
🌾• Restructuring
▷ Major change or modification in the school system, degree program or educational system
🌾• Perturbations
▷ Changes that are disruptive, but teachers have to adjust to them within a fairly short time
▷ Ex. Changes in time schedule to catch up with something
🌾• Value orientation
▷ Ex. A teacher who gives emphasis on academic and forget the formation of faith and values needs
value orientation
PROPONENTS
1.Wilhelm Wundt=Father of modern psychology ( pasearch nito medyo confuse ito)
2.Sigmund Freud=Father of psychoanalysis,
psycho sexual Theory
3.Johann Heinrich=Father of education and
pedagogy
4.Ivan Pavlov=classical conditioning
5.Burrhus F. Skinner=operant conditioning(in
strument)
6.Edward Lee Thorndike=Law of learning (law of
readiness, law of exercise & law of effect)
7.Albert Bandura=social cognitive learning
theory(Modelling)
8.David Ausubel=meaningful learning
9.Jerome Bruner=Discovery Learning,Spiral
Curriculum
10.Wolfgang,Kohler,Kurt Kuffka,Max
Wertheimer=Gestalt Theory
11.Kurt Levin=life space concept
12.Kohler=problem solving by Insight
13.Urie Brofenbrenner=Ecological Theory
14.Sandra Bem=Gender Schema Theory
15.Howard Gardner=Theory of multiple
intelligence
16.Elliot Turriel=Social Domain Theory
17.Robert Sternberg=TriarchicTheory
Intelligence
18.Lawrence Kohlberg=Moral Development
Theory
19.Erik Erikson=Psychosocial Development
Theory
20.Ma. Montessori= Transfer of Learning
21.Edward Paul Torrance=Creative Problem
Solving
22.Chomsky=Linguistic Aquisition Development
(LAD)
23.Jean Piaget=Cognitive Learning Theory
24.John Watson=Behavioral Theory
25.Edward Tolman=Purposive Behaviorism
26.Bernard Weiner=Attribution Theory
27.Daniel Goleman=Emotional Intelligence
Notable Names in Education
• Socrates- " know thy self "
• Plato- wrote the " Republic"
• Aristotle- Father of Modern Sciences
• Cicero-wrote the " Oratore"
• Quintillian- wrote " Institution Oratoria" he was a famous grammaticus
• Anselm- Father of Scholasticism
• Abelard- spearheaded Conceptualism
• St.Tomas Aquinas- wrote " Summa Theologiae
• Erasmus - suggested that education be in accordance with the needa of society,he was a humanist
who advocated the importance of studying the character of the child.
• Ascham- wrote the " Schoolmaster" condemning brutal punishment in English Schools during his
time .
• John Amos Comenius- Father of Modern education ,he wrote the first picture book "Orbis
Sensualium Pictus".
• Francis Bacon- wrote the " The New Atlantis"
• Mucaster- said that "Education should be in accordance with nature".
• John Locke- "Tabula Rasa( blank sheet)
• John jacques Rosseau- wrote "Emile" ( Education Should be in accordance with the nature of the
child)
• Pestallozzi- defined education as natural , symmetrical and harmonius develpment of the faculties
of the child.
• Herbart- conceived education as aimed towards the development of morality and virtue. He is
famous for the Herbatian Method in Psychology
• Froebel - Father of kindergarten
• John Dewey- "Education is not a preparation for life, it is lfe".
• St.John Baptiste de la salle- patron saint of teachers
• Maria montessori- advocated the child-centered education and prepared environment.
Phil. History
The Philippine National Hero: Dr. Jose Rizal
The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
The Father of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle: Gregorio Del Pilar
President of the First Philippine Republic:
General Emilio Aguinaldo
Brains of the Philippine Revolution: Apolinario
Mabini
Martyred Priests in 1872: GOMBURZA
Brains of the Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
Co-founder of La Independencia: General
Antonio Luna
Mother of Balintawak: Melchora Aquino
Tandang Sora: Melchora Aquino
Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda
Movement: Graciano Lopez- Jaena
First Filipino Cannon-maker: Pandar Pira
Managing Editor of La Solidaridad: Mariano
Ponce
Lakambini of Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
Poet of the Revolution: Fernando Ma. Guerrero
Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine
Republic: Felipe Agoncillo
First University of the Philippines President:
Rafael Palma
Greatest Filipino Painter: Juan Luna
Greatest Journalist of the Propaganda
Movement: Marcelo H. del Pilar
First Filipino Poetess: Leona Florentino
Peace of the Revolution: Pedro Paterno
Founder of Philippine Socialism: Isabelo Delos
Reyes
Viborra: Artemio Ricarte
Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine
National Anthem: Jose Palma
Chief of Tondo: Lakandula
The Last Rajah of Manila: Rajah Soliman
Fiancée of Jose Rizal: Leonor Rivera
Maker of the First Filipino Flag: Marcela
Agoncillo
Co-founder of Katipunan: Galicano Apacible
Leader of the Ilocano Revolt: Diego Silang
First Filipino Hero: Lapu-lapu
Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol: Francisco
Dagohoy
The Man of Many Talents: Epifanio Delos Santos
Prince of Tagalog Poets: Francisco Baltazar
Visayan Joan of Arc: Teresa Magbanua
Mother of Biak-na-Bato: Trinidad Tecson
Wife of Artemio Ricarte: Agueda Esteban
Leader of the Tarlac Revolt: Gen. Francisco
Makabulos
Composer of the Philippine National Anthem:
Julian Felipe
Spaniards born in the Philippines: Insulares
Leader of Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
Leader of Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
Founder of La Liga Filipina: Jose Rizal
Painter of the Spolarium: Juan Luna
SABERTOOTH CURRICULUM - responsive to the environment
SPIRALLED CURRICULUM - increasing level of difficulty
CURRICULUM - planning, design, development, implement, evaluation, engineering
CURRICULUM PLANNING - aligned to mission, vision, goals
TYPES OF LESSON:
• development lesson
• review lesson
• drill lesson
• appreciation lesson
ENCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES
• pre-figurative
• post figurative
• co figurative
ACCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES
• adopted change
• free borrowing
SOCIETAL TRENDS - Alvin Teoffer
SOCIETAL TRENDS
• explosion
• implosion
• technoplosion
• dysplosion
PREFIGURATIVE - learn older generation
POST FIGURATIVE - learn younger generation
CO FIGURATIVE - learn same age
ADOPTED CHANGE - acculturation that is imposed
EXPLOSION - influx of people from rural to urban
INPLOSION - influx of information
TECHNOPLOSION - influx of ICT tools and gadgets
DYSPLOSION - deterioration of human values
KNOWLEDGE FOR PRACTICE – malaman | teacher preparation
KNOWLEDGE IN PRACTICE – maranasan | artistry of practice
KNOWLEDGE OF PRACTICE – maunawaan | systematic inquiries about teaching
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT - decision making
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
• content knowledge
• pedagogical knowledge
• technological knowledge
• context knowledge
LEE S. SHULMANS - PCK model
ELEMENT OF TIMELINESS – classic | transcends through generation
ELEMENT OF TIMELESSNESS - can withstand the test of time
TOTAL DEVELOPMENT
• beginner survival
• content survival
• mastery survival
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
• social
• economic
• cultural
• political
• technological
• ethico moral
J. ABNER PEDDWELL (1939) - sabertooth curriculum
4 DOMAINS
1. planning and preparation
2. classroom environment
3. instruction
4. professional response
TRIVIUM - rhetoric (speech) | grammar (English) | logic
QUADRIVIUM – arithmetic | geometry | music |astronomy
ARITHMETIC - number itself
GEOMETRY - number in space
MUSIC - number in time
ASTRONOMY - number in time and space
HERACLITUS - one cannot bathe in the same river twice
CURRICULUM - sum total of all the experiences provided by the school to students for optimum
growth and development
HARD SKILLS - what do you want the students to learn?
SOFT SKILLS - why do you want them to learn it?
THEORY OF APPERCEPTION - familiar to unfamiliar
EDUCATIONAL DELIVERY SYSTEM
• instruction
• research & extension library
• communication school guidance
• physical facilities canteen
• curriculum
SERVICE LEARNING - teaching method that combines meaningful service to the community with
curriculum based learning and education in action
CLOZE TEST/ PROCEDURE - every 5th or 7th word is omitted
ARBORESCENT - growth is vertical
RHIZOMATIC - growth is horizontal
PROGRESSIVE LEARNING - in order
RETROGRESSIVE LEARNING - reverse order
ROTE LEARNING - not progressive or retro
5 MAJOR CLUSTERS OF STRATEGIES
• direct instruction
• indirect instruction
• experiential learning
• independent study
• interactive instruction
DIRECT INSTRUCTION - developing skills or providing information
INDIRECT INSTRUCTION - involvement
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING - process not product
INDEPENDENT STUDY - student initiative
INTERACTIVE INSTRUCTION - social skills
PHILIPS 66 - students group by 6 | 6mins time
MUSIC TYPOLOGIES
• story music
• program music
• pure or absolute music
STORY MUSIC - tells a story
PROGRAM MUSIC - describes
PURE OR ABSOLUTE MUSIC - doesn’t tell or describe
GESSELSCHAFTLICH – market | perspective of schooling | (efficiency, productivity, competition)
GEMEINSHAFT – community | cultural relationship
TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES OF CHANGE
• acceleration- mabilis
• novelty – new
• diversity
MAX SCHELLER - state of valuelessness | anomie
EDUCATION TYPOLOGIES
• formal
• non formal- alternative learning system
• informal - hidden curriculum
STRATIFICATION - divided grouping
PRIMARY GROUP – family |face to face | intimate and personal
SECONDARY GROUP – impersonal | business like | casual
IN GROUP – solidarity | camaraderie | sympathetic attitude
OUT GROUP – indifference | avoidance | hatred
PEER GROUP - same age | social and economic status including interest
CLIQUE - different age | same interest
INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS
• knowledge
• skills
• values
SOCIETAL BENEFITS
• social
• economic
• cultural
• technological
• political
• ethico moral
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM - belief will determine the practice
CHARACTERS OF CULTURE
• diverse - environment
• gratifying – needs based
• learned - instruction
• adaptive – borrowed, imposed and invented
• social - contact
• transmitted - language
HOW IS CULTURE LEARNED
• enculturation – learning own culture
• acculturation – Knowing the culture of other people
• inculturation – adapt the culture of other people
CULTURAL COMPONENTS
1. means of living
2. ways of living
TYPOLOGIES OF CULTURE
1. material
2. non material
CULTURAL VIEWS
1. ethnocentrism – my culture is better
2. xenocentrism – your culture is better
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF CURRICULUM
• traditional – cultural heritage
• experiential – experience for the growth of individual
• structure of discipline – structure of discipline of knowledge
• behavioral -
• constructivist
SCHOOL - a privileged place where cultural transmission occurs
COLONIAL MENTALITY - preference for foreign
CURRICULUM ENGINEERING - comprises all process and activities that are necessary to keep the
school curriculum dynamic and functional
CURRICULUM PERSPECTIVES
1. ideal – represents what scholars say and advocate
2. formal – standards sets by the education agencies
3. instructional – represents the course syllabus / lecture notes used by the teachers
4. operational – represents the actual teaching learning process
5. experiential – more powerful / what the students think about the lesson delivered by the teachers
6. hidden – students learned experiences outside the classroom
TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE - Robert Sternberg
ASSURE MODEL
• analyses learners
• state objectives
• select media and materials
• utilize media and materials
• require learner participation
SMITH AND NAGEL PPPF
• prepare yourself
• prepare your student
• present material
• follow up
CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION - process of ensuring that the curriculum that has been planned
or developed is one being actually implemented or taught by the teacher
CURRICULUM EVALUATION - process of determining the EFFECTIVENESS of a curriculum and
the EFFICIENCY with which it is implemented
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
• used to create curricula
• individual learning areas
• instructional materials
CURRICULUM DESIGN -determining the building blocks of curriculum
• LEARNING CONTENT
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• LEARNING EXPERIENCES
• LEARNING EVALUATION
DESIGN BACKWARD and DELIVER FORWARD –
• learning outcomes and course outcomes
• program outcomes
• institutional outcomes
PHILOSOPHY -common belief
VISION - future
MISSION - task
STRATEGIES - core areas
SUCCESS FACTORS - metric system
STATEMENT OF PURPOSES
• aim - national level
• goal - school level
• objectives - classroom level
• target - individual
RSEP - revised sec education program
RBEC - restructured basic education curriculum
BEHAVIORIST - correct answer | stimulus response
COGNITIVIST - correct method
CONSTRUCTIVIST - correct meaning thru sensemaking.

FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY.

1.ORAL (0-1) - infant
2. ANAL(1-3) - toddler
3. PHALLIC - preschool
4. LATENCY- school age
5. GENITAL - adolescence
PRINCIPLES:
HEDONISM - pleasure principle
DOUBLE EFFECT -sacrifice for the Good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION - cooperation with will
LESSER EVIL - choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION- cooperation without will.❤️
TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVESì
•Cognitive
BLOOM (LOTS)
√KNOWLEDGE
√COMPREHENSION
√APPLICATION
√ANALYSIS
√SYNTHESIS
√EVALUATION
ANDERSON (HOTS)
√REMEMBERING
√UNDERSTANDING
√APPLYING
√ANALYZING
√EVALUATING
√CREATING
AFFECTIVE:
•RECEIVING
•RESPONDING
•VALUING
•ORGANIZING
•CHARACTERIZATION
PSYCHOMOTOR:
(Simpson Harrow)
• PERCEPTION
• SET
• GUIDED RESPONSE
• MECHANISM
• COMPLEX OVERT RESPONSE
• ADAPTATION
• ORIGINATION or REFLEX MOVEMENT
• FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT
• PHYSICAL MOVEMENT
• PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES
• SKILLED MOVEMENTS
• NON DISCURSIVE COMMUNICATION
Para mas madaling tandaan gamitan natin ng mnemonics.
Prof. Ed Proponents
ABS-ABM - Albert Bandura Social Learning, Albert Bandura Modeling.
PCSO - Pavlov Classical Skinner Operant
John "Dewey" - Learning by "Doing" (sounds like sa dulo)
LeVygSoCogSca - Lev Vygotsky Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding.
Froebel - Father of kindergarten (parehong "F" ang una, froebel, father, froebel kindergarten)
Dewey - Father of Education (yung De ni dewey pgbaligtarin lng gawing Ed pra mabuo ung Ed-ucation)
Sigmund Freud - Father of Modern Psychology (pag prinonounce ung name nya tunog Psy means psychology
tas ung clue sa modern is "mund" sounds like modern, mund-dern, Freud and Father starts with letter F)
KIL - Kohlers Insight Learning ( sa name nya may ler, ler means LEaRning)
LAKOMODE- LAurence KOhlberg MOral DEvelopment
TREE- ETC - Thorndike
Readiness
Exercise
Effect
Edward
Thorndike
Connectionism
🌾 John Dewey - learning by doing
🌾 Confucius - education for all, golden rule
🌾 Bandura - modeling
🌾 Froebel - kindergarten
🌾 John Locke - tabula rasa
🌾 Sigmun Freud - psychosexual
🌾 Erik Erikson - pyschosocial
🌾 William Sheldon -physiological
🌾 Carl Jung - psychological
🌾 Jean Piaget - cognitive
🌾 Lawrence Kohlberg - moral development
🌾 Edward Thorndike - connectionism
🌾 Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
🌾 B.f. Skinner - operant conditioning
🌾 Bandura & Wallace - social learning
🌾 Kohler - insight learning or "Aha!"
🌾 Bruner - instrumental conceptualism
🌾 Lev Vygotsky - social cognitivist, scaffolding

Random Reviewer: 🌾
1. Manila Bulletin- the oldest existing newspaper since 1900 in the Phil.
2. Aliguyon- the hero of Ifugao epic Hudhud.
3. Bantugan- the hero of Maranaw epic Darangen.
4. Book burning- the event marked the 1st literary demonstration in Phil.
5. Balagtas- Fil.poet snobbed by Huseng Sisiw.
6. Ladino- a person who could read and write in Spanish and Tagalog.
7. Poet of the Love- Jose Corazon de Jesus
8. Mi Ultimo Adios- Rizal's best work
9. 17- letters of Alibata
10. Ninay- 1st Fil.social novel by Pedro Paterno
11. Pascual Poblete- Father of Fil. Newspapers
12. Genoveva Edroza Matute- 1st Palanca Awardee for short story.
13. Kwento ni Mabuti- written by Genoveva E.M. which won Palanca Awards for short story.
14. Dionisio Salazar- 1st Palanca Awardee for Play.
15. Social Aspect- focus of MAKAMISA.
16. Ambrosio Bautista- author of Declaration of Phil. Independence.
17. Leona Florentino- 1st Poetess of the Phil.
18. Angel Magahum- called Literary Colussus of the Visayas.
19. Tomas Pinpin- Prince of Fil. Printers
20. Severino Reyes- Father of Fil. Drama
21. Epifanio delos Santos- Greatest among the Great Fil. Scholars.
22. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- Filipino Tutor of Spanish King
23. Clemente Zulueta- Historian of the Revolution.
24. Theogony- origin of gods in mythology
25. Theomachy- battle among the gods of supremacy between good and evil in mythologies.
26. Titanomachy- the war between the Titans and Olympian gods.
27. Theophany- visible appearance of a god to a man.
28. Amphion- son of Zeus and Antiope who built a wall around Thebes by charming the stones into
place with a lyre.
29. Ahasuerus- the Wandering Jew in Eugene Sue's novel.
30. August Strindberg- a Norwegian writer best known for his problem/social play like "Ghosts".
31. Li Po- Greatest Chinese Poet before Revolution.
32. Tolstoy- great Russian short story writer ( God sees the truth but waits).
33. Tagore- Greatest Indian writer.
34. Goethe- wrote the Tragedy of Faust.
35. Eugene O' Neill- dramatist known as The Most Modern of Moderns.
36. Oresteia- the only extrant trilogy
37. Kabuki- the drama of Japanese bourgeoisie.
38. Kalidasa- India's Shakespeare.
39. Eris- Greek goddess of Discord
40. Athena- Zeus' favorite daughter; goddess of cities, civilization, and wisdom.
41. Lope de Vega- established the National Theater in Spain.
42. Elizabeth I - during golden age in England
43. Pericles- during golden age in Greece.
44.Lethe- the river of forgetfulness in Greek Myth.
45. Argos- the dog that guards the entrance to Hades.
46. Song of Hiawatha- epic of US.
47. Hemingway- writer of Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Killers.
48. Flaubert- writer of Madame Bovary
49. Sartre- writer of Le Stanger.
50. Pirandello- an Italian who established the Teatro del Speechio and whose plays used mirrors for
effect.
51. Hauptman- German playwright and exponent of Theater of the Absurd and Happy Days.
52. Arthur Miller- American playwright on expressionism and wrote The Glass Menagerie.
53. Edict of Nantes- the law that granted religious tolerance to Protestants.
54. Robinson Crusoe- often called the first true novel in English.
55. Princess of Cleves- 1st important French novel by Marie de la Fayette.
56. Faust- a character based on true-to-life person.
57. Emily Dickinson- a poet that had an eccentric use of punctuations, making use of dashes
liberally for emphasis.
58. Madame Bovary- showpiece of French realism.
59. War and Peace- a historical novel about Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1812.
60. Leo Tolstoy- become the leader of religious cult.
61. Chekhov- implied his works of pessimism.
62. James Joyce- best identified with modernism.
63. Virginia Woolfe- an ardent feminist.
64. Franz Kafka- known for his work The Metamorphosis
65. 100yrs. Of Solitude- novel by Gabriel Marquez.
66. Battle Horn- most cherished weapon of a boy in The Song Of Roland.
67. Mercutio- Romeo's bestfriend who was slain by Tybalt, Juliet's relative.
68. Antigone- child of Oedipus who helped him during his last days.
69. Carmen- a novel which became one of the worlds famous operas.
70. Children of God- a novel tells the story of Joseph Smith and how he founded the Mormon
religion in Utah.
71. Jane Eyre- a psychological romance by Charlotte Bronte. About a young orphan who becomes a
governess and catches the attention of her employer.
72. Charon- he ferries the dead in the river Acheron.
73. Frankenstein- the creator of the monster.
74. Cupid and Psyche- a beautiful maiden achieves immortality becoz her love and faith triumphs
over mistrust.
PROFED BOOSTER ANSWER/QUESTION
#GODBLESS
●Median
The most reliable measure of central tendency
when there are extreme scores.
●91
Iah's score from her LET are the following: 92,
88, 91. What is the median?
●Scores are homogenous
What can be inferred from a low standard
deviation?
●More from the bottom group answered the test
question correctly
A higj negative discrimination index means that:
●He scored higher than 80 percent of the class
When a student scored P80 on a single test, that
means:
●Performing first-aid measures to scald burns
Which of the following is an accurate depiction of
an authentic assessment?
●Median
The most reliable measure of central tendency
when there are extreme scores.
●The performance depends on the scores of his
batch mates
Which of the following is a characteristics of a
norm-referenced testing?
●A valid test is always reliable
Which of the following is a correct statement
about validity and reliability?
●The performance depends on the scores of his
batch mates
Which of the following is a characteristics of a
norm-referenced testing?
●Very easy
A difficulty index of .92 means that the item is:
Performing first-aid measures to scald burns
Which of the following is an accurate depiction of
an authentic assessment?
●Quiz
Which of the following is an example of a
formative test?
●Essays
Which of the following types of tests is most
vulnerable to biases?
●All scores are average
A leptokurtic distribution signifies that:
●The scores are very low
If a distribution is skewed to the right, this
implies that:
●All scores are average
A leptokurtic distribution signifies that:
●Increase the number of items
Which of the following is the best method to
imcrease the reliablity of a test material?
●Convergent Thinking
This thinking strategy refers to narrowing down
ideas from big concept to smaller ones?
●Portfolio
This refers to the collection of works, artifacts,
and pieces of a student and may serve as a
basis for assessment:
I●t uses at least 3 or more basis
Which of the following does Not describe a
holistic rubric in scoring
●Essays
Which of the following types of tests is most
vulnerable to biases?
●That the teacher knows everything that happens
around the four corner of the classroom
Withitness means:
●Thrust
When a teacher jumps from one topic to another
without assessing of the students are ready to
absorb the instructions, this practice depicts:
●Scores are homogenous
What can be inferred from a low standard
deviation?
●The scores are very low
If a distribution is skewed to the right, this
implies that:
●Overlapping
When a teacher is able to perform multiple,
different activities at the same, this shows:
●When using numbers as options, arrange them
in a descending order
Which is an incorrect practice in test
construction?
●Generating
Under the new version of Bloom's Taxonomy of
conitive processes, which of the following
belongs to the top level?
●Knowledge
Which is the basic form of cognitive process
according to Bloom's?
●Surprise quiz
Which of the following forms of punishment is
least likely to affect students negatively?
●Community service
The following are examples of extrinsic
motivation, except?
●K-12
This is also known as the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013
●Determine the objectives
Subject matter
Activities
Evaluation
Assignment
Sequence of a lesson plan
●The students wants to feel connected
A student makes the teachers and his
classmates busy and asks everyone to give him
special attention. What is the student's hidden
message?
●Licensure and registration
Which of the following serves as a pre-requisite
to employment and will ensure that only
competent teachers will be granted privilege to
teach to schools?
●Arriving to a main idea demo smaller topics
Which of the following correctly describes
inductive reasoning?
●RA 7836
Which of the following laws prescribed licensure
examination for teachers and will strengthen the
regulation of the practice of teaching in the
Philippines?
●A naturalized Filipino citizen that has 15 years
of continuous teaching experience
Which of the following will disqualify a teacher to
become a member of the board of professional
teachers?
●Education
Which of the following shall receive the highest
budgetary allocation according to the Philippine
Constitution?
●These teacher failed to reach the minimum
GWA of 75 but have grades below 75
Kylie scored 74.80 from the recent LET.
According to the law, she can be referred to as a
para-teacher. Which of the following is not
correct about para-teachers?
●Free choice
Which of the following is most likely be related to
existentialism?
●This shall encourage continuing personal
growth and development
Which of the following is NOT true about periodic
merot examination for teachers according to RA
7836?
●Progressivism
While teaching Mathematics, Teacher Janus
noticed that his students show interests on
dancing. He then decides to change the topic
and teaches concept about dancing and shows
to them dance perdormances from the internet.
What philosophy of education is shown?
●60%
If a teacher wishes to enjoy study leave, she will
get how many percent of her salary while on
study leave?
●Nationalism
What is the focus of education during the
Commonwealth Period?
●Military training
Which of the following is the focus of Spartan
Education?
●Principle of Double Effect
Teacher Vanessa receives a death threat
because she gave her student a failing grade.
She knows that passing the student will make her
less credible as a teacher but will save herself
from being harmed. She then decided to pass
the student to avoid danger. Which of the
following is observed by Teacher Vanessa?
●Having practice prejudice and eliminating
discrimination against any learner
Which of the following actions of a teacher
violated the Code of Ethics for Professional
Teachers?
●Scrupulous
This type of conscience makes the person see
that he sins but actually he/she does not.
●Spiral
K-12 curriculum is what type of subject-centered
curriculum?
●Performing real life task
Which is the closest to the real thing?
●Doing
Which of the following helps the learner to retain
information best?
●Model
A globe is an example of a
●Learning to do
Which of the four pillars of learning focuses on
the competencies of a certain individual on a
particular skill?
●Action-based
Which of the following involves enactive
representations according to Bruner?
●Learning from your American parents their
traditions
Which does not show acculturation?
●Discussing the similarities and differences of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
A Venn Diagram is most likely to be used when:
●Circle graph
Teacher Iah wants to show her students the
percentage of Math major, science major, social
science major, english major and tle major based
on the whole population of BSED students in the
school where she teaches. Which of the following
types of graph should she use?
●Pakikisama mentality
Which of the following traits of Filipino can be
considered both a negative and a positive trait?
●Conservation
The ability of a child to realize that 1 liter of
bottled water has the same quantity even if the
water will be placed on a plastic pitcher or a
pale is called:
●Formal operational
Ana is a 13 year old high school student who
thinks that death penalty should be implemented
in her own countries as she believes that there
are other ways to punish oppressors and teach
them to be better citizens. She should be under
what stage of Piaget's theory?
●Morality
Lawrence Kohlberg focuses more on which of the
following aspects of child development?
●Learning from your American parents their
traditions
Which does not show acculturation?
●Doubt
A toddler wishes to go the restroom alone and
wishes to care for himself if not treated properly
will have develop or lead to which of the
following psychosocial stages based on Erikson's
model?
●Electra Complex
This is known as a girl's psychosexual
competition with her mother for the possession
of her father.
●Id
The parts of himan personality in which instinct
and primary processes manifest:
●Warmth
Which of the following shall receive the highest
priority accordin to Abraham Maslow's model on
humanistic needs?
●Basic sight words
In Grace Goodell's Reading Skills Ladder, which
of the following takes precedence?
●Chomsky explains in his model thay children
acquired language solely through exposure.
Which of the following is not true about Language
Acquisition among children?
●Interactive
This model shows reading as an active process
that depends on reader characteristics, the text,
and the reading situation
●Solving puzzles
A child who has spatial intelligence will most
likely enjoy which of the followong activities?
●Mean
It is the average, most commonly usednand ia
greatly affected by extreme scores
●Ivan Pavlov
Who is the proponent of respondent
conditioning?
●Median
It is the middlemost of measures of central
tendency and most reliable when there is
extreme scores
●She shows the student how a dance should be
performed.
Which of the following teacher most likely
demonstrates Bandura's work in teaching?
●Mode
It is the most frequently used measures of central
tendency
●If the end result will be beneficial to the student
he/she will probably perdorm well
Which of the following refers to the law of effect
by Thorndike?
●Range
It is the highest score minus the lowest score
and is the simplest of measures of variability
●Vygotsky
ZPD is concept popularized by:
●Standard Deviation
It is how spread the scores are from the mean
and most reliable measures of variability
●Variance
It is the square of standard deviation
●0.81-1.00
Very easy/reject
●0-0.20
Very difficult/reject
●Difficulty index
Easiness
●Discrimination index
Differentiate Upper group to lower group
●0.21-0.40
Difficult/revise
●Positive Discrimination index
More from upper group/retain
●0.41-0.60
Moderate/retain
●0.61-0.80
Easy/revise
●Negative discrimination index
More from lower group/reject
●Zero discrimination index
Cannot determine/reject
●Validity
Measures what it intends to measure
●Reliability
Consistency
●Criterion referenced
Standard, criteria, specific target
●Norm referenced
Others, class, batch mates
●High standard deviation
Scattered, far from the mean, heterogenous
●Traditional assessment
Pen and paper, multiple choice, cognitive
●Stanines
Divide by 9. Median is S5
●Low standard deviation
Clustered, near from the mean, homogenous
●Authentic Assessment
Real-life application, holistic
●Kurtosis
Peakedness
●Diagnostic
Before instruction, strengths and weaknesses
●Percentile
Divide by 100. Median is P50
●Mesokurtic
Normal curve, bell-shaped, most scores-average,
few scores are high and low
●Leptokurtic
Taller, more peaked, almost if not all scores are
average
●Decile
Divide by 10. Median is D5
●Formative
During instruction progress, gaps, quizzes
●Platykurtic
Flat curve, scores are heterogenous
●Quartile
Divide by 4. Median is Q2
●Summative
Afetr instruction, evaluative learning
●Objective
Not biased, multiple choice, matching type, wide
level of objectives, guessing
●Rubrics
Guide for scoring
●Subjective
Biased, essay, wide sampling of ideas, bluffing
●Holistic
Single basis
●Knowledge
Memorization
●Analytical
Multiple basis
●Comprehension
Understanding
●Application
Use
●Kounin
Classroom Management Model
●Analysis
Breaking down
●Withitness
Eyes at the back
Synthesis
●Putting together
●Overlapping
Multi-tasking
●Flip-flop
Jumping from previous topic to new topic and
vice versa
●Evaluation
Judgment
●Convergent thinking
Narrowing
●Truncation
Not able to return
●Thrust
The students are not ready
●Divergent thinking
Widening
●Reinforcement
Increase a response
●Punsihment
Weakens a response
●Deductive reasoning
General to specific
●Acculturation
Outside
●Inductive reasoning
Specific to general
●Enculturation
Inside
●Extrinsic motivation
External, shallow, money
●Piaget
Cognitive development
●Intrinsic motivation
Internal, noble, social work
●Sensorimotor
Senses and motor (0-2)
●Attention seeking
Hidden message: notice me
Requires special treatment
Keeps others busy
●Pre-operational
Egocentric, children tend to see only their point
of view(2-7)
●Revenge seeking
Hidden message: i am hurting
Get even
Violent
●Concrete operational
(7-12)
●Formal operational
12-above
Abstract reasoning
●Power seeking
Hidden message: i want to help
Gets bossy
●Pavlov
Classical conditioning or respondent conditioning
●Isolation/Withdrawal
Hidden message: show me how
Refuses to participate
●Skinner
Operant conditioning
●Essentialism
Back to basics
●Albert Bandura
Social learning theory
Modelling
Imitation
●Perennialism
Traditional
●Infant
Trust vs. Mistrust
●Existentialism
Free choice
●Toddler
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
●Progressivism
Change
●Preschool
Initiative vs. Guilt
●Social Reconstructionism
Social change
●School age
Industry vs. Inferiority
●Pragmatism
Practical use
●Adolescence
Identity vs. Role confusion
●Japanese
Labor/vocational training
●Idealism
Values, beliefs, affective, attitude
●Double effect
2 options but each has both positive and
negative effect
●Empiricism
Senses
●Lesser evil
2 negative options but the other one is less evil
●Young adult
Intimacy vs. Isolation
●Formal cooperation
With knowledge and intention
●Material cooperation
Without knowledge and intention
●Constructivism
Create new knowledge
●Hedonism
Pleasure
●Middle adult
Generativity vs. Stagnation
●Utilitarianism
More people will benefit
●Behaviorism
Environment
●Certain
Sure
●Late adult
Ego integrity vs. Despair
●Doubtful
Unsure
●Pre-spanish
Survival
●Pharisaical
Hypocrite
●Oral
Mouth
●Spanish
Religion
●Callous
Insensitive
●Lax
Thinks shes right but shes not
●Anal
Anus
●Scrupulous
Thinks shes wrong but shes not
●Commonwealth
Nationalism
●Phallic
Sex organs
●Read
10%
●Hear
20%
●American
Free basic education
●Latentcy
None
●See
30%
●Hear and see
50%
●Genital
Sex organs through opposite sex
●Top down
Reader to book
●Say and write
70%
●Bottom up
Book to reader
●Do
90%
●Enactive
Action
●Interactive
Active process
●Iconic
Images
●Symbolic
●Language
●Line graph
Trend or progress
●Bar graph
Comparison
●Circle or pie graph
Percentage

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
♣️The first book written in the Philippines was DOCTRINA CRISTIANA.
♣️The Father of Ilocano Literature is PEDRO BUKANEG.
♣️The Father of Tagalog Poetry is FRANCISCO BALTAZAR.
♣️Lola Basyang is the pen name of SEVERINO REYES.
♣️The first and longest running komiks series in the Philippines is KENKOY(Liwayway Magasin,1929)
♣️The Father of Pampango Literature who wrote There is no God is JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO.
♣️The oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since the 1900 is MANILA BULLETIN.
♣️The Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry is ALEJANDRO ABADILLA.
♣️The work of Bonifacio which tells the history of the Philippines ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA
TAGALOG.
♣️He wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL
♣️This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan - THE DECALOGUE.
♣️Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo was PACIANO RIZAL.
♣️The following characters created by rizal reflect his own personality except SIMOUN (El
Filibusterismo)
♣️The line 'whoever knows not how to love his native tongue is worse than any beast or even smelly
fish' TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
♣️Rizal's pen name - DIMASALANG, LAONG-LAAN
♣️Taga-ilog is JUAN LUNA's Pen name.
♣️The first filipino alphabet was called ALIBATA/BAYBAYIN
♣️the first filipino alphabet consisted of 15 LETTERS
♣️This is a song about love - TALINDAW, awit ng mga taong hindi naimbetahan sa kainan
(COLADO)
♣️He was known for his `Memoria Fotografica` - JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
♣️He is known as the `poet of the workers or laborers` - AMADO HERNANDEZ
♣️Ilocano balagtasan is called BUKANEGAN
♣️Visayan epic about good manners and right conduct - MARAGTAS
♣️The father of Filipino newspaper is PASCUAL POBLETE
♣️Lupang Tinubuan is considered to be the best story written during Japanese Period. The author is
NARCISO REYES
♣️The original title of Ibong Adarna was CORIDO AT BUHAY NA PINAGDAANAN NG TATLONH
PRINSIPENG ANAC NG HARING FERNANDO AT REYNA VALERIANA SA CAHARIANG
BERBANIA
♣️PANDEREGLA - first filipino bread
♣️The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
♣️The Father of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
♣️Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle: Gregorio Del Pilar
♣️President of the First Philippine Republic: General Emilio Aguinaldo
♣️Brains of the Philippine Revolution: Apolinario Mabini
♣️Martyred Priests in 1872: GOMBURZA
♣️Brains of the Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
♣️Co-founder of La Independencia: General Antonio Luna
♣️Mother of Balintawak: Melchora Aquino
♣️Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement: Graciano Lopez- Jaena
♣️First Filipino Cannon-maker: Pandar Pira
♣️Managing Editor of La Solidaridad: Mariano Ponce
♣️Lakambini of Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
♣️Poet of the Revolution: Fernando Ma. Guerrero
♣️Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic: Felipe Agoncill
♣️First University of the Philippines President: Rafael Palma
♣️Greatest Filipino Painter: Juan Luna
Greatest Journalist of the Propaganda
♣️Movement: Marcelo H. del Pilar
♣️First Filipino Poetess: Leona Florentino
♣️Peace of the Revolution: Pedro Paterno
♣️Founder of Philippine Socialism: Isabelo
♣️Delos Reyes Viborra: Artemio Ricarte
♣️Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem: Jose Palma
♣️Chief of Tondo: Lakandola
♣️The Last Rajah of Manila: Rajah Soliman
♣️Fiancée of Jose Rizal: Leonor Rivera
♣️Maker of the
First Filipino Flag: Marcela Agoncillo
♣️Co-founder of Katipunan: Galicano Apacible
♣️Leader of the Ilocano Revolt: Diego Silang
♣️First Filipino Hero: Lapu-lapu
♣️Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol: Francisco Dagohoy
♣️The Man of Many Talents: Epifanio Delos Santos
♣️Prince of Tagalog Poets: Francisco Baltazar
♣️Visayan Joan of Arc: Teresa Magbanua
♣️Mother of Biak-na-Bato: Trinidad Tecson
♣️Wife of Artemio Ricarte: Agueda
♣️EstebanLeader of the Tarlac Revolt: Gen. Francisco Makabulos
♣️Composer of the Philippine National Anthem: Julian Felipe
♣️Spaniards born in the Philippines: Insulares
♣️Leader of Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
♣️Leader of Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
♣️Founder of La Liga Filipina: Jose Rizal
♣️Painter of the Spolarium: Juan Luna

HELPFUL POINTERS
Stimulus bounded- distracted by outside stimuli easily.
Horizontal mobility- a teacher in brgy. School transferred in town.
Vertical mobility- teacher being promoted as supervisor
Nuclear family- father, mother and their children
Extended family- parents and other relatives
Solitary play- children play toys by themselves
Onlooker play- children watch others play but not involved
Parallel play- children watch alongside not with each other.
Associative play- parehas ang kanilang nilalaro
Baduy- awkward looking
Transmuted- changed
Carnal- bold
Aplomb- composure
Loquacious- verbose
Profanity- obscenities
Rizal was born- calamba, laguna
Penchant- fondness
Eureka- discovery
Metaphor- "the lord is my sheperd"
Hyperbole- " he is the blacksheep in the family"
Geoffrey Chaucer- morning star of English lit.
Shakespear- "Bard of avon"
Nature- heredity, IQ, character traits
Nurture- environment
Phelogenetic- development follows orderly sequence
Ontogenetic- rate of dev. Is unique
Cepalocaudal- dev. From head to foot
Proximodistal- central access
Iconic- by seeing ex. Pictures
Symbolic- by symbols ex. Words and numbers
Inactive- learning by doing physical action
Socrates- " know thyself"
Plato- " wrote the republic"
Aristotle- "father of modern sciences"
Albert bandura- social learning theory/ modelling
Kohlberg- moral dev. Theory
Pavlov- classical conditioning
Skinner- operant conditioning
John amos comenius- " orbis pictus"
NCBTS -national Competency-based teacher standards
tanaga 7777
tanka 57577
Tree releases carbon dioxide during? ~ evening
tatlong tuldok na sunod-sunod = elipsis
town criers~~~umalohokan
Meaning of TOS ~~~table of Specifications
Sage on stage ~~dispenser of knowledge
Negative effect of extended family~ FAVORITISM.
Bicameralism~~ Jones Law
Ang _____ay ang bantas na ginagamit sa pagitan ng panlaping IKA at Tambilang~~~GITLING
She is a lovely rose" is an example of~~metaphor
Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the US~~would have been
She is a lovely rose" is an example of~~metaphor
Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the US~~would have been
___________ is an example of a non pathogenic microorganism~~ Probiotics as bifidobacterium
First labor union in the Philippines~~~Union Obrera Demokratika
The only remnant after world war II~~Philippine Independent Church
Sa mga Soc Sci major mag focus po kayo sa Economics
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT
1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing
2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity
4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently
doing an activity
5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic
7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively
ISM’s IN EDUCATION
BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic
EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM - practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM - best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
SPANISH – Christianity
AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency
JAPANESE – progress
PROF. ED PROPONENTS
B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning
BANDURA – Modeling
BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule
EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism
ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial
IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning
JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL - Father of Kndrgrtn
PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé
JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism
JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing
JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)
KOHLERS – Insight Learning
LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development
LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding
SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual
WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological
PRINCIPLES
HEDONISM – pleasure principle
DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will
LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
3. PHALLIC – Preschool
4. LATENCY – School Age
5. GENITAL – Adolescense
OEDIPUS – son to mom ELECTRA – daughter to dad
LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”

LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization
Act RA 10533 – K-12
Law ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law” COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 -PILIPINO NatlLng PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika
(Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4) PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
mRA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)
1) #Emilio_Aguinaldo
FIRST REPUBLIC ( Dictatorial government and Revolutionary government/The Philippines was still
under Spanish rule)
(1899-1901) President: Emilio F. Aguinaldo
(2) #Manuel_L. #Quezon
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (American Period)
(1935-1944) President Manuel L. Quezon (Died in exile in the U.S.)
(3) #Sergio_Osmenia, Sr.
(1944-1946) President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. (Assumed the presidency upon the death of Quezon while the
Philippine Commonwealth government is in exile in the U.S.)
(4) #Jose_P. #Laurel
SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Occupation)
(1943-1945) President: Jose P. Laurel
(5) #Manuel A. #Roxas
THIRD REPUBLIC
(1946-1948) President: Manuel L. Roxas (Died of a heart attack)
(6) #Elpidio R. #Quirino
(1948-1953) President: Elpidio R. Quirino (Assumed the remaining term & re-elected)
(7) #Ramon_Magsaysay, Jr.
(Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957 on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu)
(1953-1957) President: Ramon F. Magsaysay
(8) #Carlos P. #Garcia
(1957-1961) President: Carlos P. Garcia (Assumed the remaining term and re-elected)
(9) #Diosdado_Macapagal
(1961-1965) President: Diosdado P. Macapagal
(10) #Ferdinand_Marcos
(1965-1972) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (the first to win 2 presidential terms)
FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, "The New Republic" & Parliamentary Government)
Ferdinand Marcos
(1972-1986) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (unseated by the People Power Revolution)
(Marcos died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989 of Lupus complications)
(11)#Corazon_Cojuangco_Aquino
FIFTH REPUBLIC (Under the new "People Power" Constitution)
(1986-1992) President: Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino
(12) #Fidel_Valdez_Ramos
(1992-1998) President Fidel V. Ramos
(13) #Joseph_Ejercito_Estrada
(1998-2001) President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Deposed by "People Power")
(14) #Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo
(2001-2010) President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Assumed Estrada's remaining term & re-elected)
(15)#Benigno_Simeon_Cojuangco Aquino III, a.k.a. Noynoy Aquino
(2010-2016) President: Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III
(16) #Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte
(2016-Present) President: Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte a.k.a. Digong
Cognitive development theory (piaget)
Assimilation- absord as art of itself
Accommodation- new scheme interaction with the enviroment
1. sensory stage (2 yrs) learning based sense perception, child unaware of his enviroment
2. pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs old) the child thingking egocentric =centered on himself
Ex. Coins are preferred than a 100 bill
2. Concrete operation (7-11 yrs old) the child thingking becomes logical & systematic
Ex. Four.50 coins=2.00
4. Formal operation (11-16 yrs) develops logical reasoning, decrease egocentricity
#Note_bakamagsipaglabasan sa Sept 2019
Entry - teacher na gumagamit ng Technology
sa pag tuturo pero hindi tinuturo ang
technology.
Adoption - teacher na tinuturo ang technology
Adaptation - teacher na tinuturo ang
technology at pinapagamit o pinapahawak ang
technology
Infusion - ginagamit na ng student ang
technology pero may guidance padin ng
teacher.
Transformation - ginagamit na ng student ang
technology without any guidance.
Gened sure 10 points
1. Penchant - Fondness
2. Pulchritude - Loveliness
3. Transmuted - Change
4. Rancor - Bitterness
5. Profanity- Obscenity
6. Apocalyptic - Prophetic
7. Laquacious - Verbose
8. Voracious - Eager
9. Aplomb - Composure
10. Impertinent – Irrelevant

Gen ed NoosterPart 1 🌾
1. Fr. Pedro Pelaez- Secularization Movement.
2. Limited- Mother Financial Problem.
3. Polka- NOT a folk dance from Mexico.
4. Bodabil- A play NOT from the Spanish Era.
5. Acta de Tejeros- Rejected Aguinaldo as President.
6. Folklore- The Philosophy of oir folks during Pre-hispanic Era.
7. Katalinuhan- Basal o Di-Koncreto.
8. Spanish Surnames- by Narciso Claveria.
9. Leeches:Anticoagulation - Segmented:Worm
10. Biotechnology*
11. Teaching is like... Simile is not in the choices but METAPHOR* is there.
12. Rebirth- Rennaisance
13. Bitterness- Rancor
14. Oxygen- Waste product of photosynthesis.
15. Tissue- Group of cells.
16. Spencer- Survival of the Fittest.
17. Pagsang-ayon- Kasalungat ng pagtugol.
18. In Vitro Fertilization - Test tube babies.
19. Kuwit- Paghihiwalay ng mga sunod-sunod na pangungusap.
20. Pangungusap- Salita o grupo ng mga salita.
21. P3,200- Manufactured bed P4,000 less 20%.
22. 20 Times - How many times digit 7 appears between 1-100.
23. Lupang Hinirang- Pamagat ng Nat'l Anthem ng Pilipinas.
24. Balagtasan- Uri ng pagtatanghal na binubuo ng paligsahan ng dalawang makata.
25. Elements*
26. Oxygen- These are compounds EXCEPT.
27. K-III - Anong grade tinuturo ang mother tongue.
28. Chat room-Science Subject.
29. Learning is an active process - What is violated when Teacher Ivon just lectures while students
listen.
30. Pancreas- Organ who secretes insulin.
31. Multi-grade class- Combining 2-3 grade level
32. K-12- Kindergarten is compulsory before proceed to grade 1.
33. 45,46- Consecutive number whose sum is 91.
34. Developmental Portfolio- Penmanship skills of the students in the biggining, middle, and after the
school year.
35. Persiflage- Praise glowingly.
36. Indefatigable- Tireless.
37. Working- The father finally found the time to rest after_____the whole day.
38. Irrelevant- Impertinent
39. I, II ( I-trial and error, II-stimulus response) - Behaviorism anchored with the theories related to.
40. 5x3x2x2x2- Prime factor of 120.
41. I, II, III ( I-Participative Learning, II- Constructive planning, III- innovative Planning) - Formulation
of teachers professional development plan.
42. Diksyunaryo- Kahulugan ng mga salita.
43. Routine*
44. Operant Conditioning- Skinner
45. Authentic Assessment- Real-life.
46- Developmental Portfolio- Display the drawings of the childrens.
47. Below 75- Did not meet expectation.
48. Pagkatakot- Gabi na ngunit bakit wala pa siya.
49. Brigada Eskwela- Bayanihan in School.
50. Drive- MotivationMarch 2019
Part 2 🌾
51. Pre-conventional( Mutual Benefit) - reward, star, stamp.
52. Post-conventional(Common Good) - A taxi driver returned the baggage left by the passenger.
53. Blood Compact- Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna in Bohol.
54. Sounds- Phonology
55. Socialization- Participafing and functioning members of the society by figting into organize way of
living.
56. Drawing- Visual/Spatial.
57. Heirarchy of Biology Taxonomy - Has 8 levels.
58. Spiral Curriculum- K-12
59. Essentialism- Basic/Essential.
60. "Ganyan lang talaga"- Teacher Mediocrity.
61. Punishment- A quiz NOT as.
62. Should match with the objectives- Criterion reference.
63. Professional Licensed- Signed by the PRC.
64. CPU - brain of the computer.
65. Sa kanyang ama (Padre Damaso) - Saan namana ni Maria Clara ang kanyang pagka mestiza.
66. Resource Provider- Role of the teachers play when they help their colleagues by sharing
instructional resources.
67. Deductive- From Generalization to Specific.
68. Motivation- Part of lesson developme t is concerned with mood setting.
69. Field Trip - Stimulate more senses.
70. Visual Imagery- Graphic Organizer.
71. Tax reform for Acceleration and INclusion-TRAIN Law means....
72. Archipelago - Phililpines is an...
73. Has - Population in the Philippines_____increase tremendously.
74. Conservation- about Mother Earth.
75. Stress the positive aspects of culture- IP ( Indigenous People)
76. Spreadsheet - Performs computation.
77. Biosphere - Air, Water, and Land.
78. Philippine Qualifications Framework- What does PQF means.
79. Reforestation - Solution due to increasing global warming.
80. Long and Dictated - NOT a characteristics in giving assignments.
81. Bread Provider- NOT a role of a Mother during Pre-Hispanic Era.
82. 45 units - CPD units need for teachers to renew the license.
83. According to PRC Revised Guidelines for Continuing Professional Development (Resolution No.
2013-774, every professional teacher is required proof of ________ continuing professional
development units for renewal of professional identification card every three years.
a. 36
b. 45 ❤️❤️❤️
c. 30
d. 48
84.Based on the enhanced Basic Education act of 2013,which does basic education in the
Philippines no encompass?
I. Kindergarten
II. Elementary
III. Secondary
IV. ALS
A.II and III
B.I II III and IV❤️❤
Teorya ng Pinagmulan ng Wika
TEORYANG BOW - WOW
· Ginagaya nila ang tunog na nililikha ng mga hayop gaya ng tahol ng aso, tilaok ng manok at huni
ng ibon. Ginagaya naman daw ng tao ang tunog ng kalikasan at paligid gaya ng ihip ng hangin, patak ng ulan
at langitngit ng kawayan.

TEORYANG DING DONG

· Lahat ng bagay may sariling tunog na siyang kumakatawan sa bawat isa at ang tunog niyon ang siyang
ginagad ng mga sinaunang tao na kalauna’y nagpabago-bago at nilapatan ng iba’t ibang kahulugan.
· May sariling tunog na kumakatawan sa lahat ng bagay sa kapaligiran. Tinawag din ito ni Max Muller na
simbolismo ng tunog.  Halimbawa: tsug- tsug ng tren, tik- tak ng orasan

TEORYANG POOH -POOH

· Nakalilikha ng tunog sanhi ng bugso ng damdamin. Gamit ang bibig, napabubulalas ang mga tunog ng
pagdaing na dala ng takot, lungkot, galit, saya at paglalaan ng lakas.
TEORYANG TA-RA-RA- BOOM DE AY
· Ang wika ng tao ay nag –ugat sa mga tunog na kanilang nilikha sa mga ritwal na kalauna’y nagpapabagu-
bago at nilapatan ng iba’t ibang kahulugan.
Halimbawa: pagsayaw, pagsigaw at incantation o mga bulong na ginagawa tuwing makikidigma, pagtatanim at
iba pa.

TEORYANG SING-SONG
· Iminungkahi ng linggwistang si Jesperson na ang wika ay nagmula sa paglalaro, pagtawa, pagbulong sa
sarili, panliligaw at iba pang mga bulalas- emosyunal. 7.  Iminungkahi pa niya na taliwas sa iba pang teorya,
ang mga unang salita ay sadyang mahahaba at musikal, at hindi maiikling bulalas na pinaniniwalaan ng
marami.

TORE NG BABEL
· Teoryang nahalaw mula sa Banal na Kasulatan. Nagkaroon ng panahon kungsaan ang wika ay iisa lamang.
Napag-isipang magtayo ng isang tore upang hindi na magkawatak-watak at nang mahigitan ang Panginoon.
· TORE NG BABEL Nang malaman ito ng Panginoon, bumababa Siya at sinira ng tore. Nang nawasak na ang
tore, nagkawatak-watak na ang tao dahil iba-iba na ang wikang kanilang binibigkas kaya nagkanya-kanya na
sila at kumalat sa mundo.

TEORYANG YOO HE YO
· Pinaniniwalaan ng linggwistang si A.S Diamond (2003) na ang tao ay natutong magsalita bunga diumano ng
kanyang puwersang pisikal.

TEORYANG TA -TA
· Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang kumpas o galaw ng kamay ng tao na kanyang ginagawa sa bawat partikular na
okasyon ay ginaya ng dila at naging sanhi ng pagkatuto ng taong lumikha ng tunog at kalauna’y nagsalita.
· Tinatawag itong ta-tana sa wikang Pranses ay nangangahulugang paalam o goodbye sapagkat kapag ang
isang tao nga namang nagpapaalam ay kumakampay ang kamay nang pababa at pataas katulad ng pagbaba at
pagtaas na galaw ng dila kapag binibigkas ang salitang ta-ta.

Teoryang Mama
· Nagmula ang wika sa mga pinakamadadaling pantig ng pinakamahahalagang bagay.
· Pansinin nga naman ang mga bata. Sa una’ y hindi niya masasabi ang salitang mother ngunit dahil ang unang
pantig ng nasabing salita ang pinakamahalaga diumano, una niyang nasasabi ang mama bilang panumbas sa
salitang mother.

Teoryang Hey you!

· Iminungkahi ng linggwistang si Revesz na bunga ng interpersonal na kontak ng tao sa kanyang kapwa tao
ang wika.
· Ayon kay Revesz, nagmula ang wika sa mga tunog na nagbabadya ng pagkakakilanlan (Ako!) at
pagkakabilang (Tayo!). Napapabulalas din tayo bilang pagbabadya ng takot, galit o sakit (Saklolo!). Tinatawag
din itong teoryang kontak.

Teoryang Coo Coo

· Ang wika ay nagmula sa mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga sanggol.
· Ang mga tunog daw na ito ang ginaya ng mga matatanda bilang pagpapangalan sa mga bagay- bagay sa
paligid, taliwas sa paniniwala ng marami na ang mga bata ang nanggagaya ng tunog ng mga matatanda.

Teoryang Babble Lucky

· Ang wika raw ay nagmula sa mga walang kahulugang bulalas ng tao.
· Sa pagbubulalas ng tao, sinuwerte lamang daw siya nang ang mga hindi sinasadya at walang kabuluhang
tunog na kanyang nalikha ay naiugnay sa mga bagay-bagay sa paligid na kalaunan ay naging pangalan ng mga
iyon.
Teoryang Hocus Pocus
· Ayon kay Boeree (2003), maaaring ang pinanggalingan ng wika ay tulad ng pinanggalingan ng mga mahikal
o relihiyosong aspeto ng pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno.
· Maaari raw kasing noo’y tinatawag ng mga unang tao ang mga hayop sa pamamagitan ng mga mahikal na
tunog na kalaunan ay naging pangalan ng bawat hayop.

Teoryang Eureka!
· Sadyang inimbento/nilikha ang wika ayon sa teoryang ito ayon kay (Boeree, 2003). Maaari raw na ang ating
mga ninuno ay may ideya ng pagtatakda ng mga arbitraryong tunog upang ipakahulugan sa mga tiyak na
bagay.
· Nang ang mga ideyang iyon ay nalikha, mabilis na iyong kumalat sa iba pang tao at naging kalakaran sa
pagpapangalan ng mga bagay- bagay.

Professional Education
⭐Which type of visual shows the actual object under study? –
🌾Realistic
⭐Which perspective views the learner as actively creating meaning? –
🌾 Constructivism
⭐Why is it important for teachers to understand learning theory? -
🌾 Theory informjs practice
⭐The evaluation activity in a lesson plan should answer the following question:
🌾How will you determine if students have achieved the learning objectives?
⭐What is the main principle of the discovery method? -
🌾Students learn best by doing
⭐The purpose of a motivation activity in a lesson plan is to:
🌾gain and maintain students' attention
⭐Which perspective says that learning should take place in an environment that resembles the real
world with all its complexities? –
🌾Constructivism
⭐ISTE standards are
🌾technology standards for students and teachers
⭐Which of the following is an acceptable verb to use in objectives? –
🌾describe
⭐This theory believes that learning is largely determined by the external environment –
🌾behaviorism
⭐According to Marianne Torbet, which of the following is not a game inclusion factor? –
🌾Competition
⭐Which of the following are the procedures and actions used to help students meet stated
objectives? -
🌾 Methods
⭐What type of lesson evaluation takes place during the planning of the lesson? –
🌾 Formative
⭐Visuals that convey a concept by comparing one idea to another and implying a similarity are
called
🌾analogic visuals
⭐Which is the physiological process in which sound waves enter the ear and are converted into
electrical impulses that travel to the brain? –
🌾 Hearing
⭐Which of the following is NOT a fair use guideline? -
🌾 The cost of the item in question
⭐The information activity in a lesson plan should answer the following question:
🌾How will you help students see relationships among ideas?
⭐According to the authors of Children's Ministry that Works, in choosing games for children, which
of the following is not an important factor? -
🌾The games should be competitive
⭐Which of the following are evidence of "the digital divide": i.e., the gap in equitable use of computer
technology among student groups? -
🌾Computers used for drill and skill only in low income districts
⭐Which of the following experience is most closely associated with the constructivist perspective of
learning? -
🌾 Student teaching
⭐Sam brought his rock collection to class for his students to classify. Which type of media is being
used? –
🌾 Exhibit
⭐Which of the following is a three dimensional representation of a real object? –
🌾 Model
⭐Which of the following is true regarding the shift in education in recent years? -
🌾There has been a shift toward learner-centered instruction.
⭐Copyright law protects -
🌾 the legal rights to original works
⭐The ability to accurately interpret and create visual messages is known as
🌾 visual literacy
⭐Which of the following is a problem exacerbated by the prevalence of social media sites such as
Facebook?
🌾 - Cyber-bullying
⭐The purpose of an application activity or conclusion section in a lesson plan is to
🌾 provide opportunity for practice and feedback.
⭐Which of the following is true regarding field trips?
🌾 - They are a form of enactive learning.
⭐The PIE model of classroom instruction stands for
🌾: plan, implement, evaluate
⭐Which of the following objectives contains acceptable criteria? -
🌾Students will compose a paragraph with no more than two errors.
⭐This theory uses the computer as a model for the way humans think -
🌾 informational processing
⭐Persistence of vision is a phenomenon whereby -
🌾the brain continues to see the image for a fraction of a second after the image is cut off
⭐Interpreting a visual is also known as
🌾 decoding
⭐What is the difference between informational processing theory and constructivism? -
🌾The first says that knowledge is objective and represents experience; the second that knowledge
is subjective and depends on the learner's interpretation of experience.
⭐An enduring change in human behavior or performance resulting from practice or experience is the
🌾 definition of learning
⭐Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific process, often used in the problem solving
method? -
🌾 explore the question
⭐The rule of thirds tells us that elements should be arranged
🌾along imaginary lines dividing your visual in three
⭐Sam borrowed ½ of an engine with the inners workings exposed from a local tech school. Which
type of media is this? –
🌾 Cutaway
⭐Which of the following is NOT a criteria for selecting and/or creating instructional materials? -
🌾 Are all materials original?
⭐Applying technological processes and tools to solve problems of teaching and learning is the
definition of
🌾 educational technology
⭐Charts and graphs are what type of visuals? –
🌾 Organizational
⭐In general, which gender seems to be more concerned with social relationships?
🌾 – Girls