Trans Chapter6 PDF

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 6
PAGE 1 OF 106 REVISION 2.1, FEB 2011
PIPENET VISION TRANSIENT MODULE
CHAPTER 6
SPRAY OPTION – EXAMPLES
1. Introduction
At this stage, it is assumed that the reader is familiar with the basic concepts of the PIPENET
VISION Transient Module. If this is not the case, please ensure that Chapter 1 of the Training
Manual for the Transient Module (entitled “Basic Concepts”) is mastered before continuing with
this chapter.
This chapter contains the following sections.
Section 2, entitled “Basic Concepts For Modelling Fire Water Systems”, is not for
inputting models into PIPENET VISION, but contains a discussion of how to perform
transient analysis of firewater systems. Dialog boxes are included for illustration
purposes only.
Section 3 contains the main example of this chapter of the training manual. This section
contains a step-by step guide to entering the network into the Transient Module, and also
a discussion. Firewater systems, especially offshore systems, have three specific
potential surge problems, all of which are discussed in this section:
• Pump start up without the deluge system working (an example of which is a
weekly test procedure).
• Fire pump and deluge system start up.
• Monitor valve closure.
Section 4 is based on a real example. It is not essential to input the network as part of
the training course. The network is included mainly to illustrate how a real system could
be set up.
2. Basic Concepts For Modelling Fire Water Systems – Preamble and

Discussion
This section, which is concerned with the basic concepts of modelling firewater systems using
the PIPENET VISION Transient Module, does not include the exact sequence for inputting data
into the Transient module. The dialog boxes are shown for illustration purposes only. This
section is intended for reading only. Section 3 of this chapter contains a network that is
to be input.
This section is for general discussion and NOT FOR INPUT TO PIPENET.
2.1. Pump Priming With no System Working
Generally one should strive to input the simplest network that would adequately represent the
real system. Consider the network below. In the network, the riser pipe normally has a check
valve, which is followed by the ringmain proper. This ringmain will contain stationary water,
which is kept pressurised either by a jockey pump or with a connection to a seawater system.
In this network, it would be conservative to treat the check valve as a dead end. It is considered
to be conservative because the piping system beyond the check valve will have some capacity
to absorb and reduce the pressure surge. That functionality is ignored. However, this approach
is a simple way of modelling a complex problem. The water after the check valve will be
stationary when the pump priming is complete. The water that moves up the riser pipe will
hammer against stationary water downstream of the check valve. This process is somewhat
like water hammering against a dead end.
The way that the system works is described below. The fire pump is selected to generate a
pressure of say 14 barg at LAT (Lowest Astronomical Tide) level. However, when the firewater
pump starts, the pressure downstream is very small, because the air-release valve will be open,
and that would try to maintain a pressure of around 0 barg. Consequently, the pump will
experience little resistance to flow, and so the water level will rise relatively quickly. When the
water level reaches the air-release valve, this valve closes quickly. The water will, therefore, be
brought to a sudden halt. The water in the firewater ringmain is stationary, and the water rising
in the riser pipe will hammer against it. Rapid stopping of water is similar to rapid valve closure,
which is capable of producing a very large pressure surge.
In general, there is merit in looking for simple engineering solutions. In this case, there is a
simple solution that is used by the engineering community. At the top of the riser pipe, close to
the check valve, a suitably sized overboard dump valve is installed. When the riser pipe is fully
primed, water will return to the sea through this valve. This valve would be closed at an
appropriate speed, after the riser pipe is primed. Thus, the hammering effect of the water in the
riser pipe being brought to a sudden and rapid stop is avoided.
It is important that this overboard dump valve is correctly sized. In this section, we shall learn
how to predict the pressure surges that can arise when there is no overboard dump valve. We
also learn the merits of using an overboard dump valve, and how to optimise the selection of the
size of this valve.
The key aspects of the model we propose to use for this simulation are shown later in this
document.
2.2 Examples of Properties Windows that are Specific to This Model
In this section, we consider only the properties windows that are specific to the network we are
modelling. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with basic concepts such as dialog boxes
and properties windows, which are necessary for setting up a model.
2.2.1 Inlet Pipe
The dialog box for the pipe is shown below. This pipe represents a number of aspects that
need to be modelled. The negative elevation is the height of the pump discharge below the LAT
level. It can also be used to represent the friction loss in items such as the filter and stilling tube
upstream of the pump. In PIPENET VISION, there must be at least one elastic pipe in a system
so that an estimate of the required time step can be obtained.
2.2.2 Two-node Caisson Type 1
The dialog box for the two-node caisson type 1 is shown below. The caisson represents a
partially filled pipe. In this case, it is the riser pipe that has water level at LAT. It also has an
air-release valve that is deemed to open as soon as the fire pump starts. Please note that the
caisson model has an in-built non-return valve at its end.
As mentioned earlier, the two-node caisson has a built-in air release valve and a check valve.
Most of the items are self-explanatory. However, there are three items that need explanation.
The Initial Fluid Depth represents the LAT level. It is important to understand that this depth is
defined in terms of the length along the caisson, rather than height change. For this reason, if
the caisson elevation is less than the caisson length then the caisson is not vertical, and the
initial depth has to be adjusted accordingly:
Initial depth = (LAT level above pump) x (caisson length) / (caisson elevation)
The diameter of the air-release valve is input as Valve Diameter. The coefficient of discharge of
the valve represents the efficiency of the air-release valve, and a perfectly efficient valve has a
coefficient of 1.
Node 6 is used for specifying the position of the air-release valve. Let us assume that the pump
starts running at 1 second, and the air release valve starts to open at 1 second and takes
0.1 seconds to open. A typical specification would be as follows.
2.2.3 Fire Pump Run Up Time
Let us suppose that the pump runs up in 10 seconds, starting at 1 second. In this case, the
dialog box for the specification at the information node is as shown below.
2.2.4 Specifications at the Input and Output Nodes of the System
The input node has a specification on 0 barg, as this node corresponds to the surface of the sea
(which is at atmospheric pressure).
The output node is given a flow-rate specification of 0 m3/hr. It is important to explain why the
second specification is given in this manner. The caisson consists of the volume from the
output of the pump to the input of the non-return valve. As the pump runs up, the water level
rises rapidly, the reason being because there is virtually no back pressure (as the air-release
valve is open). When the water reaches the non-return valve, the momentum of the water is
quite large. At this time, the water downstream of the non-return valve is stationary. We
assume that the air-release valve closes at the same time as the water level reaches the non-
return valve. Therefore, the water is brought to a stop virtually instantaneously, which can
produce a large pressure surge.
The following graph illustrates what could be expected.
2.3 Overboard Dump Valve
The simple and cost-effective solution to the problem is to install an overboard dump valve. This
valve would be held open until the caisson has been fully primed. Afterwards, the overboard
dump valve will be closed. If the overboard dump valve is adequately sized, the pressure surge
would be considerably reduced.
It is important to mention the following. There is usually an optimal size for the overboard dump
valve.
Firstly, let us consider the case in which the overboard dump valve is too large. Air in the
caisson would then escape at a faster rate, and water would rise up more quickly. So, at the
time it reaches the valve, and the valve closes, a larger momentum would be brought to rest.
Further, if the valve were too large, it would have to close more before it could begin reducing
the flowrate (because a larger valve would have less resistance at a given a valve position).
Therefore, for a given valve closure, the fluid would decelerate faster during the final moments
of valve closure. The maximum pressure surge would then occur at the time of closure of the
overboard dump valve.
Now let us consider the case where the overboard dump valve is too small. In this case, water
rises up the caisson rapidly. When it reaches the overboard dump valve, the water is suddenly
decelerated, because the valve is too small to cope with the flowrate. This action gives rise to a
pressure surge. The maximum pressure surge in this case will usually be at the end of the
priming stage of the caisson.
It is clear from the graph above that the overboard dump valve, if installed, could start to close
from a value above 9 seconds.
Three typical graphs are shown. The difference between the graphs arises from the value of
the valve coefficient, Cv, of the overboard dump valve. The three cases correspond to
overboard dump valves that are under-sized, over-sized and correctly sized respectively.
It is clear that the maximum pressure surge is less when the Cv value is 1000, in comparison to
the case where the Cv is 250. The optimal value cannot be deduced simply by blindly
increasing the valve size. In any case, from a cost point of view, the smallest valve that
produces an acceptable pressure surge may be the best solution.
2.4 Modelling of Deluge Systems
When a deluge valve opens, what happens is extremely complex. As the valve opens, water
from the firewater ringmain will begin to gush out. The water would then fill the deluge system,
with the nozzles delivering water one by one until the whole system is primed. It is not possible
to model this scenario rigorously.
Instead, we model the deluge system by making an approximation.
Suppose that the deluge system requires a pressure of P bar upstream of the deluge valve and
delivers Q m3/hr when it reaches steady state. We can then approximate the deluge system by
using an operating valve with a Cv value that is calculated as follows.
Q
CV =
P
When the valve is fully open, it behaves like the real deluge system under steady-state
conditions.
The operation of the deluge valve would depend on the type of the valve, and is discussed
below.
2.5 Modelling of Clack Open Deluge Valves
Clack opening deluge valves can cause pressure surges because of the way they operate,
especially in the offshore industry. The sequence of events is typically as follows.
When a fire is detected, a deluge valve is sent a signal to open. As it is operated by instrument
air, it would open regardless of the water pressure in the firewater ringmain. As a consequence,
the pressure in the firewater ringmain would generally collapse, if it were kept under pressure by
a jockey pump. If the firewater ringmain is kept under pressure by a connection with the
seawater system, it is conceivable that the ringmain would remain pressurised, depending on
the capacity of the seawater system and the connecting lines.
At the time a clack deluge valve receives a signal to open, the fire pump would generally not
have been primed. As the elevation of the high points in the system is often more than
10 metres, the pressure at these high points would typically fall below the vapour pressure.
Consequently, the water at the high points in the system would vaporise and form vapour
cavities. When the fire pump has completed priming, and the firewater ringmain is re-
pressurised, these cavities would collapse, potentially causing very large pressure surges.
Pressure surges of the order of 80 to 100 bar are often encountered.
Typically, vacuum breaker valves are used to eliminate this problem. This solution is discussed
later in this section.
There are two ways of modelling the operation of a deluge system
Simple Method
The simple method of modelling this is to use a single “virtual” valve which represents the
combined deluge valve and deluge system. The Cv of the virtual valve is calculated as
described in the text below which is taken from section 2.4.
“Suppose that the deluge system requires a pressure of P bar upstream of the deluge valve and
delivers Q m3/hr when it reaches steady state. We can then approximate the deluge system by
using an operating valve with a Cv value that is calculated as follows.
Q
CV =
P
When the valve is fully open, it behaves like the real deluge system under steady-state
conditions.”
This deluge valve represents both the deluge system and the deluge valve. It is a virtual valve
with the value of its Cv representing the whole system. For this reason the downstream
pressure must be set to 0 barg.
If it is assumed that the deluge valve opens in 5 seconds, the operation of the deluge valve is
defined by the following specification.
This is a simple single valve approach.
Two Valve Method:
The simple method outlined above has one weakness. The real life system has a deluge valve
followed by the deluge system. When the deluge valve opens the deluge system will gradually
get filled with water and the nozzles will deliver water one by one. The back pressure
downstream of the deluge valve will gradually increase as the deluge system gets filled. The
resistance of the system will gradually increase as the back pressure increases. However, this
is not taken into account by the simple method. In the simple method, the resistance of the
system decreases with time. It relies on the fact that when the deluge system is fully flooded
the Cv of the virtual valve will be the same as the Cv of the deluge valve and the deluge system
combined,
A more sophisticated way of modelling is by the use of two valves in series. The first valve
represents the physical deluge valve. The second valve is a virtual valve which represents the
deluge system.
The physical deluge valve is quite easy to model. The data for its Cv and opening time are
obtained from the vendor.
The second valve which is the virtual valve representing the deluge system is modelled as
follows. Suppose the inlet pressure and flowrate required by the deluge system are P and Q.
Then the valve Cv* is calculated as follows.
Cv* = Q/ √P
Suppose the deluge system requires 10,000 lit/min at 9 bar then Cv* = 10000/3 = 3333.33
The second valve is input as a linear valve with Cv = 10 x Cv*. In the case above Cv = 10 x Cv*
= 33333.33. Suppose the deluge system takes 30 seconds to fill up. Then this valve is closed
from fully open position to 10% open in 30 seconds. Thus, the value of Cv of the value goes
down from 33333.33 to 3333.33 in 30 seconds. It can be seen that initially the virtual valve
offers very little pressure loss and in 30 seconds the pressure loss is the same as that of the
real deluge system.
2.6 Modelling Elastomeric (Pressure Regulating) Deluge Valves
Valves of this type normally require a minimum operating pressure in the firewater ringmain.
For this reason, until the fire pumps have primed and the ringmain has sustained pressure, this
type of deluge valve would not operate.
The operation of these valves is modelled is similar to the way a clack deluge would be
modelled. The main difference is that the valve is open only after the ringmain is pressurised.
Consider the following case. Suppose that the caisson is fully primed at around 14 seconds.
(Note that the exact time can be determined by outputting the results to a tabular output file.)
So, we can open the deluge valve in 5 seconds, after 14 seconds into the simulation. The
specification for this operation is shown below.
It should be noted that if elastomeric valves are used for deluge valves and ordinary valves are
used for monitors, there might be problems. The operation of the monitors could result in cavity
formation, and subsequent cavity collapse when the monitors operate. It may not be sufficient
to choose elastomeric valves for the deluge systems only.
2.7 Modelling Systems Using Jockey Pumps
Suppose that the jockey pump is intended to maintain a pressure of 7 barg at its connection
point. In this case, it could be modelled in the following manner.
Valve is initially
open, but closes
The operation of the jockey pump is modelled by supplying the following specifications.
The specification at Node 5 would be obtained using a constant time function, with the value of
7 barg.
The reason why the valve has to close is as follows. The pressure upstream of the valve is
7 barg. If the valve were left open then the flow through the valve would adjust itself in order to
maintain the pressure.
On the other hand, what would happen in practice is the following. The capacity of the jockey
would be so small that its contribution to the flowrate through the deluge valve would be
negligible. Therefore, if the valve were left open it would not reflect reality.
An alternative approach would be to input the curve for the jockey pump and add a non-return
valve downstream of the jockey pump.
2.8 Modelling Systems with Connection to Seawater Systems
Connection
to seawater
system
In this case, the valve represents the restriction in the connecting line. As the valve is left open,
water will flow into the firewater ringmain.
For two reasons, it is important to ensure that there is sufficient restriction in the connecting line.
The first reason is that, if there is unrestricted flow from the seawater system, the pressure in
the seawater system could drop to unacceptably low levels.
A less obvious problem that is sometimes observed is the following. The firewater system
normally works at a higher pressure than the seawater system. Suppose that there is an
unrestricted and large flowrate from the seawater system to the firewater system when a deluge
valve has opened, but the firewater pump has not primed the caisson. When the firewater
pump primes the firewater ringmain, it will stop the flowrate from the seawater system into the
firewater system. This process will happen instantaneously, and is similar to instantaneous
valve closure, and can result in a pressure surge.
2.9 Vacuum Breaker Valves
It was suggested that installing vacuum breaker valves or air release valves at the high points in
the system was one way of controlling pressure surges that arise from cavity separation.
The scenario is as follows. The clack open deluge valve receives a signal to open, and opens
because it is actuated by instrument air or some other means. At the same time, the fire pump
receives a signal to start. However, it takes time for the fire pump to prime the caisson and,
during that time, it is not possible to maintain the pressure in the ringmain. Hence, vacuum
pressures would develop in the higher parts of the system, which could lead to cavity formation.
Vacuum breakers or air release valves are often used to counter this cavity formation.
Basically, before the fire pump has primed, it allows air to enter the system quickly, so that the
pressure at the higher levels of the ringmain remain close to atmospheric pressure. When the
pump has primed the system, the air release valve (which is a much smaller valve), allows the
air to exit relatively slowly. It is important that the air release valve is small; otherwise, water
can move up the riser pipe very quickly, which can result in a surge (when water reaches the air
release valve, and closes it).
Vacuum
breaker
2.10 Monitor and Deluge Valve Closure
Both operations are treated as normal valve-closure events.
2.10.1 Effect of Line Packing
In the above sections, we considered pump priming with no system working, under the
conservative assumption that water downstream of the check valve was completely stationary.
This treatment made it behave like a dead end. In some cases, it might be important to
consider the ringmain. If it is made of a more flexible material, such as GRP, and if long lines
such as bridge connections between platforms are used, they will have a mitigating effect
against pressure surges.
2.10.2 Effect of Bleed Valves
Line packing could have a detrimental effect under certain circumstances. A pressure
significantly higher than that with a closed head can be trapped in the ringmain. Installing a
bleed valve in the ringmain (to allow the excess fluid to escape) can alleviate this problem.
3. The Simulation Examples
3.1 Introduction
Please note that the actual model input begins in section 3.2 below. This section 3.1. is a
pre-amble.
Firewater systems, especially those found on offshore platforms, are generally quite susceptible
to surge problems. All fire protection systems on process plants are susceptible to pressure
surges, not just offshore platforms. Therefore, considerable care must be taken when designing
such systems.
Here, a simple offshore firewater system is considered, and a few cases (which might be of
general interest) are studied. There are three scenarios that are known to potentially cause
problems, and these scenarios comprehensively cover the cases that normally occur in
firewater systems.
• Pump start-up with no system running (which is often the case during pump start-up
for weekly test purposes).
• Pump start-up with system(s) running. Problems can be caused by cavity separation.
When the cavity collapses, very large pressure surges can occur.
• Valve closure during normal running.
Please use the Spray Option in the Transient Module for these simulations.
Spray
Option
3.2 Case 1: Pump Start-up With no System Running
This scenario is often called the pump-priming scenario. The network and the data associated
with it are shown below. In this scenario, there can be a particularly dangerous pressure
surges.
The pressure surge can potentially occur because of the following reason. The riser pipe
normally has an air-release valve to prevent air from becoming entrained in the firewater
ringmain. In this scenario, no monitor or deluge system is running, since we are considering a
test start-up of the pump situation. When the pump starts, the air in the riser pipe escapes
through the air-release valve, and the water rises up very quickly indeed. When the air is
completely expelled, the water that has been moving fast encounters a non-return valve with
stationary water locked downstream, bringing the water to a stop almost instantaneously. This
can be a source of very dangerous pressure surges. Furthermore, this pressure surge travels
back and hits the pump impeller with full force, as there is no check valve in between.
The engineering solution to this problem is very simple; namely, installing an overboard dump
valve just upstream of the non-return valve. This valve is held open during pump start up. After
the end of the priming of the riser pipe, this valve is slowly closed. So the fire pump reaches an
equilibrium pressure with the stationary water downstream of the non-return valve over a period
of time, rather than stopping almost instantaneously. This approach can be used to bring the
pressure surge down to a manageable level.
We now compare the results from the following two cases.
• Pump start-up without an overboard dump valve.

• Pump start-up with an overboard dump valve of Cv = 50000 and 10000 (Lit/min, bar).
In general, it is preferable to use a model that is as simple as possible, but that realistically
represents the system. In this case, we use a model that is considerably simplified. The dry
riser pipe is modelled using a two-node caisson type 1 model. This model has a built-in air-
release valve. Also, it has two flow nodes and one information node, and the information node
represents the position of the air-release valve. Although the user can define how the valve
opens, PIPNET VISION will automatically close the valve when the water reaches it.
For simulating pump start up, omit the part of the network beyond the dry riser pipe. This part of
the system has stationary water, and so can be modelled using a zero flow-rate specification.
For the scenario that does not include the overboard dump valve, the network is as shown
below. Upstream of the pump, there is a pipe that represents items such as the filter, a stilling
tube upstream of the pump, and the static head of the sea. Furthermore, at least one elastic
pipe is needed in a network in order to enable the PIPENET VISION Transient Module to
calculate the time step.
Information node,
which models the
operation of the
air-release valve
Caisson, which models

the dry riser pipe
Pipe, which
represents the
depth of the sea
and losses
Fire pump
3.2.1 Main Input Steps
The main input steps are shown below. It is assumed that the reader is now familiar with
PIPENET VISION input, and so does not require much help with in this area.
3.2.2 Transient Module Network Options

These options can be displayed using either Options | Module options with the Windows Menu
Style, or Init | Module options with the PIPENET VISION Menu Style. For the remainder of
this document, all specified menu options relate to the Windows Menu Style.
3.2.3 Units
Length m Inertia kg.m2

Diameter mm Force N
Velocity m/s Volume litres
Temperature Celcius Surface tension N/m
Density kg/m3 Thermal conductivity W/(m.K)
Viscosity Pa.s Heat capacity J/(kg.K)
Time seconds Young’s modulus GPa
Mass kg Pressure barg
Mass rate kg/s Flow type Volumetric
Torque Nm Flow rate lit/min
3.2.4 Fluid Data
3.2.5 Pipe Types
Use the “Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 Bar g” pipe schedule, as is illustrated below.

3.2.6 Pump Data
It is important to note that the pressure (or head) specified in the pump-performance curve is
the differential pressure across the pump impeller. The reason is because the depth of fluid on
the discharge side of the impeller varies, and the riser is not always primed. The static head
acting on the discharge side of the impeller will change with time, as the water level
downstream of the pump changes. Pump curves that show the pressure at the discharge
flange, as sometimes used in offshore applications, must be corrected for this purpose, and the
differential pressure across the impeller must be input.
The pump curve to be used is shown below.
Flow rate (lit/min) Pressure (bar)

0 20.5
15000 18.5
25000 16.5
35000 14.0
The run-up time for the fire pump is assumed to be 10 seconds. In simulation terms, the pump
starts at 1 second and completes its run-up at 11 seconds.
Open the Library Menu and select the pump input data option (Libraries | Pumps – Coeffs.
Unknown).
The relevant dialog box for inputting the pump data into the library is shown below.
Please note that, for a satisfactory simulation, a flow rate of 0 lit/min must be present in one of
the data points, because the fire pump starts from a standstill state. So, unless 0 lit/min flowrate
is one of the data points, PIPENET VISION has to extrapolate the pump curve, and this process
can lead to misleading results.
3.2.7 Generating the Schematic and Inputting the Attribute Data
Firstly, draw the network as shown on the schematic below.

The dialog box entering the pump into the network is as follows.
3.2.8 Caisson Data
In this example, a two-node caisson type 1 is used to model the dry riser pipe.
The details of the riser pipe are as follows.
Length = 26 m,
Diameter = 600 mm,
Elevation = 17 m,
C – factor = 140,
Initial depth = 7.647 m (=5 x 26 / 17),
Valve diameter = 100 mm,
Valve coefficient = 1.0.
The relevant dialog box is shown below.

3.2.9 Pipe Data
The pipe upstream of the pump has the following properties.
Diameter = 600 mm,

Length = 10 m,
Elevation = -10 m,
C – factor = 140.
The properties window dialog box is shown below.
3.2.10 Specifications (Boundary Conditions)
The inlet node is assumed to be at a pressure 0 bar G, as it is at sea level. The corresponding
dialog box is as follows.
The outlet node is assumed to have a flowrate of 0 m³/hr, since we are assuming that water in
the ringmain is stationary, and so acts like a dead end.
The dialog box for this specification is shown below.
The pump is assumed to run up linearly in 10 seconds, starting 1 second into the simulation. (It
is usually a good idea to start an event like this at a time other than 0 seconds, as it gives us the
opportunity to observe the initial steady-state solution.) The dialog box for this specification is
shown below.
It is assumed that the air-release valve at the top of the caisson starts to open as soon as the
pump starts to run up, and is fully open within 0.1 seconds. The dialog box is shown below.
3.2.11 Selection of Graphical Output
The graphs of all variables with time for the pipe, pump, and caisson can be selected using a
Data Window (via View | Data window | Result Graphs), and is indicated below.
In a similar manner, graphical results can be selected for other components.

3.2.12 Simulation Time
In an earlier section, we set the simulation time to be 30 seconds (using Options | Module
options).
Simulation time
The graphical output time step (in Calculation | Options… | Output) is chosen to be
0.1 seconds, and this setting is shown in the following dialog box, along with the names of the
output files. As the simulation is performed for 30 seconds, there are to be 300 points on each
graph.
3.2.13 Results
After the simulation has been run (using either the Calculate Button or Calculation | Go…), the
graphical results can be viewed as follows. Firstly, open the graph viewer (using either the
Graph Viewer Button or Output | Graphs…), then click on the prompt next to the directory tree,
to reveal the available graph data (for the pump, pipe, and caisson).
To plot the position of the fluid surface in the two-node caisson, click on the prompt next to “All
variables of two-node caisson 1”, and tick the box next to “Position of fluid surface of two-node
caisson 1”, as indicated below.
After a title has been added (by typing text in the Title Field) and the legend has been removed
(by un-ticking the box named “Show Legend”), the graph is as follows.
A graph of the inlet pressure of the caisson can be plotted by un-ticking the current box and
ticking the box named “Inlet pressure of two node caisson 1”, as indicated below.
The graph is as follows. Note that, to change the axis position for the graph, click on “Inlet
pressure of two-node caisson 1”, click on the Axis Tab below, and then select the appropriate
position from the pull-down menu.
An overlay plot of the water level in the riser pipe and the pressure at the inlet of the riser pipe
can be obtained by ensuring that the two relevant boxes are ticked. Note that the legend has
been included in the following graph.
The default output from tabular results are shown below:

PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------
Maximum pressure is 60.7555 bar G

on two-node caisson 1 at the inlet
at time 11.01739 seconds
Minimum pressure is -40.4428 bar G

on pipe 1 at the outlet
MAXIMUM/MINIMUM PRESSURE
------------------------
Inlet max. Inlet min. Outlet max. Outlet min. Middle max. Middle min.
Component pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time
bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
1 0.000E+00 0.00E+00 0.000E+00 0.00E+00 0.424E+02 0.94E+01 -.404E+02 0.94E+01 0.591E+02 0.11E+02 -.404E+02 0.94E+01
--------------------
PUMP
1 0.424E+02 0.94E+01 -.404E+02 0.94E+01 0.608E+02 0.11E+02 -.260E+02 0.94E+01
--------------------
CAPI
1 0.608E+02 0.11E+02 -.260E+02 0.94E+01 0.591E+02 0.11E+02 -.276E+02 0.94E+01 -.101E+01 0.00E+00 -.101E+01 0.00E+00
Vapour Cavity Option
As can be seen in the above graph and tabular results, there are large negative pressures at
the inlet of the caisson. Therefore, it is clear that the system exhibits cavity formation. We
address this problem by selecting the vapour-cavitation option (Options | Module options),
and running the calculation again.
Select the vapour-

cavitation option
The resulting graph is shown below. Note that labels and arrows have been added to the graph
(using Annotations | Labels | Create and Annotations | Arrows | Create respectively).
PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------


MAXIMUM/MINIMUM PRESSURE
------------------------
Inlet max. Inlet min. Outlet max. Outlet min. Middle max. Middle min.
Component pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time pressure Time
bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds bar G seconds
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIPE
1 0.000E+00 0.00E+00 0.000E+00 0.00E+00 0.424E+02 0.94E+01 -.977E+00 0.94E+01 0.584E+02 0.10E+02 -.977E+00 0.94E+01
--------------------
PUMP
1 0.424E+02 0.94E+01 -.977E+00 0.94E+01 0.600E+02 0.10E+02 0.806E+00 0.24E+01
--------------------
CAPI
1 0.600E+02 0.10E+02 0.806E+00 0.24E+01 0.584E+02 0.10E+02 0.000E+00 0.00E+00 -.101E+01 0.00E+00 -.101E+01 0.00E+00
In both cases, the maximum pressure in the caisson (as can be seen in the Properties Window
for the caisson, or in the output file) is approximately 60 bar G. As the maximum surge takes
place before cavitation occurs, this value is the same in both cases. Therefore, this maximum
value is unaffected by whether or not cavitation is modelled. The minimum pressure is equal to
the vapour pressure when Vapour Cavitation option is selected.
As mentioned earlier, the simple engineering solution to this problem is to install an overboard
dump valve between the riser pipe and the non-return valve.
3.3 Case 2: Including an Over Board Dump Valve
The modified network is shown below.

Overboard
dump valve
For the following reason, the value of Cv for the overboard dump valve needs to be relatively
high. The water rises very quickly in the dry riser pipe as the pump speeds up. So, unless the
overboard dump line and the valve are large enough, the water will decelerate as it tries to pass
through them, which itself could create a surge.
To illustrate this point, we try the following two values for the valve coefficient.
Cv = 50,000 (lit./min, bar),

Cv = 10,000 (lit/min, bar).
In both cases, the outlet pressure of the valve is set to 0 bar G, as the flow through the valve will
be dumped overboard, and so will be open to the atmosphere.
The zero flow-rate specification at the top of the caisson must be removed, as illustrated in the
following figure.
Remove the
output
specification
It can be seen from the graph of the previous simulation that the riser pipe is primed in less than
11 seconds. It would, therefore, seem sensible to start closing the overboard dump valve from
12 seconds, with a closure time of 5 seconds.
The dialog box for this procedure is shown below.
As an exercise, place an overlap in time between priming and the valve beginning to close; in
other words, begin closing the over board dump valve from, say, 10 seconds.
The behaviour when Cv = 50,000 is shown below.
In this case, the maximum pressure is at the inlet of the two-node caisson and has the value
21.27 bar G.
PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------

Minimum pressure is 0.00000 bar G

on pipe 1 at the inlet
The behaviour with a coefficient of 10,000 is shown below.
The maximum pressure observed at the two-node caisson outlet (taken from the browser
output) is 32.92 bar G.
PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------

on two-node caisson 1 at the outlet

The graphical result for the pressure at the outlet of the caisson is shown below. It can be seen
that the above maximum pressure is not shown in the graph. This is because the pressure
surge has a very sharp spike. The graphical output of 0.01 sec is not good enough to show the
actual peak. This is why it is always a good idea to check the maximum value in the tabular
output.
The difference that the valve size makes is remarkable. The maximum pressure in the two
cases arises for different reasons. In the case with the large overboard dump valve, the
maximum pressure is essentially caused by the closed head pressure of the pump. On the
other hand with the smaller valve, the maximum pressure is caused by the fact that water rises
very fast up the big diameter caisson and is not able to go out through the valve fast enough.
The water has to decelerate and this results in the pressure surge.
We have illustrated a procedure of obtaining the optimal size of the valve. In the example
below, we shall use an overboard dump valve with a Cv of 50,000 (lit/min, bar).
Another Interesting Observation:
The above two examples show that as the size of the overboard dump valve increases the
pressure surge decreases. It would be interesting to see what would happen if the value of Cv
was increased to 200,000 (lit/min, bar).
Results with Cv = 200,000

PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------

on two-node caisson 1 at the outlet

Results with Cv = 100,000
PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------


Rather surprisingly the maximum pressure with Cv = 200,000 is higher than that with Cv =
100,000. In order to understand the reason for this we must look at the flowrate through the
overboard dump valve in both cases.
The reason for the difference is as follows. When the Cv is 200,000 the valve has to close
considerably before the flowrate starts to decrease. On the other hand, with the smaller valve
the flowrate starts decreasing much earlier. Therefore, the rate at which the momentum
changes with the larger valve is higher. That in turn leads to a bigger pressure surge with the
large valve. In actual fact, although both the valves take 5 seconds to close, the “effective valve
closure time” is much shorter in the case of the large valve.
3.4 Case 3: Pump Start up With a Deluge System Operating
Preamble and general data: In this scenario, we assume that the deluge valve starts to open
after 1 second and takes 5 seconds to fully open. The pump start up is the same as in the
priming scenario above. The pump runs up in 10 seconds, starting at 1 second into the
simulation.
We will use a simulation time of 120 seconds in the following simulations. The data where not
specified will in general be the same as that in sections 3.2 and 3.3. of this chapter.
Helideck
Monitors
Jockey
pump
Two valve
Deluge
System
model
Overboard
dump valve
Caisson
The riser pipe has the same data as before, and is modelled by the caisson model. The pump
performance curve is the same as in the previous sections 3.1. and 3.2. The data is shown
below.
Pump Curve:
Caisson Data:
Overboard Dump Valve:
The Network:
Remember to input the network in the same sequence as shown in the schematic diagram
below, as it will be easier to input the attributes later.
The piping data is shown below.
Pipe label Length (m) Elevation (m) Diameter (mm)

1 10 -10 600
2 22 3 600
3 26 0 500
4 46 0 500
5 32 0 500
6 24 0 500
7 25 15 250
8 10 0 250
9 25 -15 250
10 5 0 250
11 5 0 250
12 5 0 250
13 46 0 500
The pipe type is the same as used in the priming scenario; namely, “Copper-Nickel (90/10) 20
Bar g”. In this scenario, we ignore all of the fittings.
The operation of the pump and overboard dump valve are the same as in the priming scenario.
Note: Pipe 13 is used in a later simulation in which the caisson is replaced by a pipe.
3.4.1. Single Valve Approach for Modelling Systems with Clack Shut Valves:
Modelling the Deluge System:
A “virtual” equivalent valve has been used to replace the whole of the deluge system, including
the deluge valve. (Although there are no nozzles in the Transient Module, the formula for a
valve is the same as that for a nozzle.) The Cv value of this virtual valve is equivalent to the
whole of the deluge system, and may be calculated as
Q
Cv =
P
where Q is the required flowrate and P is the required pressure at the inlet of the deluge system
including the deluge valve.
The data for the “virtual” equivalent valve and the monitors are shown below.
Item Valve Label Equivalent CV (lit/min, bar)

Deluge System - 4 8000
Virtual equivalent
valve
Helideck monitors 2,3 1200
The above data is input to the network, even though it is not necessary to operate all of them in
the scenarios below.
The Jockey Pump:
The ringmain system is assumed to be kept under a pressure of 7 bar G in its quiescent state
by a jockey pump. This situation is modelled by a valve with its inlet pressure set to 7 bar G.
The valve is open initially, but closes as soon as the simulation starts, and before any other
event takes place in the system. This valve is given a nominal Cv value of 500 (lit/min, Bar). It
is open at time 0 seconds, and is fully closed at 0.5 seconds. The sole purpose of this valve is
to set the initial pressure to 7 bar G. For this reason, the value of Cv does not actually matter,
provided that the valve is kept open momentarily to begin with, and the initial pressure in the
ringmain works out to 7 bar G.
The deluge valve starts to open at 1 second and takes 5 seconds to fully open. The monitor
valves remain closed throughout this simulation.
The Data Window below shows which results are available for graphical presentation.
Please be aware that calculations of this type can be very slow.

The cavity volume and the pressure at the top of the ringmain (in Pipe 8) are shown below.
The maximum pressure at the outlet of Pipe 11 is approximately 80.4 bar G.
3.4.2. Two Valve Model for Systems with Clack Shut Deluge Valves:
The basic data is the same as it is for the Single Valve Model. The deluge system is modelled
differently.
In order to be consistent with the single valve model the Cv of the 8,000 (lit/min, bar), the
following values are used.
Cv of the actual deluge valve = 17,500 (lit/min, bar)

Cv of the virtual valve representing the deluge system = 9,000 (lit/min, bar)
If two valves are placed in series the combined Cv is calculated by using,
1/ Cv 2 = 1/Cv12 + 1/Cv22
In this case we can see the following,
1/ Cv 2 = 1/90002 + 1/175002
From this it can be calculated that Cv = 8003. The overall Cv therefore is the same in cases
3.4.1 and 3.4.2.
PRESSURE EXTREMA
----------------

on pipe 7 10.00 metres from the inlet of the pipe

3.5 Case 4: Vacuum Breaker Included
In this case we revert back to the single valve model and include a vacuum breaker at the top of
the helideck riser.
Vacuum
breaker
In order to reduce this pressure surge, we introduce a vacuum breaker (combined air-release
and vacuum breaker valve).
The graphical output is as follows.
The maximum pressure at the outlet to Pipe 11 is approximately 20.8 bar G.
3.6 Case 5: Simulations with Elastomeric Deluge Valves:
Here again there is not one single way of modelling the systems. It depends on what types
model are preferred and what data is available.
There is one important point to bear in mind from a design point of view. The major advantages
of using Elastomeric deluge valves are the following.
• They avoid interaction between deluge systems and reduce water usage.
• They help is reducing pressure surges because they do not allow the ringmain to drain
when a deluge valve opens.
However, it is essential to remember that there are other significant users in ringmains such as
monitors. They can also allow the ringmain to drain and cause unbalanced flow between users.
It is important to consider their operation as well. We will not consider their operation in this
section because they are similar to the way clack shut deluge valves in previous sections.
3.6.1. Simple Two Valve Method:

This is similar to the two valve model for clack shut deluge valve. The main difference is that
the deluge valve opening is delayed, on the assumption that it will not operate until the firewater
pump begins pressurising the ringmain. The network is the same. However, the operation of
the valve is delayed.
The first valve represents the deluge valve and the second valve is a virtual valve representing
the deluge system. We assume that the deluge system takes 25 seconds to fill up. In order to
model the behaviour during the time the deluge system fills, the virtual valve is given a Cv which
is 10 times the Cv of the fully filled deluge system and it is closed to 10% of its fully open
position over 25 seconds.


3.6.2. Addition of a Regulating Valve to the Two Valve Method:
An elastomeric valve is essentially a downstream pressure regulating valve. So, it can be

modelled as shown in the following schematic.
3.7. Case 6: Valve Closure Scenarios
The final scenarios that we consider relate to valve closure. It is assumed that the system is
working with the fire pump running, and with the riser pipe fully primed. The caisson is
unnecessarily complex and, for this reason, a pipe is used in place of the caisson. For the new
pipe, the length is 26 metres, the elevation is 17 metres, and the diameter is 600 millimetres.
We assume that the pump continues to run at full speed. We remove the overboard dump
valve, since it is permanently closed during this scenario. We also remove the valve
representing the jockey pump, as the fire pump is fully operational during this scenario.
As mentioned above, we choose the value of Cv to be 50,000 (lit/min, bar) for the overboard
dump valve.
We require the results for the deluge valve and monitors to be shown (when they close).
3.7.1. Monitor Closure Case
The first case we consider is the closure of the monitor valves. We assume that they both close
in 2 seconds, starting simultaneously at 2 seconds. The modified network is shown below.
The caisson is
replaced by a pipe
The pipe that replaces the caisson has the following properties.
The specification for one of the monitor valves is shown below.

In this case, we assume that the deluge valve is closed. So, please note the following diagram
and dialog box (which illustrate that the deluge valve is kept closed).
Please note that, in this case, the pump will be running at full speed when the monitor valves
close. The following diagram and dialog box indicate the input.
The graph below depicts the upstream pressure and the valve position for one of the monitors.
The maximum pressure in the network arises from Pipe 13, with a value around 21.0 bar G, and
occurs after about 4.0 seconds.
Out of interest, we can look at the outlet pressure of the pump and the monitor valve position.
3.7.2. Deluge Valve Closure
The final case we consider is that of the closure of the deluge system. As the flowrate here is
larger, we consider a longer valve closure time of 5 seconds, starting at 2 seconds. Naturally,
the monitor valves remain open throughout with this scenario.
Apart from the fact that the monitor valves are closed, the system is shown in Case 4.
Deluge valve
closing
Graphical results for the valve are shown below.

The maximum pressure, which is once again in Pipe 13, has a value around 19.9 bar G and it
occurs at 7.13 seconds.
3.8. Summary
Surge analysis of firewater systems is one of the most complex applications of PIPENET
VISION. In fact, we believe that some of the capabilities of PIPENET VISION are unique in this
respect.
We began by stating that the following three types of scenario are normally considered for surge
analysis of firewater systems.
• Pump start-up with no system running (which is often the case during pump start-up
for weekly test purposes).
• Pump start-up with system(s) running, in which problems can be caused by cavity
separation (and when this cavity collapses, very large pressure surges can arise).
• Valve closure during normal running.
By the end of this training course, you should have a basic understanding of how to run the
above scenarios. The golden rules that you should follow are the following:
• Keep your system as simple as possible.

• Try to reduce the number of pipes to less than 50.
• Input the network in stages - do not try to input a large network in one attempt.
• Avoid short pipes.
4. Monitor Closure Case: Real Offshore Firewater System (For Information

Only, Not for Input)
4.1 The Network

4.2 The Data
4.2.1 Transient Options
The following module options are used.
Simulation time: 30 seconds,

Design rules: NFPA 96/2001,
Default: C-factor: 150,
Cavitation: Vapour cavitation only,
Pressure model: Hazen Williams.
Default values are used for the remaining parameters.

4.2.2 Units
The units for the system are tabulated below.
Item Unit
Length m
Diameter mm
Pressure Bar G
Velocities m/s
Flowrate Type volume
Flowrate m3/hr
Density kg/m3
Viscosity Pa.s
Bulk Modulus G Pa
Volume litres
Time s
Force N
Mass kg
Temperature °C
Torque Nm
Inertia kg.m2
4.2.3 Fluid Data

4.2.4 Pipe Schedules
The following data is used to create a new pipe schedule in the library.
Name: PN20 GRE PIPE,

Young’s Modulus: 10 GPa,
Roughness: 0.0457 mm,
Poisson Ratio: 0.4.
Nominal Bore (mm) Internal Bore (mm) External Bore (mm)

40 38 49
80 81.8 89
100 105.2 115.6
150 159 166.8
200 208.8 218.8
250 262.9 274.9
300 313.7 327.9
350 344.4 360.2
400 393.7 411.5
900 1000 1060
The dialog box for entering the pipe schedule is shown below.
After the schedule library has been created, it needs to be accessed, as follows.
4.2.5 Pump Library
The pump data is tabulated below.
Flow Rate (m³/hour) Pressure (bar G)

0 17.4
625 15.86
1000 14.1
1500 11.94
2000 9.4
The minimum and the maximum flow rates are 0 m³/hour and 2000 m³/hour respectively.
After the following pump data is entered, PIPENET VISION will produce the performance curve.
The library files are saved with the extension “.SLF”.

4.2.6 Pipe Data
The pipe type is PN20 GRE PIPE.
Pipe Diameter Length Elevation C-factor Fittings

Label (mm) (m) (m)
1 200 6.7 3.1 150 45 deg elbow x 2
90 deg elbow x 6
2 100 2 0 150 -
3 400 7.297 0 150 -
4 200 6.378 3 150 90 deg elbow x 5
5 150 1 0.1 150 90 deg elbow x 2
Tee x1
6 400 18.649 0 150 90 deg elbow x 3
Tee x2
7 400 34.026 0 150 45 deg elbow x 2
Tee x2
Butterfly valve x1
8 400 4.589 -0.8 150 45 deg elbow x 1
90 deg elbow x 1
Butterfly valve x1
9 400 9.297 0 150 Tee x1
Butterfly valve x1
10 400 3.162 0 150 -
11 200 8.639 4.355 150 Tee x1
90 deg elbow x 3
Butterfly valve x1
12 150 13.857 5.006 150 90 deg elbow x 6
Tee x 1
13 100 11.342 11.342 150 Tee x1
14 200 8.392 4.355 150 -
15 150 27.527 14.649 150 90 deg elbow x 6
45 deg elbow x 2
Tee x 1
Long radius elbow x1
16 400 33.5 0.8 150 90 deg elbow x 2
45 deg elbow x 5
Tee x 4
Butterfly valve x3
17 400 3.35 0 150 90 deg elbow x 1
Tee x 2
18 200 18.111 4.103 150 90 deg elbow x 4
45 deg elbow x 1
Tee x 1
Butterfly valve x1
19 150 5.331 3.966 150 -
20 100 17.239 10.04 150 90 deg elbow x 6
21 400 24.786 11.11 150 90 deg elbow x 1

45 deg elbow x 5
22 100 47.79 17 150 -
23 400 1.14 0 150 Tee x 1
24 900 20 -16 150 -
25 400 26.15 2.006 150 90 deg elbow x 7
Tee x 3
Butterfly valve x 3
26 400 3.31 0 150 Tee x 2
27 400 42.71 -2.006 150 90 deg elbow x 1
Tee x 1
Butterfly valve x 1
28 400 1.763 0 150 Tee x 1
29 400 25.41 0 150 -
30 150 71.36 22.36 150 90 deg elbow x 5
Tee x 1
Butterfly valve x 1
31 150 2.494 2.494 150 -
32 250 24.12 1.92 150 90 deg elbow x 4
45 deg elbow x 4
33 100 2 -0.8 150 -
34 400 10.87 0 150 90 deg elbow x 2
45 deg elbow x 5
Tee x 4
Butterfly valve x3
35 400 8.38 0 150 90 deg elbow x 2
45 deg elbow x 5
Tee x 4
Butterfly valve x3
36 350 36.5 30.5 150 -
37 200 1 0.1 150 -
38 400 15.997 4.317 150 90 deg elbow x 5
Tee x 1
Swing Check valve x 1
Butterfly valve x 1
The pipe data can be entered only after the schematic has been drawn. The attributes of the
pipes are input either through the Properties Window or through the Data Window.
To add fittings to the pipes, select the Fittings Tab at the bottom of the Properties Window.
Note that fittings can be input only through the Fittings Tab.
4.2.7 Valves Data
In this network, six operating valves are used to represent six deluge systems. The details of
each valve are shown below (including the flow coefficient).
Valve Label Opening Profile Flow Coefficient (m³/h, Bar G)

1 Linear 123.27
2 Linear 82.4
3 Linear 18.97
4 Linear 149.8
5 Linear 145
6 Linear 37.9
The properties of Valve 1 are shown below.

The pump type must be assigned:
4.2.8 Vacuum Breakers
There are five vacuum breakers in the network, and all have the same attributes.
The attributes for the above vacuum breaker can be copied and pasted for the other vacuum
breakers.
4.2.9. Inlet/Outlet Specifications
The following pressure specifications apply.
Node label Specification Type Time Function Values

32 Pressure Constant 0 Bar G
39 Pressure Constant 5.5 Bar G
A zero flow is set at the outlets of all of the vacuum breakers.
Node Label Specification Type Time Function Values

52 Flowrate Constant 0 m³/h
The pump is operating continuously, and the specification at its information node is as follows.
Only Valves 3 and 6 are operating valves, and Valve 5 is actuated by a control system. The
remaining three valves are closed.
Valve 6 closes in 5 seconds, starting from the fifth second.

Valve 3 closes in 3 seconds, beginning after one second.
Valve 5 is actuated by a control system, the details of which are provided below.
Node 47 is taken as the reference node, and a pressure sensor is connected to it. The physical
output from the sensor is converted into a digital signal by the transfer function. Then, it is
processed in the PID controller, and the signal from the PID controller passes through a transfer
function, before activating the valve.
An enlarged view has been provided below to clearly show the control system.
Pressure
control valve
The attributes of the transfer function that is located after the sensor are as follows.
The attributes for the PID controller are illustrated below.
The following attributes apply to the transfer function that connects the PID controller to the
operating valve.
4.4 The Calculation
The system is now complete, but before the calculation is run, it is necessary to select the
graphical output for the valves, control system, and pumps.
The graphical result can be selected either directly from the schematic (by right-clicking the
appropriate component and selecting the graphical results) or through the Data Window.
Select the
graphical results
that are required
4.4.1 Calculation Options
4.5 The Results
A selection of graphical results now follows. Please note that the figures in this section were not
created using the latest version of the PIPENET VISION Graph Viewer.

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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL TRANSIENT: CHAPTER 6

PAGE 1 OF 106 REVISION 2.1, FEB 2011

PIPENET VISION TRANSIENT MODULE

SPRAY OPTION – EXAMPLES

This chapter contains the following sections.

2. Basic Concepts For Modelling Fire Water Systems – Preamble and

2.1. Pump Priming With no System Working

2.2 Examples of Properties Windows that are Specific to This Model

2.2.1 Inlet Pipe

2.2.2 Two-node Caisson Type 1

2.2.3 Fire Pump Run Up Time

2.2.4 Specifications at the Input and Output Nodes of the System

The following graph illustrates what could be expected.

2.3 Overboard Dump Valve

2.4 Modelling of Deluge Systems

Instead, we model the deluge system by making an approximation.

2.5 Modelling of Clack Open Deluge Valves

There are two ways of modelling the operation of a deluge system

This is a simple single valve approach.

Two Valve Method:

2.6 Modelling Elastomeric (Pressure Regulating) Deluge Valves

2.7 Modelling Systems Using Jockey Pumps

2.8 Modelling Systems with Connection to Seawater Systems

2.9 Vacuum Breaker Valves

2.10 Monitor and Deluge Valve Closure

Both operations are treated as normal valve-closure events.

2.10.1 Effect of Line Packing

2.10.2 Effect of Bleed Valves

3. The Simulation Examples

3.2 Case 1: Pump Start-up With no System Running

We now compare the results from the following two cases.

• Pump start-up without an overboard dump valve.

Caisson, which models

3.2.1 Main Input Steps

3.2.2 Transient Module Network Options

Length m Inertia kg.m2

3.2.4 Fluid Data

3.2.5 Pipe Types

Use the “Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 Bar g” pipe schedule, as is illustrated below.

3.2.6 Pump Data

The pump curve to be used is shown below.

Flow rate (lit/min) Pressure (bar)

starts at 1 second and completes its run-up at 11 seconds.

3.2.7 Generating the Schematic and Inputting the Attribute Data

Firstly, draw the network as shown on the schematic below.

3.2.8 Caisson Data

The details of the riser pipe are as follows.

The relevant dialog box is shown below.

3.2.9 Pipe Data

The pipe upstream of the pump has the following properties.

Diameter = 600 mm,

The properties window dialog box is shown below.

3.2.10 Specifications (Boundary Conditions)

The dialog box for this specification is shown below.

3.2.11 Selection of Graphical Output

In a similar manner, graphical results can be selected for other components.

3.2.12 Simulation Time

been included in the following graph.

The default output from tabular results are shown below:

Maximum pressure is 60.7555 bar G

Minimum pressure is -40.4428 bar G

Vapour Cavity Option

Select the vapour-