Titanium

1. Exists as TiO2 (rutile) or FeTiO4 (ilmenite) in nature.

2. Extraction:
TiO2+2Cl2+2C→TiCl4 (g) +2CO
TiCl4 (g)+2Mg→Ti+2MgCl2
This process is known as Kroll’s Process.
3. Titanium is very useful in aero industries as it is a good
substitution for Aluminium and steel. Aluminium loses its strength
at high temperatures and steel has high density.

Vanadium
1. Vanadium(V) Oxide is orange powder, used in Contact process.

Chromium
1. Can form protective layer when exposed to air, resistant to rusting.
2. The protective layer is still shiny.
3. Extraction: Goldschmidt process
Cr2O3+2Al→2Cr+Al2O3
4. Chromium has oxidation states of +2,+3,+6.
5. Cr2+is a beautiful blue ion which is very easily oxidized by O2.
6. Production of green solid Cr2O3 :
(NH4)2Cr2O7→ N2 + 4H2O +