2004 AL

2004 AL BIO I
Section A
Terms with * have to be spelt correctly.

1.
a) i. photosynthetic/ autotrophic (1)
ii. holozoic (1)
iii. *Fungi (1) (3 marks)
b) Any one correct major difference
e.g. lack of nuclear envelope, no nucleus, lack membrane-bound organelle (1)

2.
a)
 water potential of cell A: -1000+ 400 = -600kPa (1)
 water potential of cell B: -600+300 = -300kPa (1)
 water flows from cell B to cell A because cell B has a higher water potential (1)
(3 marks)
3.
a) L: animals/ meat (1)
M: vegetation matters/ plants/ vegetables (grass/ herbs) (1)

Any 2 types of teeth of L and a description of the respective tooth features

e.g.
 incisors are sharp, used for biting (also accept used for holding prey/ tear flesh)
 large and sharp/ angular carnassial teeth with sharp cutting edge to crush bones/ shear
meat
 pointed canines to tear flesh from prey (also accept used in killing prey)
 large/ sharp and angular cusps on premolars shear/ cut meat/ crush bones
 sharp and angular molar shear/ cut meat
(accept correct alternative descriptions of tooth feature and adaptation)
(1) + (1)
(2 marks)
4.
Main concept:
 name of inhibitor (1)
 evidence for deduction based on the graph/ description of the enzymatic activity
observed (1)
 explanation of inhibitory action (1) ( 3 marks)
e.g. 1
 non-competitive inhibitor/ allosteric inhibitor (Name) (1)
 inhibitory action of inhibitor cannot be overcome by increased substrate concentration
(Deduction) (1)
Or lowers enzymatic activity irrespective of substrate concentration (Description) (1)
 because inhibitor does not bind to the active site (Explanation) (1)

e.g. 2
 irreversible inhibitor (Name) (1)
 lowers enzymatic activity irrespective of substrate concentration (Description) (1)

1
 2004 AL

 binds to enzyme permanently/ forms a covalent bond with enzyme (Explanation) (1)

5.

Table 1
Criterion 1: Degree of naturalness
Description Score Site(s) matching the description
 man-made site 1 A (1/2)
 moderately modified by humans 2 D or C + D (1/2)
 truly natural and free from human B + C or B (1/2)
3
modification

Table 2
Criterion 2: Difficulty to recover or rebuild to the status shown in the photographs
after extensive human disturbance
Description Score Site(s) matching the description
 easy to recover or rebuild to the A (1/2)
1
status shown in the photograph(s)
 possible to recover or rebuild to the C + D (1/2)
status shown in the photograph(s),
2
but would take much time and
effort
 very difficult of impossible to B (1/2)
recover or rebuild to the status
3
shown in the photograph(s)
regardless of time and effort
(3 marks)
b) i. B (1)
ii. A (1)
(2 marks)
c) Any 1 reasonable criterion and reason:
e.g.
Criterion Reason
(Accept reasonable alternative)
 -- presence of endangered species  -- disturbance may result in their
extinction
 -- degree of vegetation diversity  necessary to provide food/ shelter
for animals
Or
 -- necessary to maintain ecological
stability/ sustainability
 -- degrees of species diversity  necessary to maintain ecological
stability/ sustainability
Or
 -- maintain gene pool diversity

Any one Pair 1+1 (2 marks)

2
 2004 AL

6.
a) correct identification and labeling of common features involved in impulse
transmission
e.g.
 synaptic *cleft (1)
 *vesicles (1)
(Accept *pre-synaptic membrane) (2 marks)

b) actin slides towards myosin/ myofilaments slide towards each other/ sarcomere
shortens (1) (1 mark)

7.
a)

(1)

b)
 micro-organisms added to digest the lactose in these processed milk product (1)
 and changed lactose to lactic acid by fermentation, therefore, no/ low lactose in these
products (1) (2 marks)

c) Any 2
 fills the stomach, gives the sense of fullness to reduce food intake
 block digestive enzyme from acting on food any 2 (1+1)
 reduces/ hinders/ blocks digested food from absorption
 facilitates peristalsis to reduce nutrient absorption (2 marks)

8.
a) i. mitochondria close to the tail (1)
provide energy for motility of the tail of the sperm (1) (2 marks)
ii. 1. from the ovum/ female (1)
2. Any 1:
-- trace genetic line from female (1)
-- parentage identification (1) (2 marks)
b)
 male sperm contains X or Y chromosomes, when 2 nuclei are combined (1)
 the result is either female, when the nuclei of 2 sperms containing X chromosome are
used, or male, when the nucleus of one sperm containing X chromosome an one
sperm containing Y chromosome are used. (1) (2 marks)

3
 2004 AL

9.
a) Any one: (accept reasonable alternatives)
 What substance(s) from the lethal strain caused the change in the harmfulness of the
bacteria?
 What substance in the dead lethal strain caused the change in the non-lethal strain?
 What is the substance responsible for the inheritance of the inheritable character?
Any one (1)
b)
 after treatments (1) and (2), the resultant bacteria after incubation would become
lethal (1)
 after treatment (3), the resultant bacteria after incubation would not become lethal(1)

(2 marks)

c) Any one example of development/ research/ finding in DNA/ genetics, how a

knowledge of the DNA molecular structure has led to this development

Example on development of biological Knowledge of the DNA structure that had

knowledge led to the development
 mechanism of semi-conservative  double-helix structure of DNA/ base-
replication of DNA pairing
 genetic engineering: cutting and  universal structure of DNA
adding DNA segments to DNA of Or
other organism  Series of base sequence carry genetic
Or message
 GM food
 nature of gene mutation  base sequence of DNA carry genetic
Or message
 Causes of gene mutation

Any one Pair

1+1
(2 marks)

Also acceptable the following developments and their relationship with Watson and
Crick’s finding
Human genome project
Gene therapy
Protein synthesis

4
 2004 AL

Part B

10.
a)
 no food should be provided (1)
 this is necessary to set the blood glucose level of al rats to the norm/ same base value
to see the effect of the hormones (1)
Or
 to ensure that the difference in blood glucose level is not due to the absorbed food but
due to the hormonal treatment
(2 marks)
b) Similarity : both raise blood glucose (1)
Difference: (any 3)
Main concept:
A comparative approach on
 immediacy of response (1)
 magnitude of response (1)
 duration of response (1) (3 marks)

e.g.
 the effect of adrenaline is more gradual/ the effect of glucagon is immediate/ quicker
(1)
 adrenaline brings about a larger increase in blood glucose level than glucagons/
glucagon brings about a smaller increase in glucose level than adrenaline (1)

 elevation effect of adrenaline lasts longer/ whereas the elevation effect of glucagon is
short-lived (1)

c)
Group Hormonal treatment Change in blood glucose level /
mg 100 mL-1
4 Glucagon + Adrenaline 60 (1)
5 Glucagon+ Adrenaline+ Hormone C 150 (1)
(2 marks)
d)
Main concept:
Use of data from the table to illustrate the synergistic effect of the hormones:
 Conclusion: effect of combined hormonal treatment> sum of effects of individual
hormonal treatments (1)
 Effect shown by gp 4 > gp2 + gp 3 (1)
 Effect shown by gp 5 > gp1 + gp2 + gp 3 (1)
 (bonus: effect of hormone C is very potent in boosting up blood glucose level, as it
brought about a 3 1/2 fold/ 4-fold increase (150-40/40 mg mL -1 increase) compared to
the 2-fold increase (60-35/35 mg mL-1 increase) due to adrenaline + glucagon) (+1)
(3 marks +1)

5
 2004 AL

e.g.
 Conclusion: effect of combined hormonal treatments > sum of effects of individual
hormonal treatments/ synergistic effect of combined hormone treatments (1)
 group 4 rats, treated by both glucagon and adrenaline, showed a rise of 60 mg mL -1,
whereas the sum of the overall effect of the separate hormonal treatments is only
10+25 (i.e. 35) mg mL-1 (1)
 group 5 rats, treated by all 3 hormones, showed a rise of 150 mg mL -1, whereas the
sum of the overall effect of the separate hormonal treatments only 5+10+25 (i.e. 40)
mg mL-1 (1)

e)
Main concept:
 effect of emotional disturbance on hormone release
 synergistic effect of hormones on blood glucose level (3 marks)
 why can’t diabetes handle high blood glucose
 1 damaging effect of high blood glucose on health
e.g.
 Emotional disturbance triggers the release of adrenalin and hormone c into blood (1)
 In the presence of glucagon, all 3hormones will act to increase blood glucose level to
a great extent(1)
 Diabetics cannot handle high blood glucose due to lack of insulin/ cells insensitive to
insulin (1)
 High blood glucose results in loss of water from body cells by ex-osmosis (accept
other alternative health effect)` (1)

11.
a) i. 2 (1)
ii. 5 (1)
(2 marks)
b) 8000 bp + 2000 bp = 10 000 bp (1)

c) Viral DNA is larger, (1) sum of basepair of all DNA fragments of viral DNA > that
of plasmid DNA(1) (2 marks)

d) i. fingerprint (1)
ii. Any 2 uses of fingerprint
e.g. (accept correct alternative)
 use in detecting the presence of this virus and plasmid (1) max 2
 Use in the identification of this virus and plasmid (1)
 Use in the study of the relationship between viruses and the
relationship between bacteria (1)

e) Main concept:
 human DNA is large in size (1)
 the restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into many different DNA fragments/
many restriction sites (1) max 3
 some fragments are close in size (1)
 cannot be separated effectively, therefore, merge as a smear (1)

6
 2004 AL

12.
a) Any 2: (Main concept: how to lay the transect and reason)
 the area covered by the transect have to be the same to give
comparable results/ reliable measurement of the plant composition
at these sites
 the belt transects should be laid in the same direction/ aspects at all sites
so that the abiotic factors are comparable max 2
 sampling area should cover vegetation which is typical of the site/
sampling area should cover ground which is well vegetated
 replication of belt transect to get reliable results

b)
Dominant plant type (if any)
Site A Deciduous trees (1)
Site B No (1)
(2 marks)
c) site A (1)
add the number of species in each site, the highest number means most diverse (1)
(2 marks)
d)
Main concept:
 factor name (only accept those abiotic factors that are different in A and B)
 effect of factor (max 4)

Any 2 factors and the effect of each factor:

 shallow soil depth
 not enough support for tree species to establish/ OR
 not enough soil for growth of root system of trees
 high ground temperature
 reduces moisture/ reduces availability of water to support tree
growth (2) +(2)
 Low soil moisture max 4
 not enough water to support growth of trees/ to meet translocation
needs
 Low soil NH3
 lack nutrient for tree growth
(Bonus: mention factor interactions/ the joint effects of the factors on tree establishment/
seedling growth) (+1)
(Bonus: mention of huge biomass of trees in relation to its demand for water and NH4+ for
growth) (+1)

7
 2004 AL

e)
Main concept:
 presence of mutualistic/ symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodule (1)
 effect of nitrogen-fixing on tree growth(1)
e.g.
 have mutualistic/ symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodule (1)
 generate nitrogenous nutrients to support fast growth (1)
 to compensate for low ammonium content in soil (1) (max 2)

f)
Main concept:
 description of one human activity that removes/ destroys vegetation at B(1)
 reasons for succession changes from shrubland to grassland (2)

(3 marks)

e.g.
Activity Reasons for change in plant
community
(accept other correct alternatives)
 logging removes trees (for fire wood)  grass left behind and flourish
 deforestation with less competition from
trees
 no remaining trees to provide
seeds for trees to re-establish
 hill fire removes all vegetation  grasses re-establish easily
after fire
 grasses flourish without
competition of trees

Any one Pair 1+2

(3 marks)

8
 2004 AL

Section C
13.
a)
Main concept:
 chemicals to the environment (1)
 chemicals from the environment to living organisms via food chain (1)
 bioaccumulation along the food chain to man, undesirable level  affect health(1)

(3 marks)
e.g.
 contamination of soil/ water by the chemicals (1)
Or
 surface contamination of plants and animals by the chemical (1)
(Bonus: slow rate of natural degradation of the chemicals in environment) (+1)
max3
 Plants take up the chemicals form soil/ water, and channel it to animals; (1) & (+1)
 Chemicals concentrate along the food chain and eventually to man via the
food chain, chemicals accumulate in the body and lead to toxicity (1)

b)
Main concept:
 children grow rapidly (1)
 thyroid gland absorbs a lot of radioactive iodide fro synthesis of thyroxine max 3
to support growth (1)
 radioactive iodide in thyroid causes cancer of thyroid(1)
e.g.
 due to requirement for thyroxine to support rapid growth in children (1)
 thyroid glands of children rapidly uptake/ assimilate the radioactive iodides for
thyroxine synthesis(1)
 radioactive iodide in thyroid causes mutation of thyroid cells to form thyroid cancers
(1)
c)
Main concept:
 germ cell mutation in survivors exposed to radiation/ the leaked gases(1)
 how mutation affects next generation (2) max3
e.g.
 germ cells/ gametes/ sperms and ova of exposed parents get mutated due to radiation/
chemical effects
 mutated genes in the gametes pass onto the next generation through the zygote and
found in all somatic cells

9
 2004 AL

d)
i. DNA sequencing analysis: (1)
 point mutation/ gene mutation/ change in base sequence/ nucleotide
sequence Chromosomal analysis(1)
 chromosomal mutation/ change in number of chromosome/ change in (1)
structure of chromosome (1)

(2 marks)

ii. point mutation/ gene mutation:

 change in gene product/ change in a.a. sequence  production of different protein/
change in gene function
 which has carcinogenic effect/ leads to uncontrolled cell division, causing cancer

or
chromosomal mutation:
 loss of gene(s)  loss of protein product which can suppress cancer
 or
 gain gene(s)  production of unwanted/ excess protein product which is
carcinogenic/ leads to uncontrolled cell division, causing cancer

e) Any 2:
 improve safety measures in industries that might generate hazards
 Develop contingency plans to deal with accidents/ contain the damage
 Exploit alternative energy source to replace the use of radioactive substances max2
 Exploit alternative method in place of using pesticides for human use 1+1

f) paragraph writing is necessary

e.g. of use(1/2)/ hazard(2)
 Use: X-ray can be applied to medical diagnosis (e.g. dental decay,
tumours) (imagine)/ screening (chest X-ray to screen TB)
 Hazard: over-exposure to X-ray in pregnant woman can lead to mutation in
foetus/ damage to foetus in the womb

 Use: Gamma rays/ radiation can be applied to medical treatment/

surgery/ radiotherapy
 Hazard: Gamma ray/ radiation can also kill normal cells especially actively
dividing cells (e.g. bone marrow cells, hair follicle cells)
on target individuals any 2
 Use: UV light can be applied to food and water sterilization max5
 Hazard: UV can also induce cell mutation and damage the eye of users

 Use: Radioactive substances can be used in scientific research (tracer/

produce (mutant) to understand biochemical and physiological
pathways/ for genetic studies
 Hazard: Radioactivity might induce cell mutation and damage the eye of
the users

10
 2004 AL

Paper 2

Section A
Terms with * have to be spelt correctly

1.
a) Main concept:
 whether the vitamins can be excreted due to their solubility in water (1)
 whether the vitamins can accumulate and cause harm to the body (1) (2 marks)
e.g.
 fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted in urine, but excessive water-soluble
vitamins can be excreted in urine (1)
 fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in the body to reach toxic levels/ cause harm to the
body (1)

b)
 vitamin A – retinal pigment/ visual pigment/ rhodopsin formation (also accept
pigment in rods, responsible for dim light vision) OR control normal epithelial
structure & growth (1)
 vitamin C (any one function)
 antioxidation/ get rid of free radicals
 proper metabolism/ formation of connective tissue any one (1)
 necessary for the synthesis of collagen fibre
 healing of wound
(N.B. Do not accept deficiency disease as answer)
(2 marks)
c)
small  lymphatic vessels/  thoracic duct  (left) subclavian  anterior  heart
intestine lacteal vein vena cava
(3 marks)
d)
i. Any 2:
 indoor life, lack of sunlight for vitamin D synthesis
 lack of vitamin D in food
 poor vitamin D absorption any two
 lower enzyme 1 activity/ absence of or not enough (1) , (1)
enzyme 1 production
(any other acceptable answer)
(2 marks)
ii. Main concept:
 effect of deviation fro normal blood Ca ++ level (above or below normal)
on hormone H level (1)
 effect of H on E1 and E2 activity (1)
 effect o E1 and E2 activity on Y (1)
 effect of activity or level of Y on Ca ++ uptake in maintaining max 4
++
normal Ca level (1)
 pathway for the deviation form normal Ca ++level in the opposite way
(1)

11
 2004 AL

max :4

iii. Main concept:

 effect of vitamin D deficiency on Ca ++ uptake (1)
 blood Ca ++ level lower than norm (1) max 4
 Ca ++ drawn from bone to restore norm(1)
 adverse affects on bone/ description of such effect on skeleton (1)

e.g.
 deficient vitamin D  decreased dietary Ca ++ absorption (1)
 Ca ++ level in blood decreased/ lower than normal (1)
 Ca ++ drawn from bone to maintain homeostasis (1)
 reduce bone mass/ bone weakens/ bone easily break (1)

iv.Main concept:
 children need more calcium as the growth of children(1) is more
than that of adults
 effect of vitamin D (1)deficiency on bone growth/ teeth development(1) (3 marks)

e.g.
 children need more calcium than adults as children continue to grow (1)whereas

12
 2004 AL

adults stop growth/ less growth(1)

 insufficient vitamin D  poor bone formation/ bone deformity/ rickets/ soft bone/
poor teeth development (1)

2.
a) Main concept: (any 2)
 why CO2 concentration can affect the rate of GP formation (1)
 why temperature can affect the rate of GP formation (1)
 why light intensity can affect the rate of GP formation (1) 1+1
 why water in soil can affect the rate of GP formation (1) max 2

e.g.
 CO2 is raw material for GP (1)
 temperature will affect he kinetic energy of the reaction (1)
Or
 temperature will affect the rate of enzyme catalysis (1)
 light for ATP synthesis which is necessary for the resynthesis of RuBP, which in turn
forms GP / light opens up stomata and increase CO2 availability (1)

b)
 ATP provides the energy for the conversion of GP to TP (1)
 NADPH reduce GP to TP/ supply H (1) (2 marks)

c)
 Calvin cycle will stop (1)
 no regeneration of RuBP from TP/ A (1)
 RuBP is necessary to fix CO2 (1) (3 marks)

d) Main concept:
 name and relation of the properties of 2 different
polysaccharides with their roles 1+1
(accept tabulated answer) (2 marks)

e.g.
Polysaccharide Relationship between property and role
Starch(1) Insoluble, osmotically inactive, therefore good for storage (1)
Cellulose(1) Has mechanical strength, therefore good for support/
high tensile strength, can maintain shape of cell (1)
e)
i. Main concept:
 TP/ GP/ compound A feeds toglycolysis/ provides carbon skeleton
for a.a. synthesis (1)
 Formation of a.a. from pyruvate (1)
 Glycolysis  Krebs cycle (1) max 4
 Intermediates of Krebs cycle  a.a. (1)
 Polymerization of a.a.  protein (1)
 Concept of amination/ concept of transamination (1)

13
 2004 AL

e.g. flowchart:

max 4
ii.Any 2:
 ammonium/ nitrate (1)
 sulphate (1) (1)+(1) (2 marks)
 phosphate (1)

f)
 use tracer technique (1)
 label the O of CO2 with 18O / isotope of O (1)
 let photosynthesis take place/ expose the plant to light (1)
 collect the gas (O2) evolved (1)
 in a separate experiment, label the O of H2O with 18O / isotope of O max 5
 interpretation of result: whichever experiment releases the (1)
labeled O2 will determine the source (1)

3.
a) i. Any 2:
 enzyme for various metabolisms inside the cell (1)
 structural protein inside the cell (1)
 storage proteins (1) (2 marks)

ii. diagram to illustrate (max: 3)

 vesicles detached form RER, with RER labeled (1)
 vesicles fuse to form GA/ vesicles fuse with GA, with
GA labeled(1)
 vesicles detached from GA and move towards cell membrane(1)
 exocytosis at cell membrane (1) max 5

annotations to show the following:(max 2)

 vesicles detached from RER containng protein/ polypeptides (1)
 proteins are being mocified/ processed at GA (1)

14
 2004 AL

Drawing + Label (3)

Annotation (2)
(5 marks)
b) Any 2: (accept other correct alternative)
 mRNA (1)
 rRNA (1)
 tRNA (1)
 RNA polymerase (1) (2 marks)
(also accept: nucleotides)

c) i. Any 2:
 lack of water to activate the enzymes (1)
 pH condition inside N not favourable for enzyme activity (1)
 presence of inhibitor in N which inhibits enzyme action (1)
 absence of co-factor in N which is required for enzyme action (1) (2 marks)

ii. digest the storage protein to amino acids (1)

amino acids provide raw materials for growth/ protein synthesis (1) (2 marks)

d) Main concept:
 description of the apoplast pathway(1)
 description of the symplast pathway(1) 4 marks
 endodermis stops the apoplast pathway(1)
 water passes through endodermis via the symplast pathway(1)

e.g.
 water passes along the free space of P (cell wall) from cell to cell (1)
 water passes along the cytoplasm through Q (plasmodesmata) from cell to cell(1)
 at endodermis, the Casparian strip/ suberin stops the apoplast/ cell wall pathway(1)
 at endodermis, water passes via Q to the interior(1)

e) Any 3: (accept other correct alternatives)

 cell elongation (1)

15
 2004 AL

 loss of nucleus/ loss ofsome organelles (1)

 pores at end wall to form sieve plate(1)
 thinning of cytoplasm(1)

16
 2004 AL

Section B
4.
a) Reasons for unable to see for a while upon entry into the cinema then vision resumed:
 rods responsible for dim light vision as the surrounding is dim(1)
 bright light bleaches/ splits the pigment in the rods(1)
 No response can be generated from the rods to produce vision(1)
 During pigment regeneration time, the boy cannot see in the max 4
dimly lit surrounding/ pigment takes time to regenerate (1)
 Vision resumes when pigment in the rods is reformed/ regenerated(1)

Reasons for clearly seeing the colorful dresses of the actresses on the screen
 Screen is brightly lit and cones are responsible for color vision in bright
light (1)
 Concept of one cone one neurone, therefore visual acuity(1) max 2
 High density of cones at fovea increases resolving power to see clearly(1)

Reasons for not seeing the people around the boy clearly;
Rods responsible for dim light visions as the surrounding dim (1) max 2
Concept of many rods share 1 neurone therefore, low acuity/ vagueness(1)

(8 marks)

b) Main concept:
 definition of symbol showing recessiveness of the allele for color- blindness
 genotypes of parents showing sex linkage fro color color-blindness
 Genetic diagram correctly/ properly laid out
 Genotypes and phenotype for boys and girl

(5 marks)

17
 2004 AL

c)
accept tabulated answer, containing features of similar parameters
Main concept:
 vegetation growth versus reproductive maturity
 different kinds of light stimulus and effect, (7 marks)
 elaboration on the significance of vegetative growth versus the
significance of the following response

e.g.
Photoperiodism Phototropism
 enhance sexual reproduction  enhance vegetative growth (1)
maturity(1)

 by synchronized of the same species  by inducing growth responses, to/

with period of darkness. (1) away from direction of the light(1)

 elaboration  elaboration:
 ensures successful pollination and  brings leaves towards light for more
fertilization in a favorable food production/ photosynthesis, for
environmental conditions for better growth and development(1)
survival of offspring/ perpetuation of  brings root into the soil for nutrients/
the species(1) water/ anchorage(1)
 reduce wastage of resources(1)

5.
a) Main concept:
 Importance in keeping homeostasis with examples to illustrate significance
 Protection of body from danger, with examples to illustrate significance
 Reactions to conduct body functions with examples to illustrate
significance max 10
 Conditioned reflexes, with examples to illustrate significance
(accept other correct alternatives)

e.g.
 Homeostasis of several body parameters for optimal body function (max 3)
 Homeostasis of breathing rate to ensure provision of oxygen for respiration./
clearance of carbon dioxide (1)
 Homeostasis of heart rat to provide adequate nutrient supply to body cells/
drainage of metabolic product from tissues(1)
 Homeostasis of temperature to maintain constant temperature for enzymatic
activities(1)

 Reactions to protect body from damage (max 4)

 withdrawal from heat to protect the skin from getting burnt/ scorched(1)
 blinking due to physical obstructions to protect the eyes from mechanical
damage (also accept tear production) (1)

18
 2004 AL

 pupillary reflex in control of pupil size to protect eyes from damage by strong
light/ allow more light to reach the retina in dim light vision(1)
 coughing reflex to expel foreign particles from obstructing the trachea(1)

 Reactions to conduct body function

 proprioceptors (muscle spindle) for keeping muscle tone (1)

 Conditional reflex (max 2)

 learning to get new skills (1)
 salivation in anticipation of food to prepare for digestion in mouth (1)

(10 marks)

b) i.. muscles across joints contract at the same time (1)

the muscles are in the state of balanced tone (1) any 2
this will hold the bones to give a certain posture(1) 1+1 (2 marks)

ii. Main concept:

 relationship between posture and ventilation (1)
 description of the effect on lung function (1)
 relationship between posture and circulation (1) (4 marks)
 description of the effect on circulation (1)

e.g. (accept alternative answers)

 lung cannot expand fully (1)
 impair efficiency of gas exchange/ decreased volume of gas exchange (1)
 compress blood vessel/ increase vascular resistance (1)
 slow down blood flow (1)

c) Main concept:
 location/ position of xylem in herbaceous dicot stem and its
relation to resist bending (1)
 Location of collenchyma in stem and its relation to resist bending (1)
 Location of sclerenchyma in stem and its relation to reinforce support/
resist bending (1)
 (N.B. : award mark to location of tissue only when the force is
correctly stated) (1) 4 marks

e.g..
 xylem in herbaceous dicot stems are arranged in a ring found in the periphery(1)of the
stem, provide mechanical support against bending by wind and gravity (1)
 Collenchyma beneath the epidermis, provide mechanical support against bending by
wind (1)
 Sclerenchyma at bundle cap position on the outside of vascular tissue, offer extra
strength to reinforce the xylem in offering support against gravity/ resist bending (1)

19
 2004 AL

Terms with * have to be spelt correctly.

6.
a) Advantages of decreased heart rate at sleep: (accept correct alternatives)
 decrease in metabolic rate of heart muscles when asleep (1)
 decreased demand for O2 and nutrients by heart muscle cells (1)
 decreased supply of O2 and nutrients to body cells so as to conserve
body cells so as to conserve body materials / energy (1) max 3
 less wastes are produced/ less wastes are removed to avoid
overloading the heart (1)

Mechanisms for decreased heart rate:

 brought about by increased parasympathetic output from the
cardiovascular center/ medulla (1)
 acetylcholine is released (1)
 suppress the activity of the pace-maker of the heart(1)
 decrease depolarization rate results in decreased heart rate (1) max 5
 decreased adrenaline output form the adrenal gland, no additional
stimulation on heart rate(1)
 decreased stimulation from stretch receptors in muscles/ blood vessels(1)
 decreased sympathetic output form medulla(1)

b) Cellular process:
 increase in physical activities will lead to an increase in CO2
production/ increase PCO2 in blood/ lowers pH of body fluid(1)
 Bohr effect/ accept the description of the Bohr effect(1)
 More CO2 diffuses into r.b.c. and forms more carbonic acid(1)
 Carbonic acid dissociates to liberate H+(1) max 6
 H+ combines with haemoglobin and displaces the O2/ this (+1)
stimulates the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin to liberate O2(1)
 Significance:
 more oxygen supply to O2-demanding tissues/ to release
more energy for use (1)
 more oxygen supply for repayment of oxygen debt(1)
(Bonus: more oxygen required to meet the increased
metabolic rate due to increase body temperature) (+1)

20
 2004 AL

c) Main concept:
Root:
 lack of cuticle as diffusion barrier (1)
 large surface area (illustrated with example), more oxygen can be acquired(1)
 intercellular spaces in cortex, facilitate rapid diffusion of oxygen to
internal tissue(1)
Woody stem:
 air diffuses in through the *lenticels in cork(1)
 description of the structure of the lenticels(1)
 air reaches living tissue easily as it is at the periphery(1)

(6 marks)
e.g.
Root
 lack of cuticle, air diffuses in readily(1)
 root system has large surface area due to root hair/ lateral roots, therefore, more air
can diffuse in(1)
 intercellular air spaces in the cortex allow for rapid diffusion of air across the root(1)

Woody stem
 through lenticels, (1) layers of dead cell with plenty of air spaces(1)
 air diffuses in through the air spaces of the lenticels can quickly reach the nearby
living tissues at periphery(1)

Section C
7. Main concept: (answer must be on vector-transmitted diseases)

How the defence mechanisms work: (8 marks)

 non-specific response:
 skin with hair forms physical/ mechanical barrier
 inflammation
 lysozyme in tissue fluid
 phagocytes in tissue fluid
 specific immune response:
 CMIR
 HIR
 effect of antitoxin
Limitations (3 marks)
 vector can break physical barrier of body, e.g. skin
 mutation of pathogen
 pathogen can attack immune system
Personal responsibilities and biological basis (accept other alternatives) (3 marks)
 human behaviour in reducing vector population
 human behaviour in breaking the transmission link

21
 2004 AL

e.g.
How the defence mechanisms work:
 Skin with hair forms a mechanical barrier to vectors
 Inflammatory response at eh site of infection attracts phagocytes
into the area to engulf the pathogen
 Lysozymes in tissue fluids can lyse some bacteria
 Phagocytes in lymph nodes engulf the pathogens
 HIR: pathogens stimulate B cells to produce specific antibody
to destroy the pathogens
 CMIR: pathogens stimulate T cells to form killer T cells which can kill
the pathogens directly; stimulate T cells to liberate chemicals/
lymphokines, to activate the phagocytes/ macrophages for killing max 8
the pathogens
 Antitoxin to neutralize toxins produced by pathogens
 Memory cells can quickly recognize antigens to produce
secondary response, therefore, allows for vaccination as
preventive measure

Limitations of defence mechanism (accept reasonable argument)

 some vectors, e.g. mosquitoes, with piercing mouthparts can break
the integrity of the skin
 pathogens can mutate, thus not recognized by memory B and
T cells to elicit secondary response/ cannot stimulate memory cell
 some memory cells have limited life span thus immunity is not max 3
for life for some pathogens
 pathogens can interact with/ attack the cells relevant to the immune
response, thus rendering he immune system less effective/ invalid
 delayed response of HIR and CMIR, allows pathogen to multiply
and bring harmful effect to the host body

Personal responsibilities that can reduce transmission by vectors and biological basis:
 eliminate breeding site of vectors to break life cycle of vector/
prevent the growth of vector to reduce vector population
 stop traveling to places of outbreak to avoid vectors there to
transmit the pathogen to one’s body
 wear long-sleeved clothes and trousers/ use mosquito screens max 3
or nets to avoid contact with the vector
 apply insect repellent or wear light-color clothes to drive away
the vector
 receive vaccination to increase the strength of the body defence
mechanisms
 consulting doctor/ receive medication to prevent vector get the
pathogens and infect others
 (accept other reasonable alternatives) Content: max.15
Style: 5

22
 2004 AL

8.
Main concept: (candidates must mention both mammals and flowering plants)
Reproductive strategies (max :7)
 sexual – for both mammals and plants
 asexual – only for plants
 ways to bring sexes together to facilitate transfer of gametes
 ways to increase the chance of successful fertilization
 ways to colonize and spread
 ways to protect the young

Price to pay (max :4)

 Disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
 Wasteful of material and energy
 Risks during the different stages of the reproductive process

Circumstances that might lead to failure to reproduce (max: 4)

 Imbalance of sex ratio/ loss of mate
 Absence of necessary external factor
 Environmental change that jeopardizes reproduction

e.g.
Reproductive strategies
 both use sexual ways to reproduce more variation for better survival
 some flowering plants can reproduce asexually by propagules/ vegetative parts to give
rise to new individuals, faster, preserve desirable parental qualities

Mammal Flowering plants

Courtship/ mating behavior to bring the Floral parts to attract pollinating agents
sexes together
External agents to transfer pollen to the
stigma
Copulation/ internal fertilization to ensure Growth of pollen tube to deliver the male
successful union of gametes gamete to the female gamete to ensure
union of gametes
Produce a lot of sperms to ensure Produce a lot of pollens to compensate for
successful fertilization loss during pollination
Dispersal mechanism to enable
colonization of wide habitat and to avoid
competition
Photoperiodism synchronize flowering
with favorable conditions
Parental care to ensure survival of the Food store in seed to provide sufficient
young nutrient for germination/ initial growth of
seedling
Dormancy in unfavorable period
Bisexual plants to ensure reproduction
max :7

23
 2004 AL

Price to pay
 asexual: no variation, danger of mass destruction
 sexual: need to find mate to complete the process

Mammals Flowering plants

Wasteful in terms of energy and material Wasteful in terms of energy and material
due to production of a lot of sperms due to
 production of a lot of pollen and seeds/
fruits to compensate for loss
 production of pigment/ nectar/ and
scent to attract pollinating agents
 production of a lot of seeds and fruits
to compensate for predation and
unsuccessful germination
Vulnerable to attack/ predators
 during courtship behavior
 during gestation/ labor as mobility of
female is reduced
Parental care: less time to mate

max : 4
Circumstances that might lead to failure to reproduce

Mammals Flowering plant

Population reduction as a result of the Absence of suitable external agent to bring
following leading to imbalance of sex about pollination
ratio/ failure to find mate:
 excessive predation
 excessive competition
 human intervention e.g. hunting
 disease
 infertility of population
 isolation mechanisms
Disease that affect gamete formation Climatic changes that do not favor
flowering
Not enough food for breeding/ Environmental conditions that do not favor
reproduction seed germination/ seedling establishment
max : 4
Content: max.15
Style: 5

24