Basic principles of steel structures

Dr. Xianzhong ZHAO

x.zhao@mail.tongji.edu.cn

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 Lecture Questionnaire (1)
Language preferred ( C = in Chinese, E = in English)
Oral Writing on the Handout & Coursework & Tick the one
NO.
Presentation blackboard textbook written exam you prefer
1 E E E E
2 C&E E E E
3 C E E E
4 E E C E
5 C C E E
6 C E C E
7 C C C E
other

From this course you prefer to:

Learn steel struc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Practise
in English format English

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 Syllabus
— Aims
To introduce procedures for designing steel members and connections.
— Syllabus (total 41 courses)
; Introduction =>2
; Steel properties =>6
; Tension members =>3
; Compression members (Columns) =>7
; Bending Members (Beams) =>8
; Beam-columns =>7
;Connections =>8

— Coursework & Assessment

; Assignment 1 Attendance, activities & Coursework 30%
; Assignment 2 Experiments EPUT 10%
; Assignment 3 Final written examination 60%

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 Introduction
Outlines

— what is steel structure?

— why choose steel structures?
— where & when use steel structures?
— main structural types
— state-of-the-art and prospective market
— design concept & rationale of steel structures

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 What’s steel structure?
architecture → structure →steel structure

Architecture

Structure

Steel structure

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 What’s steel structure?
definition & scope
STEEL STRUCTURE: a structure which is made from organised
combination of structural STEEL members designed to carry loads
and provide adequate rigidity

Steel structure PK RC structure

— steel structure, reinforced concrete (RC) structure, concrete-filled-

steel tubular (CFT) structure, steel-RC composite structure?

steel shelf steelwork of buildings,

steel furniture Steel structure? Yes, but bridges and civil eng.
…… works in this course

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 What’s steel structure?
definition & scope

steel structures involve sub-structure or members in a building

made from structural steel

SHANGHAI STADIUM SHANGHAI GRAND THEATER

Steel roof + concrete stand Steel roof + concrete columns

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 What’s steel structure?
definition & scope

structural member（构件） is physically distinguishable part

of structure with independent structural function, e.g. member
(杆件)、element(板件)、cable(索) and their combination

cable

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 Why use steel structure?
advantages

; High strength
The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per unit weight)

; Excellent ductility and seismic resistance

Withstand extensive deformation without failure even under high
tensile stress

; Elasticity, uniformity of material

Predictability of properties, close to design assumption

; Ease of fabrication and speed of erection

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high ratio of strength to weight

By M.F.Ashby

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Elasticity, ductility and uniformity of material

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Ease of fabrication and speed of erection

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 Why use steel structure?
disadvantages

: Susceptibility to corrosion
Maintenance costs / thin-walled structure

: Loss of strength at elevated temperature

Fireproofing costs

: Susceptibility to buckling
Slender member in compression

: Fatigue and brittle fracture

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Where & when use steel structures?
; Long-span structures
; Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
; Buildings of heavy duty plants
; Tower & mast structures
; Portal frames
; Bridges
; Infrastructures
; Deployable structures
; Generalized structures: mechanical

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 Long-span structures
Airport terminals

Train stations
Theatres
Stadiums

Exhibition centres

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 High-rise buildings

World trade centre

CCTV

Tai-bei 101

Jinmao tower

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Buildings of heavy duty plant

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 Tower & Mast structures

TV Tower Eiffel Tower TV Tower

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Portal frames

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Bridges

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Infrastructures

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Agricultural buildings

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Sight-seeing

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 Deployable structures

Oh, he is coming…

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Generalized structures

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 Main structural types
buildings and bridges

; truss structures
Bar or truss members

; frame structures ; beam bridge

Beams and columns
; truss bridge
; grids structures truss members
latticed structure or dome
; arch bridge
; arch
; cable-stayed bridge
; prestressed structures
; suspension bridge

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Main structural types
buildings: truss structures

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Main structural types
buildings: frame structures

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Main structural types
buildings: grid /domes

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 Main structural types
buildings: prestressed structures

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 Main structural types
buildings: prestressed structures

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Main structural types
bridges: truss bridges

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Main structural types
bridges: arch bridges

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Main structural types
bridges: cable-stayed bridges

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Main structural types
bridge: suspension structures

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State-of-the-art & prospective market
technology & economy

; technology
Accurate and automatic fabrication

; economy
Less construction time and less structural weight

; environment
Less wet work
Reuse, Reduce & Recycle / removable

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 State-of-the-art & prospective
market for steel structures
2007 y > overall output of
the world before 1966
2008 y > 2nd-8th output

No. Nations Output/Mt

1 China 489.2
2 Japan 120.2

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 3 USA 97.2

600 4 Russia 72.7

Raw steel output, Mt

500 5 Italy 53.1

400
6 Korea 51.4
300
200 7 Germany 48.5
100 8 Ucran 42.8
0
China Japan America Russia India Korea Germany Ukraine
2~8 Sum. 485.9

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 State-of-the-art & prospective
market for steel structures

Crude steel consumed kg/head

Regional
Forecast average Kg/head 2006
2017 = 550kg/head

434 Coastal

227 Central

2007-2017 170 Western

Kg/head 2017

750 Coastal

450 Central

National average
2007 = 340kg/head 360 Western

Data: CRU, NBS, CISA

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 State-of-the-art & prospective
market for steel structures
Ｋ㎡
100,000
Steel
140000 万平米 中国建筑业房屋竣工面积
Wooden Residential Housing
120000
2004

50,000 R.C 128163

100000

Steel 80000
2000

R.C
Others 60000
80715

year1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 40000

↑JAPAN Steel structure

20000
2%→4%
M/ton ↓CHINA steel used in buildings 0
1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

steel structure
R.C structure

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Design concept & rationale
ensure strength, stability and stiffness
Stiff
Strength All OK !
stability
Light

Not stiff enough (need bigger E)

Not stable enough

Not strong enough (need bigger σy )

Too heavy (need lower ρ)

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 Design concept & rationale
Loads metallurgy
Steel
structural
ac
system
fabrication
tio
n
erection
Member + connection

Force, deformation Strength, stability , rigidity

S≤R
Performance required:
Safety, serviceability, durability

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 Loads
Design concept & rationale

action

struc
tural
mode
l

member
? element

connection ? restraint

actions
? loading

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 Design concept & rationale
member ? element

connection ? restraint
Analytical model

actions ? loading

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 Loads
Design concept & rationale

action

force
fo rmation
de

Mechanics of materials
Structural analysis
Elastic mechanics
Plastic mechanics

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 Design concept & rationale
Loads metallurgy
Steel
structural
ac
system
fabrication
tio
n
erection
Member + connection

Force, deformation Strength, stability , rigidity

S≤R
Performance:
Safety, serviceability, durability

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 Design concept & rationale
metallurgy
Steel

fabrication
Tension member
Compression member Member + connection
Beam
Beam-column
connection
Strength, stability , rigidity

Mechanics of materials
You got a high level?

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 Design concept & rationale
fs fR
S≤R
objective
S R
Sa Sn Sn≤Rn Rn Ra

subjective

Sn Rn Sn Rn
fR-S Sd≤Rd

Acceptable:
point of view of safety
point of view of economy 0 Rd-Sd

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 Design concept & rationale

DESIGN METHOD
— ASD
∑ψSn≤Rn/K Sa Sn Rn Ra

— LRFD fd
∑γSψSn≤Rn/γR

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Design concept & rationale

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 possible failure modes
; brittle / ductile fracture of steel
members or connections
; global buckling of structures/members
; local buckling
; excessive development of plastic
deformation
; loss of geometry stability
; fatigue failure

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 possible failure modes

brittle / ductile fracture of steel members or connections

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possible failure modes

global buckling of structures/members

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possible failure modes

local buckling

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 possible failure modes

原试件 MCP-1 MPP-1

excessive development of plastic deformation

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 possible failure modes
; loss of geometry stability
; fatigue failure

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 possible failure modes

your task:
Prevent all these failure modes

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