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ECONOMY
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z~°Orq 1
ECONOMY
=ÚO^Œ∞=∂@
áÈ\© Ñ¨sHõÅΔ ‰õΩ Ç¨[~°Ü∞Õ º q^•º~°∞Å÷ ‰õΩ Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ∞« Ñ¨Ó~°fiHõ Jaè#O^Œ#Å∞. „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 #∂`«#
Ñ¨sHΔÍ q^è•#OÖ’ q[Ü«∞ ™ê^è#Œ ‰õΩ H©ÅHõO ZHÍ#q∞ (¿ÑÑ¨~–ü 3) J<Õk JO^ŒiH© `≥eã≤#^Õ.
„QÆ∂Ñπ–2–¿ÑÑ¨~ü 3 ZHÍ#g∞Ö’ ÃãHõ<Δ –£ 1 WO_çÜ∞« <£ ZHÍ#q∞H˜ K≥Ok#k HÍQÍ, ÃãHõ<Δ –£ 2
Z.Ñ≤.ZHÍ#q∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#k. #∂`«# Ñ¨sHΔÍ q^è•#OÖ’ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«É’ÜÕ∞ ~Ô O_»= „QÆ∂Ñπ–2
HÍ=_»O =Å¡ 2008Ö’ [iy# „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 ZHÍ#q∞ ¿ÑÑ¨~ü (¿ÑÑ¨~ü III)#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å
ã¨~o° Uq^èOŒ QÍ L#fln? J=QÍÇ¨Ï# KÕã∞¨ HÀ=K«∞Û.
x*ÏxH˜ „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 ¿ÑÑ¨~–ü 3Ö’ ÃãHõ<Δ –£ 1H˜ K≥Ok# WO_çÜ∞« <£ ZHÍ#q∞ ã≤Å|ãπ "≥Ú`«OÎ
ã≤qÖò ã¨sfiãπÖ’x ZHõ<åq∞H±û PÑ¨¬#Öò ¿ÑÑ¨~üÖ’x ã≤Å|ãπ#∞ „áêuÑ¨kHõQÍ fã¨∞H˘x
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ãÖÑ¨Ó~°‚ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# ~å"åÅO>Ë =∞#‰õΩ QÆÅ P^è•~åÅ∞: 2008 Group II ZHÍ#q∞ ¿ÑÑ¨~Öü ’x
„Ñ¨âfl◊ Å ÑïjÅ#. ã≤qÖò ã¨sfiãπ ZHõ<åq∞H±û PÑ¨¬#Öò ¿ÑÑ¨~‰ü Ωõ ãÖ|OkèOz# QÆ`« „Ñ¨âßflÑ¨„`åÅ
ÑïjÅ#† WÑ¨Ê\˜ =~°‰Ωõ PÑ¨¬#Öò Ñ¨sHΔÍ q^è•#OÖ’ Z.Ñ≤.Ñ≤.Zãπ.ã≤. "å~°∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz#
ZHÍ#q∞H±û PÑ¨¬#Öò ¿ÑÑ¨~Öü ’x „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å ÑïjÅ#.
q^•º~°∞÷Å J=QÍÇ¨Ï#ÔH· ã≤qÖòû ZHõ<åq∞H±û PÑ¨¬#Öò ¿ÑÑ¨~üÖ’ 15 ãÖ=`«Ê~åÅ
„Ñ¨âßflÑ¨„`åÅÖ’x „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞, Z.Ñ≤.Ñ≤.Zãπ.ã≤. "å~°∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# qq^èŒ Ñ¨sHõÅΔ ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz
ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 15 ZHõ<åq∞H±û PÑ¨¬#Öò „Ñ¨âßflÑ¨„`åÅÖ’x „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞ (2005 „QÆ∂Ñπ–2, 2000
„QÆ∂Ñπ–2, QÔ l>ˇ_,£ <å<£ QÔ l>ˇ_£ "≥Ú^ŒÖ#·ˇ q) q^•º~°∞Å÷ ™œHõ~åº~°O÷ W=fi_»O [iyOk.
=ÚYºOQÍ „áê=∂}˜Hõ Ñ¨ÙãÎ̈HÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ XH˘¯Hõ¯ Ü«¸x\òÃÑ· =ÚMÏºOâßÅ∞, X<£ =~ü¤
P#û~üû a\òÉÏºOH±, q^•º~°∞Å÷ „áêH©ãì HÔπ · =∞iH˘xfl „áêH©ãì π a@∞¡ W=fi_»O [iyOk. ¿ÑÑ¨~–ü 3H˜
g∞~°∞ K«k"Õ „áê=∂}˜Hõ Ñ¨ÙãHÎ¨ ÍÅ`Àáê@∞ D "≥∞\©iÜ«∞Öò ‰õÄ_® ãÖÑ¨Ó~°O‚ QÍ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ Q» ÅÆ ^Œx,
g∞ q[Ü«∂xH˜ =∂~°Oæ K«∂Ñ¨QÅÆ ^Œx Ptã¨∂.Î ....
g∞
z~°Orq
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ECONOMY
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p – ~åR L`«ÊuÎ

q+¨Ü«∞ ã¨∂zHõ
1. „QÆ∂Ñπ – 2 2008 ZHÍ#g∞ „Ñ¨âßflÑ¨„`«O... XHõ J=QÍÇ¨Ï#... 004
2. „QÆ∂Ñπ – 2 2008 ¿ÑÑ¨~üÖ’ J_çy# „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞
– q=~°}`À ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ∞ (D Ü«¸x\òÃÑ·) .................... 006
3. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – x~°fiK«#O ...................................... 013
4. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – qq^èŒ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ ................................. 017
5. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O .................................................. 023
6. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞ .............................. 026
7. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ x~å‡}O – =$kú, ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ ...................... 037
8. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JOK«<åÅ∞ .......................................... 044
9. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O QÆ}ÕK«∞@Ö’ Z^Œ∞~°ÜÕ∞º ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞,
„áê=ÚYº`« ......................................................... 046
10. P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ........................................ 049
11. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p ................................................ 055
12. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ – l.Zãπ._ç.Ñ≤. –
qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï, Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã"åi âß`«O ..................... 064
13. H© áê~ÚO\òû. ......................................................... 075
14. One word Questions (463) ........................................ 079
15. „áêH©ìãπ „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞ (402) ............................................. 119
16. APPSC, UPSC QÆ`« „Ñ¨âßflÑ¨„`åÅÖ’ „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞ (176) ......... 153
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ECONOMY
„QÆ∂Ñπ – II 2008, ZHÍ#g∞ Ñ„ â

¨ ßflÑ¨`
„ O« .... XHõ J=QÍÇ¨Ï#
APPSC "å~°∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# „QÆ∂Ñπ – 2 2008, ¿ÑÑ¨~ü – 3 ZHÍ#g∞ „Ñ¨âßflÑ¨„`åxfl, ã≤Å|ãπ#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ U
JOâßÅÃÑ· Z‰õΩ¯= ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiOKåe? „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å ã¨~o° Z\Ï¡ LOk? U Ü«¸x\ò #∞Oz Z‰õΩ¯= „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞ =zÛ#q?
QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ Z\Ï¡ K«^"Œ åe? J<Õ q+¨Ü∞« O J=QÆ`=« ∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
2008 „Ñ¨âfl◊ Ñ¨„`«OÖ’ qq^èŒ Ü«¸x@¡ #∞Oz =zÛ# „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å ãÖYº
qÉèÏQÆO – 1 ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ~°K#« qÉèÏQÆO – 2 PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷
ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷
1. ÉèÏ~°`« „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ 10 1. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, HDI, GSDP 19
2. ã¨∂Å÷ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞ 29 2. Z.Ñ≤. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ 9
3. ã¨ÇÏ¨ [=#~°∞Å∞, [<åÉèÏ–
„a\©+π áêÅ<å „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O 16 3. Z.Ñ≤. =º=™êÜ«∞O 24
4. „^Œ=ºO–ÉÏºOHÕQ∑–„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi q`«OÎ 10 4. Z.Ñ≤. Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ – ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~° ~°OQÆO 12
5. =$kú, Jaè=$kú, QÆ}ÏOHõâßGO 9 5. PDS, MSP, AP ¿ã"å~°OQÆO 12
74 76
qÉèÏQÆO – 2Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, HDI J<Õ JOâßÅ∞ WO_çÜ∞« <£ ZHÍ#g∞H˜ K≥Ok#q. HÍ|\˜,ì WO_çÜ∞« <£ ZHÍ#g∞
#∞Oz 90 „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞, Z.Ñ≤. ZHÍ#g∞ #∞Oz 60 „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞ J_»Q_Æ O» [iyOk.
Z.Ñ≤. ZHÍ#g∞ HõO>Ë, WO_çÜ∞« <£ ZHÍ#g∞ #∞Oz =zÛ# „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= H˜+¡ Oì¨ QÍ L#flq. „Ñü Ü«¸x\ò
#∞Oz Fact based „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å`À áê@∞ Concept based „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ<Õ J_»Q_Æ O» [iyOk. H˘xfl „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞
ZHÍ#g∞x Ö’`«∞QÍ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ ["å|∞ ÃÑ>Ëì q^èOŒ QÍ J_»Q_Æ O» [iyOk. H˘xfl „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å∞
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë
Knowledge based Questions :
1. Zxq∞^Œ= ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\ì̃#k U ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ?

⇒ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍãÖÑ¶∞¨ Kè~·≥ ‡° <£ (1= Ü«¸x\ò „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞)
2. ^Œ∞~åæÑÓ¨ ~ü L‰õΩ¯ Ñï„â◊=∞ nx ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À ™ê÷ÑO≤ K«|_ç#k (2= Ü«¸x\ò ã¨∂Å÷ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞)
3. 1853Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\ ˜ ~Ô Å· ∞ „Ñ¨Ü∂« }O ZHõ¯_»#∞Oz „áê~°OaèOK«|_çOk
(3= Ü«¸x\ò „a\©+π áêÅ<å „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O)
4. P~ü.a.S. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « QÆ=~°fl~ü Z=~°∞ (4= Ü«¸x\ò – „^Œ=ºO – ÉÏºOHÕQ∑)
5. 'Stages of Growth' J<Õ ã≤^•úO`«O Z=i`À =Ú_çÑ_ ¨ ç LOk (5= Ü«¸x\ò – =$kú – Jaè=$kú)
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ECONOMY
6. ™êfi`«O„`«º=Ú ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ Oz#^≥=~°∞ (1= Ü«¸x\ò – *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O)
7. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ JOK«<å"Õã#≤ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ã¨∞=∂~°∞ (2= Ü«¸x\ò Z.Ñ≤. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞)
8. 2005–06Ö’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’x Hõ=∞`åÅ ãÖYº ã¨∞=∂~°∞ (3= Ü«¸x\ò Z.Ñ≤. =º=™êÜ«∞O)
9. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò áêi„âßq∞Hõ J=™ê÷Ñ#¨ HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ (APIIC) ™ê÷ÑO≤ z# áêi„âßq∞Hõ "å_»Å ãÖYº ã¨∞=∂~°∞
(4= Ü«¸x\ò – Z.Ñ≤. Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞)
10. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~åRO QÆ∞O_® áÈÜÕ∞ *ÏfÜ«∞ ~°ÇÏ¨ ^•~°∞Å∞ (5= Ü«¸x\ò – ¿ã"å~°OQÆO)
Concept based Questions :
1. U ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ PtOz# =$kú ~ˆ @∞‰õΩ q∞Oz# "åã¨=Î =$kú ~ˆ @∞ LO_ç#k (1= Ü«¸x\ò – „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞)
2. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞x q∞QÆ∞Å∞ J<Õ ÉèÏ=# U q^è•#OÖ’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» `«∞Ok (2= Ü«¸x\ò – ã¨∂Å÷ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞)
3. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ „a\©+π ÑïáêÅ<å HÍÅOÖ’ D „HÕk"åxÖ’ Uk B^ÀºyHõ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =∞iÜ«Ú =Åã¨ "å}˜[º=Ú#‰õΩ
(Industrial capital & colonial exploitation) QÆ∞iHÍ|_»Ö^ Ë ∞Œ (3= Ü«¸x\ò – „a\©+π áêÅ# „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O)
4. W.J. É∫=∞Öò L^Õâú º◊ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ „^Œ=º _ç=∂O_£ g\˜ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞
(4= Ü«¸x\ò – „^Œ=ºO – ÉÏºOHÕQ∑ – ^è~Œ Å° ™ê÷~Ú x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O)
5. ãÖ`«∞e`« =$kú J<Õ ÉèÏ=# HÍ¡ãH≤ Öõ ò‰Ωõ ãÖ|OkèOz#k (5= Ü«¸x\ò – =$kú – Jaè=$kú)
6. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH<õ åfl, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@‰õΩ HÍ~°}O?
(1= Ü«¸x\ò – *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O)
7. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ q`«OÎ KåÖÏ=~°‰Ωõ gx#∞O_ç Åaèã∞¨ OÎ k (2= Ü«¸x\ò – Z.Ñ≤. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞)
8. HÀ<Õ~∞° ~°OQÍ~å=Ù Hõq∞\© x"ÕkHõ „Ñ¨^•è #OQÍ „HÕk"åx`À ãÖ|O^èOŒ Hõeæ LOk
(3= Ü«¸x\ò Z.Ñ≤. =º=™êÜ«∞O)
9. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò‰Ωõ ÉèÏ~°`Öü ’ „HÕk"åxÖ’ „Ñ¨^•è # áê„`« HõÅ^Œ∞ (4= Ü«¸x\ò – Z.Ñ≤. Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞)
10. W\©=Å ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO |_≥\˚ ò Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊§ ™ê÷Ñ#¨ ‰õΩ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞#Î flk. nx =ÚM’º^Õâú O◊
(5= Ü«¸x\ò – Z.Ñ≤. ¿ã"å~°OQÆO)
HÍ|\˜ì WO_çÜ∞« <£ ZHÍ#g∞x J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕ¿ã@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ConceptsÃÑ· Z‰õΩ¯= ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiã¨∂Î Facts QÆ∞iÎOK«∞HÀ"åe.
FactsÃÑ· Z.Ñ≤. ZHÍ#g∞Ö’ YzÛ`«"∞≥ # ÿ ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl ¿ãHõiOz, factsx J=QÍÇ¨Ï# KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩO@∂ QÆ∞~°∞OÎ K«∞HÀ"åe.
2008 ¿ÑÑ¨~Öü ’ XH˘¯Hõ¯ Ü«¸x\ò #∞Oz =zÛ# „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å ãÖYº `«~∞° "å`« ¿ÑÑ¨~Öü ’ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ q^èOŒ QÍ ~å"åÅx ÖË^∞Œ .
Jxfl Ü«¸x\òÅ‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`« Wã¨∂Î J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕÜ∂« e. D 10 Ü«¸x\òÅÖ’ #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞, ã¨∂Å÷
Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞, „a\©+π áêÅ<å „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O, ^è~Œ Å° ™ê÷~Ú x~°Ü ‚ ∞« O, „^Œ"ÀºÅƒ}O, =$kú, Jaè=$kú, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O,
Éè∂í ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞ ÖÏO\˜ JOâßÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ concept based HÍ|\ì̃ "å\˜ÃÑ· Z‰õΩ¯= ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiOKåe. „áê=∂}˜Hõ Text
Ñ¨ÙãÎ̈HÍÅ#∞, ã¨=∞„QÆOQÍ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_Õ J=QÍÇ¨Ï<åÜ«Ú`« „Ñ¨âfl◊ Å‰õΩ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ã¨=∂^è•#O QÆ∞iÎOK«QÅÆ O.
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ECONOMY
APPSC (GROUP - II) 2008

PAPER III ECONOMY
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O Ü«¸x\ò #∞Oz J_çy# Ñ„ â
¨ fl◊ Å∞
1. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊=ÚÖ’ ™êfi`«O„`«º=Ú ~åHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êiQÍ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH˜¯Oz#^≥=~°∞?
1. Z"£∞. Z<£. ~åÜü∞ 2. q.ÔH.P~ü.q. ~å"£ 3. ÔH.Z<£. ~å*ò 4. ^•^•ÉèÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àl
[ : 4
q=~°} :
™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ êiQÍ QÆ}O˜ z#"å~°∞ ^•^•ÉèÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àl. 1867–68
ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ~°∂II 340 HÀ@¡‰Ωõ QÍ#∂, [<åÉèÏ#∞ 17 HÀ@¡=∞OkQÍ#∞, `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂II 20/– QÍ#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÃã#∞.
<Ò~Àl `«~∞° "å`« qeÜ«∞O _çwƒ, +≤„~å+π, ëê HõO|\Ïì, q.ÔH.P~ü.q. ~å"£, P~ü.ã≤. ^ÕâßÜü∞, "å_çÜ∂« *’+≤,
Ç≤ÏH±û, =ÚYs˚, Ñ¶∞¨ ’+π ÖÏO\˜"å~°∞ *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å#∞ JOK«<å "Õãi≤ .
™êfi`«O„`«ºÑ¨Ù Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù JOK«<åÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ âß¢ãÜ Î‘ ∞« JOK«<åÅ∞QÍ q.ÔH.P~ü.q. ~å"£ QÍi JOK«<åÅ#∞ (1931–32
ãÖIIxH˜) ¿Ñ~˘¯O\Ï~°∞. Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ ~Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ (=º=Ü«∞™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO, HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ ~°OQÆO) qÉèlí Oz "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜
^•xÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x, ~Ô O_»=^•xÖ’ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x J=ÅOaèOK≥#∞.
2. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎHõ<åfl, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@‰õΩ HÍ~°}O
1. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2. ãäû_ôÅ∞ 3. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞ 4. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ + ãäû_ôÅ∞
[ : 3 ⇒
q=~°} :
=ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÖˇ#· Éè∂í q∞, „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è#Œ O, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ Å‰õΩ ÉèÏ@HõO, "Õ`#« O, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ
~°∂ÑÖÖ’ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ K≥e™¡ êÎ~∞° . W^Õ =ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuÎH˜ JÜÕ∞º =ºÜ«∞O. nx<Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
JO^Œ∞~°∞.
D L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#"≥∞#ÿ ^è~Œ ° qkèOz =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯\’¡ Jq∞‡`Õ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’
P^•Ü«∞O.
J~Ú`Õ =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#"≥∞#ÿ ^è~Œ ° qkèOz J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO *’HõºO KÕã∞¨ H˘x ZÔH· û*òã∞¨ OHõO, J=∞‡HõO Ñ¨#∞fl
ÖÏO\˜ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ qkèOK«∞#∞. nx=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞^Î ~Œè ,° =ºÜ«∞O HõO>Ë JkèHOõ QÍ LO_»∞#∞. D Ñ¨#∞fl P^•Ü«∞O
L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ KÕ~^° ∞Œ . HÍ|\ì̃ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ "Õ∞~° L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
LO_»∞#∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ‰õΩ ãäû_ô W=fi=K«∞Û. nx=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞^Î ~Œè ° `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞. =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’
=ã¨∞Î ^è~Œ ‰° Ωõ ãäû_ôÅ∞ HõeÑ≤`,Õ L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞O (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ "≥à¡ı P^•Ü«∞O) =ã¨∞OÎ k.
JO>Ë L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ J^è#Œ OQÍ
LO@∞#flq. =∞iÜ«Ú ãäû_ôÅ "≥Ú`«OÎ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO@∞#flq.
Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ #∞Oz ãäû_ôÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ =K«∞Û#∞. D xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å°
P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
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3. *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯= "≥Ú`«Î=ÚÖ’ U ~°OQÆ=Ú #∞O_ç =ã¨∞Î#flk

1. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi~°OQÆO 2. ¢ÃÑ·"Õ@∞~°OQÆO 3. ™ê÷xHõ~°OQÆO 4. ÃÑ· "å\˜Ö’ UnHÍ^Œ∞
[ : 2
q=~°} :
Ü«∂[=∂#ºÑ¨~O° QÍ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi, ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ™êÎ~∞° . „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OaèOKÕ <å\˜H˜ l._ç.Ñ≤.Ö’
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï Hˆ =ÅO 8% LO_Õk. q∞ye# 92% ¢ÃÑ"· @ Õ ∞~°OQÍx^Õ.
„Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OaèOz# `«~∞° "å`« „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ<å¿ã=Å∞, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ qãïÎ OK«∞@=Å¡ l._ç.Ñ≤.Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ
"å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ 1993–94 <å\˜H˜ 26%H˜ KÕiOk.
1991Ö’ #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞ „Ñ¨"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ\ì̃# `«~∞° "å`«, KåÖÏ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ ãÖã¨Å÷ Ö’ JÑ¨Ê\˜Hˆ #ëêìÅ∞ ~å=_»O=Å¡
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO `«# ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ LÑ¨ãO¨ Ç¨ÏiOK«∞H˘#∞@ „áê~°OaèOz, „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ Hˆ \Ï~ÚOz# ~°OQÍÅ#∞ ¢ÃÑ"· @ Õ ∞ ~°OQÍxH˜
J#∞=∞uOK≥#∞. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ 2005–06 <å\˜H˜ l._ç.Ñ≤.Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï 23%H˜ `«yOæ k.
<Õ\ H˜ © *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï ¢ÃÑ"· @ Õ ∞~°OQÆO #∞OKÕ (77%) =ã¨∞OÎ k.
4. ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ J^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „áê^äŒq∞Hõ ~°OQÆ=ÚÜ≥ÚHõ¯ ã¨=Úz`« âß`«=Ú ZO`«?
1. 40 2. 50 3. 60 4. 70
[ : 1 (ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ã¨=∂^è•#O 20%)
q=~°} :
ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ 1950–51Ö’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï 57% LO_Õk. 1980–81 <å\˜H˜ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =zÛ
40%H˜ KÕiOk.
2006–07 <å\˜H˜ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï =∞iO`«Q⇒
Í `«Q∞Æ Kæ ∂« 20%H˜ KÕiOk.
WzÛ# PÑ¨¬<Ö£ ’ 20% ÖË^∞Œ . J~Ú`Õ Hõx+¨ì âß`åxfl ã¨∂zOKÕ ãÖYº 40% HÍ|\˜ì nx<Õ Z#∞flHÀ"åe.
5. D „HÕk "å\˜Ö’ Uk |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù?
1. ™êOÑ¶≤∞Hõ Éèí„^Œ`å K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ 2. ãäû_ôÅ∞ 3. „QÍO@∞¡ 4. =$^•úÑ¨º ÃÑ#¬#∞¡
[ : 4
q=~°} :
Z@∞=O\˜ L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÖ’¡#∂ áêÖÁæ#‰õΩO_® UHõÑH¨ OΔõ QÍ á⁄O^Õ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ#∞ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
JO>Ë „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~°=Ú JOkOK«‰Ωõ O_® á⁄O^Õ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞.
=$^•úÑº¨ Ñ≤OKè#« ∞¡, x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Éè$í u – |Ç¨ï=∞`«∞Å∞, q^•º~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞, â◊~}
° Ï~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O, i>ÿ̌~ü
J~Ú#"åiH˜KÛÕ Ñ≤OKè#« ∞¡, =~°^ÅŒ ∞ ÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨H$õ u "≥Ñ· s¨ `åºÅ∞ ãÖÉèqí Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ KÕ¿ã ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O, `«O„_ç ‰õΩ=∂~°∞_çHK˜ ÛÕ
áêÔH\ò =∞h, "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞#q |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Å∞.
|kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÖ’ WzÛ#"åi#∞Oz ã‘fiHõiOKÕ"åiH˜ „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO LO@∞OkQÍh, ^•xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ, ã‘fiHõiOKÕ
"åi#∞Oz WzÛ#"åiH˜ "åãÎ̈= (=ã¨∞,Î HÍ~°H)õ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO LO_»^∞Œ .
6. ^Õâ◊=ÚÜ≥ÚHõ¯ ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎHõ<åfl JkèHõ=Ú. XHõ"Õà◊
(GNP is greater than GDP if the country's)
1. ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#∞ q∞Oz kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ L#flKÀ 2. ^èŒ~°Å∞ H©Δ}˜¿ãÎ
3. kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#∞ q∞Oz ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞#flKÀ 4. xHõ~° q^Õj P^•Ü«∞O ^èŒ<å`«‡HõOQÍ L#flKÀ
[ : 4
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q=~°} :
ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (GDP)H˜, ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP)H˜ `Õ_® xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA). Wk (GNP)Ö’
Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
GNP = GDP + NFIA
GDP = GNP - NFIA
GDP, GNPÅÖ’ Uk Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞O^Œ<kÕ NFIAÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞.
xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ^è<Œ å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ GNP Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞Ok (xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O GNPÖ’ Hõeû
LO@∞Ok HÍ|\˜)ì
xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ GDP Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞Ok.
xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ´ XHõ^âÕ ◊ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ ÅÎ ∞ "å_»∞‰õΩO>Ë =KÕÛ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O – q^Õj HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞
P ^ÕâO◊ "å_»∞‰õΩO>Ë K≥eO¡ KÕ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O.
7. ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nx ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞=Ú`À ÖˇH˜¯OÑ¨|_»∞#∞
1. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨^Œúu 2. L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨^Œúu 3. =ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨^Œúu 4. Jxfl Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞
[ : 4
q=~°} :
*ÏfÜ«∂^•xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ (1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
(3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Jx =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ QÆÅ=Ù.
ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO, il+ì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO, x~å‡}~°OQÆO (Ñ¨@}ì )ÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x
J=ÅOaèã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ⇒1
J<£ il+¨~ì ¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑, q^Œ∞º`ü QÍºãπ h\˜ã~¨ Ñ° ~¨¶ å,2 `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞.
x~å‡}~°OQÆOÖ’ („QÍg∞}) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞. JO>Ë ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#‰õΩ
=¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å#∞ "å_»∞K«∞<åfl~°∞.
8. ÉèÏ~°`« ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (l._ç.Ñ≤.)H˜ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO ã¨=∞‰õÄˆ~Û "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1. 70% q∞Oz 2. 50% q∞Oz 3. 25% 4. 30%
[ : 2
q=~°} :
1950–51Ö’ GDPÖ’ ¿ã=Å~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 30%. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ J=∞Å∞ÑïÛ# `«~∞° "å`« GDPÖ’
=º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ Kæ ∂« , ¿ã"å~°OQÆO "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ 1980–81 <å\˜ 38%H˜ KÕiOk.
ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~∞° "å`« ¿ã"å~°OQÆO "å\Ï "ÕQOÆ QÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ 2006–07 <å\˜H˜ 55%H˜ KÕiOk. JO>Ë 50%ÃÑQ· Í
LOk. ( = =O`«∞ ÃÑQ· Í)
9. QÆ#∞Å#∞ „HÕk "åxÖ’ ÑïQÆ}˜™êÎ~°∞
1. =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO 2. áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 3. `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 4. J=™ê÷Ñ¨# ™œHõ~åºÅ ~°OQÆO
[ : 2
q=~°} :
C.S.O ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Oz#k. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆOÖ’
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1) =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) J@g ãÖÑ¨^Œ 3) =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ 4) QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO J<Õ LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ∞O\Ï~Ú.
kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ 1) =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ 2) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å 3) x~å‡}O J<Õ LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ∞O\Ï~Ú.
„áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ QÆÅ QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHÍxfl kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÍxH˜ KÕi¿ãÎ ''Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO—— =ã¨∞OÎ k.
HÍ|\ì̃ QÆ#∞Å∞ J<Õq áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
10. =∂#= Jaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõÖ’ JOâ◊=Ú HÍxk?
1. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊=ÚÖ’ PÜ«∞ã¨∞û ãÖÉèÏ=º`« 2. JHõΔ~åã¨º`« ˆ~@∞ =∞iÜ«Ú áê~î°âßÅ ã¨QÆ@∞ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞
3. tâ◊√=∞~°}ÏÅ ˆ~@∞ 4. P^•Ü«∞=Ú
[ : 3
q=~°} :
1990 #∞Oz UNDP "å~°∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z (HDI)x xi‡ã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞. nxÖ’ 3 JOâßÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞.
1) PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O (Life expectance at birth)
2) JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« (Adult literacy Rate + combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio)
3) `«Åãï GDP (PPP US $)
1979Ö’ "≥∂iãπ _≥q_£"∂≥ iãπ P.Q.L.I J<Õ ã¨∂px (1) PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O (2) tâ◊√ =∞~°}~ˆ @∞ (3) JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« J<Õ
=¸_»∞ ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ JOâßÅ`À ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞.
HÍx UNDP "å~°∞ tâ◊√=∞~°}~ˆ @∞#∞ q_çzÃÑ\˜,ì `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O J<Õ JOâßxfl KÕiÛ ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ { Pi÷Hõ JOâßÅ
ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À HDIx ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞.
11. ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#= Jaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ 2001 „Ñ¨HÍ~°O, PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =∂#= Jaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ qÅ∞=
1. ÉèÏ~°`«^ÕâßxH˜ ã¨=∂#O 2. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊Ñ⇒
1¨Ù qÅ∞=Hõ<åfl JkèHõO
4
3. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊Ñ¨Ù qÅ∞=Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= 4. ÉèÏ~°`« HDI ã¨∂zHõ qÅ∞=Ö’ = ÉèÏQÆO
[ : 3
q=~°} :
*ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ (2001)#∞, =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz#k. UNDP "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
=¸_»∞ JOâßÅ<Õ fã¨∞H˘x 15 ~å¢ëêìÅ‰õΩ HDIx ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞.
1981, 1991, 2001 HÍÖÏÅ‰õΩ HDIx ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p qÅ∞= 1981Ö’ 0.302,
1991Ö’ 0.381, 2001Ö’ 0.472QÍ JOK«<å "ÕÃã#∞.
2001 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ HDI~åºOH±ÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#O Hˆ ~°à◊ (0.638 ã¨∂pqÅ∞=) á⁄O^ŒQÍ, z=i™ê÷#O cÇ¨~ü (0.367)
á⁄Ok#k.
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò 0.416 ã¨∂p qÅ∞=`À 2001Ö’ 15 ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’#∞ 10= ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk. Wk *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú
ã¨∂p qÅ∞= (0.472) HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=.
12. UNDP "å~°∞ xi‡ã¨∞Î#fl =∂#= Jaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõÖ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇHõ¯Ö’xH˜ nxx fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞
1. NNP per capita 2. GDP per capita
3. GDP per capita US $ in terms of puchasing power parity
4. GDP per capita US $ at Market Exchange Rate
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q=~°} :
UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O, JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«`À áê@∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O XHõ\ ˜.
'`«Åãï GDP—x `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OQÍ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. D `«Åãï GDPx ~Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û.
Z) =∂Ô~¯\ò qx=∞Ü«∞ ~ˆ @∞Ö’ `«Åãï GDP
a) H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊HÎ̃ ã¨=∂#`« (PPP purchasing power parity) ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ QÆÅ `«Åãï GDP.
UNDP "å~°∞ ~ Ô O_»=^•xx JO>Ë PPPÖ’ QÆÅ `«Åãï GDPx fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. nxx ‰õÄ_® J"≥∞iHÍ _®Å~°Ö¡ ’
(US $) =ºHõÑ
Î ~¨ ∞° ™êÎ~∞° .
13. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ^ÕxH˜ „áêux^èŒº=Ú =Ç≤Ïã¨∞ÎOk.
1. P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÅÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ (An injection in the circular flow of income)
2. Ñ¶¨∞<å`«‡HõOQÍ#∞ =∞iÜ«Ú |∞∞}Ï`«‡HõOQÍ#∞ (both a leakage and injection)
3. K«„H©Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï=ÚÖ’ `«~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ (a leakage in the circular flow of income)
4. ÃÑq· UnHÍ^Œ∞ (None of the above)
[ : 3
q=~°} :
Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO Jx LO\Ï~Ú. ‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO `«# =^Œ#Ì ∞#fl
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜ JOkOK«∞#∞. JO>Ë ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ K≥eO¡ K«∞#∞. ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å∞ `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã≤ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ JOkOK«∞#∞. JO>Ë ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ·
=ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞.
D q^èOŒ QÍ ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞O| ~°OQÍxH˜ (HÍ~°H⇒ÍÅ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’), ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ #∞Oz ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜
(=ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’) x~°O`«~O° P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«_®xfl P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO JO^Œ∞~°∞.
‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O "≥Ú`åÎxfl =ºÜ«∞O KÕã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_Õ D P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO x~°O`«~O°
[~°∞QÆ∞#∞. XHõ"Õà◊ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞QÍx, ãÖã¨÷Å∞ QÍx =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`« á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙKÕ¿ãÎ Jq KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O
`«yáæ È=Ù@=Å¡, P á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù "Õ∞~° P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `«yáæ È=Ù#∞ (Leakage in the circular flow of income).
14. Ô~O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<å ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»_®xH˜ HÍ=eû# Ñïã≤÷`«∞Å∞
1. ã¨q∞+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O = ã¨q∞+≤ì =ºÜ«∞O 2. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ = ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞
3. ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ = kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4. Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ = „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi =ºÜ«∞O
[ : 2
q=~°} :
~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ QÆ$Ç¨Ï / ‰õΩ@∞O| ~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ / "åºáê~° ~°OQÆ=ÚO_»∞#∞. ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆ =ºÜ«∞O QÆ$Ç¨Ï
~°OQÍxH˜ P^•Ü«∞O HÍQÍ, QÆ$Ç¨Ï ~°OQÆ =ºÜ«∞O ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜ P^•Ü«∞OQÍ "≥à√◊ #¡ ∞.
D ~Ô O_çO\˜Ö’ U ~°OQÆ"∞≥ <ÿ å (ÖË^• ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕã#≤ Ü≥∞_»Å P "Õ∞~° =ºÜ«∞O `«y,æ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
`«Q∞Æ #æ ∞. JO>Ë á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yOæ K«∞#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜ z„^èOŒ (Leakage)
QÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~∞° .
á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, q`«Î ãÖã¨Å÷ ^•fi~å =¸Å^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ „Ñ¨"tÕ OK«∞#∞. g\˜#∞Oz ~°∞}ÏÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞@^•fi~å
ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ÃÑ_»`å~Ú. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ‰õÄ_® =ºÜ«∞"Õ∞ JO>Ë ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =Å¡ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ
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ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx Injection in circular flow of Income QÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~∞° .

~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ ã¨=∞`ÒÅºO LO_®ÅO>Ë á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù (Leakage), ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç (Injection) ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_®e.
15. W\©=Å ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò =$kúˆ~@∞ ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1. 2. 3. 4.
[ : 4
q=~°} :
~åROÖ’ 1980 =~°‰Ωõ =$kú~ˆ @∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ (ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 3%) LO_Õk. 1980 `«~∞° "å`« =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk.
9= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ (1997–2002) 5.59% =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀQÍ, 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ 8.33% =$kú~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞
KÕã¨∞‰õΩOk.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞
2003–04 9.35%
2004–05 8.15%
2005–06 10.24%
2006–07(R) 11.16%
2007–08(Q) 10.62%
2008–09(UA) 5.53%
16. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ ~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "Õ¿ã"å~°∞
1. ~åR „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ É’~°∞¤ 2. J~°÷QÆ}ÏOHõ _≥·Ô~% 1⇒ 3. „Ñ¨^è•# q`«Î HÍ~°º^Œi≈
Hõ%ì̂~1@∞ 4. ˆHO„^ŒQÆ}ÏOHõ âßY
2731
[ : 2 22
q=~°} :
^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõãO¨ ã¨÷ (C.S.O) JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« #∞.
~åROÖ’ ~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∂xfl Pi÷Hõ QÆ}ÏOHõ _≥~Ô· Hõ~ì̂ @∞ (D.E.S Directorate of Economics & Statistics) "å~°∞ JOK«<å
"ÕÜÚ« ^Œ∞~°∞.
17. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ 2006–07 ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1. ~°∂II 30,000 2. ~°∂II 25,000 3. ~°∂II 40,000 4. ~°∂II 20,000
[ : 1
q=~°} :
~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∞, ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∂ JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~∞° .
2006–07Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~°∂II 30,000 ^•\Õk.
ãÖII „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
2005–06 26,662 21,728
2006–07 (R) 30,439 23,898
2007–08 (Q) 35,864 26,195
2008–09 (UA) 39,597 26,983
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18. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ ~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ áê\˜ã¨∞Î#fl Ñ¨^Œúu

Z. L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨^Œúu a. L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ Ñ¨^Œúu ã≤. =ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨^Œúu _ç. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨^Œúu
1. Z =∞iÜ«Ú a ãï J~Ú#k 2. Z, a =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤ ãï J~Ú#k

3. ã≤ =∞iÜ«Ú _ç ãï J~Ú#k 4. Jhfl ãï J~Ú#"Õ
[ : 4
q=~°} :
*ÏfÜ«∞ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’=ÖË ~åROÖ’ ‰õÄ_® =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å ^•fi~å ~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° . PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ GSDP =∞kOÑ¨Ù
ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où QÍ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ 9 „Ñ¨^•è # ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ 17 LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Ozi.
gxÖ’ 6 LÑ¨~O° QÍÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x („áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ il+ì̈~)¤ü
1 LÑ¨~O° QÆOÖ’ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x (x~å‡}O)
10 LÑ¨~O° QÍÖ’¡ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x (q∞ye# ~°OQÍÖ’¡) J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞.
19. ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ GDP, PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò Ü≥ÚHõ¯ GSDPÅ#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« HÍÅOÖ’ ÑïQÆ}ÕKÕ P^è•~°O
1. 1990–91 2. 1993–94 3. 1999–2000 4. 2000–01
[ : 3
q=~°} :
^ÕâO◊ Ö’ GDPx, ~åROÖ’ GSDPx ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ XˆH P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åxfl fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« D ~Ô O_çO\˜h QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ 1999–2000 ãÖ=`«û~åxfl Base yearQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞.
1948–49, 1960–61, 1970–71, 1980–81, ⇒ 1993–94, 1999–2000 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ#∞
WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
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*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O (NATIONAL INCOME)

1. =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ Ñ¨^•Å∞
Normal Residents : XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ö’ x=tã¨∂,Î "åi Pi÷Hõ Pâ◊HÎ̃ P ^ÕâO◊ ÃÑ<· Õ LO>Ë "åix Normal Residents
JO^Œ∞~°∞. giKÕ L`«ÊuÎKÜ Õ ∞« |_ç# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å<Õ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
(Normal Residents are "Those persons who ordinarily resides in a country and whose economic interests lie in
that country". National income is defined as the value of final goods and services produced by the normal residents
of a country.)
Domestic Territory XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ÖË^• ~å[H©Ü∞« ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ #∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞. q^Õj ~åÜ«∞ÉÏ~°∞Å∞, JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞
:
ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ nx#∞Oz q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_»`å~Ú. ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎ
'^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ— QÍ Ñ≤Å=|_»∞#∞.
Stock and Flow variables : xÅfi (Stock), „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO (Flow) Å =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® LOk. Stock J<Õ ÉèÏ=# XHõ xiÌ+ì̈
HÍÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok#k. Wk Point of Time x ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. Flow J<Õk xÜ«∞q∞`« HÍÖÏxH˜
K≥Ok#k. Wk Period of Time x ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
L^•: 2009 =∂iÛ 31 <å\˜H˜ ÉèÏ~°`[« <åÉèÏ J<Õk Stock HÍQÍ, 2008 – 09 =∞^èºŒ [#<åÅ ãÖYº Flow x `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
2009 _çÃãO|~ü 31 <å\˜H˜ qâßYÑ¨@flOÖ’QÆÅ "≥Ú`«OÎ WO_»∞¡ Stock variable HÍQÍ, 2008–09 =∞^èºŒ xi‡`«"∞≥ #ÿ WO_»∞¡ Flow
variable QÍ Ñ≤Å=|_»∞#∞.
J\Ï¡Q ˆ ãÖÑ¨^Œ Stock HÍQÍ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O Flow.
2009 =∂iÛ 31 <å\˜H˜ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù "≥Ú`«O Î Stock HÍQÍ, <≥Å <≥ÖÏ KÕ¿ã á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù Flow.
Stock variable Flow variable
ãÖÑ¨^Œ P^•Ü«∞O
[<åÉèÏ [#<åÅ ãÖYº
á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù (Savings) <≥Åãï á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù (Saving)
"≥Ú`«OÎ „^Œ=º ã¨ÑÜ
¡¨ ∞ü <≥Åãï =ºÜ«∞O
"≥Ú`«OÎ JÑ¨CÅ∞ JÑ¨CÅÃÑ· =_ô¤
=∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ : L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ áêÖÁæx W`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ Õ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ =∞^èºŒ O`«~°
=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅO^Œ∞~°∞. g\˜x L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° . *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ =∞^èºŒ O`«~°
=ã¨∞Î qÅ∞=#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞.
JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ : =∂#= HÀÔ~¯Å#∞ „Ñ¨`º« HõOΔ QÍ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î Ñ¨~ˆ Ûq. J#QÍ JOu=∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ (Final
Users) J"Õ∞‡ =ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ#∞ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅO^Œ∞~°∞. JOu=∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆ^•~°∞Å∞
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ HÍ=K«∞Û ÖË^• L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞ HÍ=K«∞Û.
xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ : Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞Oz ãäû_ôÅ∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛ^Õ xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
Net Indirect Taxes = Indirect Taxes – Subsidies.
Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ : =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· qkèOKÕ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ ÉèÏ~åhfl W`«~∞° ÅÃÑH· ˜ |kb KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û.
ãäû_ôÅ∞ : „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO L`«ÊuÎ ãÖã¨Å÷ H˜KÛÕ Pi÷Hõ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O. nx=Å¡ L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞O HõO>ˇ `«‰Ωõ ¯= ^è~Œ ‰° Ωõ
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°‰¡ Ωõ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ JOkOK«=K«∞Û.
GDP Gap (JO`«~O
°) : Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ =#~°∞Å#∞ ãÖÑ¨Ó~°O‚ QÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« QÆÅ QÆi+ì̈ L`«ÊuÎH˜
"åãÎ̈=OQÍ KÕã#≤ L`«ÊuÎH˜ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®ÜÕ∞ GDP JO`«~O° .
Green GDP : Ñ¨~åº=~°} #ëêìxH˜ GDP x ã¨~∞° É Ì Ï@∞ KÕ¿ãÎ ^•xx Green GDP JO\Ï~°∞.
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q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O :
HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ HÍ‰õΩO_® L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ™⁄O`« "åºáê~°O KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ XHÀ¯™êi `«=∞ ãÖã¨Ö÷ ’ "Õ∞<Õ[~°∞QÍ `å"Õ∞ Ñ¨xKÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û.
`«# ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨É∞íè ºÅ<Õ P ãÖã¨Ö÷ ’ Ñ¨xKÕ~ÚOK«=K«∞Û. "Õ∞<Õ[~°∞QÍ KÕ¿ãÎ =KÕÛ r`«O, J^Õ ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨É∞íè ºÅ‰õΩ
K≥eO¡ K«=Åã≤# r`åÅ∞, "Õ`<« åÅ#∞ HõeÑ≤ q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞=∞x Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – x~°fiK«<åÅ∞: ''XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’, xs‚`H« ÍÅOÖ’ ™ê^è•~°} x"åt`«∞ÅKÕ (Normal Residents) L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_ç#
JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å =∂Ô~¯\ò qÅ∞"Õ—— *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O. Wk ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍh, ^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍh L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|_»=K«∞Û.
Value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of a country, whether operating within the domestic
territory of the country or outside, in a year.
Wk XHõ ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎ<Õ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`«∞Ok. HÍx =ÚO^Œ∞ ãÖ.Ö’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎx `≥ÅÊ^Œ∞.
Ñ≤Q∂Æ x~°fiK«#O : „^Œ=ºO`À H˘Å=_®xH˜ gÖˇ#· , q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O`À ã¨Ç¨
ãÖÑ¶∂¨ xH˜ „áêÑ≤OÎ KÕ P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
Ñ¶+≤ ~¨ ü x~°fiK«#O : `«∞k qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ Éè∫uHõ ÖË^• =∂#= Ñïã¨~åÅ #∞Oz á⁄O^Õ ¿ã=Å
ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞"Õ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
=∂~°¬Öò x~°fiK«#O : XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è<Œ åxfl LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz, ã¨ÇÏ¨ [=#~°∞Å ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À
„Ñü ãÖ=`«û~°O L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ã Éè∫uHõ, JÉè∫uHõ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#fl
xHõ~° =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å "≥Ú`«"Î ∞Õ P^Õâ◊ "åãÎ̈qHõ xHõ~° "åi¬Hõ P^•Ü«∞O.
Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ˇfl\òû x~°fiK«#O : ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x L`åÊ^ŒHõ =#~°∞Å ^•fi~å [x`«"∞≥ ,ÿ U\Ï `«∞k qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞
KÕ̂~ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å "≥Ú`«OÎ xHõ~° qÅ∞=#∞ ÖË^• =¸Å^è#Œ ~åtH˜ [`«KÜ Õ ∞« |_Õ
xHõ~° qÅ∞=#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞.
National Income Committee (NIC) : XHõ xs‚`« HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ =ã¨∞= Î Ù#∞ ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ qÅ∞= Hõ@‰ì Ωõ O_®
*Ï„QÆ`ÑÎ« _¨ ∞» `«∂ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· Jxfl =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞=#∞ JOK«<å"Õ¿ãÎ Jk
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) : XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ "Õ`< « åÅ∞ ÉèÏ@HõO, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ XHõ^âÕ ◊
x"åt`«∞Å∞ (Normal Residents) ã¨$+≤Oì KÕ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∞O#∞
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz H˘xfl Ñ¨^•Å =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® (Basic Distinctions):
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz qq^èŒ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<Õ=ÚO^Œ∞, H˘xfl =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨^•Å J~°÷O, "åx=∞^èŒº ãÖ|O^èŒO
`≥Å∞ûHÀ"åeû LOk.
1. ã¨∂Å÷ , xHõ~° L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ∞ (Gross product (Vs) Net product):
L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ áêÖÁæx H˘O`«HÍÅOáê@∞ x~å@OHõOQÍ L`«ÊuÎx JOkOKÕ "å\˜x ã≤~ ÷ =° ¸Å ^è#Œ O JO^Œ∞~°∞. L^•:
Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, Éè=í <åÅ∞, ÑïHõ~åÅ∞.
=¸Å^è# Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖˇ#· (ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ O) Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, ZH˜fiÑπ"∞≥ O\ò, á¶êºHõsì ae¤OQ∑Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ áêÖÁæ<@ Õ Ñ¨Ù_»∞
J~°∞QÆ∞, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (Weat and Tear) ‰õΩ QÆ∞i JQÆ∞#∞. nx<Õ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (Depreciation) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
JO>Ë ã≤~ ÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl (Consumption of Fixed capital) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Hõeã≤ L#fl^• ÖË^•, q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_ç L#fl^• J<Õ^•xx |\ì̃ ã¨∂Å ÷ L`«ÊuÎ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎÅ=∞^èºŒ `Õ_®
QÆ=∞xOK«=K«∞Û.
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ`À HõeÑ≤ L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ ã¨∂Å ÷ L`«ÊuÎ. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ.
ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ ´ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ { `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ ´ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ´ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ – xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ´ ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^Œ# qxÜ≥∂QÆO (CFC)
ã¨∂Å ÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH,˜ xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH˜ `Õ_® `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ. Wk ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞. HÍ|\ì̃ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ
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xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =K«∞Û#∞.

ã¨∂Å ÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç P^è•~°OQÍ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ã,Î Jk ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ.
xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç P^è•~°OQÍ ^ÕâO ◊ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ Jk xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ.
2. ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ∞ (Domestic Vs National Product):
XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Å Ì Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl^•? ÖË^•, XHõ"àÕ ◊ *ÏfÜ«ÚÅKÕ (Normal Residents) L`«ÊuÎ
KÕÜ∞« |_»∞`«∞#fl^•? J<Õ ^•xÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ç ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ #∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û.
XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Å Ì Ö’ (Domestic Territory) [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎx ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞. XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ
„áêO`«OÖ’ [iy# D L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx, q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx KÕÜ∞« |_»=K«∞Û. JO>Ë Wk „áêO`åxH˜ „áê^è•#º`«
WK«∞Û#∞.
L^•: [áê<£‰Ωõ K≥Ok# ã¨∞AH˜ HÍ~°¡ HõOÃÑh WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ã,Î Jk ÉèÏ~°`« Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÖÌ ’ L`«ÊuÎ [iyOk
HÍ|\ì̃ ^•xfl ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ K«∂Ñ¨Ù`å~°∞. J\Ï¡Qˆ =∞#^ÕâßxH˜ K≥Ok# \Ï\Ï"å~°∞ =∞ÖË+Ü ≤ ∂« Ö’ <å<À HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ãÎ
Jk ^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨Å L`«ÊuÎ [iyOk HÍ|\˜ì ^•xx ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ K«∂Ñ¨~∞° .
XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ^â Õ ◊ áœ~°∞ÅKÕ (Normal Residents of a country) KÕÜ∞« |_ç# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞"Õ
*ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ. D L`«ÊuÎ P ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’QÍx, ^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx [~°Q=Æ K«∞Û. JO>Ë nxÖ’ „Ñ¨^âÕ ßxHõ<åfl,
P ^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞Å‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`« LO@∞Ok.
L^•: [áê<£"åi ã¨∞AH˜ HõOÃÑh WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ã,Î ^•x qÅ∞= [áê<£ ^ÕâßxH˜ K≥O^•e. ZO^Œ∞Hõ#QÍ Wk [áê<£
=¸Å^è#Œ OÃÑ· =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O. J\Ï¡Qˆ =∞#^ÕâßxH˜ K≥Ok# \Ï\Ï "å~°∞ =∞ÖË+Ü ≤ ∂« Ö’ <å<À HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ãÎ P L`«ÊuÎ
qÅ∞= ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅKÕ KÕÜ∞« |_çOk HÍ|\ì̃ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ßxH˜ K≥O^•e. <å<À HÍ~°¡ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=#∞ KÕiÛ, ã¨∞lH˜ HÍ~°¡ L`«ÊuÎ
qÅ∞=#∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ =KÕÛ^Õ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ.
ÉèÏ~°`^ « âÕ ◊ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ q^ÕâßÅÖ’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y¿ãÎ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz, q^Õj L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’
qxÜ≥∂y¿ãÎ K≥eO¡ Kåeû# =ºÜ«∞O fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ =KÕÛ^Õ xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad).
NFIA = q^ÕjÅ#∞O_ç =KÕÛ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (R) - q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO ¡ KÕ HÍ~°Hõ =ºÜ«∞O (P)
NFIA = Received Income (R) – Payment Income (P)
JO>Ë ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÅ‰õΩ `Õ_® xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O. ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎH˜ NFIA KÕi¿ãÎ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
=K«∞Û#∞.
*ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ ´ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ + NFIA
^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ ´ *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ – NFIA
NFIA ´ *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ – ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ
NFIA = R–P
^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ Ö’ Uk Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞Ok J<Õk NFIA ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞.
NFIA qÅ∞= ^è< Œ å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ (R > P), *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
NFIA qÅ∞= ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ ` ÿ Õ (R < P), ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
NFIA qÅ∞= â◊¥#º"≥∞` ÿ Õ (R = P), ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ∞ ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
3. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O (Market Prices Versus Factor cost):
xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ Hõeû L#fl"å? ÖË^•, q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_ç L#fl"å J<Õ^•x|\ì̃ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ L`«ÊuÎH,˜ L`«ÊuÎ
HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∂xH˜ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û.
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Éè∂í q∞, „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è#Œ O, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ J<Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À =ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuÎ [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. D L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ
ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`#« O, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ K≥eO¡ K«|_»∞#∞. W^Õ L`«ÊuÎH˜ JÜÕ∞º =ºÜ«∞O. nx<Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ
Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º (L`«ÊuÎ) P^•Ü«∞=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
D L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ `«Ü∂ « ~°∞KÕã#≤ L`«ÊuÎx =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°‰¡ Ωõ Jq∞‡#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò
^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O.
L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#"≥∞# ÿ ^è~Œ ° qkèOz =∂Ô~¯\’¡ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ZÔH· û*ò ã¨∞OHõO, J=∞‡HõÑÙ¨ Ñ¨#∞fl,
ÖÏO\˜ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ qkèOK«=K«∞Û. nx=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞^Î ~Œè ,° ^•x L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞O HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞. D
Ñ¨#∞fl"Õ∞~° P^•Ü«∞O L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ KÕ~‰° Ωõ O_® „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ KÕ~∞° #∞. HÍ|\ì̃ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ"Õ∞~° L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O
HõO>Ë, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’ P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=ÙQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
JO>Ë Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOHÍ^Œ∞.
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’xOz Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ ÅaèOKÕ P^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞OÎ k.
H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO =ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ‰õΩ ãäû_ôÅ∞ W=fi=K«∞Û. nx=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞^Î ~Œè ° `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞. =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’
=ã¨∞^Î ~Œè ‰° Ωõ ãäû_ôÅ∞ HõeÑ≤`,Õ L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞O (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ "≥à¡ı P^•Ü«∞O) =ã¨∞OÎ k.
JO>Ë L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ J^Œ#OQÍ LO@∞#flq
=∞iÜ«Ú ãäû_ôÅ "≥Ú`«OÎ `«‰Ωõ ¯=ÙQÍ LO@∞#flq.
Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ #∞O_ç ãäû_ôÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ =K«∞Û#∞. D xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ "Õ∞~° P^•Ü«∞O L`«ÊuÎ
HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞OHõO>Ë =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O ´ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O – Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ´ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O { Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O ´ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O – xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ´ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O { xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O – L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O
xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
4. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ , "åã¨=Î P^•Ü«∂Å∞ (Nominal Vs Real Incomes):
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ ^•xx „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ÖË^• <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ ÖË^• „^Œ=º P^•Ü«∞O
JO^Œ∞~°∞.
L^•: 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~° *ÏfÜ«∂^•xfl 2009–10 ãÖ. ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@.
J~Ú`Õ H˘O`«HÍÅOQÍ (over a period of time) ^Õâ◊ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl ãïáÈÖËÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞
JOK«<åÅ∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ =» Ù. ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°Q‰Æ Ωõ O_®<Õ ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ=Å¡ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy#@∞¡
Hõ#Ñ¨_»=K«∞Û.
ã≤~ ÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ ^•xx "åãÎ̈= P^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞. XHõ ãÖ=`«û~åxfl P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°O (Base
year)QÍ fã¨∞H˘x, P ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ J^Õ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Ö° ’ P^•Ü«∞O. L^•: =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ
1948–49, 1960–61, 1970–71, 1980–81, 1993–94, 1999–2000 =∞iÜ«Ú 2004–2005 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ#∞
P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ fã¨∞H˘xi.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ z#Ñ¨Ê\˜H,© ^•xx ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’H˜ =∂~°Û=K«∞Û. nxÔH· Price deflator x "å_»∞`å~°∞.
(Deflator is a statistical technique to neutralise the effect of changes in prices over a period of time)
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„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O

ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ´ X 100
^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p
L^•: 2008–09 ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O 18,00,000 HÀ@∞¡. ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p 200 J~Ú`Õ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ZO`«?
18,00,000
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ´ X 100 ´ 9,00,000
200
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ "åãÎ̈= P^•Ü«∞O
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ´ X 100
=ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ `Õ_®Å∞:
1) ã¨∂Å÷ , xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
2) ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA)
3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
4) <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ , "åãÎ̈= P^•Ü«∞O =∞^èºŒ `Õ_® =∞#O fã¨∞H˘<Õ ^è~Œ Å° ∞
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=#Å∞:
ã¨∂Å÷ , xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ, ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞ 4 ~°HÍÅ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ =ºHõÑÎ i¨ Ûi.
1) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) →
2) Gross National Product (GNP)
3) Net Domestic Product (NDP)
4) Net National Product (NNP)
„Ñü ÉèÏ=##∞ =∞~°Å =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∞, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° . J\Ï¡O@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "≥Ú`«OÎ 8 ÉèÏ=#Å∞
=™êÎ~Ú.
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP ) MP
2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP ) MP
3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NDP ) MP
4) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP ) MP
5) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP ) FC
6) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«Êu Î (GNP ) FC
7) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NDP ) FC
8) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP ) FC
1. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) GDP : MP
XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ^âÕ ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° KÕ ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =KÕÛ^Õ
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ.
nxÖ’ ã¨∂Å ÷ J#QÍ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ HõeÑ≤ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=#∞ K≥ÑC¨ @.
^ÕjÜ«∞ J#QÍ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞Å Ì Ö’ P ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx, q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx KÕÜ∞« |_Õ L`«ÊuÎ.
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L`«ÊuÎ J#QÍ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞. nxÖ’ =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎ fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞.
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞ J#QÍ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ Hõeã≤, ãäû_ôÅ∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz LO_Õ ^è~Œ Å° ∞.
GDP H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz =ÚMÏºOâßÅ∞:
MP
1) GDP J<Õk „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏÉèÏ=#. Wk XHõ ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎ. =ÚO^Œ∞ ãÖ=`«û~° L`«ÊuÎx `≥Å∞Ñ¨^∞Œ .
2) GDP JO>Ë Value of output HÍ^Œ∞. nx#∞Oz =∞^èºŒ O`«~° qxÜ≥∂QÆO fã≤"Ü
MP
Õ ∂« e. J#QÍ Wk sum total of
value added =∂„`«"∞Õ .
3) GDP Ö’ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞, Capital gains, Financial transactions K«@=ì ºuˆ~Y „^Œ=ºO q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe.
MP
4) GDP = ^è~Œ ° X JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å Ñï=∂}O

MP
5) ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ x"åiOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÖË fã¨∞HÀ"åe.

6) GDP J<Õk ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÍxH˜ K≥Ok#k. HÍ|\ì̃ xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe.
MP
GDPMP = Valve of output in Domestic Territory – Value of Intermediate consomption

(or)
GDPMP = Sum total of Value Added
2) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) GNP :

MP
XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ P^Õâ◊ *ÏfÜ«ÚÅKÕ (Normal Residents of a Country) L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î
¿ã=Å =∂Ô~¯\ò qÅ∞=#∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
GDPH˜ xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA), KÕi¿ãÎ GNP =K«∞Û#∞.
ã¨∂Å ÷ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|\ì̃ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
*ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|\ì̃ NFIA nxÖ’ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞. nxÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ J<Õk P ^ÕâO ◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, ^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx
KÕÜ«∞|_»=K«∞Û.
GNPMP = GDPMP + NFIA (Net Factor Income from Abroad)
GDP, GNP Ö’ ^Õx qÅ∞= Z‰õΩ¯=ÙQÍ LO@∞O^Œ<k Õ NFIA ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ç LO@∞Ok.
NFIA J<Õk ^è<
Œ å`«‡HõOQÍQÍx, ~°∞}Ï`«‡HõOQÍ QÍx LO_»=K«∞Û.
NFIA ^è<Œ å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ (Õ q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞OHõO>Ë,q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=ÙO>Ë
R > P)
J<Õk, GDP HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=ÙQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
GNP
NFIA ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ (=zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞OHõO>Ë, K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=ÙO>Ë R < P) GNP J<Õk
GDP HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=ÙQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
GDP, GNP Å =∞^è Œ º `Õ _ ®

GDPMP GNPMP
^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ P ^Õâ◊ „Ñ¨[ÅKÕ [~°Ñ|¨ _Õ L`«ÊuÎx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
nxx ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞QÍx, q^ÕjÅÜ«ÚÅ∞QÍx KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û Wk Normal Resident of a country J~Ú LO_ç
„Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«OÖ’ ZHõ¯_≥<· å L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|_»=K«∞Û.
Wk ãÖ‰õΩz`« ÉèÏ=# Wk qâÏÅ"≥∞#ÿ (Broader) ÉèÏ=#
Wk „Ñ¨^â
Õ ßxH˜ „áê^è•#º`« WK«∞Û#∞ Wk áœ~°∞Å‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`« WK«∞Û#∞
GDP = Value of output in Domestic Territory –
Value of Intermediate consumption GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from abroad
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GDP = GNP – NFIA GNP = GDP + NFIA

NFIA qÅ∞= ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `
ÿ Õ GDP > GNP NFIA qÅ∞= ^è<
Œ å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ GNP > GDP
(Payments exceed Receipts P > R) (Receipts exceed payments R > P)
P>R R >P
..........................................................................................................................................................
+ = + =
..........................................................................................................................................................
GDP R P GNP GDP R P GNP
3. xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) NDP : MP
GDP, GNP Å∞ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«=Ù. HÍ|\˜ì Jq Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’QÆÅ "åã¨=Î =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ∞« =Ù.
JO^Œ∞KÕ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ J=ã¨~O° .
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDM ) #∞O_ç ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å ^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO (`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ), fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
MP
=K«∞Û#∞.
−
L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ =¸Å^è# Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞@=Å¡ J~°∞QÆ∞, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞i JQÆ∞#∞. D `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ GDP
#∞O_ç fã≤"¿Õ ã,Î NDP =ã¨∞OÎ k.
NDP =
MP
GDP – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
MP
NDPMP = GDPMP – Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC)

GDPMP = NDPMP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
4) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) NNP : MP
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP ) #∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =∞Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
MP
=K«∞Û#∞.
xHõ~° J#QÍ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_»∞#∞.
*ÏfÜ«∞ J#QÍ NFIA nxÖ’ KÕi LO_»∞#∞.
NNP MP
= GNP – D `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
MP
NNPMP = NDPMP + NFIA
NNPMP = GDPMP + NFIA – D
NNP H˜, GNP H˜ `Õ_®

NNPMP GNPMP
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_»∞#∞ 1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
2) NNP = GNP – D
MP MP
GNPMP = NNPMP + D
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NDP H˜ NNP H˜ `Õ_®

NDPMP NNPMP
1) ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ [~°∞QÆ∞#∞ 1) P ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, "≥Å∞Ñ¨QÍx [~°∞QÆ∞#∞
2) nxÖ’ NFIA KÕi LO_»^∞Œ 2) nxÖ’ NFIA Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞
3) NDP = NNP – NFIA
MP MP
3) NNP = NDP + NFIA MP MP
L`«ÊuHÎ Í~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº P^•Ü«∞O

XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ¤» L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∂Å#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ ^•fi~å ^ÕjÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û.
ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`<« åÅ∞, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ KÕi¿ãÎ ^ÕjÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
5) ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º) GDP : FC
^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂ í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ Jhfl L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ Pi˚Oz# P^•Ü«∞O#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.

nxÖ’ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
GDP H˜ GDP H˜ `Õ_® xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞.
MP FC
HÍ|\˜ì GDP #∞Oz xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ GDP =K«∞Û#∞.

MP FC
GDPFC = GDPMP – Net Indirect taxes

GDPFC = GDPMP – (Indirect Taxes – Subsidies)
= GDPMP – Indirect Taxes + Subsidies.
GDPFC = (ÉÏ@HõO { "Õ`<« åÅ∞ { =_ô¤ { ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞) { `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
6) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º) GNP : FC
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ#∞Oz xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ã,Î L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º GNP =K«∞Û#∞.
GNPFC = GNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
GNPFC = (Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞)
GNPMP –
´ GNP – Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
MP
7) xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º) NDP : FC
nxx xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞.

NDPFC = NDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
NDPFC = GDPFC – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
NDPMP NDPFC
1) nxx =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° 1) nxx L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^è~Œ Å° `À QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞°
2) NDP = NDP + xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
MP FC
2) NDP = NDP – xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
FC MP
3) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ 3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ á⁄Ok# P^•Ü«∂xfl `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
8) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº)/ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O NNP : FC
NNP <Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞.

FC
^ÕjÜ«∞ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xH˜ NFIA KÕi¿ãÎ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞O Î k.

NNP #∞Oz xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ NNP / *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
MP FC
GNP #∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ NNP =K«∞Û#∞.

FC FC
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NNPMP HõO>Ë, NNP x["≥∞#ÿ H˘Å=∂#OQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û. HÍ~°}O Wk Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ =∂~°∞Ê=Å¡ „Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«O HÍ^Œ∞.
FC
Æ áõ È~Ú<å NNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞. HÍx NNP J<Õk D Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ=Å¡

Note: Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ÃÑiy`Õ, "åãÎ̈= L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°QH MP FC
„Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«O HÍ^Œ∞.

NNP FC
= ^ÕjÜ«∞ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NDP ) + NFIA FC
NNP FC
= NNP – xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
MP
NNPFC = GNPFC – D
qq^è Œ Éè Ï =#Å∞ =∞^è Œ º JO`« ~ ° ã ¨ O |O^è Œ O .
ã¨∂Å÷ , xHõ~° ~°∂ÑÖÖ’#∂, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞~°∂ÑÖÖ’#∂, ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ #∞ q=iOK«_O»
[iyOk. Wq XHõ ^•xH˘Hõ\ ˜ JO`«~ã° O¨ |O^èOŒ Hõey L#flq. U ÉèÏ=# #∞Oz J~Ú<å, q∞ye# ÉèÏ=#Å#∞ H˘O`« ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞
^•fi~å á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û.
GDPMP + NFIA –D – Net IT

GNPMP
NNPMP
NNPFC/NI
D ãÖ|O^è•xfl =∞~˘Hõ ~°HOõ QÍ ‰õÄ_® K«∂Ñ¨=K«∞Û.
−
GNPMP
-NFIA
∞Æ ^ÅŒ xH~õ °
«` ∞° Q
~ Ñ~¨ ÀH
Δõ Ñ#¨ ∞
flÅ∞
GDPMP
NNP MP GNPFC
Ne
t IT
xH~õ
NFIA
° Ñ~¨ À
NFIA
^ÅŒ
°
∞ QÆ
∞ ^Œ
Å HΔõ Ñ#¨
∞flÅ∞ «` ∞° Q∞Æ
~
`~«
NDPMP GDPFC
NNPFC
xH~õ ^ÅŒ
«` ∞° Q∞Æ
NFIA
° Ñ~¨ ~
ÀHΔõ Ñ
#¨ ∞flÅ
∞
NDPFC
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*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz H˘xfl ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞¡ KÕÜÚ« @^•fi~å ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍxH˜ K≥Ok# H˘xfl ÉèÏ=#Å∞ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û.
Jq..
1) Private Income (¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O)
2) Personal Income (=º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O)
3) Personal Disposable Income (=ºÜ«∞~°›^•Ü«∞O)
Private Income:
¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍxH˜ qq^èŒ =∂~åæÅ∞ ^•fi~å „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∂xfl Wk `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
qq^èŒ P^è•~åÅ∞ ^•fi~å L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ Ji˚Oz# "≥Ú`«OÎ P^•Ü«∂xH˜, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO #∞Oz, W`«~° „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«O (Rest of
the World) #∞Oz á⁄Ok# |kb K≥eO ¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ KÕi¿ãÎ ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ (NNP ), H˘xfl ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞¡K¿Õ ãÎ Private Income =K«∞Û#∞.
FC
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, qÉèÏQÍÅ‰õΩ, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O =∞iÜ«Ú „Ñ¨É∞íè fi`«fi _çáê~ü"ì ∞≥ O>Ë`~« °
ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù (E.g. HMT, SAIL), ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÆ P^•Ü«∞O HÍ^Œ∞ HÍ|\ì̃ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO `«# qxÜ≥∂QÆ J=ã¨~åÅÔH· „Ñ¨[Å#∞Oz ~°∞}O fã¨∞H˘O@∞Ok. D ~°∞}O ÃÑ· K≥eO¡ KÕ =_ô¤ ‰õÄ_® |kb
K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù ÖÏO\˜^.Õ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO =$^•úÑº¨ Ñ≤OKè#« ∞, x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Éè$í u, "≥∞_çHÖõ ò JÅ"≥#∞û, ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞, yÑπÅì ~°∂ÑÖÖ’
¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍxH˜ D |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ JOkOK«∞#∞. „Ñ¨H$õ u "≥Ñ· s¨ `åºÅ∞ ãÖÉèqí Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÉèÏ~°`« „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO PÇ¨~°O,
=¢™êÎÅ∞, =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ ÖÏO\˜ "å\˜x q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ ã¨ÇÏ¨ Ü«∞O KÕÜ∞« QÍ, q^ÕâßÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ „Ñ¨H$õ u "≥Ñ· s¨ `åºÅ∞
ãÖÉèqí Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. =∞#‰õΩ =zÛ# |Ç¨ï=∞`«∞Å∞, ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O#∞Oz =∞#O q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ KÕã#≤ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∂xfl
fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° q^Õj |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ =K«∞Û#∞. ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò~O° QÆO WÖÏO\˜ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.
Wk ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO. HÍx *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞.
Private Income = National Income – Income from property and entrepreneuership accruing to the Govt.
– Savings of non - Departmental enterprises
+ Interest on National debt
+ Net current transfers from government
+ Net current transfer from abroad.
¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞=∞<Õk *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi, ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍÅ =∞^èºŒ qÉè[í ##∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
¢ÃÑ" · \Õ ò~O° QÆO Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Ñ¨#∞fl qkèOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨Ó~°fiO (Pre - tax Income) ã≤u÷ x ¢ÃÑ"· @ Õ ∞ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
Note: |kb K≥eO ¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ :
L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∞O J<Õk „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ `ç Õ =KÕÛk. J~Ú`Õ H˘xfl ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∂Å∞ ZÖÏO\˜ L`åÊ^ŒHõ
HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’#∞ áêÖÁæ#‰õΩO_®<Õ ~å=K«∞Û. g\˜x |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ JO^Œ∞~°∞. JO>Ë „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~°O
ÖË‰Ωõ O_®<Õ á⁄O^Õq.
L^•: =$^•ÌÑº¨ Ñ¶O≤ Kè#« ∞¡, x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u, q^•º~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞, â◊~}
° Ï~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O, i>ÿ̌~ü J~Ú# "åiH˜KÛÕ
ÃÑ#¬<Å£ ∞, yÑ¶Åìπ ∞, _˘<Õ+<¨ û£ Gifts and Donations, „Ñ¨H$õ u "≥Ñ· s¨ `åºÅ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ¿ã ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O, `«e^¡ OŒ „_»∞Å∞ Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ H˜KÛÕ
áêÔH\ò=∞h, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°∞}OÃÑ· K≥eO¡ KÕ =_ô¤ "≥ÚII
=º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O (Personal Income):
=º‰õΩÅ Î ∞ (QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO) ãÖáêkOz# P^•Ü«∂xH˜, "åã¨=Î OQÍ KÕuH˘zÛ# P^•Ü«∂xH˜ `Õ_® LO@∞Ok.
¢ÃÑ" · @Õ ∞ P^•Ü«∞O =º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ qq^èŒ P^è•~åÅ ^•fi~å Pi˚Oz# P^•Ü«∂xfl `≥Å∞Ñ¨QÍ, =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O =º‰õΩÅÎ ∞, "åãÎ̈=OQÍ
á⁄Ok# P^•Ü«∂xfl `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
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=º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ ãÖáêkOz# P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO "åiKÕuH˜ ~å^Œ∞.

Z) ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ãÖáêkOz# P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÆO "å\Ï^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ÑÖzÃÑ@ì~∞° . Éèqí +¨º`ü ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞ÅÔH· nxfl LOK«∞`å~°∞.
D ÉèÏQÍxfl ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ (Undistributed profits or retained earnings) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
a) ãÖã¨Å÷ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞QÍ K≥eO¡ K«|_»∞#∞. nxx Corporate Profit Tax JO^Œ∞~°∞. D
HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ áÈ=Ù#∞.
=º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O ´ ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ – HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
Wk =º‰õΩÅÎ =∞^èºŒ P^•Ü«∞ ÑÖÑ≤}© Z\Ï¡ LOn? "≥Ü · ∞« HÎ̃Hõ Ñ¨#∞fl ÉèÏ~åxfl `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
=ºÜ«∂~°› =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O (Personal Disposable INcome):
=º‰õΩÅ Î KÕuH˘zÛ# P^•Ü«∞=∞O`å =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« gÅ∞HÍ^Œ∞. nxÖ’ P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨#∞fl, ãÖÑ¨^Œ Ñ¨#∞fl, =$uÎ Ñ¨#∞fl ÖÏO\˜ =º+≤ì
Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ K≥eO¡ K«QÍ q∞ye# ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« |_®xH˜ ÅÉèºí =∞QÆ∞#∞.
HÍ|\˜ì =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞áÈQÍ q∞ye# ^•xx =ºÜ«∂~°› =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
Personal Disposable Income = Personal Income – Personal Taxes

=ºÜ«∞~å›^•Ü«∞O ´ =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, ÃÑ<åbì "≥ÚII
=ºÜ«∞~å›^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO qxÜ≥∂QÆO KÕÜ∞« QÍ q∞ye#k á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕ™êÎ~∞° .
JO^Œ∞KÕ =ºÜ«∞~å›^•Ü«∞O ´ qxÜ≥∂QÆO { á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
=ºÜ«∞~å›^•Ü«∞O J<Õk =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å‰õΩ LO_»QÅÆ _ç=∂O_£⇒(Potential Demand) #∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜÚ« #∞. "åºáê~°"`Õ ÅÎ« ∞ nx
P^è•~°OQÍ `«=∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~∞° .
GDPMP + NFIA –D – Net IT – G + TP – CT, UDP –PT

GNPMP
NNPMP
NNPFC/NI
Private Income
Personal Income (PI)
DPI
G = Income from property and entrepreneurship accuring to the govt. and savings of non - departmental enterprises
TP = National debt Interest, current transters from the govt.
CT = Corporation taxes
UDP = Undistributed Profits
PT = Personal Taxes
DPI = Personal Disposable Income.
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O (Per Capita Income):

[<åÉèÏÖ’ `«ÖÏ XH˜¯O\˜H˜ =KÕÛP^•Ü«∂xfl `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ^Õâ◊ [#ÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ =KÕÛk `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O.
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*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O (PCI) =
[<åÉèÏ (ãÖII=∞^èºŒ [<åÉèÏ)
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy<å, [<åÉèÏ `«y<æ å, ~Ô O_»∂ [iy<å, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞. PCI J<Õk „Ñ¨[Å r=#
„Ñ¨=∂}Ïxfl ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
<å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ´
[<åÉèÏ
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ "åãÎ̈= `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ("åãÎ̈=) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
"åã¨=Î `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ´
[<åÉèÏ
"åã¨=Î `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy`Õ „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂}™ê÷~Ú =$kú K≥O^Œ∞#∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl, ã≤~÷ ^° ÅŒè ∞ ("åãÎ̈=) Ö’H˜ =∂~°Û=K«∞Û.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ´ X 100
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞:
*Ï`åÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ #∞Oz, [<åÉèÏ=$kú ~ˆ @∞#∞ ⇒ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~
ˆ @∞ =K«∞Û#∞.
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ ´ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ – [<åÉèÏ=$kú~ˆ @∞
L^•: *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù =$kú~ˆ @∞ 5%† [<åÉèÏ =$kú~ˆ @∞ 2%, J~Ú<å `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù =$kú~ˆ @∞?
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞=$kú~ˆ @∞ ´ 5% – 2%
´ 3%
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î ,« ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O :
J^Õ ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’QÆÅ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ ^•xx „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞
=∞O^Œ∞~°∞. JO>Ë J^Õ ãÖ=`«û~°O L`«ÊuÎ, J^Õ ãÖ=`«û~°O ^è~Œ Å° ∞.
L^•: 2009–10 ãÖ. ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ Jk „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
XHõ P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’QÆÅ ^è~ Œ Å° KÕ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’QÆÅ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ ^•xx ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’
*ÏfÜ«∂^•=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
L^•: 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎx 2004–2005 ãÖ=`«û~°ÑÙ¨ ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ ^•xx ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Ö° ’
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ã,Î ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ=Å¡ P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°Q=Æ K«∞Û HÍ|\ì̃ Jk Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ "åãÎ̈= ™ê=∞~å÷ºxfl
ã¨∂zOK«^∞Œ . JO^Œ∞KÕ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ ™êÎ~∞° . nxx "åãÎ̈= *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
^è~ Œ Å° ã¨∂pKÕ ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞ KÕÜÚ« @^•fi~å „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂hfl, ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’H˜ =∂~°Û=K«∞Û.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ X 100
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p
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Summary :
^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ: ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQq (q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û).
*ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ: XHõ ^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞ÅKÕ KÕÜ∞« |_Õ L`«ÊuÎ (^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨Å ‰õÄ_® HÍ=K«∞Û).
*ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ ´ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ { NFIA
NFIA ´ =zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (R) K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (P)
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O : =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞=
HÍ~°Hõ ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O : L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∂Å "≥Ú`«OÎ
HÍ~°Hõ ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O ´ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O – xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
NDP = GDP – D
GNP = GDP + NFIA
NNP = GNP – D
Technically NNPFC is called National Income
|kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ´ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ‰» Ωõ O_® á⁄O^Õ P^•Ü«∞O
¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O ´ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Pã¨∞ÅÎ #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O
– <å<£ _çáê~ü"ì ∞≥ O@Öò ãÖã¨Å÷ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
{ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤
{ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
=º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O ´ ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x−ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞, HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
=ºÜ«∞~°› P^•Ü«∞O ´ =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
*Ï`åÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =
[<åÉèÏ
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O : „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ =KÕÛk.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O : P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ ÅÉèºí =∞QÆ∞#∞.
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2. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl =∞kOKÕ Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞

L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ™êÎ~∞° . D L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ P^•Ü«∂Å∞QÍ ÑÖK«|_»∞#∞.
D P^•Ü«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÆ, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞. =ºÜ«∞O uiy L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
L`«ÊuÎ=Å¡ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨$+≤Oì K«|_»∞#∞. P^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å‰õΩ _ç=∂O_£#∞ HõeÊOK«∞#∞. _ç=∂O_£=Å¡ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O
[~°∞QÆ∞#∞. =ºÜ«∞O uiy L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^•ifÜ«Ú#∞.
L`«ÊuÎ
(=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ { ¿ã=Å∞)
=ºÜ«∞O
(qxÜ≥∂QÆ { ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O)
ÑÖÑ≤}˜/P^•Ü«∞O
ÉÏ@HõO{"Õ`#« O{=_ç{¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
JO^Œ∞KÕ g\˜x Production – Distribution – Disposition QÍ K«∂Ñ¨Ù`å~°∞.

HÍ|\˜ì Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ L`«ÊuÎ, P^•Ü«∞O, =ºÜ«∞O ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO\Ï~Ú. JO^Œ∞KÕ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Ö’¡
QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° .
1) Net Product Method (or) Value Added Method (L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ )
2) Income Method (P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ )
3) Expenditure Method (=ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ )
1. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ :
nxx Product Method, Value Added Method, Industrial Origin Method, Net Output Method Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩl<≥\òû nxx 'L`«ÊuÎ ¿ã"å Ñ¨ûúŒ — Jx Ñ≤eK≥#∞.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎx KÕi¿ãÎ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ =K«∞Û#∞.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ QÆÅ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎx KÕi¿ãÎ "≥Ú`«OÎ L`«ÊuÎ (Gross Output)
=ã¨∞OÎ k. J~Ú`Õ XHõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎx =∞~˘Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HOõ (=∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î Ù)QÍ "å_»=K«∞Û.
J\Ï¡O@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "å\˜ qÅ∞=#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e.
L^•: =∂~°∞f L^ÀºQ∑ eq∞>ˇ_£ Steel, Tyres "≥ÚII "åxx H˘x =∂~°∞f HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ã,Î xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎÖ’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "≥Ú`«OÎ Steel, Tyres, HÍ~°¡ L`«ÊuÎx HÍ‰õΩO_® „Ñü^ŒâÖ◊ ’ J^Œ#OQÍ KÕi# qÅ∞=<Õ (Value Added) fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
J#QÍ HÍ~°¡ qÅ∞=#∞Oz ^•x `«Ü∂« sH˜ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞qÎ Å∞= (Steel, Tyres) #∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e.
Gross Value Added = Gross value of output – Intermediate consumption
Net value Added (NVA) = Gross valve Added (GVA) – Depreciation
NVAFC = NVAMP – Net Indirect Taxes
NVAFC <Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞. nxH˜ NFIA KÕi¿ãÎ NNPFC =K«∞Û#∞. W^Õ
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
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nxx „HÕkq^èOŒ QÍ K«∂Ñ¨=K«∞Û.

Gross value of output

( – ) Intermediate consumption

Gross Value Added (GVAMP) or GDPMP

( – ) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ

Net Value Added (NVAMP) or NDPMP

( – ) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞

L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ NDP FC
/ NVAFC

({) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA)

*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O (NNP FC
)
L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤# *Ï„QÆ`ÅÎ« ∞ (Precautions):
1) XˆH =ã¨∞=Î Ù ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«‰Ωõ O_® *Ï„QÆ`ÑÎ« _¨ ®e. WO^Œ∞‰õΩQÍ#∞...
Z) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ<Õ ÖˇH¯õ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ"åe (ÖË^•)
a) qÅ∞= KÕiÛ# Ñ¨ûúŒ <≥<· å "å_®e.
2) ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O ÖË‰Ωõ O_® K«∂_®e. nxÔH· ~Ô O_»∞ =∂~åæÅ∞<åfl~Ú.
Z) ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx QÆ}O˜ Kåe (ÖË^•)
a) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}O˜ z#Ñ¨Ê\˜H,© _ç¿Ñ@
¡ ~ü ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À "åãÎ̈= P^•Ü«∞OÖ’H˜ =∂~åÛe.
3) ã¨fiÜ«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÆO (Self consumption) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’H˜ ~å^Œ∞HÍ|\ì̃ KÕ~åÛe. L^•: ~Ô `· ∞« ™⁄O`åxH˜ "å_»∞‰õΩ#fl
PÇ¨~°^•è <åºÅ∞.
4) ™⁄O`«OQÍ Ü«∞[=∂x LO@∞#fl WO\˜¿ã=Å∞ (Imputed Rent of owner occupied houses) KÕ~åÛe. L^•: Imputed
Rent, Imputed Interest.
5) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜¿ã=Å∞ (Services of house wives) „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« ÖËO. HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞#∞flOz
q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe. L^•: =O@ KÕÜÚ« @, Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ãÖ~°H} Δõ .
6) Second - hand goods ÖË^• existing commodities „HõÜ∞« , q„HõÜ∂« Å∞ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. L^•: áê`«HÍ~°∞, áê`« WÅ∞¡, áê`«
ÃÑ~ÚO\ÕQ∑Å J=∞‡HõO KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
Note: J~Ú`Õ áê`«=ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ∞ J"≥∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „É’Hõ~ü (Broker) Hõg∞+¨<£ KÕ~åÛe (J`«x ¿ã=Å∞ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜
K≥Ok#q HÍ|\˜)ì
7) Bonds and Shares J=∞‡HÍÅ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞Oz q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe. (nx=Å¡ Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞ |kb J=Ù`å~Ú HÍx,
#∂`«#OQÍ Ug ã¨$+≤Oì K«|_»=Ù) J~Ú`Õ Shares, Bonds J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „É’Hõ~ü ¿ã=Å∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OKåe.
8) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
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Note: W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛe, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e.

L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ Z^Œ∞~°Ü∞Õ º ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞:
1) W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ KÕ~åÛe. J~Ú`Õ ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ =∂~°∞Ê=Å¡ g\˜ qÅ∞=#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« @Hõ+Oì̈ .
2) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« @ Hõ+Oì¨ (H˘#fl ^è~Œ Ã° Ñ· JOK«<å"ÕÜ∂« ÖÏ? ÖË^• Replacement Cost P^è•~°OQÍ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∂« ÖÏ?
J<Õk ã¨=∞ã¨º).
3) q^Œº, ~°"å}Ï =ºÜ«∞O ÖÏO\˜q JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖÏ ÖË^• =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖÏ J<Õk K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖËO.
4) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î Ù, JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î Ù =∞^èºŒ ã¨Ê+ì̈"∞≥ #ÿ w`« wÜ«∞ÖËO. Jk "å\˜ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆOÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞. Ñ≤O_ç (Flour)
J<Õk QÆ$Ç¨Å‰õΩ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î Ù HÍQÍ, ~˘>ì̌Å∞ `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕ¿ã"å_ç (Baker)H˜ Jk =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î Ù.
5) r=<å^è•~° ~°OQÆOÖ’#∞, ™⁄O`« "åºáê~°OÖ’x L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz ãÔ̈~#· ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅÉèºí O HÍ=_»OÖË^∞Œ .
6) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ OKåÖÏ? \’‰õΩ ^è~Œ Ö° Ï? zÅ¡~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ OKåÖÏ J<Õk ã¨=∞ã¨º.
7) =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ ~åx Self - consumption, owner - occupied buildings Rents ÖÏO\˜ "å\˜H˜ ^è~Œ Å° ∞ x~°~‚ ÚOK«∞@ Hõ+Oì¨ .
8) ¿ã=Å#∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åÖÏ? =^•Ì? J<Õk =∞~˘Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨º.
qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ #∞Oz (Industrial Origin) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ZO`≥O`« "å\Ï =ã¨∞#Î fln? qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ ™ê¿ÑHõΔ „áê^è•#º`«Å∞
Z\Ï¡ LOk? `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ D Ñ¨ûúŒ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
2. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Income Method):
nxx Factor Payment Method, Distributed Share Method, Income Paid Method, Income received
Method Jx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ∞ (Éè∂ í q∞, „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è#Œ O, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ ) `«=∞ ¿ã=Å∞ JOkOK«∞@^•fi~å „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ (ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`#« O,
=_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞) á⁄O^Œ∞`å~Ú. D „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ#∞ HõeÑ≤`Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞OÎ k.
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À L`«ÊuÎ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. P L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ KÕ~∞° `«∞Ok. P HÍ~°Hõ „ÑüÑ¶Ö ¨ ÏÅhfl
HõeÑ≤`Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ ÉèÏ@HõO { "Õ`#« O { =_ô¤ { ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ { q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O ~ Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK«=K«∞Û.
I) ^ÕjÜ«∞ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (Domestic Factor Income)
II) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (Net Factor Income from abroad)
Sources of Factor Income

Domestic Factor Income NFIA

Compensation of Operating Surplus Mixed Income of the
Employees (COE) (OS) Self employed
Wages and Salaries in cash Income from Property

Compensation in Kind
Employer's contribution to Income from Entrepreneuership
Social Security Schemes
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I).^ÕjÜ«∞HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xfl 3 ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK«=K«∞Û.

1) „â◊=∞#∞ JOk¿ãÎ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O (Labour Income/ Compensation of Employees)
2) =¸Å^è#Œ O/ Pã¨∞ÅÎ #∞Oz P^•Ü«∞O (Property Income/ Operating Surplus)
3) q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O (Mixed Income) XˆH =ºHÎ̃ ÃÑ· ~Ô O_çO\˜x JOk¿ãÎ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O.
1. Compensation of Employees: „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞, L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ Å ÷ ∞ `«=∞ „â◊=∞#∞ JOkOK«∞@ ^•fi~å á⁄O^Õ ÑïÇ¨~°O („ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞)
=¸_»∞ q^è•Å∞QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
Z) „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’QÆÅ "Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞. L^•: r`«O, _ç.Z., ÃÇÏKüP~üZ, X\˜Z., É’#ãπ, Hõg∞+¨<,£ LTC (Leave Travel
Concession) etc.
a) =ã¨∞~Î ∂° ÑÖÖ’ JOkOKÕ ÑïÇ¨~°O (Compensation in Kind). L^•: Lz`« QÆ$Ç¨ÏO, "≥^· ºŒ O, Lz`«Ü¸ « xá¶ê~°O, PÇ¨~°O,
Lz`«q^Œº, ~°"å}Ï, =_ôÖ¤ ‰Ë Ωõ O_® ~°∞}ã¨^∞Œ áêÜ«∞O, Creches for children of Employees etc.
ã≤) Ü«∂[=∂#ºO L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅH˜KÛÕ ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ (Employer's Contribution to social security schemes).
L^•: Ñ≤.ZÑ¶,π rq`«c=∂, i>ÿ̌~"ü ∞≥ O\ò ÃÑ#¬<H£ ˜ JOkOKÕ "å\Ï, „QÆ∂Ñπ W#∂ûÔ~<£û, „QÍ_»∞º\© "≥ÚII
2. Operating Surplus: =¸Å^è< Œ åxfl, Ü«∞[=∂<åºxfl Hõeæ LO_»∞@=Å¡ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O. JO>Ë Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ #∞Oz
=KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O (Income from Property and entrepreneurship).
Z) Éè∂í =ÚÅ∞, Éè=í <åÅ∞ Hõeæ LO_»∞@=Å¡ ÉÏ@HõO =K«∞Û#∞. Rent of Self-occupied house (Imputed Rent) ‰õÄ_®
ÉÏ@HõOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ .
~°∞}ÏÅÃÑ,· _çáêl\òÅÃÑ· =KÕÛ =_ô.¤
QÆ#∞Å∞ bAH˜zÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =KÕÛ ~åÜ«∞bì, ¿Ñ>ˇO\ò Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å∞, HÍÑ¶‘ ~Ô \· òûÃÑ· =KÕÛ ~åÜ«∞bìÅ∞ nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
Rent, Interest, Royalties J<Õq Income from property QÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û.
a)HõOÃÑh "å\Ï^•~°∞Å‰õΩ ÑÖK≥ _çq_≥O_£Å∞:
ÃÑ^ŒÌ HõOÃÑhÅ∞ `«=∞ "≥Ú`«OÎ P^•Ü«∂xfl ¿+~ü Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~ûü H˜ _çq_≥O_£Å ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ ÑÖzÃÑ@ì=Ù. H˘O`« P^•Ü«∂xfl
ÑÖzÃÑ@ì‰Ωõ O_® LOK«∞`å~Ú. nxx ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ (Undistributed profits) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
D ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO Corporate Profit Tax QÍ#∂, H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO Corporate Saving QÍ#∂
LO@∞Ok. JO>Ë Dividends, Undistributed Profits, Corporate Tax J<Õq Income from entre preneurship QÍ
Ñ≤Å=|_»`å~Ú.
3. Mixed Income: L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ XˆH =ºH˜Î „â◊=∞#∞, =¸Å^è< Œ åxfl JOk¿ãÎ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O. JO>Ë
H˘O`« Labour Income HÍQÍ, H˘O`« Property and Entrepreneurship #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞=∞QÆ∞#∞. L^•: ™⁄O`«
"åºáê~°O, Carpenters P^•Ü«∞O, ™⁄O`« H˜x¡ H±=^ŒÌ _®Hõ~ì ü JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å∞, `«# á⁄ÅOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã ~Ô `· ∞« .
II) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) = HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ JOkOz#O^Œ∞‰õΩ q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz á⁄Ok# P^•Ü«∞O (R) – ^ÕâÉ ◊ ∂íè ÉèÏQÆOÖ’
q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞ JOkOz# HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ (P).
NDP = L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ÑïÇ¨~°O { Operating Surplus + q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O.
FC
NNP = NDP + NFIA

FC FC
nx<Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ [COE + OS + mixed Income] + NFIA
´ ^ÕjÜ«∞HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O { q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O.
P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ – fã¨∞HÀ=eû# *Ï„QÆ`ÅÎ« ∞ :
1) ã¨fiÜ«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÆ qÅ∞= (Self - consumption), Imputed rent of the Self - occupied houses HõÅáêe.
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2) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. L^•: Old age Pensions, x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u, ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞, Hõ~∞° =Ù ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO
JOkOKÕ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O. Wq „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ `À_®Ê@∞#∞ JOkOK«=Ù.
3) K«@=ì ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. L^•: ã¨‡QÆ~¡ ûü P^•Ü«∞O, illegal drug Traders (Wq K«@=ì ºuˆ~Hõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’
áêÖÁæO>Ë =zÛ#q. =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ}O˜ Ñ¨ÖxË q).
4) *ÏfÜ«∞~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ J=ã¨~åÅˆH ~°∞}O fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok J<Õ „Ñ¨"∞Õ Ü«∞O=Å¡
~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ KÕ~Û° ~°∞ (Wk J#∞`åÊ^ŒHõ L^ÕâÌ O◊ `À fã¨∞HÀ|_çOk HÍ|\ì̃)
5) Second hand goods, bonds, shares Jq∞‡`Õ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ g\˜ J=∞‡HÍÅÖ’ „É’Hõ~ü Hõg∞+¨<£
ÖˇH¯˜ OKåe.
6) ¢ÃÑ"· @ Õ ∞ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. L^•: `«e^¡ OŒ „_»∞Å∞ Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ H˜KÛ≥ Pocket Money, Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ∞ =$^Œ∞ÅÌ H˜KÛ≥ „^Œ=ºO "≥ÚII
(nxÖ’ XHõi#∞Oz =∞~˘HõiH˜ Hˆ =ÅO „^Œ=ºO =∂„`«"∞Õ |kb JQÆ∞K«∞#flk)
7) QÍe"å@∞ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ (windfall gains) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. L^•: ÖÏ@sÅ ^•fi~å, prizes ^•fi~å =KÕÛ
P^•Ü«∞O (Wq ‰õÄ_® „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ `À_®Ê@∞#∞ JOkOK«=Ù).
8) HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ Ñ¨#∞fl fÜ«∞HõÑÓ¨ ~°fiO L#fl ÖÏÉèÏÅ#∞ *ÏfÜ«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. HÍ|\ì̃ „Ñ¨`ºÕ HõOQÍ HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ Ñ¨#∞fl#∞
fã¨∞HÀ#=ã¨~°OÖË^Œ∞.
9) ãÖÑ¨^ÑŒ #¨ ∞fl, |Ç¨ï=∞uÑ¨#∞fl ÖÏO\˜q „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « P^•Ü«∞O #∞OzHÍHõ, Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÅ #∞Oz K≥e™¡ êÎ~∞° . HÍ|\ì̃
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞.
P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ – Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞:
1) q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ Hõ+Oì̈ (J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«~O° QÆOÖ’ ãÔ̈~#· ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅÉèºí OHÍ^Œ∞).
2) H˘O`«=∞Ok Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°∞}OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» #∞. HÍ|\ì̃ ~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤
*Ï`åÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛÅx "åkOzi.
3) JÖÏÊaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅÖ’ P^•Ü«∂xH˜ K≥Ok# ã¨~Ô #· QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ ÅÉèºí OHÍ=Ù (D ^ÕâÏÅÖ’ H˘kÌ=∞Ok =∂„`«"∞Õ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
K≥e™¡ êÎ~∞° ).
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O qq^èŒ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ=∞^èºŒ Z\Ï¡ ÑÖÑ≤}˜ J~ÚO^À `≥Å∞ûH˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨^`úŒ Õ
LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKåe.
3. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Expenditure Method):
nxx Income Disposal Method, Consumption and Investment Method Jx JO^Œ∞~°∞.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ [iˆQ JOu=∞ =ºÜ«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@^•fi~å GDP x á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑK· ¿Õ ã JOu=∞ =ºÜ«∞O
^•fi~å nxx QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° . JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ J<Õq qxÜ≥∂QÍxH˜QÍx, ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH˜ HÍx HÍ=K«∞Û. JO>Ë JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ
=ºÜ«∞O, JOu=∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ ^•fi~å nxx á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û. JO^Œ∞KÕ nxx Consumption and Invest
ment Method JO^Œ∞~°∞.
XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ JOu=∞ =ºÜ«∞O KÕ¿ã ~°OQÍÅ∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞O\Ï~Ú.

1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO (Household sector)
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2) ãÖã¨Å÷ / "åºáê~° ~°OQÆO (Business/ Producing Sector)

3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO (Government Sector)
4) W`«~° „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«~O° QÆO Rest of the World (Row)
JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· D <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O D q^èOŒ QÍ LO@∞Ok.
Z) qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O (Consumption Expenditure) C
a) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O (Investment Expenditure) I
ã≤) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O (Government Expenditure) G
_ç) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ (Exports – Imports) X – M
Z) ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O (C):
qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞, ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ÖÏÉèí L^ÕâÌ O◊ ÖËx ã¨fiK«ÛOù ^Œ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞.
=∞xflHõÖx Ë (non-durables goods) PÇ¨~°O, áêhÜ«∂Å∞, ã¨|∞ƒÅ∞, @∂`ü¿ÑãπÅì ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O.
=∞xflHõQÅ Æ (durable goods) TV, Ñ¶ïflK«~ü, HÍ~°∞¡, Éˇ·H±Å∞, AC Å∞ "≥ÚII "å\˜ÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O.
~°"å}Ï¿ã=Å∞, "≥^ · ºŒ ¿ã=Å∞ ÖÏO\˜ ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O.
g\˜ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∂xfl =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’x i>ÿ̌Öò ^è~ Œ Å° ∞ (Retail Prices) P^è•~°OQÍ QÆ}˜™êÎ~°∞.
Note: #∂`«# WÅ∞¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞OHÍ^Œ∞. Jk ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O „HÕkH˜ =ã¨∞O Î k.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞"Õ∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åe. áê`«HÍ~°∞,¡ áê`«⇒=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞.
L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞ `«#HÔ · LOz# Self-Consumption ‰õÄ_® qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ .
Imputed Rent on Self - occupied houses ‰õÄ_® qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ .
B) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O (I):
Éè∫uHõ =¸Å^èŒ# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÖË ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç L^•: Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, á¶êºHõìsÅ∞ Ô~ã≤_≥x¬Ü«∞Öò WO_»∞¡, ãÖã¨÷ W<≥fiO@sÅ
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∂<Õfl Gross Domestic Capital Formation (GDCF) JO^Œ∞~°∞. nxÖ’ =¸_»∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ QÆÅ=Ù.
a) ã≤~ ÷ Ã° Ñ@∞ì|_ç/ã¨∂Å÷ ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ#: #∂`«# áê¡O\ò, Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, Z‰õÄºÑπ"∞≥ O\ò, á¶êºHõsì Å∞, ~°"å}Ï Z‰õÄºÑπ"∞≥ O\ò,
x~å‡}Ñ¨#∞Å∞ (_®ºOÅ∞, >ˇeá¶È<£Ö<·ˇ û£ ) "≥ÚII "åxÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O.
b) ~ Ô ã≤_x≥ ¬Ü∞« Öò Ç¨Ï∫ãπÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O: #∂`«# WO_»¡ x~å‡}OÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O (W#∞=Ú, ã≤"∞≥ O\ò, =Ù_£, W@∞HõÅ∞, „â◊=∞ "≥ÚII
"åxÃÑ· aÅ¤~Kü ¿Õ ã =ºÜ«∞O). nxx Commodity Flow Approach JO^Œ∞~°∞. Major repairs, Renovations nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ .
WO_»¡ x~å‡}=∞<Õk ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ÉèÏQÆO.
Note: Capital goods Ö’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH,˜ WO_»x ¡ ~å‡}OÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH˜ H˘kÌQÍ `Õ_® LOk. WO_»∞¡ J<Õq QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆOKÕ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕÜ∞« |_»QÍ, =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ KÕ H˘#QÀÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞.
c) xÅfiÖ’=∂~°∞Ê (W<≥fiO@sÅ∞): =Ú_çã~ ¨ ∞° ‰õΩ, ã¨QOÆ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞, J=∞‡HÍxH˜ ã≤ÔúŒ QÍL#fl JOu=∞=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞
(Final goods awaiting sale) "≥ÚIIq W<≥fiO@sÅ∞. D W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞Êx ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
Change in stock = closing stock – opening stock.
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ã≤~÷ Ã° Ñ@∞ì|_ç { ~Ô ã≤_x≥ ¬Ü∞« Öò WO_»¡ x~å‡}O { W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∂xfl ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û.
gxÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO J~°∞QÆ∞, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞i J~Ú# "å\˜ ™ê÷#OÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç HÍ|_»=K«∞Û. D Replacement amount
x `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (Depreciation) JO^Œ∞~°∞. HÍ|\ì̃ ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç#∞O_ç D `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =K«∞Û#∞.
Net Domestic Investment = Gross Fixed Business Investment +
Inventory Investment +
Gross Residential Investment - Depreciation.
C) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ºÜ«∞O (G):
nxx „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞=∞O^Œ∞~°∞.

ÑïáêÅ#, ~°H} Δõ , âßOu XÑ¨ÊO^•Å∞, q^•º – "≥^· ºŒ ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞ ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O=Å¡
=∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ J"≥∞‡ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ L`«ÊuÎHÍ=Ù HÍ|\ì̃, g\˜H˜ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞O_»=Ù. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ¿ã=Å∞ JOkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO
L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ Å÷ ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ¿ã=Å∞ JOkOKÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O HõeÑ≤`Õ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
J~Ú`Õ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ¿ã=Å∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ J=∞‡HõáÈ~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H,© <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ ~°∞ãÖ fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. (L^•: Hospitals Ö’
<å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ ~°∞ã¨∞O, q^•ºãÖã¨Å÷ Ñ¶A ‘ Å∞) J\Ï¡O\˜ ~å|_çx, =ºÜ«∞O #∞Oz fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° =ºÜ«∞O =K«∞Û#∞.
L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ÑïÇ¨~°O "Õ`< « åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞, ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ LO_»∞#∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O ´ L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ÑïÇ¨~°O { ^ÕjÜ«∞ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å xHõ~° H˘#∞QÀà◊√¡ { q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz
=ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å xHõ~° H˘#∞QÀà◊√.¡
xHõ~° J#QÍ H˘#∞QÀà◊¡ qÅ∞=, J=∞‡HÍÅ qÅ∞= =∞^èºŒ QÆÅ `Õ_®.
D) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Net Exports (X – M) :
=ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å qÅ∞=#∞Oz kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å qÅ∞= fã≤"¿Õ ã,Î xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ =K≥Û#∞. Wk ^è< Œ å`«‡HõOQÍ QÍx,
~°∞}Ï`«‡HõOQÍQÍx LO_»=K«∞Û. Net Exports = Exports – Imports
xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ J<Õq ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (Domestic product) Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO.
Open Economy Ö’ XHõ^â Õ O◊ W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ`À JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ "åºáê~°O KÕã≤ XHõ^âÕ O◊ W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞, ¿ã=Å∞
(+≤ÑÊ≤ OQ∑, c=∂, ÉÏOHÕQ∑, ~°"å}Ï, Ñ¨~åº@Hõ ¿ã=Å∞) ZQÆ∞=∞uKÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û. J\Ï¡Qˆ q^ÕâÕ ã◊ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞ P ^ÕâßxH˘¿ãÎ PÇ¨~°O,
handicrafts ÖÏO\˜ =ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ#∞ H˘#=K«∞Û. J^Õq^èOŒ QÍ q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞, ¿ãÅ∞ kQÆ∞=∞u KÕã∞¨ HÀ=K«∞Û.
=ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ Ö’ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#∞, kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HÀ"åe?
ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞ÅÃÑ· q^Õâã ◊ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞ =ºÜ«∞O KÕã#≤ Ñ¨Ê\˜H,© P =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎHÍ|_çq HÍ|\ì̃ Jq ^ÕjÜ«∞
L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ J<Õq q^ÕâßÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎHÍ|_ç#Ñ¨Ê\˜H,© "åxÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O J<Õq ^ÕjÜ«∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞Ö’ÉèÏQÆO.
J~Ú`Õ XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∂ í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ ZO`« J~Ú#n `≥Å∞ûHÀ"åÅO>ˇ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e.
xHõ~° q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ´ xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ + NFIA.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ [iˆQ qxÜ≥∂QÆ, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi, xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ HõeÑ≤`Õ GDP =K«∞Û#∞.
GDPMP = C + I + G + (X – M)
Note : ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx fã¨∞H˘<Õ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç fã¨∞‰õΩO>ˇ GDP H˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ NDP =K«∞Û#∞.
GDP H˜ NFIA KÕi¿ã,Î GNP =K«∞Û#∞. nx#∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ NNP =K«∞Û#∞. nx#∞Oz xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ
MP MP MP
Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ NNP =K«∞Û#∞. W^Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.

FC
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*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O(NI) = C + I + G + (X – M) + NFIA – D – Net IT
nxx D q^èOŒ QÍ K«∂Ñ¨=K«∞Û C + I + G + (X – M)

GDPMP

( + ) NFIA

GNPMP

( – ) Depreciation

NNPMP

( – ) Net IT

NNPFC / National Income.
Note: * GDPÖ’ xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ (X – M) J<Õq ÉèÏQÆO.
* GDP H˜ NFIA (R–P), KÕi¿ãÎ GNP =K«∞Û#∞.
=ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=#Å∞
C+I+G+(X–M) + NFIA –D – Net It – G + TP –CT, UDP – PT

GDPMP
GNPMP
NNPMP
NNPFC / NI
Private
Income
Personal
Income
DPI
=ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ=eû# *Ï„QÆ`ÅÎ« ∞:

1) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅxflO\˜x fã¨∞HÀ"åe (=∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ g\˜ÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O [iy<å, [~°QHÆ áõ È~Ú<å).
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L^•: Self - consumption, Imputed values.

2) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞ (Wk JOu=∞ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\ì̃).
3) Second - hand goods ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞ (Wq QÆ`« ãÖ=`«û~° L`«ÊuÎÖ’H˜ =™êÎ~Ú).
4) ¿+~°∞,¡ ÉÏO_»∞¡ (Financial assets) ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞ (nxÖ’ Ü«∂[=∂#ºO =∂„`«"∞Õ |kb JQÆ∞#∞. ZÖÏO\˜
#∂`«# Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞ L`«ÊuÎHÍ=Ù).
5) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞. L^•: Ñ≤OK«#∞¡, x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Éè$í u .
ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ ÖÏO\˜ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÖËHáõ È=_»O=Å¡ D Ñ¨ûúŒ x
J=ÅOaOK«ÖOË .
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ¢ÃÑ·"Õ@∞, „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi =ºÜ«∂Å "å\ÏÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, qxÜ≥∂QÆO, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
=ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ J=ÅOa™êÎ~∞° .
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O QÆ}ÕKÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«=Åã≤# JOâßÅ∞ :
ÃÑ#¬<£ : *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. HÍ~°}O D „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêxH˜ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O HÍ^Œ∞.
QÆÒ« Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ : GNP Ö’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# "å\˜<Õ KÕ~∞° ™êÎ~∞° . HÍ|\ì̃ g\˜x KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
q^ÕâßÅ #∞Oz |kbÅ∞ : Wk ãÖáêk`« P^•Ü«∞O HÍ^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
HõOÃÑh ÉÏO_»¡ J=∞‡HõO : Wk =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ ÃÑOK«^∞Œ . Wk Hˆ =ÅO „^Œ=ºO |kb =∂„`«"∞Õ . HÍ|\˜ì nxfl GNP Ö’
HõÅÑ¨~å^Œ∞.
q„âßOu : nxH˜ =∂Ô~¯\ò qÅ∞= QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ Hõ+Oì¨ . HÍ|\˜ì nxfl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
Ãã‰õÄºi\©Å J=∞‡HÍÅ∞, H˘#∞QÀà◊√¡ : ÉÏO_»∞,¡ ¿+~°∞¡ H˘#∞QÀà◊√¡ J<Õq Hˆ =ÅO Ü«∂[=∂#ºO |kbÜÕ∞. nxÖ’
L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏÑÖ Wq∞_ç LO_»^∞Œ . HÍ|\ì̃ GNP Ö’ HõÅÑ¨~å^Œ∞.
Purchase of Second Hand Machine of a Domestic Service : Wk QÆ`« ãÖ=`«û~° =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ HõÅÑ¨~å^Œ∞.
Purchase of New Shares of a Domestic firm : #∂`«# ¿+~°∞¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® Ü«∂[=∂#ºO |kbQÍ
ÑïQÆ}O˜ K«=K«∞Û. =ã¨∞Î H˘#∞QÀÅ∞QÍ ÑïQÆ}O˜ K«~å^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ GNP Ö’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO q^•º~°∞Å÷ H˜zÛ# ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞ : Wq |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ „HÕ^Œ‰Ωõ =K«∞Û#∞. nxfl KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Pã¨∞Ñ¨„`«∞ÅÖ’ Lz`« "≥^· ºŒ O : Wk |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù HÍ|\˜ì NI Ö’ HõÅÑ¨~å^Œ∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ : Wk HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O HÍ^Œ∞. HÍ|\˜ì KÕ~Û° ~°∞.
ÖÏ@sÅ ^•fi~å =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O : Wk QÍe"å@∞ ÖÏÉèOí (Wind fall gain) HÍ|\˜ì KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
Remittances from Abroad : nxfl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. HÍ~°}O Wk W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ #∞Oz =KÕÛ |kb
K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù.
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ : GNP Ö’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ HÍx NNP Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞. HÍ|\ì̃ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞ =∞# ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x HõOÃÑhÖ’ á⁄Ok# ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ : nxx *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ HõÅÑ¨~å^Œ∞. HÍ~°}O Wk
W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∞O.
ãÖÑ¨^Œ Ñ¨#∞fl : ZÖÏO\˜ L`åÊ^ŒH`õ « ÃÑOK«^∞Œ . HÍ|\˜ì GNP Ö’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
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Gift Tax : *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞.

Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ : nxfl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O QÆ}ÕKÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ ÑïQÆ}Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ"åeû# JOâßÅ∞ : (KÕ~åÛeû# JOâßÅ∞)
¿+~°#¡ ∞ J"Õ∞‡ Hõq∞+¨<£ U*ˇO@¡ P^•Ü«∞O : L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HOõ QÍ P^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞ HÍ|\˜ì nxfl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’
KÕ~åÛe.
Ü«∞[=∂x LO@∞#fl WO\˜ ¿ã=Å∞ : Wk imputed value QÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛe.
_®Hõ~ ì ∞° Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Hõ#ûÖË+ì <¨ £ Ñ¶A
‘ : Wk HÍ~°Hõ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O HÍ|\˜ì HõÅáêe.
~Ày =∞O^Œ∞Å =ºÜ«∞O : Wk QÆ$Ç¨Ï =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ HõÅáêe.
#~°∞ûÅ‰õΩ JOkOz# Lz`« Ü«¸xá¶êOÅ∞ : Wk "Õ`< « åÅ∞, r`åÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ HõÅáêe.
É’#ãπ : Wk "åi P^•Ü«∞O/r`«OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~∞° Û`å~°∞.
WHO ãÖã¨Ö ÷ ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ P^•Ü«∞O : Wk HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O HÍ|\˜ì HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù`å~°∞.
Provident Fund #‰õΩ L^ÀºQÆ∞Å "å\Ï : nxx L^ÀºQÆ∞Å "Õ`< « åÅ #∞Oz K≥e™¡ êÎ~∞° HÍ|\˜ì nxx *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’
KÕ~∞° Û`å~°∞.
#∂`«# WO_»¡ x~å‡}=Ú : *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~∞° #∞. HÍ~°}O Wk ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O
ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì [_ç̊HK ˜ ÛÕ r`«O : *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~∞° #∞. HÍ~°}O Jk HÍ~°HÍxH˜KÛÕ P^•Ü«∞O.
MP H˜ WKÕÛ JÅ"≥#∞û : *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~∞° #∞. HÍ~°}O Wk HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz H˘xfl =ÚMÏºOâßÅ∞ :
1) áê`«HÍ~°∞ J=∞‡HõO : nxx GNP Ö’ HõÅ∞Ñ¨~å^Œ∞. HÍ~°}O Wk „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° L`«ÊuÎH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#k HÍ^Œ∞.
QÆ=∞xHõ : áê`« HÍ~°#¡ ∞ GNP Ö’ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Háõ È~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© áê`« HÍ~°#¡ ∞ J"Õ∞‡ _ôÅ~°∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ¿ã=Å‰õΩ =KÕÛ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O#∞
(Hõq∞+¨<£) GNP Ö’ HõÅÑ¨=K«∞Û#∞.
2) ~°H}
Δõ ÏkèHÍi r`«O : nxx GNP Ö’ KÕ~∞° Û`å~°∞. HÍ~°}O Wk L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HOõ QÍ K≥eO¡ KÕ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O HÍ|\˜ì.
3) *Ïu Yx[ ãÖÑ¨^Œ : nxx GNP Ö’ KÕ~∞° Û`å~°∞. HÍ~°}O Wk XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’x Yx[ ãÖÑ¨^ÖŒ ’x ÉèÏQÆO.
4) HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ P^•Ü«∞O : g~°∞ ¿ã=Å#∞ JOkOK«_»O ^•fi~å „ÑüÑ¶¨ÅO á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å#
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛe.
5) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã= : gi ¿ã=Å‰õΩ „^Œ=º ~°∂¿Ñ}Ï „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O K≥eO¡ K«_O» [~°Q^Æ ∞Œ . Wk ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ #ÿ ã¨=∞ã¨º. JO^Œ∞KÕ
GNP Ö’ nxx HõÅ∞Ñ¨~∞° .
6) K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO (illegal money) : nxx QÆ}O˜ K«_O» Hõ+Oì̈ . GNP Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ – ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ J=ÅOaèOKÕ Ñ¨^Œúu :
=∞# ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ #=∞‡^Œy# ^Œ`åÎOâßÅ∞ ÖËHáõ È=Ù@ =Å# U XHõ¯ Ñ¨ûúŒ x LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz ãÖÑ¨Ó~°O‚ QÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl
H˘Å=ÖË=Ú.
L^• : =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ ^•fi~å ^Œ`åÎOâ◊ ¿ãHõ~} ° [~°Q^Æ ∞Œ . JO^Œ∞=Å# =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ
~°OQÍÖ’¡ qq^èŒ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å#∞ J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ =∞# ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ J#∞ãïOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ q∞„â◊=∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ JO\Ï=Ú.
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Ñ¨ûúŒ ~°OQÆO
1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO. (=º=™êÜ«∞O, J@g ãÖÑ¨^,Œ KÕÑÅ¨ ÃÑOÑ¨HOõ ,
Value Added Method QÆ#∞Å `«=fiHõO)
2) Manufacturing (ilã¨~ì ∞° ¤ J~Ú#q)
3) x~å‡} ~°OQÆ=Ú (Ñ¨@} ì „áêO`åÅÖ’)
2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 1) Manufacturing (ilã¨~ì ∞° ¤ HÍxq)
2) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å
3) `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO, (~°"å}Ï, Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨#∞¡, =~°HÎ Oõ , ÉÏºHÕQ∑, c=∂
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ¿ã=Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞#q).
3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 1) x~å‡} ~°OQÆO („QÍg∞} „áêO`åÅÖ’)
JO>Ë *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O QÆ}#Ö’ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
C.S.O. ~°OQÍÅ"ås qÉèí[# :
CSO "å~°∞ =∞# Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ ã¨∂Å÷ OQÍ „HÕk q^èOŒ QÍ qÉèlí Ozi. D qÉè[í #Ö’ Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ Hõ#Ñ¨_=» Ù.
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆ=Ú Z) =º=™êÜ«∞O (Ñ¨â√◊ áÈ+¨} nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO)
a) J@g ãÖÑ¨^Œ
ã≤) =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ
ÃÑ· =¸_» ∞ JOâßÅ#∞ Hõ e Ñ≤ qâßÅ J~° ÷ O Ö’ "Agriculture,
forestry and fishing" JO^Œ∞~°∞.
_ç) QÆ#∞Å∞ „`«=fiHõO
D <åÅæ= (_ç) JOâßxfl ÃÑ· =¸_»∞ (Z,a,ã≤) JOâßÅ‰õΩ HõeÑ≤`Õ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ
~°OQÆ=Ú =K«∞Û#∞. D HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅhfl „Ñ¨H$õ uÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ #ç q.
2) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆ=Ú Z) Manufacturing nxÖ’ 2 JOâßÅ∞O\Ï~Ú.
1) ilãì̈~¤ü (á¶êºHõsì K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ #"≥∂^≥#· q)
2) J<£ ilãì̈~¤ü (á¶êºHõsì K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ #"≥∂^Œ∞ HÍxq)
a) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å
ã≤) x~å‡} ~°OQÆ=Ú
ÃÑ· =¸_»∞ (Z,a,ã≤) JOâßÅ#∞ HõeÑ≤ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO JO^Œ∞~°∞.
QÆ=∞xHõ : „áê^èqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ QÆÅ QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHÍxfl fã≤"ãÕ ≤ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÍxH˜ KÕi¿ãÎ Ñï„â◊=∞Å
~°OQÆO =K«∞Û#∞
Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO ´ QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO { kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ „áê^èqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ¿ãÎ QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO J<Õk
„áê^èqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO. J\Ï¡ HÍHõ =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ
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qÉèlí ¿ãÎ áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO J<Õk ÉèÏQÆO.
3) `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆ=Ú Z) =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@Öòû, ~Ô ™êì~Ô O@∞¡
a) ~°"å}Ï, xÅfi, ã¨=∂Kå~°O
ã≤) ÃÑ<·¶ å<£û, ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, c=∂, iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò =∞iÜ«Ú W`«~° "åºáê~° ¿ã=Å∞
_ç) ™ê=∂lHõ, ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ « ¿ã=Å∞
ÃÑ· <åÅ∞QÆ∞ (Z,a,ã≤,_ç) JOâßÅ#∞ `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆ=Ú JO\Ï~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ D qÉè[í # ™œÅÉèºí O H˘~°‰Ωõ KÕã#≤ k =∂„`«"∞Õ . ^ÕâßÅ =∞^èºŒ , qq^èŒ HÍÖÏÅÖ’ XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’<Õ =∂~°∞`«∂
LO_»∞#∞. #∂`«# =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ L`«ÊuÎ JÜÕ∞º H˘nÌ *ÏfÜ«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ =∂~°∞`«∞O\Ï~Ú.
L^• : ZÖòÑl≤ QÍºãπ XHõÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ q^Œ∞º`üâH◊ ,Î̃ QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ åÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ LO_Õk. HÍh „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O«
L`«ÊuÎ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ LOk.
ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú x~å‡}O, ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ :
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ :
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ã,Î *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ J<Õk...
Z) =ã¨∂`Î Ê« uÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å# ãÖÉèqí OK«=K«∞Û.
a) ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å# ãÖÉèqí OK«=K«∞Û.
^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl `˘ÅyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ ™êÎ~∞° . ÖË^• „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° `À
ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ "åã¨"Î å^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl _ç¿Ñ\¡¶ ò KÕ™êÎ~∞° . ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl `˘ÅyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
_ç¿Ñ\¡¶ ~ü#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° .
J~Ú`Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O J<Õk [<åÉèÏ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl ÖˇH¯˜ OK«^∞Œ . nxÔH· *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
QÆ}O˜ Kåe. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂}O#∞ ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
1.
1.*ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞¡ (Growth Rates))
HÍÅO *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú ˆ~@∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ˆ~@∞
1950–51 #∞O_ç 1980–81 3.5% 1.4%
1980–81 #∞O_ç 2000–01 5.6% 3.2%
2000–01 #∞O_ç 2004–05 6.4% 4.7%
2004–05 #∞O_ç 2008–09 7.0% 5.7%
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ 30 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ HÍÅOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ @∞ ã¨Q@ Æ ∞# 3.5%QÍ #"≥∂^Œ∞ J~ÚOk. `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ @∞ 1.4%QÍ #"≥∂^≥O· k. WO`« ã¨∞n~°… HÍÅOÖ’ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@, =$kú ~ˆ @∞
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞@‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ `«QÆ∞æ@ =Å# „á⁄II ~å*òHõ$+¨‚QÍ~°∞ nxx =ºOQÆºOQÍ "åºMÏºxã¨∂Î ''Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =$kú ˆ~@∞——QÍ
Ñ≤eKå~°∞. JO`ÕHÍHõ DHÍÅOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ @∞Hõ<åfl, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ~ˆ @∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=ÙQÍ LOk.
nxH˜ HÍ~°}O JkèHõ [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ >Ë. `«~∞° "å`« ~Ô O_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏúÅÖ’ 1980 #∞Oz K≥ÑÙ¨ ÊHÀ^Œy# q^èOŒ QÍ =$kú
HõxÑ≤ã∞¨ OÎ k. D HÍÅOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5.6%QÍ#∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 3.2%QÍ #"≥∂^≥O· k.
JO>Ë "≥Ú^Œ\˜ 30 ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ HõO>Ë `«~∞° "å`« 20 ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’ =$kú~ˆ @∞ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞QÍ LOk. JO>Ëˇ
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ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ ~å*òH$õ +¨Q‚ Í~°∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =$kú̂~@∞#∞ JkèQqÆ ∞OK«QeÆ yOk.
2000–01 #∞O_ç 2007–08 =∞^èºŒ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 7%ÃÑ#· , `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5%ÃÑ#·
#"≥∂^≥O· k. Wk KåÖÏ PtOK«^QŒ æÆ Jaè=$kú.
1980 `«~°∞"å`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kúH˜ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kúH˜ =∞^èŒº JO`«~°O `«QÆæ_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O [<åÉèÏ
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅˆ~@∞ `«QÆ∞æ@ÜÕ∞.
ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ˆ~@∞¡ ãÖÉèíqOz# ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ :
GDPFC NNPFC
1975–76 ........................9.2% 9.5%
1988–89 ....................... 10.2% 10.3%
2005–06 ........................9.5% 9.5
2006–07 ........................9.6% 9.5
2007–08 ........................9.3% 9.6
=∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ãÖÉèqí Oz# ãÖ=`«û~°O 1988–89 (10.3%)
=∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ 9, JO`«HOõ >Ë Z‰õΩ¯= =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅ∞ 5 ™ê~°∞¡ (2007–08#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨ÙH˘x)
~Ô O_»= J`«ºkèHõ GDP =$kú~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°O 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ z=i ãÖ=`«û~°O (2006–07)
J`«ºÅÊ =$kú ~ˆ @∞¡ : NNPFC (GDPFC)
1957–58 -1.8% –1.4
⇒
1965–66 -4.5% –3.4
1972–73 -0.8% –0.3
1979–80 -6.0% –4.9
J`«ºkèHõ ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ =$kú~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°O 1979–80 (-6.0).
„Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ HÍÅOÖ’ ™êO=`«ûiHõ =$kú ˆ~@∞¡
„Ñ¨ } ÏoHõ NNPFC PCI (Per Capita Income)
1. 1951–56 4.4% 2.6%
2. 1956–61 4.0% 2.0%
3. 1961–66 2.6% 0.4%
4. 1969–74 3.1% 0.8%
5. 1974–79/78 4.9% 2.6%
6. 1980–85 5.4% 3.1%
7. 1985–90 5.5% 3.3%
8. 1992–97 6.7% 4.5%
9. 1997–2002 5.3% 3.3%
10. 2002–2007 7.8% 6.1%
11. 2007–2012 9% ÅHõºΔ O
(Source : Economic Survey 2010 -11)
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J#∞‰õΩ#fl ÅHõºΔ O HõO>Ë KåÖÏ `«‰Ωõ ¯= =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ™êkèOz# „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ – 3= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ

nxH˜ HÍ~°}O 1965–66 f„= H˘~°`,« 1966–67 Hõ~∞° =Ù ãÖÉèqí OK«_O» , 1962 K≥<· å ^Œ∞~å„Hõ=∞},
1965 áêH˜™ê÷<`£ À Ü«Ú^ŒOú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ „Ñü‰õÄÅ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ @#Å∞ ãÖÉèqí OK«∞@ =Å# D „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ Ñ¶∞¨ ’~°OQÍ qÑ¶Å¨ "≥∞Oÿ k.
WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Äõ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ ™êkèOzOk.(7.8%)
~Ô O_»= J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ™êkèOz# „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ 8= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ. (6.7%)
10= ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ "åsQÍ =$kú̂~@∞¡ (GDPFC)
2002–03 – 3.8%
2003–04 – 8.5%
2004–05 – 7.5%
2005–06 – 9.5%
2006–07 – 9.6%
10 = „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ ã¨Q@ Æ ∞ 7.8%
11= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ~ Ô O_»∞ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ GDP =$kú̂~@∞¡
2007 – 08 ⎯⎯ → 9.3%
2008 – 09(PE) 6.8%
2009 – 10(QE) 8.0%
2010 – 11(AE) 8.6%
2. *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞:
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ (2004–2005) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’
ãÖII *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O →⎯`«⎯ Åãï P^•Ü«∞O *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
NNP (HÀ@¡ ~°∂II)
FC
(~°∂II) NNP
FC
PCI (~°∂II)
(1999 –2000)
1950 – 51 2,04,924 5,708 9,152 255
(2004 –2005)
2007 – 08 34,54,264 30,354 40,76,352 35,820
2008 – 09 (P) 36,69,890 31,801 46,85,873 40,605
2009 – 10 (Q) 39,46,540 33,731 54,39,557 46,492
ã≤~ ÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 1950–51 #∞O_ç 2009–10 <å\˜H˜ 2 ÅHõÅΔ HÀ@¡#∞O_ç 39 ÅHõÅΔ HÀ@¡‰Ωõ ÃÑiÔQ#∞.
J#QÍ D HÍÅOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 19 ~Ô @∞¡ ÃÑiyOk.
ã≤~ ÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O W^Õ HÍÅOÖ’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ ~°∂.5,700/– #∞Oz ~°∂.33,700/–‰õΩ ÃÑiÔQ#∞. JO>Ë `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∞O 5.9 ~Ô @∞¡ ÃÑiÔQ#∞.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O HõO>ˇ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯=ÙQÍ ÃÑ~°Q_ Æ ®xH˜ HÍ~°}O [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ @∞ Z‰õΩ¯=ÙQÍ LO_»∞@ÜÕ∞.
2009–10 (Q) ãÖ.Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂.33,700/–‰õΩ ÃÑiÔQ#∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O W^ÕHÍÅOÖ’ 9,000 HÀ@¡#∞Oz, 54 ÅHõÅΔ HÀ@¡‰Ωõ ÃÑiÔQ#∞. JO>Ë 594 ~Ô @∞¡ ÃÑiÔQ#∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O D HÍÅOÖ’ ~°∂II 255/– #∞Oz ~°∂II 46,400/–‰õΩ ÃÑiÔQ#∞. JO>Ë 180 ~Ô @∞¡
ÃÑiÔQ#∞.
ã≤~ ÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° HõO>Ë, „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ ÃÑ~°Q_Æ ®xH˜ HÍ~°}O ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ
JkèHOõ QÍ LO_»∞@ÜÕ∞.
2009–10 (Q) ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ^Õâ◊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂II 46,400/–.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
z~°Orq 39
ECONOMY
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ "å\ÏÅ∞ :

1950–51 2008–09 2009–10 (Q)
1. =º=™êÜ«∞O J#∞|O^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ∞ 55.4% 16.9% 14.6
2. "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑(Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO) 15.0% 25.8% 28.09
Z) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ HÍfis~ÚOQ∑ 1.4% 2.0% 2.33
a) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ 8.9% 14.5%
ã≤) h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å, q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ 0.3% 2.0%
_ç) x~å‡} ~°OQÆO 4.4% 7.3%
3) ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO 29.6% 57.3%
Z) ~°"å}Ï, Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨#∞¡ =~°HÎ Oõ 11.3% 28.6% 26.55
a) ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, ÃÑ<·¶ å<£û iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò 7.7% 14.8% 17.17
ã≤) ™ê=∂lHõ =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ « ¿ã=Å∞ 10.6% 13.9% 13.56
Z) =ã¨∞Î ~°OQÆ=Ú 1 { 2 70.4% 42.7% 42.7
a) ¿ã"å ~°OQÆ=Ú 29.6% 57.3% 57.3
"≥Ú`«OÎ 100% 100%
~°OQÆO 1950–51 2009–10 (Q)

„áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 56.8 16.9
kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 13.6 25.8
`«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 29.6 57.3
– „Ñ¨^•è # ~°OQÍÅ "åsQÍ K«∂¿ãÎ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 1950–51Ö’ 56.8 % #∞Oz ("≥∞xÿ OQ∑ HÍfis~ÚOQ∑ HõeÑ≤)
2009–10 <å\˜H˜ 16.9%H˜ `«yOæ k.
– „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï „áê~°OÉèOí #∞Oz `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« LO_»_O» `À kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ HõO>Ë ‰õÄ_®
`«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk.
– kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ 1950–51Ö’ 13.6%QÍ L#fl ÉèÏQÆO ("≥∞xÿ OQ∑ HÍfis~ÚOQ∑ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz)
2009–10 <å\˜H˜ 25.8%H˜ ÃÑiyOk. WÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ nx "å\Ï `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ#∞,
„áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ#∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩO@∞Ok.
– `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 1950–51Ö’ 29.6% #∞Oz 2009–10 <å\˜H˜ 57.3%‰õΩ ÃÑiyOk. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’
J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆ"∞Õ .
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

z~°Orq 40
ECONOMY
LÑ¨~°OQÍÅ "åsQÍ Ñïje¿ãÎ...

„áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO :
Z) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ "å\Ï^•~°∞ =º=™êÜ«∞"Õ∞.
=º=™êÜ«∞O "å\Ï 50% #∞Oz 2009–10H˜ 15%H˜ `«yOæ k.
a) KÕÑÅ¨ ÃÑOÑ¨HOõ #∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï 0.8% KÕiOk.
ã≤) J@g ãÖÑ¨^#Œ ∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ „áê~°OÉèOí Ö’ 6.7% LO_Õk. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« 1.5% H˜ `«yáæ È~ÚOk.
_ç) QÆ#∞Å∞ „`«=fiHÍxfl Ñïje¿ãÎ 1.4% #∞Oz 2.33%H˜ H˘kÌQÍ =∂„`«"∞Õ ÃÑiyOk.
kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO :
Z) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ „Ñ¨^•è # "å\Ï^•~°∞ =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑. nxÖ’ Z) ilã¨~ì ,¤ü a) J<£ilã¨~ì ¤ü J#∞ ~Ô O_»∞ LÑ¨ÉÏè QÍÅ∞
HõÅ=Ù. J<£ ilã¨~ì ¤ü qÉèÏQÆO HõO>Ë ilã¨~ì ¤ü qÉèÏQÆO Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï Hõey LO_»∞@ÜÕ∞ HÍHõ, Z‰õΩ¯= =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥O· k.
a) x~å‡} ~°OQÆO "å\Ï ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk. =∂#∞ºáêºHõÛiOQ∑ `«~∞° "å`« ~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk.
`«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO :
Z) =~°HÎ Oõ ~°"å}Ï, Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨#∞¡, Ñïje¿ãÎ 2009–10 <å\˜H˜ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕk D qÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ (26.55%).
a) ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, ÃÑ<·¶ å<£û, iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì òÅ "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk.
ã≤) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ#, q^Œº, P~ÀQÆºO, ‰õΩ@∞O| ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞@ =Å# ™ê=∂lHõ ¿ã=Å "å\Ï ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂
=zÛOk.
=∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =zÛ# D =º=™ê÷ÑÓ¨ ~°fiHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ‰õΩ HÍ~°}O „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ =Å# [iy# Hõ$+≤Ü∞Õ .
1990–91 `«~åfi`« ~°"å}Ï, ã¨=∂Kå~°=ÚÅÖ’ =$kú~ˆ @∞ KåÖÏ "ÕQOÆ QÍ LOk.
Pi÷HÍaè=$kú „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ =º=™ê÷ÑÓ¨ ~°fiHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ ~å=_»O ã¨ÇÏ¨ [O HÍx D =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KåÖÏ <≥=∞‡kQÍ ãÖÉèqí ã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.
nxH˜ HÍ~°}O =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO <≥=∞‡kQÍ =$kú K≥O^Œ_"» ∞Õ .
QÆ=∞xHõ : =∞#^ÕâO◊ áêi„âßq∞H©H~õ }
° ^Œâ‰◊ Ωõ KÕ~‰° Ωõ O_® áêi„âßq∞H©H~õ }
° `«~∞° "å`« ^Œâ◊ J~Ú# ¿ã"å~°OQÆO#‰õΩ ^•\˜
"ÕÜ∞« |_≥#∞. nx=Å# `≥eã≤O^Õq∞@O>Ë =∞# ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ áêi„âßq∞H©H~õ } ° KÕÑ\¨ ì̃ =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÍxfl |Ö’¿Ñ`«O
KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤ LOk. JÖÏ Jx =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÍxfl x~°H¡ ºΔõ O KÕÜ∞« ~å^Œ∞. =º=™êÜ«∞ P^è•~° Ñï„â◊=∞Å#∞ ™ê÷ÑO≤ Kåe.
Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® =º=™êÜ«∂xH˜ HÍ=Åã≤# L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ#∞ ã¨ÑÜ ¡¨ ∞ü KÕÜ∂« e. JÑ¨ÙÊ_Õ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊
Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^ÕâO◊ QÍ =∂~°∞Ê K≥O^ŒQÅÆ ^Œ∞.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

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ECONOMY
4. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï :

1950–51 1993–94 2008–09
l._ç.Ñ≤.Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 7.6 % 25.9% 20.8 %
„Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OaèOz#Ñ¨Ê\˜#∞Oz „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO ~ÀA~ÀAH© qãïÎ ã¨∂Î =zÛOk.
1955Ö’ QÀ~åfiÖÏ Hõq∞\˜ ã≤áê¶ ~°∞ûÅÃÑ· WOÑ‘iÜ«∞Öò ÉÏOH± PÑ¶π WO_çÜ∂« #∞ SBI QÍ *ÏfÜ«∞O KÕãi≤ .
1969Ö’ 14 "å}˜[º ÉÏºO‰õΩÅ∞
1980Ö’ 06 "å}˜[º ÉÏO‰õΩÅ∞
1956Ö’ ZÖòSã≤ (LIC)
1972Ö’ lSã≤ (GIC)Å#∞ *ÏfÜ«∞Hõ~} ° QÍqOzi.
1956Ö’ STC (State Trading Corporation) U~åÊ@∞.
2= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ ~°∂~Ô ¯ÖÏ (Ñ¨tÛ=∞ [~°‡h), aÖÏÜü∞ (~°ëêº), ^Œ∞~åæÑÓ¨ ~ü (WOQÍ¡O_£), 3= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ É’HÍ~À (~°ëêº)
L‰õΩ¯ Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ#∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆOÖ’ ™ê÷ÑO≤ K≥#∞.
qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO qãÎ̈iã¨∂Î ~å=_»O=Å¡ 1950–51Ö’ GDP Ö’ 7.6% Hõeæ# „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï
1993–94 <å\˜H˜ 26%H˜ ÃÑiyOk.
™êfi`«O„`«ºO =zÛ# `«~∞° "å`« ÉÁQÆ∞,æ "≥∞xÿ OQ∑, HõOÃÑhÅ *Ïf~¸Hõ~} ° , ÉÏºO‰õΩÅ *Ïf~¸Hõ~} ° , W#∂ûÔ~<£û
ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, q^Œ∞º`ü ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, W#∞=Ú–L‰õΩ¯ Hõ~å‡QÍ~°O ÖÏO\˜ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=Ú KÕÑ@¨ _ì O» =Å# 1993–94 =~°‰Ωõ
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO "å\Ï qãÎ̈iã¨∂Î =zÛOk. 1991 `«~∞° "å`« #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞ „Ñ¨"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ@∞ì@ =Å# #ëêìÅ∞ =KÕÛ
ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO `«# ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å#∞ LÑ¨ãO¨ Ç¨ÏiOK«_O» =Å# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 1993–94
`«~åfi`« `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =zÛ 2008–09 <å\˜H˜ 21% H˜ `«yOæ k.
5. „QÍg∞}, Ñ¨@ì} ~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï : xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ
~°OQÆO 1970–71 1999–2000
„QÍg∞} „áêO`«O 62.4 48.3
Ñ¨@}
ì „áêO`«O 37.6 51.7
xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ „QÍg∞} ~°OQÆO "å\Ï „Hõ=∞OQÍ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« 1999–2000 <å\˜H˜ 48%H˜ `«yOæ k.
xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ Ñ¨@}
ì „áêO`«O #∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï 1970–71 #∞Oz 1999–2000 =∞^èºŒ 37.6% #∞Oz
51.7%‰õΩ ÃÑiyOk. JO>Ë xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ã¨QOÆ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï Ñ¨@} ì ~°OQÆO #∞O_Õ ÅÉèºí =∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk.
xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ Ñ¨@}ì ~°OQÆO "å\Ï ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» =∞#O HÀ~°^yŒ # Ñï}Ï=∞"Õ∞ J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© „QÍg∞} ~°OQÆO
#∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï <Õ\H˜ ˜ 48% LO_»_O» „QÍg∞} PkèHºõ `«#∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜÚ« #∞.
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „QÍg∞}, Ñ¨@ì} „áêO`åÅ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å∞ :
~°OQÆO 1970–71 1993–94 1999–2000
„QÍg∞} „áêO`«O 529 5783 10683
Ñ¨@}
ì „áêO`«O 1294 13525 30183
"≥Ú`«OÎ (ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ ) 680 7834 16040
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
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ECONOMY
„QÍg∞}, Ñ¨@} ì `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =º`åºã¨ x+¨ÊuÎ : 1970–71 1993–94 1999–2000

2.45 2.34 2.82
„QÍg∞}, Ñ¨@}ì „áêO`åÅ =∞^èºŒ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =º`åºã¨ x+¨ÊuÎx Ñïje¿ãÎ 1970–71Ö’ D =º`åºãÖ 2.45%QÍ
LO_Õk. `«~∞° "å`« 2.34%H˜ `«yOæ k. #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞ „Ñ¨"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ\˜#ì `«~∞° "å`« D =º`åºãÖ 2.82%H˜
ÃÑiyOk. Wk â◊√Éèí Ñï}Ï=∞O HÍ^Œ∞.
6. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º=ã‘÷Hõ$`«, J=º=ã‘÷Hõ$`« ~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï :
CSO „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú XHõ ~°OQÆO#∞ =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆOQÍ Ñ≤Å"åÅO>Ë
Z) Jk U K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ<<·≥ å #"≥∂^≥· LO_®e.
a) P ãÖã¨÷ „Ñü ãÖ=`«û~°O Pã≤,Î PÑ¨ÙÊÅ Ñ¨\xì© `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã∂¨ Î LO_®e.
~°OQÆO 1980–81 2007–08
J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO 70% 57%
=º=ã‘÷Hõ$`« ~°OQÆO 30% 43%
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =zÛ, 2004–05 <å\˜H˜ 58% H˜ KÕiOk. J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© ã¨QOÆ HõO>ˇ
Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï nx#∞OKÕ =ã¨∞OÎ k.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO #∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LOk. Wk PtOK«^QŒ ^æÆ Õ HÍh WÑ¨Ê\˜H©
J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO #∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ (57%) LOk. Wk "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxfl ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
~°OQÍÅ"åsQÍ K«∂¿ã.Î ..
Z) =º=™êÜ«∞O, J_»=ÙÅ∞, KÕÑÅ¨ ÃÑOÑ¨Hõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 95% #∞Oz 94%H˜ `«yOæ k.
a) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑, =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÍÅ#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 57% #∞Oz 63%‰õΩ ÃÑiyOk.
ã≤) ¿ã"å~°OQÆO#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ 40% #∞Oz 62%‰õΩ =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«~O° QÆO "å\Ï ÃÑiyOk.
„QÍg∞} ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (Rural GDP) :
ãÖII =º=™êÜ«∞O Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ ¿ã=Å∞
1970–71 73.8 11.3 14.9
2007–08 42.0 29.6 28.4
~å*Ë+π â◊√HÍ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú HÔ .Z.ã≤kvÌ „QÍg∞} GDP Ö’ =zÛ# x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕãi≤ .
1970 ^ŒâH◊ Oõ Ö’ =$kú~ˆ @∞ (2.3%) HõO>ˇ 2000 `«~∞° "å`« =$kú~ˆ @∞ (5%) ÃÑiyOk.
1970–71Ö’ „QÍg∞} GDP Ö’ =º=™êÜ«∞O "å\Ï 74% HÍQÍ q∞ye# Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, ¿ã=Å∞ "å\Ï 26%QÍ LOk.
=º=™êÜ«∞O "å\Ï x~°O`«~O° `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« , 2007–08 <å\˜H˜ 42% `«yOæ k. =∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, ¿ã=Å∞ "å\Ï 58%H˜
ÃÑiyOk.
JO>Ë „QÍg∞} GDP Ö’ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÀ@∞ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩO@∞#flq. =º=™êÜ«∞O "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« , =º=™êÜÕ∞`«~°
~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk.
„QÍg∞} GDP Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕk =º=™êÜ«∞O HÍQÍ, ~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#OÖ’ Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, 3= ™ê÷#OÖ’ ¿ã=Å∞HõÅ=Ù.
^Õâ◊ GDP Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O ¿ã=Å∞, ~Ô O_»=™ê÷#O Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, z=i™ê÷#O =º=™êÜ«∞O á⁄O^≥#∞.
Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
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ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù JOK«<åÅ∞ :

*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù JOK«<åÅ∞ „Ñü ãÖ=`«û~°O L`«ÊuÎ J=ÙK«∞#fl =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å∞ QÆ∂iÛ `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™êÎ~Ú. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ^ÕâßÉè∞í º#fluH˜ ã¨∂zHõ. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OÖ’x ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂} ™ê÷~Úx `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã∞¨ OÎ k.
qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ áÈHõ_Å» ∞ "Õ~ˆ fi~°∞QÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ gÅ∞O@∞Ok. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ ™ê^è<Œ åÅ∞
=∞^èºŒ P^•Ü«∞O U q^èOŒ QÍ ÑÖÑ≤}© J~Ú#k `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜÚ« #∞. "≥Ú`«OÎ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ "Õ`<« åÅ âß`«O ZO`«? ÖÏÉèÏÅ
"å\Ï ZO`«? `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞. ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ [iˆQ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù qxÜ≥∂QÍxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# q=~åÅ∞ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞
`«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕÜ∞« _»O J™ê^èºŒ O. JO>Ë `«# Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ `À_»Ê_»`å~Ú.
™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ :
„a\˜+π áêÅ#Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiÑ¨~O° QÍ ÃÑ^ŒQÌ Í Hõ$+≤ [~°QÖÆ ^Ë ∞Œ . H˘O`«=∞Ok
Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞ =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ « Ç¨ÏŸ^•Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "Õãi≤ .
=∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ ^•^•ÉÏ~Ú <Ò~Àl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OÅ JOK«<åÅ#∞ 1867–68
ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz QÆ}O˜ K«_O» [iyOk. JÑ¨Ê\˜ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 20 ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
~°∂.340 HÀ@∞¡ [<åÉèÏ 17 HÀ@∞¡. ÉèÏ~°`Öü ’ ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ `«# "Poverty and unBritish Rule in India" J<Õ
„QÆO^äOŒ Ö’ `≥eÑ≤<å~°∞.
1875 J\˜¯<£ã<¨ £ „a\˜+π WO_çÜ∂« QÆ=~°fl"≥∞O\òÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕâß~°∞. 20 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ =º=kèÖ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ Oz
31% ÃÑiyO^Œ<#≥ ∞.
1882 ÉÏiOQ∑ _≥q_£ JOK«<åÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞.
1898–99Ö’ qeÜ«∞"£∞ _çwƒ JOK«<åÅ∞ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ~°∂.428 HÀ@∞¡., `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂.19.
W`«#∞ ¿ã=Å ~°OQÍxfl ÑïQÆ}Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ . JO^Œ∞KÕ <Ò~Àr JOK«<åÅHõ<åfl `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ =zÛOk.
1901Ö’ ÖÏ~ü¤ Hõ~<˚° ,£ 1903Ö’ P~ü.yÑ¨Ê<£, 1911Ö’ P~ü.Ç¨~üfl, 1911–14Ö’ =H©Öò =Ú~°O[<£Å∞, 1913–14Ö’
"å_çÜ∂« *’+≤, 1919–20Ö’ eÑ¨<ì ,£ 1921Ö’ a.Zãπ.â◊~‡° "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞"å~°∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ JOK«<å "Õãi≤ .
1921–22Ö’ HÔ .\˜.ëê =∞iÜ«Ú HõO|\ÏìÅ∞ "Wealth and Taxable capacity of India" J<Õ „QÆO^äOŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
~°∂.2,364 HÀ@∞¡, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 74 ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞QÍ JOK«<å "Õãi≤ .
1931–40Ö’ P~ü.ã≤.^ÕâßÜü∞ `«# "Consumer expenditure in India 1931-32 to 1940-41" J<Õ Ñïâ’^è#Œ Ö’
^ÕâO◊ Ö’x ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∂xfl P^è•~°OQÍ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩx *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK≥#∞.
J~Ú`Õ g~°O^Œ~°∂ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ ÖˇH˜¯OK«∞@ =Å# `«‰õΩ¯= „áêO`åxH˜ Ñïq∞`«O JQÆ∞@ =Å# gi ÖˇHõ¯ÖÖ’
âß¢ãÜÎ‘ ∞« `« ÖË^∞Œ . J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© _®II q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙQÍi *ÏfÜ«∞^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯= âß¢ãÜ
Î‘ ∞« `«`À ‰õÄ_ç#qQÍ
K≥Ñ¨Ê=K«∞Û.
+≤„~åãπ 1911, 1922, 1931 ãÖIIÅ‰õΩQÍ#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÃã#∞.
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PKå~°º q.ÔH.P~ü.q. ~å=Ù JOK«<åÅ∞ :

™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl XHõ „Hõ=∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ JOK«<å "Õã#≤ Ñ¶∞¨ #`« q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙQÍiH˜
^Œ‰Ωõ ¯`«∞Ok.
1925–29Ö’ "An essay on India's National Income" J<Õ "åºãÖÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O QÆ∂iÛ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÃã#∞.
1931–32Ö’ ''„a\˜+π WO_çÜ∂ « *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O—— J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨HÎ Oõ ,
q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙQÍi 1931–32 ãÖ=`«û~°O#‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 1689 HÀ@∞¡QÍ#∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
62 ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞QÍ#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÃã#∞.
q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=Ù Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨# ÷ ∞ 1) =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO (=º=™êÜ«∞O, J@gãÖÑ¨^,Œ QÆ#∞Å∞, Ñ¨â√◊ áÈ+¨}, KÕÑÅ¨ ∞
ÃÑOÑ¨HOõ "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞#q), 2) HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ ~°OQÆO J#∞ ~Ô O_»∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK≥#∞. (Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, x~å‡}O,
"åºáê~°O, ~°"å}Ï, ÑäH¡ ± ã¨sfiã¨∞Å∞ "≥ÚII#q HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ ~°OQÆO HÕ^Œ =™êÎ~Ú).
=º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ x, HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ ~°OQÆOÖ’ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK≥#∞. D ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ‰õΩ q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O HõeÑ≤`Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
=K«∞Û#∞. q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# Ñ¨ûúŒ x <Õ\H˜ ˜ ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ J#∞ãïã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
QÆ=∞xHõ : ~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞ <≥=∞‡kQÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx ¿Ñ~˘¯O>Ë, ^ÕâßÜü∞ Wq ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» ÖË^xŒ
¿Ñ~˘¯<≥#∞. ~å=Ù Hˆ =ÅO „a\©+π WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ QÆ}¿˜ ã,Î ^ÕâßÜü∞ „a\©+π WO_çÜ∂« ‰õΩ, Native India ‰õΩ HõeÑ≤ QÆ}O˜ K≥#∞.
*ˇ.P~ü.Ç≤ÏH±û, =ÚYs˚, Zãπ.ÔH.QÀãπ :
g~°∞ 1860–1945 =∞^èºŒ =∞# ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @¡#∞ QÆ}O˜ K≥#∞. „a\©+π áêÅ#Ö’ n~°H… ÍÅOQÍ
0.5% `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú LO^Œx ¿Ñ~˘¯<≥#∞. JO>Ë Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ ã¨|÷ `Ì Ö« ’ LO^Œx ¿Ñ~˘¯xi. "The frame work
of the Indian Economy" J<Õ „QÆO^äO
Œ Ö’ D QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ#∞ `≥eÑ≤i.
™êfi`«O„`«º=Ú `«~°∞"å`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JOK«<åÅ∞ :
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz ÉèÏ~°`« „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO 1949Ö’ Ñ≤.ã≤.=∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ J^èºŒ Hõ`Δ #« _ç.P~ü.QÍ_çÖæ ò,
q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙÅ#∞ ã¨É∞íè ºÅ∞QÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ Hõq∞\©x xÜ«∞q∞OK≥#∞. nx<Õ High Powered Expert
Committee JO\Ï~°∞. <å\˜H˜ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ MÏºu<˘Ok# Ãã= · ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû, ™Èì<,£ _≥~¯ü ã¨<£ ã¨ÅÇ¨ D Hõq∞\© á⁄OkOk.
"≥Ú^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ ^ÕâO◊ "≥Ú`åÎxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# ÖˇH¯õ Å#∞ KÕÑ@ ¨ ∞ì@ =Å# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ K«i„`«Ö’ nxx Land Mark
QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
1951Ö’ „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞ x"ÕkHõ#∞, 1954Ö’ `«∞k x"ÕkHõ#∞ JOkOzOk. "≥Ú^Œ\˜ x"ÕkHõÖ’ 1948–49 ^è~Œ Å° Ö’
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂.225, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ~°∂.8710 HÀ@∞¡.
nxÖ’ =ÚMÏºOâßÅ∞ :
Z) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ã¨QOÆ P^•Ü«∞O =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO #∞OKÕ =ã¨∞OÎ k.
a) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑, L`«ÊuÎ, KÕu=$`«∞ÅÎ ∞ (Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO "å\Ï) 1/6QÍ LOk.
ã≤) "å}˜[ºO, ~°"å}Ï, Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨#∞¡ "å\Ï 1/6QÍ LOk.
_ç) NDP Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ "å\Ï 7.6%QÍ LOk.
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C.S.O. JOK«<åÅ∞ (ˆHO„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨)÷ :

Central Statistical Organisation #∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO 1951Ö’ ™ê÷ÑO≤ zOk. nx „Ñ¨^•è # HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞O #∂º_èb
ç Ö¡ ’ QÆÅ^Œ∞.
JÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Äõ L#fl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ qÉèÏQÆO#∞ 1954Ö’ CSO H˜ JÑ¨ÊyOK≥#∞. CSO *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∞, P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ ã¨∞OÎ k. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ <Õ\=˜ ~°‰Ωõ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞
1948–49, 1960–61, 1970–71, 1980–81, 1993–94, 1999–2000, 2004–05
2009 #∞Oz 2004–2005#∞ P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
2000ãÖIIÖ’ ã≤.~°OQÆ~å[<£ J^èºŒ Hõ`Δ #« *ÏfÜ«∞ QÆ}ÏOHõ Hõg∞+¨<#£ ∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK≥#∞. (National Statistical Com
mission). ~åRQÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ ¿ãHõ~} ° Ö’ XHõ U*ˇhûH˜ =∞~˘Hõ U*ˇhûH˜ `Õ_®Å∞<åflÜ«∞x, "å\˜x ãïk^Œ_Ì O» ÃÑ·
^Œ$+≤xì Hˆ O„nHõiOKåÅx nxx xÜ«∞q∞OzOk.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO NSSO #∞ CSO #∞ q∞o`«=Ú KÕã≤ NSO (National Statistical Organisation) #∞ 2006Ö’
U~åÊ@∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨Ü∞« `åflÅ∞ KÕ¿ã#∞. nxH˜ =ÚYº QÆ}ÏO‰õΩ_»∞QÍ ã¨∞~ˆ +π >ˇO_»∂Å¯~ü#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OKå~°∞.J~Ú`Õ
Wk WOHÍ PK«~}
° Ö’H˜ ~åÖË^∞Œ .
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ C.S.O. ¿Ñ~°∞`À<Õ „Ñ¨K∞« i`«O J=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
1950Ö’ NSS U~°Ê_»QÍ, 1970Ö’ Jk NSSO QÍ =∂iOk.
2009–10 (Q) 2010–11 (AE)
GDPFC („Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’) (HÀ@¡Ö’) 65,50,271 78,77,947
GDPFC (ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’) (HÀ@¡Ö’) 44,93,743 48,79,232
`«ÅãïP^•Ü«∞O („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) (~°∂áêÜ«∞ÅÖ’) 46,492 54,527
`«ÅãïP^•Ü«∞O (ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) (~°∂áêÜ«∞ÅÖ’) 33,731 36,003
1. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\™˜ êi *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OÅ#∞ JOK«<å "Õã#≤ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ =ºH˜Î – ^•^•ÉÏ~Ú
<Ò~Àl (1876Ö’) (1867–68 ãÖII#‰õΩ QÍ#∞)
2. ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO `˘e™êiQÍ âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞|^ŒúOQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õã≤#"å~°∞ – PKå~°º
q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=Ù
3. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ JkèHÍiHõOQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ 1949Ö’ U~åÊ@∞
KÕã#≤ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\©H˜ J^èºŒ ‰õΩΔ _»∞ – „á⁄ÃÑã¶ ~¨ ü Ñ≤.ã≤.=∞Ç¨ÏÅ<Àaãπ. D Hõq∞\© *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’
JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ „Ñ¨MÏºuQÍOz# Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû, *ˇP~üZ<£ ™Èì<£ =∞iÜ«Ú *ˇ.a._ç. _≥~¯ü Ãã<£Å ã¨ÅÇ¨Å#∞ á⁄O^•~°∞.
4. ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ QÆ}# "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ 1940Ö’ q∞_£, ™Èì<£ J<Õ Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞ „Ñ¨"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ\Ïì~∞° .
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*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ Z^Œ∞~°Ü∞Õ º ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞:

*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ Z^Œ∞~°Ü∞Õ º ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ ã¨∂Å÷ OQÍ ~Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK«=K«∞Û.
1) ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ 2) PK«~} ° Ï`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞
1) ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞:
Z) ¿ã=Å∞: *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ ¿ã=Å#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OKåÖÏ? q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåÖÏ? J<Õk ã¨=∞ã¨º. =∂i¯ã≤Ü∞« <£ Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞
(Marxian Economists) ¿ã=Å#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe Jx ÉèÏqOK«QÍ, q∞ye# "å~°∞ KÕ~åÛÅx ÉèÏqOzi. ™È+ëãπì ^ÕâßÅ∞ g\˜x
q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«QÍ, Hˆ Ñ¨@eãπì ^ÕâßÅ∞ (WO_çÜ∂« `À HõeÑ≤) g\˜x KÕ~∞° ã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.
a) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜¿ã=Å∞: KåÖÏ~°HÍÅ ¿ã=Å‰õΩ „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞O_»=Ù. QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞ (L^•: =O@KÕÜÚ« @, Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ãÖ~°H} Δõ ),
`À@Ñ¨x, Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ‰õΩ áê~îåÅ∞ K≥ÑC¨ @ "≥ÚII "åxÖ’ Love, affection Hõeã≤ LO_»∞@KÕ, "åxH˜ „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ Hõ+Oì̈ . W"Õ
¿ã=Å∞ |Ü«∞@ "åiH˜ KÕ¿ãÎ (L^•: Maid Servant, gardener, tutor) L`«ÊuÎ J^Õ J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
ÉèÏ~°`« ^ÕâO◊ ÖÏO\˜ JÖÏÊaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅÖ’ WÖÏO\˜ ¿ã=Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ|\ì̃ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ (Under estimate) JOK«<å
"ÕÜ∞« |_»∞`«∞Ok.
¿ã"å ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ Ñ≤Q∂Æ q=iOK«∞@KÕ nxx Ñ≤Q∂Æ "≥Ñ· s¨ `«ºO (Pigou paradox) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
ã≤) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º:
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖË fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞QÍx, =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. J~Ú`Õ gx=∞^èºŒ
YzÛ`«"∞≥ #ÿ `Õ_®#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖOË . KåÖÏ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ "å\˜ qxÜ≥∂QÆO|\ì̃ =∂~°∞`«∞O\Ï~Ú. ÉËHsõ "å_çH˜ Ñ≤O_ç (Flour) =∞^èºŒ O`«~°
=ã¨∞=Î ÙHÍQÍ, QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜H˜ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î Ù. Office #‰õΩ KÕ~∞° HÀ=_®xH˜ JÜÕ∞º ~°"å}Ï=ºÜ«∞O =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ºÜ«∞OHÍQÍ, ‰õΩ@∞O|O
Holiday Trip H˜ áÈÜÕ∞ ~°"å}Ï =ºÜ«∞O JOu=∞ =ºÜ«∞=∞QÆ∞#∞.
_ç) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ÑïáêÅ# : „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å∞, áêÅ<å =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ZO`«"Õ∞~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜
^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» <À YzÛ`«OQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖËO. L^•: âßOuÉè„í ^Œ`Å« ∞, áê~°∞¯ÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O.
W) P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ÖËx L`«ÊuÎ : P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ÖË‰Ωõ O_®, `«~∞° "å`« HÍÅOÖ’ #∂`«# =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ L`«ÊuÎ
[iy`Õ, "å\˜x ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ Z^Œ∞~°Q∞Æ #∞.
ZÑ¶π) W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê#‰õΩ qÅ∞=Hõ@∞ì@ : W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê#‰õΩ qÅ∞= Hõ>Ëì@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Original Cost P^è•~°OQÍ
QÆ}O˜ KåÖÏ? ÖË^• „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}O˜ KåÖÏ? J<Õk =∞~À ã¨=∞ã¨º.
l) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ JOK«<å : `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ qÅ∞=#∞ Ü«∞O„`«O Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Original cost ÃÑ· JOK«<å "ÕÜ∂« ÖÏ?
ÖË^• Replacement cost P^è•~°OQÍ QÆ}O˜ KåÖÏ? J<Õk =∞~À ã¨=∞ã¨º.
ÃÇÏKü) ^ÕâßÅ=∞^èºŒ ãïá⁄eHõ ã¨=∞ã¨º : "Õ~°∞ "Õ~°∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜ÎQÆÅ HõÔ~hûÅ∞QÆÅ ^ÕâßÅ =∞^èŒº *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∂Å∞, r=# „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞ ãïáÈÅ∞Û@ J~°~÷ Ç° Ï≤ `«=∞x H˘O^Œi Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ«
Jaè„áêÜ«∞O.
2. PK«~}
° Ï`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞:
Z) „^Œ"ºÕ `«~° ~°OQÆO : ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ ÖÏO\˜ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# ^ÕâßÅÖ’ J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«, „^Œ"ºÕ `«~° ~°OQÆO Z‰õΩ¯=.
„^Œ=ºO LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«‰Ωõ O_® =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ ÉÏ~°~ì ü Ñ¨ûúŒ ^•fi~å qx=∞Ü«∞O JÜÕ∞º
~°OQÍxfl „^Œ"ºÕ `«~° ~°OQÆO JO^Œ∞~°∞. =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆOÖ’ KåÖÏ L`«ÊuÎ „^Œ=º
=∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ ~å‰õΩO_®, ™⁄O`« qxÜ≥∂QÆO, =ã¨∞=Î ∂iÊ_ç ^•fi~å qxÜ«∞=∞OÖ’H˜
áÈ`«∞Ok. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ JOK«<å ÃÑ<· Õ (guess - work)
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flq.
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a) =$uÎ „Ñ¨`ºÕ H©H~õ }

° ÖËHáõ È=Ù@ : ÉèÏ~°`Öü ÏO\˜ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ =$uÎ „Ñ¨`ºÕ H©H~õ } ° ÖËHáõ È=Ù@KÕ
ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ^•xHõO>ˇ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H,© U^À
XHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏÑÖÖ’ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞ ÖˇH¯õ ÅÖ’H˜ =ã¨∞OÎ k.
ã≤) z#fl L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞¡ : JH“O@¡ „áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«Hõ JH“O@∞û x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«Háõ È=Ù@KÕ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #
ã¨=∂Kå~°O W=fiÖËHáõ È`«∞<åfl~°∞.
_ç) ÃÑ^ŒÌ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞¡ : Ñ¨#∞fl ÉèÏ~°O#∞Oz `«ÑÊ≤ OK«∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«ÑC¨ _»∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ K«∂Ñ¨Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞.
W) x"ÕkOK«|_»x K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO : P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù ãÖÑ¨^ÑŒ #¨ ∞fl ZQÆ"`Õ HÔ« · ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # P^•Ü«∞, ãÖÑ¨^Œ ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl
W=fiÖË^∞Œ . Wk Black Money H˜ ^•ifã¨∞OÎ k. K«@|ì ^Œ,ú K«@=ì ºuˆ~Hõ
„^Œ"åºÅ∞O_»_®xfl Parallel (or) Hidden Economy JO^Œ∞~°∞. nx=Å¡
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O Under estimation [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk.
ZÑ¶)π qâ◊fiã≤OK«^ŒQÆæ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ ÅÉèíºO HÍHõáÈ=Ù@ : ÉèÏ~°`Öü ÏO\˜ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ „Ñ¨^•è # ã¨=∞ã¨º qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«∞"≥∞#ÿ
QÆ}ÏO‰õΩÅ∞ ÖËHáõ È=Ù@. tHõ}Δ á⁄Ok# QÆ}‰õΩÅ∞ H˘~°`=« Å¡ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ã¨=∂Kå~°O
~åHõáÈ=Ù@, =º=™êÜ«∞ LÑ¨ L`«Ê`«∞ÖÎ #·ˇ ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∂Å∞, ÑÖ_»∞,¡ \Õ|~ü "≥ÚII
"åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ã¨=∂Kå~°O ~åHõáÈ=Ù@ Hõ#|_»∞`«∞#flk.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ – „áê^è•#º`«:
1) Pi÷Hõ Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÍaè=$kúH˜ ã¨∂pQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« #∞.
2) qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÅ *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å ãïáÈeHõ‰Ωõ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
3) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =KÕÛ =º=™ê÷ÑÓ¨ ~°fiHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ J~°O÷ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
4) qq^è~Œ O° QÍÅ#∞O_ç =KÕÛ ™ê¿ÑHõΔ "å\ÏÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
5) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’QÆÅ qq^èŒ =~åæÅ „Ñ¨[Å P^•Ü«∞ =º`åº™êÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
6) „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ~°K#« ‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ `» å~Ú.
7) XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ö’<Õ "Õ̂~fi~°∞ HÍÖÏÅÖ’ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ Ñ¨Ù~Àaè=$kúx ãïáÈÅÛ=K«∞Û.
8) ~å¢ëêìÅ L`«ÊuÎ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ „áêO`åÅ =∞^èºŒ „áêOfÜ«∞ =º`åº™êÅ∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=K«∞Û.
9) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ z, „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂}Ïxfl JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û.
10) GNP Ö’ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ á⁄O^Õ "å\ÏÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ Trade Union, Labour organisations `«=∞ q^è•<åÅ∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞
HÀ=K«∞Û.
11) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ "åºáê~°ãO¨ ã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞ L`«ÊuÎ, =∂Ô~¯\ÕQ∑ =ÓºÇ¨Å∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ `» å~Ú.
12) Pi÷Hõ =$kúx QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ `» å~Ú.
XHõ¯ =∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë Pi÷Hõ =$kúx QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, ã¨∂Å÷ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Wq ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ `» å~Ú.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨‰÷ Ωõ Wq „ÑüaO|O =O\˜q.
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3. P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO

(Circular Flow of Income)
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞<Õk „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏÉèÏ=# (Flow concept). HÍ|\˜ì x~°O`«~O° XHõ ~°OQÆO#∞Oz =∞~˘Hõ ~°OQÍxH˜ „Ñ¨=Ç≤Ïã¨∞OÎ k.
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|_»∞#∞. D L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= ^•xH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ #ç L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ
P^•Ü«∂Å∞ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ KÕ~∞° #∞. D P^•Ü«∞O uiy =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· Y~°∞ÛÃÑ@ì|_»∞#∞. JO>Ë L`«ÊuÎ P^•Ü«∂xfl W=fiQÍ
P^•Ü«∞O =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» #∞ =ºÜ«∞O uiy L`«ÊuÎ, P^•Ü«∂xH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
JO>Ë Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞, L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°Hõ ¿ã=Å∞ x~°O`«~O° L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞, QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO =∞^èºŒ qx=∞Ü«∞O [~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ =∞^èºŒ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ~å|_»∞Å∞ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’
„Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞@ÜÕ∞ P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO#∞, ~Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK«=K«∞Û.
A) Real Flow B) Money Flow.
A) Real Flow ("åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO): L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°Hõ Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å∞ (‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO) #∞O_ç HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ^•~°‰¡ Ωõ (ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ),
„Ñ¨=Ç≤Ï™êÎ~Ú. P L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã≤# =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ^•~°¡#∞Oz, H˘<Õ"åiH˜ (QÆ$Ç¨Ï/‰õΩ@∞O|
~°OQÆO) KÕ~∞° #∞. JO>Ë HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å∞, =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞@ÜÕ∞ "åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
B) Money Flow („^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO): P^è∞Œ xHõ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ Jhfl =º=Ç¨Ï~åÅ∞ „^Œ=ºO`À<Õ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«|_»`å~Ú. ‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO
ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ ¿ã=Å∞ JOkOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ KÕ™êÎ~Ú. Wk ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O
JQÆ∞#∞. ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ → KÕã# ≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =ºÜ«∞O [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. JO>Ë ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ P^•Ü«∞O
=K«∞Û#∞. HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å‰õΩ „^Œ=º P^•Ü«∞O~åQÍ, Jk =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« @^•fi~å qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ =∞^èºŒ „^Œ=º„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
[~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
x*ÏxH˜ Real Flow, Money Flow J<Õq XˆH <å}ˇO#‰õΩ ~Ô O_»∞ "≥Ñ· Ù¨ Å∞ =O\˜q. =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å "åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO J<Õk,
^•x =ºuˆ~Hõ kâ◊Ö’QÆÅ „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜ ã¨=∂#O (Real Flow of goods and services is matched by an equal but
reverse money flow). L^•: ãÖã¨Å ÷ ~°OQÆO 100 HÀ@¡ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxH˜¿ã,Î QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO ^•xÃÑ· 100 HÀ@∞¡ =ºÜ«∞O
KÕÜÚ« #∞.
JO>Ë H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞x =ºÜ«∞O J=∞‡HõO^•~°∞x P^•Ü«∞=∞QÆ∞#∞.
P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO#∞ q=iOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨# ÷ ∞ 4 ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK«=K«∞Û.
1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï/ ‰õΩ@∞O| ~°OQÆO (House hold sector)
2) ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞/ "åºáê~° ~°OQÆO (Firms/ Business sector)
3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO (Government sector)
4) q^Õj~°OQÆO (Foreign sector/ Rest of - the - world)
1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO: L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ (Éè∂í q∞, „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è#Œ O, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ ) Ü«∞[=∂x „Ñ¨^•è #OQÍ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆ"∞Õ . Wk HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å#∞
ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ Jq∞‡, |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ P^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. D P^•Ü«∞=ÚÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯= ÉèÏQÆ=Ú ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ JOkOz# =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O
KÕÜÚ« #∞. P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙKÕã,≤ H˘O`« „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞QÍ K≥eO¡ K«∞#∞.
2) "åºáê~°/ ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO: ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO#∞Oz HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å#∞ J^≥‰Ì Ωõ fã¨∞H˘x, "åx ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎKãÕ ≤
"å\˜x QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxH˜, W`«~° ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ, „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜, W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOK«∞#∞. ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ =ÚYºOQÍ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å
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H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞ =∞iÜ«Ú =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞. "åºáê~°~O° QÆOÖ’ ¢ÃÑ"· @ Õ ∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ Hõeã≤ LO\Ï~Ú.
3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO: „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ=∞#QÍ ™ê^è•~°} „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO („Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe). „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO,
ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆOÃÑ· „Ñ¨`º« Hõ.Δ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ qkèOK«∞@ ^•fi~å P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz, L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å#∞
‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÆO #∞Oz H˘x =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. D =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞, HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å#∞ „Ñ¨[Å ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [<åÅÔH· (L^•:
Police, Education, law and order, Medical facilities etc.) LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ yOK«∞#∞.
4) q^Õj ~°OQÆO: XHõ ^ÕâO◊ W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ ZQÆ∞=∞u KÕÜÚ« #∞. J>Ë¡ kQÆ∞=∞u ‰õÄ_® KÕã∞¨ H˘#∞#∞. J>Ë¡ HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å∞
‰õÄ_® ^Õâ◊ ãï=∞^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ ^•\˜ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ "≥à√◊ #¡ ∞.
P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï q=~°}HÔ · ÃÑ· 4 ~°OQÍÅ#∞ Three models QÍ qÉèl í OK«=K«∞Û.
1) Two - sector Model : QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, "åºáê~°~O° QÆO Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
2) Three - sector Model : QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, "åºáê~°OQÆO, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO HõeÑ≤ LO_»∞#∞. nxx Closed Economy
JO^Œ∞~°∞.
3) Four - Sector Model : QÆ$Ç¨Ï { ãÖã¨Å÷ { „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi { q^Õj "åºáê~° ~°OQÍÅ∞O_»∞#∞. nxx Open Economy
Model JO^Œ∞~°∞.
1) ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<å (Two - Sector Model):
nxÖ’ ~Ô O_»∞ LÑ¨ #=¸<åÅ∞<åfl~Ú.
a) Two - Sector Model without saving:
b) Two - sector Model with saving and investment:
A) Two - sector Model without saving : nxx ãÖÑ¨Ó~°‚ =ºÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ JO^Œ∞~°∞. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO, Rest of the World
ÖË=x, Hˆ =ÅO QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆ"∞Õ L#fl=x „Ñ¨"∞Õ Ü«∞O KÕÜ∂« e. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ Ü«∞[=∂x J~Ú# QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO `«# HÍ~°Hõ
¿ã=Å#∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOz ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`<« åÅ∞, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ D L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ
ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ L`«ÊuÎKãÕ ≤ "å\˜x ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOK«∞#∞. ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ QÆÒ« Ö’ á⁄Ok# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xfl D
=ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ KÕã#≤ D =ºÜ«∞"Õ∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ P^•Ü«∞O.
"åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO: QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO #∞Oz L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ ¿ã=Å∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO #∞Oz =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxH˜ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞.
nx<Õ "åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO JO^Œ∞~°∞. (É∂íè q
∞, „â=◊
åÇÏ¨ O ∞, =¸
„Ñ"¨ Å^#Œè O
°
H ÍÅ ∞ (É , =º=
Î
H Í~ e≥¡
O Ñ ¨
Ù Å Ï@H O
õ ™êÑ÷ #¨
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H Í O, = _
L` ,¤ç ÖÏÉ
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QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO
=ã∞¨ ¿Î ã=Å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
=ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO

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‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ~Ô O_»∞ =∂Ô~¯\òÅÖ’ JO`«~° ãÖ|O^è•xfl Hõeæ LO\Ï~Ú. a) Factor Market, b) Product Market HÍ~°Hõ
=∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ∞ „HõÜ∞« q„HõÜ∂« Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. nxx Upper Outer circle ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. =ã¨∞Î =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å
„HõÜ∞« q„HõÜ∂« Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞#∞. nxx Lower outer Circle ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
„^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO: ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ JOkOz# HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å‰õΩ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ (ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`#« O, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞) K≥eO¡ K«∞#∞. JO>Ë
P^•Ü«∞O ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞. J>Ë¡ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ OkOz# =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. JO>Ë
P^•Ü«∞O ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ#∞Oz ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞. nx<Õ „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO JO^Œ∞~°∞. Inner Circle „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞.
ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞ P^•Ü«∞O "≥Ú`åÎxfl HÍ~°H¿õ ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕ™êÎÜ∞« x, ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ `«=∞ P^•Ü«∞O "≥Ú`åÎxfl =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ·
=ºÜ«∞O KÕ™êÎÜ∞« x, „Ñ¨"∞Õ Ü«∞O KÕÜ∞« _»O [iyOk. JO>Ë ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞QÍx, ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞QÍx ZÖÏO\˜ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕÜ∞« =Ù.
HÍ|\˜ì ãÖã¨Å÷ =ºÜ«∞O ‰õΩ@∞O| P^•Ü«∞O HÍQÍ, ‰õΩ@∞O| =ºÜ«∞O ãÖã¨÷ P^•Ü«∞=∞QÆ∞#∞.
D #=¸<å#∞Oz „HÕk JOâßÅ∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=K«∞Û.
1) ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ´ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxH˜ =KÕÛ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O
2) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O ´ ãÖã¨Å÷ P^•Ü«∞O
3) "≥Ú`«OÎ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ´ ãÖã¨Å÷ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ
4) "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ´ „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
B) Two - Sector Model with savings and Investment: nxx q∞`« =ºÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
x*ÏxH˜ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞=∞O`å =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« =Ù. P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =ºÜ«∞O K≥Ü∞« ºx ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù.
(A part of the Income which is not spent by house holds is called saving). TÇ≤ÏOK«x J=ã¨~åÅ∞, =$^•úÑº¨ OÖ’
Éè„í ^Œ`HÔ« · ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕÜÚ« #∞. ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ‰õÄ_® P^•Ü«∂#flO`å HÍ~°H¿õ ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« =Ù. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
x^è∞Œ Å∞QÍ#∞, ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ H˘O`« á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
Leakages: ãÖã¨Å ÷ #∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ á⁄Ok# P^•Ü«∞=∞O`å qxÜ≥∂QÆO KÕÜ∞« Hõ, H˘O`« á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙKÕ¿ãÎ ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ "≥à¡ı
P^•Ü«∞O `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞. JO>Ë ‰õΩ@∞O| ~°OQÆO#∞Oz, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜ P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOKÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù J<Õk =ºÜ«∂xfl `«yOæ K«∞@
^•fi~å, P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yOæ K«∞#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ Leakage (withdrawal) in circular Flow of Income JO^Œ∞~°∞.
=¸Å^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\ò (q`«Î ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞): QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO KÕã#≤ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ÉÏO‰õΩÅ∞, c=∂ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, Mutual
Funds ÖÏO\˜ q`«ã Î O¨ ã¨Å÷ ∞‰õΩ KÕ~∞° #∞. nxx =¸Å ^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\ò JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wk á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕã#≤ "åix, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ÃÑ>Ë"ì åix,
JÑ≤ÊKÕÛ"åiH˜, JÑ¨C fã¨∞H˘<Õ"åiH˜ =∞^èºŒ =iÎ`fi« O =Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞. JO>Ë̌ q`«Î ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ KÕi# á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù uiy ~°∞}ÏÅ∞QÍ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞
ã‘fiHõiOz, "å\˜x ÃÑ@∞ì|_çQÍ ÃÑ_»`å~Ú.
Injection: ãÖã¨Å ÷ ∞ ~°∞}ÏÅ∞QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl "≥Ú`åÎxfl uiy ÃÑ@∞ì|_çQÍ ÃÑ@∞ì#∞. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ‰õÄ_® =ºÜ«∞"Õ∞ HÍ|\ì̃, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨=Ç¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx Injection into the circular Flow of Income JO^Œ∞~°∞.
P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï ã¨=∞`ÒÅºO: P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_®ÅO>Ë ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
(Leakages), ãÖã¨Å ÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH˜ (Injection) ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_®e.
á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yO æ K«∞#∞. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞#∞. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ã¨=∂#"≥∞#ÿ Ñ¨Ù_»∞
(S = I), á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ãÖHÀK« Ñ¶e ¨ `«O (Contractionary effect), ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÜÚ≥ Hõ¯ qãÎ̈~}
° Ñ¶e¨ `«O (Expansionary
effect) ã¨=∂#"≥∞ÿ P^•Ü«∞™ê÷~Ú ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
Equilibrium Condition of Circular Flow of income is S = I
á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx JkèQqÆ ∞¿ãÎ (S > I), P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞.
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ùx JkèQqÆ ∞¿ãÎ (I > S), P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
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ÍÅ ¿ã=Å „Ñ"¨ åÇÏ¨

L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°H O
L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ke≥ O¡ ÑÙ¨ Å∞
S S
QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO =¸Å^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\ò ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO
I
=ã∞¨ ¿Î ã=Å ÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O
=ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO

2. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<å (Three - Sector Model):
~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨‰÷ Ωõ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÍxfl KÕi¿ãÎ =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ =ã¨∞OÎ k. nxx ÑïáêÅ<å Pi÷Hõ
=º=ã¨÷ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞: „Ñ¨|∞`«fiO ‰õΩ@∞O| ~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆOÃÑ· Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ qkèOK«∞@ ^•fi~å P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Œ∞#∞. Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ K≥eO¡ K«∞@=Å¡
‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ Leakage into the
Circular Flow of Income JO^Œ∞~°∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ºÜ«∞O: Ñ¨#∞flÅ ^•fi~å =zÛ# P^•Ü«∂xfl ‰õΩ@∞O|, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆOÃÑ· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. (a) ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞
JOkOKÕ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ ¿ã=ÅÃÑ· "Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. =∞iÜ«Ú ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅÃÑ· |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’
(L^•: =$^•ÌÑº¨ Ñ≤OK«#∞¡, x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u, ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞) =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. (b) ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ã =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å∞ÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O
KÕÜÚ« @^•fi~å =∞iÜ«Ú ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ ãäû_ôÅ∞ WK«∞Û@ ^•fi~å =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞.
|kb K≥eO ¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ`À „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO#∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ, ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ „^Œ=º„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO LO@∞Ok HÍx, "å\˜#∞Oz „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜
ZÖÏO\˜ "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO LO_»^∞Œ .
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O=Å¡ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∂xfl Injection in the circular Flow of
Income JO^Œ∞~°∞.
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO `«#‰õΩ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∂#flO`å (Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞), uiy =ºÜ«∞O, |kb K≥eO ¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ =ºÜ«∞O KÕ¿ãÎ P^•Ü«∞
„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞.
=¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ Taxes = Government Expenditure J~Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞.
T=G
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∞« O
º= Ü
ÃÑ· ¿õ
=Å L`Ê« uÎ HÍ~H° ã=Å Ke≥ O¡ Ñ
∞ã¨ Î ¿ã Ù¨ Å∞
=
=¸Å^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\ò
~∞° } S
S
ÏÅ∞
(I)
ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO
‰õΩ@∞O| ~°OQÆO
S ~°∞
_Åô ∞
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}Ï
HÍ~H°

Å∞
Ñ¨#
õ Ke≥
ÀÅ∞
∞
∞flÅ
∞flÅ
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( I)
O¡ ÑÙ¨ Å
Ñ¨#
∞
ÅH

∞
|k
¿Î ã=
b
Ke≥
=ã∞¨
O¡ Ñ
Ù¨ Å∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO
3) <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<å (Four Sector Model): →

WO`«=~°‰Ωõ q^Õj "åºáê~°O ÖËx =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ QÆ∂iÛ K«iÛO_»"∞≥ Oÿ k. nxx Closed Economy JO^Œ∞~°∞. A Closed
Economy is an Economy which does not engage in International Trade. HÍx "åã¨" Î åxH˜ „Ñü^ÕâO◊ Ö’ q^Õj "åºáê~°O
=ÚYº áê„`« áÈ+≤OK«∞#∞. QÆ$Ç¨Ï { ãÖã¨Å÷ { „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÍxH˜ q^Õj "åºáê~°O (Rest of the World) KÕi¿ã,Î Jk Open
Economy QÍ Ñ≤Å=|_»∞#∞. q^Õj "åºáê~°O ÖËx Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Autarky Jx ‰õÄ_® JO^Œ∞~°∞.
q^Õj "åºáê~°OÖ’ ~ Ô O_»∞ =º=Ç¨~åÅ∞O\Ï~Ú. (a) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞, (b) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞.
=ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å=Å¡, q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz ZQÆ∞=∞u P^•Ü«∞O =K«∞Û#∞. nx=Å¡ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
JO^Œ∞KÕ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Injection into the circular Flow of Income QÍ Ñ≤Å=|_»∞#∞.
=ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å=Å¡ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ [iˆQ =ºÜ«∞O q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ áÈ=Ù#∞. JO>Ë P^•Ü«∞O q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ áÈ=Ù@KÕ P^•Ü«∞
„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞. JO^Œ∞KÕ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Leakage into the circular Flow of Income QÍ Ñ≤Å=|_»∞#∞.
^ÕâO ◊ #∞Oz |Ü«∞@‰õΩáÈÜÕ∞k (Out Flow), ^ÕâO◊ Ö’H˜ =KÕÛk (In Flow), ã¨=∂#OQÍ L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞. JO>Ë kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ qÅ∞= ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å qÅ∞= (M = X) ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_®e.
(a) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =ã¨∞= Î ÙÅ∞ kQÆ∞=∞u KÕã∞¨ H˘x "åiH˜ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« QÍ, L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°Hõ ¿ã=Å∞ JOkOK«∞@^•fi~å
Foreign remittance á⁄O^Œ∞#∞.
(b) ãÖã¨Å ÷ ∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞, ¿ã=Å#∞ (Shipping, Insurance, Banking etc.) ZQÆ∞=∞uKÕã≤ P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^ŒQÍ, =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞
kQÆ∞=∞u KÕã∞¨ H˘x "å\˜ÃÑ· q^ÕâßÅÖ’ =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞.
(c) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ‰õÄ_® =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ ZQÆ=∞u, kQÆ∞=∞u KÕã∞¨ H˘#∞#∞. D =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞ q^ÕâßÅ #∞Oz á⁄O^Õ P^•Ü«∂Å∞
In Flow HÍQÍ, q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO ¡ KÕ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ Out Flow JQÆ∞#∞.
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Leakages have a contractionary effect on National Income

Injections have an Expansionary pressure on National Income
~°OQÆO Leakages Injections Equilibrium

Two-Sector Economy Saving (S) Investment (I) S=I
Three Sector Economy Saving (S) + Taxes (T) Investment (I) + Government
Expenditure (G) S+T=I+G
Four-Sector Economy Saving (S) + Investment (I) + S+T+M=I+G+X
Taxes (T) + Government Expenditure (G) +
Imports (M) Exports
„áê^è•#º`«: (a) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ∞ Uq^èOŒ QÍ JO`«~ã° O¨ |O^èOŒ (Inter - related) Hõeæ L#flq, Ñ¨~ã° Ê¨ ~°O Uq^èOŒ QÍ
P^è•~°Ñ_¨ #ç q (Inter - dependent) nx^•fi~å „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=K«∞Û.
(b) nx ^•fi~å P^•Ü«∞ Ñï=∂}O (Size of Income) x~°~ ‚ ÚOK«=K«∞Û.
÷ Pi÷Hõ ã¨=∞`ÒÖÏºxH˜ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ +¨~`° ∞« Å∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=K«∞Û. L^•: ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞
(c) ã¨∂Å
ã¨=∂#"≥∞`ÿ Õ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞.
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4. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p
P.Q.L.I. „Ñ¨H\
õ O˜ z# 10 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ `«~∞° "å`« SHõº~å[º ã¨q∞uH˜ K≥Ok# UNDP "å~°∞ 1990 #∞Oz HDI #∞
~°∂á⁄OkOz, „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K« ^ÕâßÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúx, ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ `≥e¿Ñ x"ÕkHõ#∞ „Ñü ãÖ=`«û~°O q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞.
^ÕâßxH˜ x["≥∞# ÿ ãÖÑ¨^Œ P ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x „Ñ¨[ÖË. „Ñ¨[Å ¿ãfiK«Û#ù ∞, ZOÑ≤HÅõ #∞ qãÎ̈ $`«Ñ~¨ K° _« "» ∞Õ Pi÷HÍaè=$kú =ÚYº
ÅHõΔ ºO. =∂#"åaè=$kúx ãÖH˜ÑΔ OÎ¨ QÍ H˘eKÕ ™ê^è#Œ "Õ∞ D ã¨∂zHõ.
''„Ñ¨[Å ZOÑ≤HÅ õ #∞ qã¨Î $`«O KÕÜ∞« _»O`Àáê@∞ „Ñ¨*Ï „âıÜ∞« ã¨∞û#∞ ÃÑOá⁄OkOKÕ „Hõ=∂xfl—— =∂#"åaè=$kú Jx ''=∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò
LÖòÇÏ¨ H±—— x~°fizOK≥#∞.
1990 #∞Oz HDR #∞ UNDP "å~°∞ „Ñ¨K∞« iã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞. "≥Ú^Œ@ HDR Ö’ UNDP "å~°∞ HDI x „Ñ¨K∞« iOzi.
Wk Mahbub-Ul-Haq P^èfiŒ ~°ºOÖ’ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«|_≥#∞. D Ñ¨ûúŒ `«~∞° "å`« qãïÎ OK«|_»@"Õ∞HÍHõ, Refined KÕÜ∞« |_»∞`«∂
=zÛOk. `«~∞° "å`« HÍÅOÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ K≥Ok# W`«~° ã¨∂pÅ∞ Jaè=$kú KÕã∂¨ Î =KåÛ~°∞. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« UNDP `«#
HDR Ö’ 6 ã¨∂pÅ∞ „Ñ¨K∞« iã¨∞O Î k.
1. HDI 1990 - Human Development Index. (=∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p)
2. GDI 1995 - Gender Related Development Index. (eOQÆ ãÖ|Okè`« Jaè=$kú ã¨∂p)
3. GEM 1995 - Gender Empowerment Measure (eOQÆ ™êkèHÍ~°`« H˘Å=∂#O)
4. HPI-I 1997 - Human Poverty Index - I (=∂#= ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ ã¨∂p–I)
5. HPI-II 1998 - Human Poverty Index - II (=∂#= ⇒ ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ ã¨∂p–II)
6. TAI 2001 - Technology Achievement Index. (™êOˆHuHõ ™ê^è< Œ å ã¨∂p)
HDI ;
1990Ö’ nxx ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞.
HDI ~°∂Ñ¨HÅ
õ Ê#Ö’ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH±, iK«~¤ü *Ïb, QÆ∞™êÎ"~£ åh+π, "≥∞Ñ¶∞¨ <å^£ ^ÕâßÜü∞, ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞ Pi÷H"õ `Õ Î« J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£Å
Hõ$+≤ LOk.
J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© 'HDI ~°∂Ñ¨teÊ—QÍ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH±x ¿Ñ~˘¯O\Ï~°∞.
HDI Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ JOâßÅ∞ :
Wk 3 JOâßÅÖ’ ™êkèOz# ã¨Q@ Æ ∞ Ñ¶e¨ `åÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
Z) n~°H… ÍÅ P~ÀQÆº=O`«"∞≥ #ÿ r=#O : nxx PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O `À QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° .
Longevity of life measured by life expectancy at birth.
a) q*Ï˝#O (Knowledge) : nxx JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«`À QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞°
=Ü≥∂[# JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« (2/3 =O`«∞ ÉèÏ~°O)
„áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ q^ŒºÅÖ’ L=∞‡_ç #"≥∂^Œ∞ x+¨ÊuÎ (1/3 =O`«∞)
ã≤) "≥∞~°∞QÔ #· r=# „Ñ¨=∂}O (Standard of living) :
nxx "åã¨=Î `«Åãï l._ç.Ñ≤ ^•fi~å H˘Å∞™êÎ~∞° . (US $PPP ^•fi~å Purchasing Power Parity)
PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O, JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« `«Åãï l._ç.Ñ≤ ã¨=∂#ÉèÏ~°O W=fi|_»∞#∞.
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PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O, q^Œº, r=# „Ñ¨=∂}ÏxH˜ ã¨=∂#ÉèÏ~°O W=fi|_»∞#∞.

A) Life Expectancy Index (LEI) PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ∞« O
B) Educational Attainment Index (EAI) q^Œº ™ê^è# Œ ã¨∂zHõ
C) Standard of Living Index (SLI) r=# „Ñ¨=∂} ã¨∂zHõ
nxx PQLI x QÆ}O˜ z# Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° . HDI = (LEI + EAI + SLI)
HDI x QÆ } ˜ O K« ∞ @‰õ Ω Hõ x +¨ ì , QÆ i +¨ ì qÅ∞=Å∞ :
Previous method 2010 Method
Dimensions Indicators Min. Max. Indicators Min. Max.
1. P~ÀQÆºO PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O (at birth) 25 85 PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ∞« O (at birth) 20 83.2

2. q*Ï˝#O =Ü≥∂[# JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« ~ˆ @∞ 0% 100% a)Expected years of schooling 0 20.6
L=∞‡_ç #"≥∂^Œ∞ x+¨ÊuÎ 0% 100% b) Mean years of schooling 0 13.2
3. r=# „Ñ¨=∂}O GDP Percapita (PPP US $) 100 40,000 GNI Percapita (PPP US $) 163 108211
ã¨Q@
Æ ∞ JOHõ=∞^èºŒ =∞O QÆ∞}=∞^èºŒ =∞O
JOâ◊ ã¨∂p (Component Index) = "åã¨=Î qÅ∞= – Hõx+¨ª qÅ∞=
1
QÆi+¨ª qÅ∞= – Hõx+¨ª qÅ∞=
2010 HDRÖ’ HDI QÆ}#Ö’ #∂`«#OQÍ KÕã#≤ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞† 3
1. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ `«Åãï GDPH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ `«Åãï GNI x fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
2. JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«Ö’ =Ü≥∂[# JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«, L=∞‡_ç #"≥∂^Œ∞ x+¨ÊuÎH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ Expected years of schooling, Mean years of
schoolingÅ#∞ „Ñ¨"â Õ ◊ ÃÑ>ˇ#ì ∞.
3. =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Hõx+ª̈, QÆi+ª̈ qÅ∞=Å∞ =∂Ô~Û#∞.
4. =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ‰õΩ ã¨Q@ Æ ∞ QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ™ê=∂#º JOHõ=∞^èºŒ =∞O#‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ QÆ∞}=∞^èºŒ =∂xfl fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
3 LEI, EAI, SLI
√
HDR 2009Ö’ HDI ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ç „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K« ^ÕâßÅ#∞ 4 ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK≥#∞. HDR2010Ö’ qÉè[í #
Z) `«‰Ωõ ¯= =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞ 0.000 #∞O_ç 0.499 0.000 – 0.479
a) =∞^èºŒ ™ê÷~Ú =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞ 0.500 #∞O_ç 0.799 0.480 – 0.669
ã≤) JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞ 0.800 #∞O_ç 0.899 0.670 – 0.784
_ç) J`«ºkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞ 0.900 #∞O_ç 1.000 0.785 – 1.000
HDR 2007: 2005 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ 2007 HDR x „Ñ¨K∞« iOzi. nxÖ’ 177 ^ÕâßÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀQÍ ...
"≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#O – Iceland, 177= ™ê÷#O – Sierra leone, 128= ™ê÷#O – India
HDR 2008: 2006 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ 2008 HDR #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOzi. nxÖ’ 179 ^ÕâßÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀQÍ...
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ™ê÷#O – Iceland, 179 = ™ê÷#O – Sierraleone, 132= ™ê÷#O – India
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HDR 2009 : 2007 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ 2009 HDR x ~°∂á⁄OkOzi. nxÖ’ 182 ^ÕâßÅ#∞ fã¨∞HÀQÍ
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O <åˆ~fi. 182 ™ê÷#O <≥Q· ~Æ ü HÍQÍ, WO_çÜ∂« ™ê÷#O 134.
HDR 2010 : Human Development Report – 2010x #=O|~ü 2010 Ö’ „Ñ¨H\ õ O˜ K≥#∞. nxÖ’ HDI qÅ∞= P^è•~°OQÍ
<åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ ^ÕâßÅ∞ qÉèlí OK«|_≥#∞.
1) Very high human developed countries 42
2) High human developed countries 43
3) Medium human developed countries 42
4) Low human developed countries 42
169
gxÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ~°HõO ^ÕâßÅ∞ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^ÕâßÅ∞HÍQÍ, q∞ye# =¸_»∂ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÅ∞QÍ
Ñ≤Å=|_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
2010 HDR ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞@Ö’ „Ñ¨=ÚYáê„`« áÈ+≤Oz#k *ˇx‰õÄQ¡ =∑ ∞<£.
„Ñ¨^è•# ãÖ^Õâ◊O : The Real Wealth Nations : Pathways to Human Development.
2010 HDR Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ 5 ^ÕâßÅ∞, z=i 5 ^ÕâßÅ∞, WO_çÜ∂« H˜ W~°∞QÆ∞ á⁄~°∞QÆ∞#∞#fl ^ÕâßÅ∞ D q^èOŒ QÍ L<åfl~Ú.
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ 5 ^ÕâßÅ∞ z=i 5 ^ÕâßÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^ÕâßÅ∞
Rank ^Õâ◊O Rank ^Õâ◊O Rank ^Õâ◊O
1 <åˆ~fi (0.938) 165 "≥∂*ÏOaH± 89 K≥·<å (0.663)
2 P¢¿ãìeÜ«∂ 166 |∞~°∞O_ô 91 NÅOHõ (0.658)
3 #∂ºlÖÏO_£ 167 <≥·QÆ~ü 107 =∂bÌ=ÙÅ∞ (0.602)
4 J"≥∞iHÍ 168 _≥"≥∂„ÔH\˜H± iÑä¡H± PÑ¶π HÍOQÀ 119 WO_çÜ«∂ (0.519)
5 S~å¡O_£ 169 lOÉÏÉËfi(0.140) 125 áêH˜™ê÷<£ (0.490)
129 |OQÍ¡^Õâò (0.469)
132 =∞Ü«∞<å‡~ü(0.451)
138 <ÕáêÖò (0.428)
155 PÑ¨x… ™êÎ<£ (0.349)
ÉèÏ~°`Hü Oõ >Ë =ÚO^Œ∞#fl W~°∞QÆ∞á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^ÕâßÅ∞: K≥<· å, NÅOHõ, =∂bÌ=ÙÅ∞,
ÉèÏ~°`Hü Oõ >Ë "≥#∞HõO[Ö’ L#fl W~°∞QÆ∞ á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^ÕâßÅ∞: áêH˜™êÎ<,£ |OQÍ¡^âÕ ò, =∞Ü«∞<å‡~ü, <ÕáêÖò, PÑ¨x… ™êÎ<£
ÉÏQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# Pã≤Ü∂« ^ÕâO◊ PÑ¨x… ™ê÷<£ (155 = ~åºOH±)
HDI ~åºOHÕQ∑Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`H ü ˜ ~Ô O_»∞ "≥Ñ· Ù¨ ÖÏQÆÅ ^ÕâßÅ∞ Hˆ Ñπ=~ˆ ú (118 ~åºOH±)
ÉèÏ~°`ü (119 ~åºOH±)
`≥=· ¸~ü Öˇãìπ (120 ~åºOH±)
BRICS ^ÕâßÅ∞ („ÉˇlÖò, ~°ëêº, WO_çÜ∂ « , K≥<· å, ^ŒH}
Δ̃ Ï„Ñ¶H≤ Í)
65 ~°ëêº (0.719) (BRICS ^ÕâßÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ™ê÷#O)
73 „ÉˇlÖò (0.699)
89 K≥<· å (0.663)
110 ^ŒH} Δ˜ Ï„Ñ¶H≤ Í (0.597)
119 WO_çÜ∂« (0.519) (BRICS ^ÕâßÅÖ’ z=i™ê÷#O.)
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2010 HDR „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ÉèÏ~°`ü PÜ«Úó„Ñ¨=∂}O 64.4 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞

Expected Years of Schooling 10.3
Means Years of Schooling 4.4%
`«Åãï GNI 3,337 (US$ PPP)
HDI ~åOH±ÅÖ’ WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Äõ HÔ #_® 8 ™ê~°∞¡ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ™ê÷#O á⁄O^ŒQÍ
<åˆ~fi 8 ™ê~°∞¡
[áê<£ 3 ™ê~°∞¡
SãπÖÏO_£ 2 ™ê~°∞¡ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O á⁄O^≥#∞.
Pi÷H=õ $kú, =∂#"åaè=$kú =∞^èºŒ ãÖ|O^èOŒ :
™ê^è•~°}OQÍ Z‰õΩ¯= Pi÷Hõ =$kú Hõey# ^ÕâßÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ‰õÄ_® Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ<Õ LO@∞Ok. `«‰Ωõ ¯= Pi÷H= õ $kúQÅÆ
^ÕâßÅÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= =∂#"åaè=$kú LO@∞Ok.
J~Ú`Õ D ãÖ|O^èO Œ ZÑ¨Ù_»∂ WÖÏˆQ LO@∞O^Œx K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖËO. H˘xfl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ JkèHõ Pi÷H=õ $kú L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H,© =∂#"åaè=$kú
`«‰Ωõ ¯=ÙQÍ LO_»=K«∞Û. =∞iH˘xfl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= Pi÷H=õ $kú L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú LO_»=K«∞Û.
Pi÷Hõ =$kú =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ „Ñ¨QuÆ x ÃÑOK«∞`«∞O^Œx YzÛ`«OQÍ K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖËO. L^• : =∞# `«Åãï GDP 2753
(PPP$) HÍQÍ, ~åºOHÕQ∑Ö’ 134= ™ê÷#O ™êkèOzOk. J^Õ qÜ«∞`åflO `«‰Ωõ ¯= `«Åãï GDP Hõey L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H©
(2600$) JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kúx Hõey (0.725) 116 = ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk. qÜ«∞`åflO HõO>Ë ÉèÏ~°`ü JkèHõ =$kúx
Hõey#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© P =$kú ÉèÏ~°`Öü ’ L`«=Î ∞ q^Œº, P~ÀQÆº ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ HõeÊOK«ÖHË áõ È~ÚO^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞OÎ k. qÜ«∞`åflO
`«‰Ωõ ¯= Pi÷Hõ =$kú`À „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kúx JOkOK«QeÆ yOk.
qq^èŒ ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ HDI
=∞#^ÕâO ◊ Ö’ KåÖÏ ~å„ëêìÅ∞ =∞^èºŒ ™ê÷~Ú „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K« ^ÕâßÅ`À ã¨=∂#OQÍ L<åfl~Ú. HÍ|\˜ì "å\˜ =∞^èºŒ HDI
`Õ_®Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ HDI QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ J=ã¨~O° . nxÖ’ 3 „Ñ¨Ü∞« `åflÅ∞ =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ q.
1997Ö’ UNFPA "å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°`Ö ü ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúÃÑ· (Human Development)
"India Towards Population and Development Goals" J<Õ Ñ¨Ùã¨HÎ Íxfl „Ñ¨K∞« iOzi.
Mahbub-Ul-Haq `«# Ñ¨Ùã¨H Î Oõ "Human Development in South Asia, 1997" Ö’ ‰õÄ_® qq^èŒ ~å„ëêìÅ =∞^èºŒ
HDI #∞ QÆ}O ˜ K≥#∞.
1. Ü«Ú<≥>· _ˇ £ <Õ+<¨ û£ Ñ¶O¨ _£ Ñ¶~¨ ü áêÑ¨ÙÖË+<¨ £ UHì̃q\©ãπ ( UNFPA) : 3 JOâßÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ Human Development
QÆ}Õz#k.
Z) Index of life expectancy (r=<åÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« ã¨∂zHõ)
a) Index of Per capita income SDP (~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ ã¨∂zHõ)
ã≤) Index of Education (q^•º ã¨∂zHõ)
UNFPA "åi QÆ}#Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~åRO ˆH~°à◊
z=i™ê÷#O (15) á⁄Ok# ~åRO cÇ¨~ü
PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò™ê÷#O 9= ~åºOH±
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2. =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± ‰õÄ_® W"Õ JOâßÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© H˘kÌ =º`åºãÖ QÆÅ^Œ∞. q^•º ã¨∂pÖ’ Literacy Rate
fã¨∞‰õΩx, School Enrollment Ratio q_çzÃÑ>ˇ#ì ∞.
=∞Ç¨Ï|∞Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± QÆ}#Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~åRO ˆH~°à◊
z=i ™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~åRO =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ™ê÷#O 9= ~åºOH±
3. _®II a+¨fil`üQ∞Æ Ç¨Ï : DÜ«∞# =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ K≥Ok# KåÖÏ JOâßÅ∞ L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© UNFPA, Haq J^èºŒ Ü«∞<åÅ∞
"å\˜x q_çzÃÑ\˜#ì q J<≥#∞. =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ =∞~À 3 JOâßÅ∞ KÕ~Ô Û#∞. "≥Ú`«OÎ 6 JOâßÅ∞. gx`À 4 ã¨∂zHõÅ∞
`«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÃã#∞. Wq 1988–94 =∞^èºŒ „áêO`åxH˜ K≥Ok#q. J~Ú`Õ "≥∞^ä_Œ ®År =∂„`«O UNDP "åi^Õ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK≥#∞.
Z) The Quality of life (r=# <å}º`«)
a) Poverty eradication (¿Ñ^ŒiHõ x~°∂‡Å#)
ã≤) Urbanisation (Ñ¨@}ì H© ~õ }° )
Z) Quality of life : 5 JOâßÅ ^•fi~å xi‡OK≥#∞.
1. Access to safe Drinking Water (ã¨∞~°H`Δ˜ "« ∞≥ #ÿ „`åQÆ∞h~°∞ ™œHõ~º° O)
2. q^Œ∞º`ü Hõ<≥HõΔ<£
3. ãÖ=`«û~°O "≥Ú`«OÎ g∞^Œ ~ÀA‰õΩ 2 Ñ¨Ó@¡ Éè’[#O
4. Ñ¨HÍ¯ WO_»Ö¡ ’ x"åãÖ
5. "≥Ú`«OÎ [<åÉèÏÖ’ ÅÉèºí =∞ÜÕ∞º Éˇ_û£ ÅÉèºí `« („Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Pã¨∞Ñ¨„`«∞ÅÖ’)
a) Poverty Eradication : „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O xÑ¨Ù}∞Å „QÆ∂Ñ¨Ù ã¨∂K«# "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ ^•i„^Œº~ˆ Y‰õΩ ÃÑ#· ∞#fl "åix (APL)
"åix fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
ã≤ ) Ñ¨@ì}©Hõ~°} : 1991 ÖˇH¯õ Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
g\˜ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O HDI1, HDI2, HDI3, HDI4 QÍ qÉèlí OK≥#∞.
J~Ú`Õ H˘kÌ =º`åº™êÅ∞#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© UNFPA, HAQ, GUHA Å∞, UNDP Methodology <Õ "å_≥#∞.
– \ÏÑπ 5 ~å„ëêìÅ∞ Hˆ ~°à,◊ =∞Ç¨~åR, ÑÖ*ÏÉò, `«q∞à◊<å_»∞, Ç¨Ï~åº<å
– kQÆ∞= 5 ~å„ëêìÅ∞ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò, Xi™êû, ~å[™ê÷<,£ L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò, cÇ¨~ü
– =∞^èºŒ 5 ~å„ëêìÅ∞ – QÆ∞[~å`ü, Hõ~åfl@Hõ, Ñ¨tÛ=∞ÉˇOQÍÖò, PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò, J™êûO.
"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ™ê÷#O z=i (15) ™ê÷#O A.P. ™ê÷#O
1) UNFPA „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ˆH~°à◊ cÇ¨~ü 9= ~åºOH±
2) Haq (Ç¨ÏH±) „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ˆH~°à◊ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò 9= ~åºOH±
3) Guha (QÆ∞Ç¨Ï) „Ñ¨HÍ~°O
A) HDI1 ˆH~°à◊ L`«Î~° „Ñ¨^Õâò 9= ~åºOH±
B) HDI2 ˆH~°à◊ L`«Î~° „Ñ¨^Õâò 9= ~åºOH±
C) HDI3 ˆH~°à◊ Xi™êû 7= ~åºOH±
D) HDI4 ˆH~°à◊ Xi™êû 6= ~åºOH±
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GUHA : UNDP Ñ¨ûúŒ x J=ÅOaOz#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© "å\˜x qãïÎ OK≥#∞. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ã¨∂pÅÖ’ HDI4 ã¨=∞„QÆ"∞≥ #ÿ ã¨∂p.
K≥ÑÙ¨ ÊHÀ^Œy# q+¨Ü∞« O Uq∞@O>Ë QÆ∞Ç¨Ï Ü≥ÚHõ¯ 4 ã¨∂pÅÖ’#∞ Hˆ ~°à◊ „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞ ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk. kQÆ∞= ™ê÷#OÅ∞ =∂„`«O
=∂~°∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò q+¨Ü∞« OÖ’ q~°∞^ŒOú QÍ LOk. HDI1 Ö’ 9= ™ê÷#O.
HDI4 Ö’ 6= ™ê÷#O.
QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ã¨∂pÖ’ ‰õÄ_® =∂#"åaè=$kúx `≥e¿Ñ H˘xfl JOâßÅ∞ KÕ~Û° =Åã≤ LOk.
QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~åã≤# „QÆO^äOŒ "A study of inter-state Disparity"
1. PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O
2. ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
3. JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« HDI1
4. r=# <å}º`« HDI2
5. ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO HDI3
6. Ñ¨@}
ì H© ~õ }
° HDI4
NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT - 2001

*ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ (NHDR) #∞ =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz#k.
„Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz# *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú iáÈ~ü#ì ∞ 2002Ö’ „Ñ¨K∞« iOK≥#∞. 1981, 1991,
2001 HÍÖÏxH˜ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~å„ëêìÅ"åsQÍ, ^ÕâO◊ "≥Ú`«OÎ QÍ `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÃã#∞. ^Œ`åÎOâ◊O H˘~°`« HÍ~°}OQÍ 15
~å„ëêìÅHˆ 2001 =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞. UNDP LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# n~°H… ÍÅ=O`«"∞≥ #ÿ r=#=Ú,
q^•º™ê^è#Œ , Pi÷H™õ ê^è#Œ Å<Õ Wk ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz<å H˘OK≥O =º`åºãÖ HõÅ^Œ∞. 15 ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú
ã¨∂zHõÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òk 10= ™ê÷#O.
UNDP "åi, „Ñ¨ } ÏoHÍ ã¨ O Ñ¶ ¨ ∞ O "åi =∂#"åaè = $kú JOâßÅÖ’ ã¨ i áÈeHõ
UNDP ã¨ ∂ zHõ Å ∞ JOâßÅ∞ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶¨∞O ã¨∂zHõÅ∞ (NHDR)
1. PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O (Ñ¨Ù\˜#ì Ñ¨Ê\˜ #∞Oz) n~°H… ÍÅ=O`«"∞≥ #ÿ r=#O 1) PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ∞« O (ãÖ=`«û~°O #∞Oz) 65%
tâ◊√ =∞~°}ÏÅ ~ˆ @∞ 35%
2. JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« (=Ü≥∂[<å JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« { q^•º™ê^èŒ# 2) JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« ~ˆ @∞ (7 ãÖIIÅ∞ PÃÑ#· )
L=∞‡_ç #"≥∂^Œ∞ x+¨ÊuÎ) xÜ«∞`« q^Œº‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`« W=fi|_≥#∞.
3. "åã¨=Î `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Pi÷Hõ ™ê^è#Œ 3) "åã¨=Î `«Åãï qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O
(US$PPP Ö’)
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ECONOMY
NHDR QÆ}#Ö’ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl Hõx+ì̈, QÆi+ì̈ qÅ∞=Å∞

Hõx+¨ìO QÆi+Öì
PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O 50 ãÖII 80 ãÖII
JHõΔ~åã¨º`« 0% 100%
qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ºÜ«∞O (<≥Å‰õΩ) 65 ~°∂. 325 ~°∂.
=∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p ™ê÷~Ú : =¸_»∞ HÍÖÏÖ’¡#∂ ÉèÏ~°`« =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk.
1981 1991 2001
India 0.302 0.381 0.472
A.P. 0.298 0.377 0.416
JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O <Õ\H˜ ˜ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ `«‰Ωõ ¯= =∂#"åaè=$kú QÆÅ ^ÕâO◊ .
1. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò =∂#"åaè=$kú (0.416), WO_çÜ∂« (0.472) HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk.
15 ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò 1981, 1991ÅÖ’ 9= ~åºOH±#∞ 2001Ö’ 10= ~åºOH±#∞ á⁄Ok#k.
1. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ Hˆ ~°à◊ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O á⁄O^ŒQÍ cÇ¨~ü z=i ™ê÷#O á⁄Ok#k.
z#fl ~å¢ëêìÅ∞, Hˆ O„^Œ áêe`« „áêO`åÅ∞ q∞QÆ`å "åxHõO>Ë "≥∞~°∞QÔ #· Ñ¶e¨ `åÅxã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.
HDI ™êO=`«ûiHõOQÍ 2.4% ~ˆ @∞`À 1980Ö’#∞,
3% ~ˆ @∞`À 1990Ö’#∞ =$kú K≥Ok#k.
=∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ ZQÆ∞=∞#∞#fl ~å¢ëêìÅ∞ (0.5 ÃÑ#· ) kQÆ∞=#∞#fl ~å¢ëêìÅ∞ (0.4 Ö’Ñ¨Ù)
1) Hˆ ~°à◊ (0.638) 11) Xi™êû
2) ÑÖ*ÏÉò (0.537) 12) =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò (0.394)
3) `«q∞à◊<å_»∞ (0.531) 13) L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò (0.388)
4) =∞Ç¨~åR (0.523) 14) J™êûO (0.386)
5) Ç¨Ï~åº<å (0.509) 15) cÇ¨~ü (0.367)
– ˆH~°à◊ HDI qÅ∞= 0.638. cÇ¨~ü HDI qÅ∞= 0.367.
– Pi÷HOõ QÍ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨_#ç ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞QÍ LOk. Pi÷HOõ QÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú
ã¨∂z "≥#∞Hõ|_ç LOk. J~Ú`Õ =∞^èºŒ P^•Ü«∞ ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ D ãÖ|O^èOŒ Hõ#|_»∞@ÖË^∞Œ .
– ~å„ëêìÅ =∞^èºŒ P^•Ü«∞ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ HõO>Ë, ~å„ëêìÅ =∞^èºŒ HDI Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ L<åfl~Ú. J#QÍ `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯= =Ù#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© ~å„ëêìÅ∞ P~ÀQÆºO, q^ŒºÃÑ· J=ÅOaOKÕ q^è•<åÖË HÍ~°}O.
– =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ ™ê÷#O QÆÅ Hˆ ~°à,◊ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =∞^èºŒ ™ê÷~Ú P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~åRO.
– =∞Ç¨~åR P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ ê÷#O HÍQÍ, =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ 4= ™ê÷#O.
HDI Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`ü =$kú – ã¨g∞HõΔ :
1980–2010 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ =∞^èºŒ =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`‰ü Ωõ ^ŒH¯˜ # áê~ÚO@∞¡ 0.320 #∞O_ç 0.519 áê~ÚO@¡‰Ωõ
ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. D ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 62% QÍ LOk.
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1980= ^ŒâH◊ Oõ z=i ~ÀAÖ’¡ ÉèÏ~°`ü 0.5 áê~ÚO@¡ ™ê÷~Úx ^•@_»O ^•fi~å JÅÊ =∂#"åaè=$kú ™êkèOz#
^ÕâßÅ =~°Oæ #∞Oz =∂^èºŒ q∞Hõ =∂#"åaè=$kú ™êkèOz# ^ÕâßÅ =~°Oæ Ö’H˜ KÕ~∞° ‰õΩ#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ K≥<· å <Õ_∞» WO_çÜ∂« L#fl
™ê÷#OÖ’ LO_Õk. =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ D ~Ô O_»∞ ^ÕâßÅ =∞^èºŒ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù ~Ô O_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏúÅ =º`åºãÖ LO^Œx D q+¨Ü∞« O
`≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`«∞Ok. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« 0.663 áê~ÚO@¡`À 89 = ~åºO‰õΩÖ’ L#fl K≥<· å H˘kÌ ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’¡ JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú
^ÕâßÅ *Ïa`åÖ’H˜ KÕiáÈ=K«∞Û. „aH± (BRIC) ^ÕâßÅÖ’x q∞ye# ~Ô O_»∞ ^ÕâßÖˇ#· ~°ëêº, „ÉˇlÖòÅ∞ JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú
^ÕâßÅ *Ïa`åÖ’H˜ ZÑ¨ÙÊ_À KÕ~∞° ‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. ™ÈqÜ«∞\ò Ü«¸xÜ«∞<£ qzÛù#fl"≥∞#ÿ `«~∞° "å`« ~°ëêº =∂#"åaè=$kú ~åºOHÕQ∑ûÖ’
kQÆ*Ïi#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© uiy W\©=Å HÍÅOÖ’ Ñ¨ÙOAHÀ=_»O „áê~°OaèOzOk.
1980 #∞Oz K«∂¿ãÎ ÉèÏ~°`ü =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ™êkèOz#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© D "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ Pi÷HÍaè=$kú
~ˆ @∞`À ã¨=∂# ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ ÖË^∞Œ . QÆ`« J~Ú^Õà√◊ §QÍ K«∂¿ãÎ ^Õâ◊ GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ L~°HÖõ `ˇ ∞« `Î ÀOk. HÍh =∂#"åaè=$kú
~ˆ @∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’ Hõhã¨ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ÖË^∞Œ . „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K« ^ÕâßÅ ã¨~åãï =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ 0.624 HÍQÍ =∞#
^Õâßxk 0.519 =∂„`«"∞Õ J~Ú`Õ ^ŒH} Δ˜ Ïã≤Ü∂« (0.516) qÅ∞= HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=.
ÉèÏ~°`ü Pi÷HÍaè=$kú`À ™êkèOz# Ñ¶e¨ `åÅ∞ =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ PtOz# ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒO KÕÜ∞« _»O ÖË^xŒ ã¨q∞u
"åºMÏºxOK«_®xfl |\ì̃ K«∂¿ãÎ ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ Pi÷HÍaè=$kú Ñ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ JO^Œ=Åã≤#O`«QÍ JO^Œ_O» ÖË^xŒ `≥Å∞ã¨∞OÎ k.
ÉèÏ~°`Öü ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© nxHõO>Ë Pi÷HÍaè=$kúHˆ ÃÑ^ŒÑÌ @‘ "Õ¿ãÎ =∂„`«O „Ñ¨[Å∞ ã¨ÇÏ≤ OK«É’~°x
ZxflHõÖ’¡ Ñ≤.q.#~°ãO≤ Ç¨~å=Ù, "å*ò¿Ñ~Ú „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfiÅ∞ Ñ¨`#« O HÍ=_»O ~°∞A=Ù KÕã∞¨ <Î åfl~Ú. P„¿ãeì Ü«∂ *Ï<£ Ç¨ÏŸ"å~ü¤
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Ñ¨`#« O ‰õÄ_® W^Õ q+¨Ü∂« xfl ã¨Ê+ì̈O KÕ™ÈÎOk.
PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ ( ANDHRA PRADESH HDR)
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò =∂#"åaè=$kúx ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ ÉÏ^èºŒ `«#∞ Pi÷H,õ ™ê=∂lHõ J^èºŒ Ü«∞<åÅ ãÖã¨÷ (CESS-Centre for
Economic and Social Studies) KÕÑ\ ¨ Oì̃ k. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ HDR #∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«_O» W^Õ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ êi.
– =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ@QÍ =∂#"åaè=$kúx `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã#≤ ~åRO – =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò.
– 2004–05 PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO 15% =~°‰Ωõ LOk.
[<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ JiHõ@_ì O» , ã¨fiÜ«∞O ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞ |$O^•Å Jaè=$kúÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò QÆ}hÜ«∞"≥∞#ÿ „Ñ¨QuÆ ™êkèOzOk.
– =∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ HDI Ö’ KåÖÏ `«‰Ωõ ¯= LOk. 15 ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ 10= ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk. Pi÷HÍaè=$kú ™êkèOz#Ñ¨Ê\˜H,©
™ê=∂lHÍaè=$kúÖ’ =∂„`«O ÉÏQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç LOk.
– ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ L#fl ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò XHõ\ .˜ ^Õâ◊ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« 65% HÍQÍ ~å„+ì̈ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« 61%
=∂„`«"∞Õ
– ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ x~°∂‡Å#‰õΩ, ÉÏÅHÍi‡‰õΩÅ‰õΩ, |_ç=∂x"Õã#≤ "åiH˜ á⁄O`«#ÖË^∞Œ .
– ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_ç ÉÏÅHÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#fl ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò XHõ\.˜
Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ∞ `«QÍæ~Ú :
~åROÖ’ Láêkè =$kú
ãÖII „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ Ñ¨@ì}ÏÅÖ’ "≥Ú`«OÎ
1983–94 2.44% 4.01% 2.72%
1994–2005 0.72% 1.87% 0.95%
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1983 #∞O_ç 1993–94 =~°‰Ωõ Láêkè ~°OQÆOÖ’ Jaè=$kú 2.7%

ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞ `«~∞° "å`« 1993–94 #∞O_ç 2004–05 =∞^èºŒ 0.95%QÍ #"≥∂^Œ∞ J~ÚOk. Wk ^ÕâO◊ Ö’<Õ KåÖÏ `«‰Ωõ ¯=.
W^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’ Láêkè 1.9%QÍ #"≥∂^≥O· k.
– =∞~˘Hõ PO^Àà◊# q+¨Ü∞« O 1993–2000Å`À áÈe¿ãÎ 1999–2005 =∞^èºŒ x[ "Õ`<« åÅ∞ `«yáæ ÈÜ«∂~Ú. 2004–05
<å\˜H˜ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’x HÍi‡‰õΩÖ’¡ 94% =∞Ok JãÖÑ¶∞¨ \˜`« ~°OQÆOÖ’ "åˆ~.
GSDP Ö’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 1950Ö’ 60%† „Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î O« 22%‰õΩ `«yOæ k.
– 1960, 70 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∂xH˜ x^è∞Œ Å Hˆ \Ï~ÚOÑ¨Ù ÃÑOz#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© 1980, 1990ÅÖ’ D ~°OQÆO x~°H¡ ÍΔ ºxH˜
QÆ∞~Ô O· k.
– Pi÷HÍaè=$kú, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂ÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~Ú ã¨~åãï`À ^ŒQÆæ~°QÍ L<åfl, =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõÖ’ Láêkè
J=HÍâßÅ Jaè=$kúÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ÉÏQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç LOk.
– `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞#fl qâßYÑ¨@flO P~ÀQÆºO, q^ŒºÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç LOk. Ñ¨tÛ=∞QÀ^•=i, Hõ$ëê‚, <≥Å∂¡~∞° ,
z`«∂~Î ∞° lÖÏ¡Å∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Hõ<åfl q^ŒºÖ’ Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÆu LOk.
ÉÏÅ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞ : „QÍg∞} „áêO`åÅÖ’ ÉÏÅ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L<åfl~°∞. 10–14 ãÖIIÅ =∞^èºŒ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûQÆÅ Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ∞
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L<åfl~°∞.
1993–94Ö’ 14.8%† 2004–05Ö’ 6.6% Wk *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~Ú HõO>Ë ~Ô \Õì Ñ¨ÙQÍ LOk.
lÖÏ¡Å"ås HDI :
HDI Rank
lÖÏ¡ 1991 2001
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ 1 1
Hõ$ëê‚ 2 2
=∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü 22 23
q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° 23 22
– lÖÏ¡Å"åsQÍ K«∂¿ãÎ ~åROÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞ ™ê÷#O ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ HÍQÍ, ~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#O Hõ$ëê‚.
– =∞# ~åROÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# "≥Ú^Œ\˜ lÖÏ¡ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü HÍQÍ ~Ô O_»= "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# lÖÏ¡ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° .
– 2002–03 P^•Ü«∞O ^•fi~å K«∂¿ãÎ Z‰õΩ¯= P^•Ü«∞O Hõey# lÖÏ¡ qâßYÑ¨@flO.
– 2002–03 P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ~åROÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= P^•Ü«∞O Hõey# lÖÏ¡ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° .
– 2001Ö’ ~åROÖ’ q^ŒºÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡ ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£.
– 2001Ö’ ~åROÖ’ q^ŒºÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# lÖÏ¡ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü
– 2001Ö’ ~åROÖ’ P~ÀQÆºOÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡ ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£.
– 2001Ö’ ~åROÖ’ P~ÀQÍºaè=$kúÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# lÖÏ¡ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° .
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5. A.P. ECONOMY
– PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ qã‘~Î O‚° Ö’ 8.37% Hõey LO_ç ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ <åÅæ= JuÃÑ^ŒÌ ~åROQÍ LOk.
– PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ 5= Z‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ Hõey# ~åRO
– 2008–09 <å\˜H˜ xHõ~° ™êQÆ∞ Éè∂í q∞ 109.60 ÅHõÅΔ ÃÇÏHÍì~`¡° À "≥Ú`«OÎ ~åRO Éè∫QÀoHõ qã‘~Î O‚° Ö’ 39.8% Hõey
LOk.
– PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò 62 ÅHõÅΔ ÃÇÏHÍì~¡° J@g „áêO`«O Hõey LOk.
– ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ 2= JuÃÑ^ŒÌ HÀ™êÎ f~åxfl Hõey L#fl ~åRO – PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò (974 H˜.g∞.)
– 2001 [<åÉèÏ ÖˇH¯õ Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O „QÍg∞} [<åÉèÏ 72.7%, Ñ¨@} ì [<åÉèÏ 27.3% Hõey LOk.
– ¢ã,Î‘ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨ x+¨ÊuÎx Ñïje¿ãÎ 2001 <å\˜H˜ 978 LOk. Wk WO_çÜ∂« (933) HõO>Ë "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞QÍ LOk.
~åR L`«ÊuÎ – f~°∞`≥#∞flÅ∞ (State Domestic Product – Trends):
XHõ^âÕ ◊ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ f~°∞`≥#∞flÅ∞, qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ Jaè=$kú áÈHõ_Å» #∞, "å\˜ „áê^è•#º`«Å#∞ ã¨∂Å÷ OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ LÑ¨Hiõ ™êÎ~Ú. J^Õq^èOŒ QÍ XHõ ~åR Pi÷Hõ Ñïã≤u÷ x, Jaè=$kú áÈHõ_Å» #∞, qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ „áê^è•#º`«Å#∞
J=QÍÇ¨Ï# KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_®xH˜ P ~åR L`«ÊuÎ JOK«<åÅ∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ `» å~Ú.
GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product):
''~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ZÅ¡Å ÑïkèÖ’ XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# Jxfl =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ ã¨∂Å÷ ~åR L`«ÊuÎ
(GSDP) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# Jxfl =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ HõeÑ≤`Õ Gross Value of Output =ã¨∞O Î k. nx#∞Oz "å\˜ L`«ÊuÎHÀãÖ
LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# =∞^ŒºO`«~° L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ qÅ∞=#∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ HõÅÑ¨|_ç# ã¨∂Å÷ qÅ∞= (Gross Value Added) =ã¨∞OÎ k.
Gross Value Addeed = Gross Value of Output – Intermediate Inputs.
JO>Ë ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= (GVO) #∞O_ç, =∞^èºŒ O`«~° L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ qÅ∞=#∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ GVA =ã¨∞OÎ k.
D GVA <Õ GSDP JO^Œ∞~°∞.
NSDP (Net State Domestic Product):
HõÅÑ¨|_ç# ã¨∂Å÷ qÅ∞= (GVA) #∞Oz, ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆ qÅ∞= (Consumption of Fixed capital) #∞
fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ HõÅÑ¨|_ç# xHõ~° qÅ∞= (Net value Added – NVA) =ã¨∞OÎ k.
D NVA <Õ NSDP JO^Œ∞~°∞.
ã≤~ ÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl (CFC), `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (D) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
GVA – CFC = NVA (ÖË^•)
GSDP – D = NSDP (HÍ|\ì̃ NVA = NSDP)
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Ö° ’¡ L#fl NSDP #∞O_ç xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º NSDP =ã¨∞OÎ k. nx<Õ
~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∞O/ xHõ~° ~åR L`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
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~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O :

~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl, ~åR [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞OÎ k.
NSDPFC NVAFC
~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ´ (ÖË^•)
~åR [<åÉèÏ ~åR [<åÉèÏ
DES (Directorate of Economics and Statistics): 1971Ö’ ™ê÷ÑO ≤ Kå~°∞.
ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (Central Statistical Organisation) QÆ}O˜ K«QÍ, ~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl ~åR
Pi÷Hõ, QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (Directorate of Economics and Statistics – DES) QÆ}ã˜ ∞¨ OÎ k.
=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞:
*ÏfÜ«∞ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ Jx ~Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_∞» #∞. ÉèÏ~°`« Éè∫QÀoHõ
ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎHÍQÍ† ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ J=^è∞Œ Å`À xq∞`«OÎ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞, ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞
ã¨$+≤Oì KÕ P^•Ü«∂xfl *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
W^Õ Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ ~åR L`«ÊuÎx ÉèÏ=<åÑ¨~O° QÍ ~Ô O_»∞ q^è•<åÅÖ’ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«=K«∞Û.
A) Pq~°ƒq ù OKÕ P^•Ü«∞O (Income Originating):
~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’Ñ¨Å ã¨$+≤Oì K«|_Õ P^•Ü«∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«|_»∞#∞. *ÏfÜ«∞ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ nxx GDP `À
áÈÅ∞™êÎ~∞° .
Note: ~åR „Ñ¨[Å∞ W`«~° ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’QÍx, W`«~° ^ÕâßÅÖ’QÍx ãÖáêkOKÕ P^•Ü«∞O#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~∞° .
~åR L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_®xH˜ HÍ=eû# ^Œ`åÎOâ◊ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ~åROÖ’ ÅÉèºí O HÍ=_»O`À PK«~} ° Ö’ D q^è•#OÖ’<Õ ~åR
L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ ã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
B) ã≤kO Ì KÕ P^•Ü«∞O (Income Accruing):
~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ `À ãÖ|O^èOŒ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® ~åR x"åã≤`∞« Å‰õΩ W`«~° ~å¢ëêìÅ#∞O_ç QÍx, W`«~° ^ÕâßÅ#∞O_çQÍx
ÅaèOKÕ P^•Ü«∞O#∞ nxÖ’ ÖˇH˜¯™êÎ~°∞. JO>Ë ~åR „Ñ¨[Å∞ ~åRO "≥Å∞Ñ¨Å L`«ÊuÎKÕ¿ã =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ ‰õÄ_® nxÖ’
KÕ~∞° ™êÎ~∞° . *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’ nxx GNP `À áÈÅ∞™êÎ~∞° .
J~Ú`Õ nxH˜ HÍ=eû# ^Œ`åÎOâ◊ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ~åROÖ’ ÅÉèºí O HÍHõáÈ=Ù@KÕ, "≥Ú^Œ\˜ Ñ¨û úŒ ^•fi~å<Õ (Income Originating),
GSDP x QÆ}ã ˜ ∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞.
ã¨∂Å÷ ~åR L`«ÊuÎ (GSDP) x, =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å ^•fi~å =∞kOÑ¨Ù KÕã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞.
1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Production Approach)
2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Income Approach)
3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Expenditure Approach)
GSDP =∞kOÑ¨Ù L^Õâ Ì ßxÔH,· ~åR Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ ã¨∂Å÷ OQÍ =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
„Ñ¨^•è # ~°OQÍÅ#∞ =∞~°Å LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK≥#∞. Jxfl LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ∞ HõeÑ≤ "≥Ú`«OÎ 17. g\˜Ö’...
6 LÑ¨ ~°OQÍÖ’¡ – L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x
10 LÑ¨ ~°OQÍÖ’¡ – P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x
1 LÑ¨ ~°OQÆOÖ’ – =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
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A) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ :

Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ QÆÅ "≥Ú`«OÎ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ qÅ∞=#∞ HõeÑ≤, ^•x #∞Oz L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# =∞^èºŒ O`«~°
L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ Ú« @ ^•fi~å nx qÅ∞=#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞.
1. =º=™êÜ«∞O, 2. Ñ¨â√◊ ãÖÑ¨^,Œ 3. J@g ãÖÑ¨^,Œ 4. KÕÑÅ¨ ÃÑOÑ¨HOõ , 5. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO, 6. =∂#∞ºáêHõÛiOQ∑
(il+ì̈~)¤ü ~°OQÍÅÖ’ nxx LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° .
B) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ :
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ =KÕÛ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ KÕ~∞° Û@^•fi~å J#QÍ ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞, =_ô,¤ ÅÏÉèÏÅ∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ ^•fi~å nx
qÅ∞=#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞.
1. =∂#∞ºáêHõÛiOQ∑ (J<£ il+ì̈~)¤ü , 2. q^Œ∞º`ü QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å, 3. =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊√,¡ ~Ô ™êì~Ô O\òû, 4. ~Ô Ö· fiË ~°"å}Ï,
5. W`«~° ~°"å}Ï, xÅfi, 6. ã¨=∂Kå~°O, 7. ÉÏOHÕQ∑ c=∂, 8. iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò, W`«~° "åºáê~° ¿ã=Å∞, 9. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ#, 10.
W`«~° ¿ã=Å∞. D 10 LÑ¨ ~°OQÍÖ’ nxx LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° .
C) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ :
=ºÜ«∞O [iˆQ ^ŒâÖ◊ ’ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ ^•fi~å nx qÅ∞= á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞. "≥Ú`«OÎ P^•Ü«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÆO =∞iÜ«Ú
á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙQÍ =∂~°∞#∞. D ~Ô O_çO\˜x KÕ~∞° Û@^•fi~å nx qÅ∞=#∞ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û.
1. x~å‡}~°OQÆOÖ’ =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GSDP :
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =ÖË ~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl ‰õÄ_® „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « (Current Price) ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∂, ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’#∂ (Constant
Price) QÆ}™ ˜ êÎ~∞° .
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ JOK«<å"Õ¿ãÎ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GSDP =ã¨∞OÎ k. J~Ú`Õ Wk Pi÷Hõ
=º=ã¨÷ "åã¨=Î =$kúx ã¨∂zOK«^∞Œ . HÍ~°}O nxÖ’ ~Ô O_»∞ „Ñ¨É→ Ïè "åÅ∞ Hõeû LO_»#∞.
⇒
1. =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å =∂~°∞Ê, 2. =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å ^è~Œ Å° =∂~°∞Ê. D ~Ô O_çO\˜Ö’ Uk =∂i<å GSDP =∂~°∞#∞. ^è~Œ Å° =∂~°∞Ê
„Ñ¨ÉÏè "åhfl `˘ÅyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GSDP x JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~∞° .
ã≤~÷ ° ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GSDPx QÆ}O˜ KåÅO>Ë P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åxfl fã¨∞HÀ"åe. Z@∞=O\˜ X_»∞^Œ∞_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ ÖËx XHõ
™ê=∂#º ãÖ=`«û~åxfl (Normal year) P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ fã¨∞H˘#fl P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ :
P^è•~°O ãÖ=`«û~°O fã¨∞H˘#fl ãÖ=`«û~°O
1960–61 1967
1970–71 1978
1980–81 1988
1993–94 1999
1999–2000 2005–06
2004 – 05 2009
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°O 2004 – 05
P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åxfl =∂~°∞Û@‰õΩ QÆÅ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ :
Z) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ x~å‡}OÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ
a) JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ
ã≤) J^èºŒ Ü«∞# Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å#∞ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~∞° K«∞@‰õΩ
_ç) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ "åãÎ̈qHõ =$kúx `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ
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GSDPÖ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï :

1955–56 #∞Oz 2008–09Å =∞^èºŒ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï
~°OQÆO 1955–56 2004–2005 2010–2011(AE)
„áê^äŒq∞Hõ~°OQÆO 64.5 27.9 24.6
kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO 9.0 21.51 21.6
`«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO 26.5 50.6 53.5
ã¨∂Å÷ OQÍ Ñïje¿ãÎ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï GSDPÖ’ 1955–56 #∞Oz 2008–09 (Q) <å\˜H˜ 65% #∞Oz
27%‰õΩ `«y#æ k.
kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 9% #∞Oz 21.72%H˜ ÃÑiy#k.
`«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO "å\Ï 26.5% #∞Oz 51.16%H˜ ÃÑiy#k.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î åxH˜ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ GSDPÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï^•~°∞ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO (ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ ‰õÄ_® W^Õ Ñïã≤u÷ LOk.)
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò GSDPÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕ ~Ô O_»= ~°OQÆO „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO (ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ =∂„`«O `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO
`«~∞° "å`« Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï #OkOKÕk kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO).
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ GSDPÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï #OkOKÕk kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO (ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ
~°OQÆO).
LÑ¨ ~°OQÍÅ "åsQÍ GSDP (ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’) :
⇒
Sl.No. ~°OQÆO (Industry) 2001–01 2005–06 2010–11 (A)
% % %
1. =º=™êÜ«∞O, J@g, =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ

1.1Z =º=™êÜ«∞O 20.14 15.40 12.24
1.1a Ñ¨â√◊ ãÖÑ¨^Œ 6.45 7.17 5.58
1.2 J@g ãÖÑ¨^Œ 1.02 0.73 1.16
1.3 KÕÑÅ¨ ÃÑOÑ¨HOõ 2.53 2.37 2.52
=º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 30.15 25.8 21.51
2. "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ HÍfis~ÚOQ∑ 2.84 3.02 3.05
3. =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ 11.49 11.67 11.05
3.1 il+¨~ì ¤ü 7.80 8.15 8.1
3.2 J<£ il+ì̈~ü¤ 3.68 3.51 2.9
4. q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å 2.64 2.32 2.27
5. x~å‡}O 5.63 7.72 8.34
áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO (2{3{4{5) 22.61 24.73 24.7
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6. =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊√,¡ ~Ô ™êì~Ô O@∞¡ 13.27 13.32 14.41

7. ~°"å}Ï, xÅfi, Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨#∞¡ 7.28 9.78 8.96
7.1 ~Ô Ö· fiË Å∞ 1.40 1.42 1.03
7.2 W`«~° ~°"å}Ï xÅfi 4.21 4.74 5.20
7.3 ã¨=∂Kå~°=Ú 1.66 3.61 2.72
8 ÃÑ<·¶ åxûOQ∑, cè=∂, iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò al<≥ãπ ¿ã=Å∞ 12.12 12.96 18.45
8.1 ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, cè=∂ 4.18 4.66 6.45
8.2 iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò, al<≥ãπ ¿ã=Å∞ 7.93 8.29 12.00
9 ™ê=∂lHõ =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ « ¿ã=Å∞ 14.55 13.50 11.93
9.1 „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ# 4.99 4.14 3.68
9.2 W`«~° ¿ã=Å∞ 9.55 9.35 8.25
¿ã"å~°OQÆO (6{7{8{9) 47.22 49.57 83.8
LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ "åsQÍ Ñïje¿ãÎ (2010–11 (AE) Ö’)
GSDPÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞O (Ñ¨â√◊ ãÖÑ¨^` Œ À HõeÑ≤) "å\Ï 2010–11(A) <å\˜H˜ 17.82%xH˜ `«yOæ k.
Ñ¨â√◊ ãÖÑ¨^#Œ ∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz XHõ =º=™êÜ«∂xfl fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë Hˆ =ÅO 12% =∂„`«"∞Õ =ã¨∞OÎ k.
J@g ãÖÑ¨^Œ "å\Ï 1.16% QÍ L#flk. ⇒
"≥∞xÿ OQ∑ HÍfis~ÚOQ∑ "å\Ï <≥=∞‡kQÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞K«∂ 3%H˜ KÕiOk.
"≥∞xÿ OQ∑`À Hõeû L#fl „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï 2010–11(A) <å\˜H˜ 24.5%H˜ `«yOæ k.
"≥∞xÿ OQ∑`À Hõeû L#fl áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO (11%). nxÖ’
JkèHõ ÉèÏQÆO il+ì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÍx^Õ.
áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ~Ô O_»=™ê÷#O x~å‡}Ïx^Õ.
`«$fÜ«∞ / ¿ã"å~°OQÆOÖ’ JxflO\Ï "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flÑ¨Ê\˜H,© #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ
„áê^è•#º`« =∂~°∞@=Å¡ ™ê=∂lHõ ¿ã=Å "å\Ï XHõ "≥∂™êÎ~∞° QÍ `«Q∞Æ Kæ ∞« #flk.
<À\ò : Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ¿ãÎ GSDPÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOK«∞@Ö’
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO
~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#O „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO
z=i ™ê÷#O kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO
Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ =º=™êÜ«∞O, Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, ¿ã=Å∞ Jx qÉèlí ¿ãÎ 2005–06 `«~∞° "å`« JOK«<åÅÖ’ GSDPÖ’
"≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O ¿ã"å~°OQÆO
~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#O Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO
z=i ™ê÷#O =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO
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~°OQÆO 2004–05 2010–11(AE)

=º=™êÜ«∞O~°OQÆO 25.1 21.5
áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 24.3 24.7
¿ã"å~°OQÆO 50.6 53.8
2001 =~°‰Äõ ~åR GSDP, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞¡ :
ãÖ=`«û~°O GDP & GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞
A.P India A.P India
1980–81 #∞O_ç 1990–91 5.5 5.37 3.33 3.24

1993–94 #∞O_ç 2001 5.31 6.13 4.04 4.38
ãÖã¨¯~°}Å Ñ¨Ó~°fiO ~åR GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5.5%HÍQÍ, ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~∞° "å`« =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5.31%H˜ Ñ¨_áç È~ÚOk.
ãÖã¨¯~°}Å Ñ¨Ó~°fiO, ÉèÏ~°`ü HõO>Ë Z.Ñ≤. =$kú ~ˆ @∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_Õk, ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~∞° "å`« ÉèÏ~°`ü HõO>Ë Z.Ñ≤. =$kú
~ˆ @∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk.
~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å Ñ¨Ó~°fiO (3.33%) HõO>Ë, ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~∞° "å`« (4.04H˜) ÃÑiyOk.
Pâ◊Û~°ºHõ~O° QÍ GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ `«y<æ å, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ÃÑiyOk. nxH˜ HÍ~°}O 1990= ^ŒâH◊ Oõ Ö’
~åROÖ’ [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ @∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞OQÍ `«Q_æÆ "» ∞Õ .
2003–04 #∞Oz WO_çÜ∂« =$kú ~ˆ @∞ HõO>Ë ~åR =$kú ~ˆ @∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk.
⇒
J~Ú`Õ 2008–09 ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« =$kú~ˆ @∞ 6.7QÍ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« QÍ ~åR=$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5.02%QÍ JOK«<å
"ÕÜ∞« |_≥#∞.
„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ GDP & GSDP Å =$kú ˆ~@∞¡
A.P India
ãÖ=`«û~°O GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞

(HÀ@¡Ö’) % (HÀ@¡Ö’) %
2006–07 3,01,035 17.62 39,52,241 16.60
2007–08(R) 3,64,813 21.19 45,81,422 15.92
2008–09(P) 4,15,832 13.98 52,82,086 15.29
2009–10(Q) 4,75,267 14.29 61,33,230 16.11
2010–11(A) 5,65,066 18.89 72,56,571 18.32
R = Revised P= Provisional Q = Quick A = Advanced
2010–11 (A)Ö’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 18.89%. Wk WO_çÜ∂« HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=.
2006–07Ö’ ~åR GSDP „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 3,00.000 HÀ@∞¡ ^•@QÍ, 2010–11 (A)Ö’ ~åR GSDP
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 5,65,000 HÀ@¡ ~°∂II ^•\Õk.
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P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°O (ã≤~÷ )° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GDP & GSDP =$kú ˆ~@∞¡

ãÖ=`«û~°O GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞
(HÀ@¡Ö’) % (HÀ@¡Ö’) %
2006–07 2,73,730 11.18 35,66,011 9.58
2007–08(R) 3,06,645 12.02 38,98,958 9.34
2008–09(P) 3,22,053 5.02 41,62,509 6.76
2009–10(Q) 3,40,712 5.79 44,93,743 7.96
2010–11(A) 3,71,007 8.89 48,79,232 8.58
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR GSDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ *ÏfÜ«∞ ™ê÷~Ú HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk. J~Ú`Õ 2008–09, 2009–2010 Ö’
=∂„`«O ~åR =$kú ^Õâ=◊ $kú HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk. 2010–11(A)Ö’ ~å„+ì̈ =$kú Z‰õΩ¯=.
2010–11(A) Ö’ =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO 8.39%, áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 7.79%, ¿ã"å~°OQÆO 9.61%, GSDP =$kú
8.89% JOK«<å "ÕÃã#∞.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR GSDP 2006–07Ö’ 2,73,000 HÀ@∞¡ HÍQÍ 2010–11 (A)Ö’ 3,71,000 HÀ@¡‰Ωõ KÕiOk.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR ^Õâ◊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞, =$kú ~ˆ @∞¡ :
A.P India
ãÖ=`«û~°O `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =$kú ~ˆ @∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =$kú ~ˆ @∞
2006–07 33,135 ⇒
16.10 31,198 15.02
2007–08(R) 39,727 19.89 35,820 14.82
2008–09(P) 45,007 13.29 40,605 13.36
2009–10(Q) 51,025 13.37 46,492 14.50
2010–11(A) 60,224 18.03 54,527 17.28
2006–07Ö’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂II 33,000/– HÍQÍ 2010–11Ö’ (A) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ~°∂II 60,224/–H˜ ÃÑiyOk.
QÆ`« H˘xfl ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ WO_çÜ∂« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë, ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∂ =zÛOk.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2010–11(A) ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 18.03%. Wk WO_çÜ∂« (17.28%) HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ (2004–2005) ~åR, ^Õâ◊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞, =$kú ~ˆ @∞¡
A.P India
ãÖ=`«û~°O `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =$kú ~ˆ @∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =$kú ~ˆ @∞

2006–07 30,114 9.56 28,083 7.91
2007–08(R) 33,239 10.38 30,354 8.09
2008–09(P) 34,716 4.44 31,801 4.77
2009–10(Q) 36,345 4.69 33,731 6.07
2010–11(A) 39,240 7.97 36,003 6.74
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ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 2006–07Ö’ ~°∂II30,100/– HÍQÍ, 2010–11(A) <å\˜H˜ ~°∂II39,200/–H˜
ÃÑiyOk.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O WO_çÜ∂« HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk.
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ QÆ`« H˘xfl ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ WO_çÜ∂« HõO>Ë =∞# ~åROÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H,© 2008–09, 2009–10 Ö’ =∂„`«O WO_çÜ∂« HõO>Ë, ~åROÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk.
2009–10Ö’ xHõ~° ~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∞O (NSDP) Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ QÆÅ ~å¢ëêìÅ∞ („Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’):
1 =∞Ç¨~å„+¨ì – 7,17,000 HÀ@∞¡
2 L`«Î~°„Ñ¨^Õâò – 4,28,000 HÀ@∞¡
3 PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò – 3,68,700 HÀ@∞¡
`«Åãï ~åR P^•Ü«∞O :
2009–10Ö’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~å¢ëêìÅ∞, Hˆ O„^Œáêe`« „áêO`åÅ∞ :
1. K«O_ôÑ¶¨∞~ü – 1,28,000
2. áêO_çKÛÕ i – 89,000
3. Ç¨Ï~åº<å – 77,000
4. ÑÖ*ÏÉò – 61,000 → ⇒
J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ Hˆ O„^Œáêe`« „áêO`«O K«O_èÑô ∞¨¶ ~ü (1,28,000/–)
J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~åRO QÀ"å
ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~å¢ëêìÖ’¡ J`«ºkèHõ P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~åRO Ç¨Ï~åº<å (77,878/–)
Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~åRO cÇ¨~ü (14,654/–)
GDDP (Gross District Domestic product) :
XHõ lÖÏ¡ Éè∫QÀoHõ ZÅ¡Å ÑïkèÖ’ XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å Pi÷Hõ qÅ∞=#∞, P lÖÏ¡ "≥Ú`«OÎ
P^•Ü«∞O (ã¨∂Å÷ lÖÏ¡ L`«ÊuÎ) JO^Œ∞~°∞.
„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ :
2009–10(Q)Ö’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºkèHOõ QÍ GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (42,006 HÀ@∞¡)
~Ô O_»= lÖÏ¡ qâßYÑ¨@flO (36,229 HÀ@∞¡)
J`«ºÅÊ GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° (9,924 HÀ@∞¡)
~Ô O_»= lÖÏ¡ NHÍ‰õΩà◊O (10,023 HÀ@∞¡)
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ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ :
2009–10(Q)ÅÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (31,670 HÀ@∞¡)
~Ô O_»= lÖÏ¡ qâßYÑ¨@flO (26,801 HÀ@∞¡)
J`«ºÅÊ GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ NHÍ‰õΩà◊O (6,819 HÀ@∞¡)
~Ô O_»= lÖÏ¡ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° (7,117 HÀ@∞¡)
„áêO`åÅ "åsQÍ Ñïje¿ãÎ J`«ºkèHõ P^•Ü«∞O =KÕÛ „áêO`«O `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï
~Ô O_»=k HÀ™êÎ PO„^èŒ
J`«ºÅÊ P^•Ü«∞O =KÕÛ „áêO`«O ~åÜ«∞Åã‘=∞
lÖÏ¡ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O :
lÖÏ¡ P^•Ü«∂xfl (GDDP), lÖÏ¡ [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ `«Åãï lÖÏ¡ P^•Ü«∞O (per capita GDDP) =ã¨∞OÎ k.
„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ :
2009–10(Q)ÅÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ lÖÏ¡ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O (`«Åãï GDDP) QÆÅ lÖÏ¡
ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (86,012/–)
~Ô O_»=™ê÷#O – qâßYÑ¨@flO (73,964/–)
J`«ºÅÊ lÖÏ¡ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ – NHÍ‰õΩà◊O (33,779/–)
→
⇒
~Ô O_»= lÖÏ¡ – =~°OQÆÖò (37,614/–)
ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ :
2009–10(Q)ÅÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ lÖÏ¡ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ –
ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ 64,620/–
~Ô O_»= ™ê÷#O – qâßYÑ¨@flO 54,094/–
J`«ºÅÊ lÖÏ¡ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ – NHÍ‰õΩà◊O 23,010/–
~Ô O_»=™ê÷#O – q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° 26,621/–
ã¨∂Å÷ ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ# : Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ L`åÊ^ŒHõ â◊HÎ̃ =¸Å^è#Œ ãÖK«Ü∞« #OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ç LO@∞Ok. nxx
=¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ#`À JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~∞° . JkèHõ =¸Å^è#Œ ãÖK«Ü∞« #O =Å# JkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ãÖÉèqí OK«∞#∞.
ã¨∂Å÷ ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å ^è#Œ HõÅÊ# (Gross Fixed Capital Formation GFCF)ÃÑ· L`åÊ^ŒHõ ™ê=∞~°º÷ O P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞. nxx
QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x "å_»∞`å~°∞. ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò ~°OQÆOÖ’ GFCF‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# ã¨=∂Kå~°O
RBI J^èºŒ Ü«∞<åÅ∞ ^•fi~å ¿ãHõi™êÎ~∞° .
GFCF#∞ ~åROÖ’ GSDPÖ’ âß`«OQÍ =ºHõÑÎ ~¨ ∞° ™êÎ~∞° .
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GFCF as percentage of GSDP
Year Andhra Pradesh All India

2004 - 05 25.86 31.31
2005 - 06 28.21 33.20
2006 - 07 28.82 34.04
2007 - 08 30.08 35.54
2008 - 09(P) 29.43 34.75
GFCFÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍÅ "å\Ï Ñïje¿ãÎ ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÆO "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞OÎ k. J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò
~°OQÍx^Õ!
~°OQÆO 1999–2000 2007–08 2008–2009(P)
¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò 67.7 70.36 69.95
„Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi 32.3 29.64 30.05
GSDP „áê^è•#º`« :
~åR Pi÷HÍaè=$kú f~°∞`≥#∞flÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.

~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O#∞, `«^•fi~å „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂}O#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
~åROÖ’ =KÕÛ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï#‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
~å¢ëêìxfl, W`«~° ~å¢ëêìÅ`À áÈeÛ, ~åR ™ê÷<åxfl JOK«⇒<å "Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂ ≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
~åROÖ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ ™ê¿ÑHõΔ „áê^è•#º`«#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
~åR „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ‰õΩ P^è•~°O.
~åROÖ’ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞ÅÃÑ· J=QÍÇ¨Ï#‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
lÖÏ¡Å"ås L`«ÊuÎx QÆ}O˜ K«∞@^•fi~å, „áêOfÜ«∞ Jã¨=∂#`«Å#∞ J~°O÷ KÕã∞¨ HÀ=K«∞Û#∞.
~åR ã¨∂Å÷ Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åÅ#∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# KÕã∞¨ H˘#∞@‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ =$`«∞ÎÅ "ås qÉèí[# :
PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ x~å‡}ÏxH˜ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« „â◊=∞â◊HHÎ̃ ˜ =∞^èºŒ "≥~· ∞° ^èºŒ O Hõ#|_»∞`«∞Ok. QÆ`« 40 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ#∞
Ñïje¿ãÎ =$`«∞ÅÎ "ås qÉè[í # WOK«∞q∞OK«∞QÍ J\Ï¡Qˆ LOk. =∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ Ö’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ #∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï
K≥ÑÙ¨ ÊHÀ^Œy# q^èOŒ QÍ =∂~°∞Ê =ã¨∞OÎ k. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO #∞Oz #∞Oz =KÕÛ "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k.
Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã"åi âß`«O =∞iÜ«Ú GSDP Ö’ "åi âß`«O
~°OQÆO 1960–61 2000–01
work force (%) GSDP(%) work force (%) GSDP(%)
„áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 72 63.49 64.6 36.64
kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 13 11.49 13.0 21.08
`«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 15 25.02 22.4 42.28
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– ÃÑ· QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ Õ [<åÉèÏ 72% #∞Oz 65%H˜ `«yOæ k. D `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ KåÖÏ
`«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk.
=∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ Ñïje¿ãÎ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï 63% #∞Oz 2000–01H˜ 36%‰õΩ, 2006–07 <å\˜H˜ 26%H˜
`«yOæ k. JO>Ë GSDP Ö’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk.
– JO`ÕHÍHõ =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO #∞Oz `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»_"» ∞Õ HÍHõ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k. nx=Å¡ P^•Ü«∞
Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flq.
=º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã"å~°∞ : (=º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞, =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞)
– PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å J#∞áê`«O x~°O`«~O° `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k. =∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ 1971 #∞Oz
=º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞K«∞<åfl~°∞.Wk qKåiOK«^QŒ æÆ JOâ◊O
– 1991 `«~∞° "å`« ‰õÄ_® "≥Ú`«OÎ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã"å~°∞ 69%‰õΩ #"≥∂^ŒÜ∂« º~°∞.
– 1991–2001 =∞^èºŒ Ñïje¿ãÎ "≥Ú`«OÎ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã "åiÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã"åi âß`«O 68.6% #∞Oz
62%H˜ `«yOæ k. nxH˜ HÍ~°}O =º=™êÜ«∞O KÕ¿ã =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞ 27% #∞Oz 22%H˜ `«Q_æÆ "» ∞Õ .
– 2001 <å\˜H˜ 62% (=º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞ { =º=™êÜ«∞Ñ¨Ù ‰õÄbÅ∞) Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã "å~°∞ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» K«∞<åfl~°∞.
Wk ÑÖ*ÏÉòÖ’ 39% `«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ 49%QÍ LOk. JO`ÕHÍHõ XH˘¯Hõ¯ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞_çH˜ ã¨Q@Æ ∞#∞ W^Œ~Ì ∞° =º=™êÜ«∞
„âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞<åfl~°∞. cÇ¨~ü `«~∞° "å`« J`«ºkèHõ =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞#fl ~åRO PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò.
HÍÅO =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞ =º=™êÜ«∞Ñ¨Ù "≥Ú`«OÎ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å, =º=™êÜ«∞
„âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨x KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ x+¨ÊuÎ
1961 40.12 28.59 68.71 0.71
1981 32.74 36.79 69.53 1.12
1991 27.74 40.87 68.61 1.47
2001 22.70 39.60 62.30 1.74
2001 <å\˜H˜ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞ 22.70% HÍQÍ =º=™êÜ«∞„âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ 39.60% HõÅ~°∞.
– PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ· =º`åºãÖ lÖÏ¡H,˜ lÖÏ¡H˜ =∂~°∞`«∞Ok. `«∂~°∞ÊQÀ^•=iÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞ 11.3% HÍQÍ,
=º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ 50.9%QÍ #"≥∂^ŒÜ∂« º~°∞.
– Hõ$+¨,‚ QÀ^•=i „áêO`«OÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Hˆ O„nHõ$`«"∞≥ ÿ L<åfl~°∞. nx=Å# Éè∂í q∞ ÑÖÑ≤}© KÕã≤ Éè∂í
ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞ J=∞Å∞ KÕÜ∞« =Åã≤# P=â◊ºHõ`« LO^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞OÎ k.
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KEY POINTS
1. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ, xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎH˜ `Õ_® `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
2. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ
3. xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ { `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ
4. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ ¿Ñ~°∞ ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO
5. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ, ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎH˜ `Õ_® xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA)
6. ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ – NFIA ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ

7. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ + NFIA ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ
8. U ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ GNP > GDPQÍ LO@∞Ok NFIA ^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ`Õ
9. U ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ GDP > GNPQÍ LO@∞Ok NFIA ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `

ÿ Õ
10. =zÛ# q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O(R) – q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞(P) NFIA
11. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xH˜, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº

P^•Ü«∂xH˜ `Õ_® xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
12. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O – xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº P^•Ü«∞O
13. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº P^•Ü«∞O{xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞´ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O
→
14. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ J#QÍ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
15. GDP + NFIA = GNP
16. GNP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (D) NNP
17. NNP - xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞

MP
NNPFC
18. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ<Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞

19. x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Éè$í u, q^•º~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ ûπ , =$^Œ∞Åú ‰õΩ,
i>ÿ̌~ü J~Ú#"åiH˜ WKÕÛ Ñ¶O≤ Kè#« ∞¡, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
20. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Pã¨∞ÅÎ #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O,á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
{ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O
21. ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ – HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
22. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ =ºÜ«∞~°› P^•Ü«∞O
23. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
´
[<åÉèÏ
24. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ – [<åÉèÏ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ´ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞
25. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@ <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
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26. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@ "åã¨=Î *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O

27. Value Added, Industrial origin, Net output method L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
28. Gross value of output - intermediate consumption Gross value added
29. Gross value added - Depreciation Net value added
30. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’,

KÕ~åÛeû# JOâßÅ∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÆO
Inputed Rent, Interest
31. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«=Åã≤# JOâßÅ∞ QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞, áê`« =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ J=∞‡HõO,
¿+~°∞,¡ ÉÏO_»∞¡ J=∞‡HÍÅ=Å¡ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O
32. Factor Payment, Distributed share method P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
33. É’#ãπ, Hõg∞+¨<,£ Lz`« Ü«¸xá¶ê~°O, q^Œº, ~°"å}Ï ÖÏO\˜
=ã¨∞Î "Õ`#« O, _çq_≥O_£Å∞, áê`« HÍ~°∞ J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞, ¿+~°∞¡
J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „É’Hõ~ü Hõg∞+¨<£ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ KÕ~åÛe
34. K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO, |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞, ÖÏ@sÅ^•fi~å =zÛ#
P^•Ü«∞O P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ KÕ~åÛ~å^Œ∞
35. Income disposal, consumption and investment method =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
→
36. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
37. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ J#QÍ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞

38. q^Õj "åºáê~°O ÖËx Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ Closed Economy / Autarky
39. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ (L`«ÊuÎ { P^•Ü«∞ {
=ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞)
40. „QÍg∞} „áêO`åÖ’¡ x~å‡}~°OQÆOÖ’ J=ÅOaèOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
41. =º=™êÜ«∞O J@g, =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ { QÆ#∞Å∞ „`«=fiHõO „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO
42. kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO { QÆ#∞Å∞ „`«=fiHõO áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO
43. 1980 =~°‰Ωõ 3.5%QÍ L#fl =$kú~ˆ @∞#∞ 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =$kú ~ˆ @∞—QÍ
"åºMÏºxOz#k „á⁄II ~å*òH$õ +¨‚
44. WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°O 1988–89
45. WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ (7.8%)
46. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ JkèHõ ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ ãÖÉèqí Oz# ãÖ=`«û~°O 1979–80
47. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= =$kú #"≥∂^≥#· „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ 3= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ
48. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕ ~°OQÆO ¿ã"å~°OQÆO (55%)
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49. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï#OkOKÕ ~°OQÆO „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO

50. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi, ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÍÅÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕk ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÆO
51. „QÍg∞}, Ñ¨@} ì „áêO`åÅÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕ ~°OQÆO Ñ¨@} ì „áêO`«O
52. =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«, J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÍÅÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕ ~°OQÆO J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO
53. „QÍg∞} ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO
54. "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ êiQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "Õã#≤ k ^•^•ÉÏ~Ú <Ò~Àl
55. Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India „QÆO^äH Œ ~õ Î° ^•^•ÉÏ~Ú <Ò~Àl
56. ™êfi`«O„`«ºO Ñ¨Ó~°fiÑ¨Ù JOK«<åÅÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯= âß¢ãÜ Î‘ ∞« `«`À ‰õÄ_ç#
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ _®II q.ÔH.P~ü.q. ~å=Ù
57. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© (1949)H˜ J^èºŒ ‰õΩΔ _»∞ Ñ≤.ã≤. =∞Ç¨ÏÖò<Àaãπ
58. C.S.O. (Central statistical organisation) H ˆ O„^Œ HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞O #∂º_èçb¡
59. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕk C.S.O
60. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ‰õΩ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« fã¨∞H˘<Õ P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°O 2004–2005

61. QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù, W<≥fiO@s =∂~°∞Ê qÅ∞= Hõ@∞ì@
„^Œ=º =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ ~åx =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞, K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO, =$uÎ
„Ñ¨`ºÕ H©H~õ }
° ÖËHáõ È=Ù@ etc. → *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}# ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞
62. QÆ$Ç¨Ï ~°OQÆO { ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO QÆÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ Two sector Economy
63. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜ z„^èOŒ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
64. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜ Injection Uk ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
65. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ P^•Ü«∞ ã¨=∞`ÒÅº x|O^è#Œ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ´ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
66. QÆ$Ç¨Ï { ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO KÕi`Õ Three Sector Economy
67. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ LeakageQÍ Ñ≤Å∞=|_Õk Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞

68. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ InjectionQÍ Ñ¨x KÕÜÚ« #k „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O
69. Closed Economy + q^Õj "åºáê~° ~°OQÆO Four Sector / Open Economy
70. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ LeakageQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« #k kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞

71. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ InjectionQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« #k ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
72. HDIx 1990 #∞Oz ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕk UNDP
73. HDI ~°∂Ñ¨teÊ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨H±

74. PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O { JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« { `«Åãï GDP J<Õk HDIÖ’x JOâßÅ∞
75. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ HDIÖ’ `«Åãï GDP US$Ö’ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊HÎ˜ ã¨=∂#`« (PPP)
~°∂ÑÖÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞
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76. HDR 2010Ö’ WO_çÜ∂« ™ê÷#O 119= ~åºOH± (0.519)

77. 15 ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ HDI , HDI , HDI , HDI QÆ}O˜ z#k
1 2 3 4
a+¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï
78. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ (NHDR 2001) ~°∂á⁄OkOz#k „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O
79. NHDR 2001Ö’ „Ñ¨^= Œä ∞, z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ~å¢ëêìÅ∞ Hˆ ~°à,◊ cÇ¨~ü
80. NHDR 2001Ö’ AP ™ê÷#O 10= ~åºOH± (0.416)
81. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\Q˜ Í =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã#≤ ~åRO =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò
82. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ HDIx `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã#≤ k CESS
83. AP HDRÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p (2001)Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\,˜
z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£, =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü

84. =∞# ~åROÖ’ ~åR L`«ÊuÎ (GSDP)x QÆ}O˜ KÕk DES (Pi÷H,õ QÆ}ÏOHõ _≥~ Ô· Hõ~ì̂ \ò)
85. ~åROÖ’ GSDPx QÆ}O˜ KÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ L`«ÊuÎ { P^•Ü«∞ { =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù
Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Ö’¡
86. ~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl (GSDP), ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î «
P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°O 2004–05
87. GSDPÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO ¿ã"å~°OQÆO
88. 2010–11(A) JOK«<åÅÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR
→
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 60,000 (ÃÑQ· Í)
89. 2010–11 (A) JOK«<åÅÖ’ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 39,200 (ÃÑQ· Í)
90. J`«ºkèHõ xHõ~° ~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∞O (NSDP) QÆÅ ~åRO =∞Ç¨~å„+¨ì
91. 2009–10Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’)
QÆÅ „áêO`«O K«O_èÑô ∞¨¶ ~ü
92. 2008–09Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ
(„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) ~åRO QÀ"å
93. 2009–10(Q)Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ lÖÏ¡ P^•Ü«∞O (GDDP) QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ ÃÇÏ· ^•~åÉÏ^£
94. 2009–10(Q)Ö’ J`«ºÅÊ lÖÏ¡ P^•Ü«∞O (GDDP) QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’)
95. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ JkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡
2009–10(Q) ÃÇÏ· ^•~åÉÏ^£
96. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ JkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ (2009–10) ÃÇÏ· ^•~åÉÏ^£
97. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºÅÊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ (2009–10) NHÍ‰õΩà◊O
98. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºÅÊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ (2009–10) NHÍ‰õΩà◊O
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ONE WORD QUESTIONS

1. xiú+ì̈ HÍÖÏxH˜ (Point of Time) K≥Ok#k.
[. xÅfi K«ÖÏOHõO (Stock variable).
2. xÜ«∞q∞`« HÍÖÏxH˜ (Period of Time) K≥Ok#k.
[. „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï K«ÖÏOHõO (Flow variable).
3. *ÏfÜ«∞ ãÖÑ¨^Œ ^ÕxH˜ K≥Ok#k.
[. Stock variable.
4. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O J<Õk ^ÕxH˜ K≥Ok#k.
[. „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï K«ÖÏOHõO (National Income is Flow concept).
5. ^Õâ◊ [<åÉèÏ U~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ K«ÖÏOHõO.
[. Stock variable.
6. [##, =∞~°}ÏÅ ãÖYº U ~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ K«ÖÏOHõOÅ∞.
[. Flow variables.
7. L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ áêÖ’æx W`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ Õ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ<Õ=∞O^Œ∞~°∞?
[. =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ (Intermediate goods).
8. =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ"å~°∞.
[. L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞.
9. =∂#= HÀÔ~¯Å#∞ „Ñ¨`º« HõOΔ QÍ fˆ~Û =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞.
[. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ (Final goods).
10. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ"å~°∞?
[. L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞.
11. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#QÍ?
[. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ qÅ∞=#∞Oz ãäû_ôÅ∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ =zÛ#q.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ J~°÷O – x~°fiK«<åÅ∞
12. ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x =º‰õΩÅÎ , ãÖã¨Å÷ P^•Ü«∂Å "≥Ú`åÎxfl D q^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
13. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O J<Õk „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï K«ÖÏOHõO HÍ|\˜ì ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ZO`«HÍÖÏxH˜ ÖˇH¯˜ ™êÎ~∞° ?
[. XHõ ãÖ=`«û~°O#‰õΩ.
14. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞<Õk U~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ L`«ÊuÎx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`«∞Ok.
[. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuÎx (Wk ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx [iy LO_»=K«∞Û).
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15. „^Œ=ºO`À H˘Å=_®xH˜ gÖˇ,· q^ÕâßÅ#∞O_ç =KÕÛ xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞"≥∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞x x~°fizOz#k?
[. Ñ‘QÆ∂.
16. „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è#Œ O #∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz, ã¨ÇÏ¨ [=#~°∞Å∞ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À „ÑüãÖ=`«û~°O L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ã Éè∫uHõ, JÉè∫uHõ
xHõ~=° ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«Ê`ÕÎ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞x x~°fizOz#k?
[. =∂~°¬Öò.
17. XˆH =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ qÅ∞=Hõ@‰ì Ωõ O_® Jxfl =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@ÜÕ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•=∞#flk?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Hõq∞\˜ (NIC).
18. "Õ`<« åÅ∞, ÉèÏ@HõO, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ ã¨$+≤Oì KÕ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O?
[. Hˆ O„^ŒQ}
Æ ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (CSO).
=ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®
A) ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ (Vs) xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ
19. ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ O J#QÍ?
[. H˘O`«HÍÅ=Úáê@∞ x~å@OHõOQÍ L`«ÊuÎxK≥Û"å\˜ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ O JO^Œ∞~°∞.
20. ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ O #‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}?
[. Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, Éè=í <åÅ∞, ÑïHõ~åÅ∞ "≥ÚII#q.
21. ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è<Œ åxfl L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ H˘O`« J~°∞QÆ∞,`«~∞° QÆ∞ (Wear and Tear) #‰õΩ Ö’#QÆ∞#∞.
nxx U=∞O^Œ∞~°∞?
[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (Depreciation).
22. ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO (Consumption of fixed capital) #‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞?
[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (nx<Õ user cost Jx JO^Œ∞~°∞).
23. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ qÅ∞=`ÀHõeÑ≤ L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ (Gross product).
24. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?

[. xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ (Net product).
25. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎH,˜ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎH˜ `Õ_®?
[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
26. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ J#QÍ?
[. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ ´ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ { `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
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27. xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ J#QÍ?
[. xHõ~∞° `«ÊuÎ ´ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
28. U ~Ô O_çO\˜=∞^èºŒ `Õ_®#∞ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ã¨∂zã¨∞OÎ k?
[. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ, xHõ~° L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ =∞^èºŒ
(ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ´ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ – xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ.)
a) ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ Vs *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
29. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (Domestic Product) J#QÍ?
[. XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’Ñ¨Å [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎx ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
NOTE : D L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx, q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx KÕÜ∞« |_»=K«∞Û.
30. ^ŒH}
Δ̃ H˘iÜ«∂‰õΩ K≥Ok# HÍ~°¡ HõOÃÑh, ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ Ç¨ïO^•Üü∞ HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ãÎ P L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=#∞
ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤¿ãÎ Jk U~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ L`«ÊuÎ ?
[. ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (ZO^Œ∞Hõ#QÍ, P HÍ~°∞¡ ÉèÏ~°`« Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÖÌ ’¡ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|_»∞K«∞#flq).
31. =∞# ^ÕâßxH˜ K≥Ok# \Ï\Ï HõOÃÑh"å~°∞ <å<À HÍ~°#¡ ∞ ^ŒH} Δ̃ H˘iÜ«∂Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ãÎ P L`«ÊuÎx ÉèÏ~°`« '^ÕjÜ«∞
L`«ÊuÎ— Ö’ K«∂Ñ¨=KåÛ ?
[. K«∂Ñ¨~å^Œ∞ ( Jk ^ÕâÉ◊ ∫è QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ ∞ ^•\˜ L`«ÊuÎ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk HÍ|\ì̃)
32. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ(National Product) J#QÍ?
[. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ ^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞ÅKÕ (Normal Residents) KÕÜ∞« |_ç# L`«ÊuÎx *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ JO^Œ∞~°∞.
Note : P^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞Å∞ P ^ÕâO◊ Ö’QÍx, „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«OÖ’ =∞Ô~Hõ¯_≥<· å QÍx L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û. JO>ˇ Wk „Ñ¨^âÕ O◊
HõO>Ë, áœ~°∞Å‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`« WK«∞Û#∞.
33. \Ï\Ï"å~°∞ ^ŒH} Δ̃ H˘iÜ«∂Ö’ <å<À HÍ~°#¡ ∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ã,Î P L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=#∞ ÉèÏ~°`« L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=Ö’ K«∂Ñ≤`Õ
Jk U ~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ L`«ÊuÎ?
[. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (\Ï\Ï"å~°∞ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ∞ HÍ|\ì̃ „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«OÖ’ ZHõ¯_» L`«ÊuÎ KÕã<≤ å, Jk *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ )
34. q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (Net Factor Income from abroad NFIA) J#QÍ?
[. XHõ ^Õâ◊ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ W`«~° ^Õâã◊ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞ "å_»∞‰õΩO>Ë =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ #∞Oz, q^Õj L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞
P^ÕâO◊ "å_»∞‰õΩO>Ë K≥eO¡ KÕ P^•Ü«∂xfl fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ q∞ye# P^•Ü«∞O
q^ÕjxHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O ´ q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (R) – q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O.
(P)
35. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Uq^èOŒ QÍ =ã¨∞OÎ k?

[. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ´ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ { q^Õj xHõ~H° Í~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA)
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36. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx Uq^èOŒ QÍ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û?
[. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ´ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ – q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA)
37. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®?
[. q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA).
38. ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ Ö’ ^ÕxqÅ∞= Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. ^Õx qÅ∞= Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞O^Œ<kÕ q^ÕjxHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞.
39. q^ÕjxHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) ^è<Œ å`«‡Hõ=∞#QÍ?
[. q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ P^•Ü«∞O (P) HõO>Ë, q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (R) Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@
(R>P).
40. q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) ~°∞}Ï`«‡HõO J#QÍ ?

[. q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (R) HõO>Ë, q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (P)Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@
(R<P).
41. q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) â◊¥#ºO J#QÍ?

[. q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =zÛ# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (R), q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞@ (R=P)
42. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>ˇ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ U ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. NFIA ^è< Œ å`«‡HõOQÍ L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞.
43. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ U ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯=ÙQÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. NFIA ~°∞}Ï`«‡HõOQÍ L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞.
44. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ U ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞?

[. NFIA 'ã¨∞#fl—QÍ L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞.
45. WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ U L`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯= LOk?

[. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk ((NFIA ~°∞}Ï`«‡HõO HÍ|\ì̃).
ã≤. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞ (Vs) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O
46. =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎH˜ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÖËq?
[. Éè∂í q∞, „â◊=∞, =¸Å^è#Œ O, =º=™ê÷Ñ‰¨ Ωõ _»∞.
47. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ „^Œ=º~°∂Ñ¨ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÖËq?
[. Éè∂í q∞H˜ ÉèÏ@HõO, „â◊=∞‰õΩ "Õ`#« O, =¸Å^è<Œ åxH˜ =_ô,¤ =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ ‰õΩ ÖÏÉèOí .
48. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ =KÕÛ„ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ#∞ HõeÑ≤`Õ =KÕÛk?
[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
(L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ ÉèÏ@HõO{"Õ`<« åÅ∞{=_ô{¤ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞)
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49. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nxH˜ ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞O.
50. L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#"≥∞#ÿ ^è~Œ #° ∞ qkèOz, J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨C_»∞ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi *’HõºO Uq^èOŒ QÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ qkèOK«=K«∞Û, H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ ãäû_ô W=fi=K«∞Û#∞.
51. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ KÕuH˘zÛ# P^•Ü«∂xH˜ =∂Ô~¯@^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ q„Hõ~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∂xH˜ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®?
[. Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞, =∞iÜ«Ú ãäû_ôÅ∞.
52. L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#"≥∞ÿ# ^èŒ~°#∞ qkèOz =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å#∞ J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨C_»∞ „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO J^Œ#OQÍ
qkèOKÕk?
[. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔÑ¨#∞flÅ∞.
53. Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ nxÖ’ HõÅã≤ LO_»∞#∞?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ QÆÅ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’.
54. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ QÆÅ P^•Ü«∞O #∞O_ç Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛk. ?
[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ KÕuH˘KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O.
55. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ ãäû_ô WzÛ# Z_»Å =ã¨∞^Î ~Œè ° Uq^èOŒ QÍ LO_»∞#∞?
[. `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
56. ãäû_ôÅ ^Œ$ëêì º K«∂z#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ P^•Ü«∞O?
[. `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
57. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡x P^•Ü«∂Å‰õΩ ãäû_ôÅ#∞ KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O.
58. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞.
59. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O?
[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞.
60. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ J#QÍ?
[. Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞.
61. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O #∞O_ç xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O.
62. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∂xH˜ xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O.
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ã≤. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O Vs "åã¨=Î P^•Ü«∞O
63. P^•Ü«∂xfl „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖII ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O („^Œ=º P^•Ü«∞O).
64. „^Œ=º P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ K«∞@=Å# „Ñ¨^•è #OQÍ Z^Œ∞~°Ü∞Õ º ã¨=∞ã¨º?
[. L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°Q‰Æ Ωõ O_®<Õ ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å# P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy#@∞¡ Hõ#Ñ¨_=» K«∞Û.
65. ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl `˘ÅyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ U P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ K«∞@=∞Ozk?
[. "åã¨=Î P^•Ü«∂xfl.
66. "åã¨qÎ Hõ P^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ?
[. ã≤~÷ ã° O¨ =`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÖË^• P^•~° ãÖII ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ K«∞@.
67. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ fã¨∞H˘#fl P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞?
[. 1948–49, 1960–61, 1970–71, 1980–81, 1993–94, 1999–2000
68. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞H˘<Õ P^è•~° ãÖ.?
[. 2004–05.
69. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz "åã¨qÎ Hõ P^•Ü«∂xfl Uq^èOŒ QÍ á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞?
[. ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂zKÕ ã¨~∞° Éú Ï@∞ KÕÜÚ« @ ^•fi~å.
70. "åã¨qÎ Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ´?
[. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O/ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p ˛100 (ÖË^•) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖII ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ P^•Ü«∞O/ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p ˛100.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ :
71. ã¨∂Å÷ xHõ~° L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ∞, ^ÕjÜ«∞, *ÏfÜ≥∂`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#=K«∞Û Jq :?
[. 1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
2. GNP (Gross National Product).
3. NDP (Net Domestic Product).
4. NNP (Net National Product).
72. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ∞, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº J<Õ JOâßÅ`À 8 ÉèÏ=#Å∞ K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û#∞. Jq?
[. 1. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (GDP ).MP
2. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ ((GNP ). MP
3. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (NDP ).

MP
4. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (NNP ).MP
5. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº GDP (GDP ). FC
6. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº GNP (GNP ). FC
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7. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº NDP (NDP ). FC
8. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº NNP (NNP ). FC
73. XHõ ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQ JOu=∞=ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° KÕ ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. =∂Ô~¯@ ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP ).
MP
74. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÅHõ} Δ ÏÅ∞ ?

[. 1. Wk „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏÉèÏ=#, (XHõ ãÖ.Ö’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞, =ÚO^Œ∞ ãÖ. L`«ÊuÎ WO^Œ∞Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞)
2. GDP J<Õk „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ GDPx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
MP
3. Wk "≥Ú`«OÎ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=#∞ `≥ÅÑ¨^∞Œ . J#QÍ =∞^èºŒ O`«~° qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e. JO>Ë Wk Sum Total
of value added =∂„`«"∞Õ .
4. ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ XˆH =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«‰Ωõ O_® LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ<Õ fã¨∞HÀ=Öˇ#∞.
5. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ Hõ#∞Hõ WO^Œ∞Ö’ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ LO@∞Ok.
6. D L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞KÕQÍx, q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕ QÍx KÕÜ∞« |_»=K«∞Û.
75. ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ P^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞ÅKÕ (^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx) L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞
"å\˜ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° KÕ ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP ).
MP
76. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÅHõ} Δ ÏÅ∞?

[. 1. nxÖ’ xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (Net Factor income from Abroad (NFIA) HõÅã≤ LO@∞Ok.
2. D L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx P^Õâ◊ *ÏfÜ«ÚÅKÕ KÕÜ∞« |_»=K«∞Û.
77. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ GDP, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNPH˜ QÆÅ `Õ_®?
[. q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA).
78. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GDPH˜ NFIA KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP.
79. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP #∞Oz NFIA fã≤=¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GDP.
80. xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O U q^èOŒ QÍ =ã¨∞OÎ k?
[. XHõ ^Õâ◊ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ ÅÎ ∞ "å_»∞H˘O>Ë =KÕÛ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O – q^Õj L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ XHõ^âÕ O◊
"å_»∞H˘O>Ë K≥eO¡ KÕ P^•Ü«∞O (R-P).
81. GDP, GNPÅÖ’ Uk Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞O^Œ<k Õ ^ÕxÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞?
[. NFIA ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_ ¨ ∞» #∞.
82. NFIA Uq^èO Œ QÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. ^è<Œ å`«‡HõOQÍ HÍx, |∞∞}Ï`«‡HõOQÍ QÍx J~°∞^Œ∞QÍ 'O'QÍ QÍx LO_»=K«∞Û.
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83. GNP =? MP
[. GDP + NFIA.
MP
84. GDP =? MP
[. GNP - NFIA.
MP
85. xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) ^è<Œ å`«‡HõO J~Ú`Õ ? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. GNP > GDP .
MP MP
86. xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) |∞∞}Ï`«‡HõO J~Ú`Õ?

[. GDP > GNP (ÖË^•)
MP MP MP
GNP < GDP .
MP
87. GDP, GNPÅ∞ U ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞?

[. NFIA â◊¥#º"≥∞`ÿ .Õ
88. GDP, GNP H˜ „Ñ¨^•è #"≥∞#ÿ ~Ô O_»∞ `Õ_®Å∞.?
[. 1. GDP Ö’ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨Å ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞ KÕÜÚ« L`«ÊuÎ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞. GNPÖ’ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨Å
QÍx, "≥Å∞Ñ¨Å QÍx P^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞KÕ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# L`«ÊuÎ Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
2. GDP HõO>Ë GNP qâßÅ"≥∞#ÿ ÉèÏ=# ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ GNPÖ’ xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O Hõeã≤ LO_»∞#∞.
89. GDP, GNPÅÖ’ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ ™ê=∞~å÷ºxfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ=∂Ñ¨#O Uk?
[. GNP.
90. GDP, GNPÅÖ’ „Ñ¨^•è #"≥∞#ÿ Ö’ÑÖ Uk?
[. D ~Ô O_»∞ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«=Ù HÍ|\˜ì =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞.
91. GDP #∞O_ç `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
MP
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ xHõ~^° jÕ Ü≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NDP )

MP
92. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ xHõ~^° jÕ Ü≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?

[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GDP.
93. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ GDPH˜, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ NDPH˜ `Õ_®?
[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
94. NDP = ?MP
[. GDP - Depreciation.
MP
95. GDP = ?MP
[. NDP + Depreciation.
MP
96. =∂Ô~Ô ¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP#∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?

[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NNP (NNP ).
MP
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97. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NNPH˜ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ GNP (GNP ). MP
98. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNPH˜, =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NNPH˜`_Õ ®. ?

[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO).
99. NNP = ?
MP
[. GNPMP - Depreciation
100. GNPMP ´
[. NNP MP+ Depreciation.
101. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNPH˜, L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº GNPH˜ `Õ_®?

[. xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ (Net indirect tax).
102. GDP H˜, GDP H˜ `Õ_®?
MP FC
[. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞.

103. GNP H˜ GNP H˜ `Õ_®?
MP FC
[. xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞.

104. NDP H˜ NDP H˜ `Õ_®?
MP FC
[. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞.

105. NNP H˜ NNP H˜ `Õ_®?
MP FC
[. xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞.

106. NNP ´ ?
FC
[. NNP − Ñ¨~ÀHõÑ
MP
Δ #¨ ∞flÅ∞, { ãäû_ôÅ∞.
107. NNP ´ ?
MP
[. NNP { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑ
FC
Δ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞.
108. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞x ^Õxx Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° ?
[. NNP (L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ).
FC
109. NDP + NFIA = ?

FC
[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP ). FC
110. GNP #∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ã?

FC
Î
[. NNP (*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O) =K«∞Û#∞.
FC
111. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞ =∞#QÍ?

[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞, ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å q~åàÏÅ∞ { |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
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112. Z@∞=O\˜ L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÖ’¡#∂ áêÖÁæ#‰õΩO_® UHõÑH¨ OΔõ QÍ á⁄O^Õ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ#∞ U=∞O\Ï~°∞?
[. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞.
113. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « L`«ÊuÎH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~°O JOkOK«‰Ωõ O_® á⁄O^Õ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞?
[. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞.
114. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°} :?
[. =$^•úÑº¨ Ñ≤OKè#« ∞¡, x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u, ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ (Welfare Payments), |Ç¨ï=∞`«∞Å∞, Donations, Fains
(ÃÑ<åbìÅ∞), Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ (Taxes), q^•º~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞, â◊~} ° Ï~°∞Å÷ H˜KÛÕ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞#q.
115. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ#∞ Zxfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =sæHiõ ™êÎ~∞° . ?
[. ~Ô O_»∞ Jq 1. Current Transfers („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « P^•Ü«∞O#∞O_ç K≥eO¡ K«|_Õq Hõ#∞Hõ Wq á⁄O^Õ"åi „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « P^•Ü«∞O
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞).
2. Capital Transfers (Wq =¸Å^è#Œ O #∞Oz ÖË^• ãÖÑ¨^Œ #∞Oz K≥eO¡ K«|_»∞#∞ Hõ#∞Hõ Wq á⁄O^Õ"åi
=¸Å^è#Œ O ÖË^• ãÖÑ¨^Œ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞).
116. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨C_»∞ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞?
[. q∞#Ç¨~Ú™êÎ~∞° .
117. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =ºHÎ̃ ~Ô O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Œ∞#∞?
[. Jq 1. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞QÍ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O, (Factor Income).
2. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ (Current Transfer Payments).
118. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ `«=∞ Wëêì#∞™ê~°O Y~°∞ÛÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=\ÏxH˜ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LO_Õ P^•Ü«∞O?
[. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O.
119. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ áÈQÍ q∞ye#k?
[. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O.
120. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O U P^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=# HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok?
[. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O.
121. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}O?
[. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O #∞O_ç „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"ãÕ ∞¨ <Î åflO HÍ|\ì̃ =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
122. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO `«=∞‰õΩ =zÛ# =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∂xfl qxÜ≥∂QÆO, á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÃÑ· "≥zÛ™êÎ~Ú HÍ|\ì̃ =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O
´?
[. qxÜ≥∂QÆO { á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù.
123. ^Õâ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl P^Õâ◊ [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O.
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124. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ´?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O / [<åÉèÏ.
125. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°QÍÅO>Ë?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy<å, [<åÉèÏ `«y<æ å, ~Ô O_»∞ [iy<å `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
126. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O.
127. ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. "åã¨=Î `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O.
128. ™êO„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ Pi÷HÍaè=$kúH,˜ Pi÷Hõ ãÖHˆ =Δ ∂xH˜ ã¨∂zHõQÍ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ =∂Ñ¨#O?
[. "åã¨=Î `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O.
129. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞#∞ QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ ã¨∂„`«O?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O=$kú~ˆ @∞ – [<åÉèÏ=$kú~ˆ @∞.
130. XHõ^âÕ ◊ GDP =$kú~ˆ @∞ 5%, [<åÉèÏ =$kú~ˆ @∞ 2% HÍQÍ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ ZO`«?
[. 3%.
131. L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« `À =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|_»∞#∞. → D L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ P^•Ü«∂Å ~°∂ÑÖÖ’
KÕ~∞° #∞. D P^•Ü«∞O uiy qxÜ≥∂QÆ, L`åÊ^ŒHõ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞.nxx K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏOÖ’
Uq^èOŒ QÍ K«∂Ñ¨=K«∞Û#∞?
[. L`«ÊuÎ P^•Ü«∂xfl W=fiQÍ P^•Ü«∞O =ºÜ«∂xfl ÃÑOK«QÍ =ºÜ«∞O uiy L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» #∞.
1. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ™êÎ~∞° .
2. L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ P^•Ü«∂Å∞QÍ ÑÖK«|_»∞#∞.
3. P^•Ü«∂xfl JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ, L`åÊ^ŒHõ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· Y~°∞ÛÃÑ_»`å~°∞.
132. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ QÆ}O˜ K«=K«∞Û#∞?
[. =¸_»∞ q^è•Å∞ :
Z) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎ =∞kèOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ ).
a) HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∞O (P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ ).
ã≤) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O (=ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ ).
Z. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ :
133. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ H˜ =∞~˘Hõ ¿Ñ~°∞.(Product method)?
[. Net product method (or) Value added method (Or) Industrial Origin method.
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134. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x L`«ÊuÎ ¿ã"åÑ¨ûúŒ QÍ Ñ≤ez#k?
[. Ãã·=∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<≥\òû.
135. XHõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎ =∞~˘Hõ~O° QÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HOõ QÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«|_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Gross value added
Hõ#∞Q˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ?
[. Gross Value added = gross value out put - Intermediate consumption.
136. Gross Value added H˜ Net value added H˜ `Õ_®?
[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO).
137. Net value addedH˜ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞?
[. xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (NDP).
138. NDP ÖË^• NVA H˜ NFIA x KÕi¿ã?Î
[. xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ =K«∞Û#∞ (NNP).
139. NNP #∞O_ç xHõ~° Ñ¨sHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ =KÕÛk?
[. NNP (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ).
FC
140. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O U q^èOŒ QÍ =ã¨∞OÎ k?

[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ NDP + NFIA. FC
141. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ XˆH =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ qÅ∞= Hõ@‰ì Ωõ O_® LO_®ÅO>Ë ?
[. JOu=∞=ã¨∞=Î Ù<Õ fã¨∞HÀ"åe (ÖË^•) "åÅ∂ºÜÕ∞_»_£ Ñ¨ûúŒ J=ÅOaOKåe.
142. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl `˘ÅyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HÀ=eû# *Ï„QÆ`Î« Uk?
[. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’<Õ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ (ÖË^•) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° `À QÆ}O˜ z#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p`À ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞ KÕÜ∂« e.
143. Value Added Method(L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ )Ö’ ã¨fiÜ«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ HõÅáêe eg: ~Ô `· ∞« ™⁄O`åxH˜ "å_»∞‰õΩ#fl PÇ¨~° ^•<åºÅ∞.
144. Ü«∞[=∂x ™⁄O`«OQÍ LO@∞#fl ™⁄O`« Éè=í #O Ü≥ÚHõ¯ J^≥Ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’...?
[. KÕ~åÛe (Ü«∞[=∂x ™⁄O`«OQÍ LO@∞#fl WO\˜H˜ J^≥Ì K≥eO¡ K«_∞» . WÖÏO\˜ J^≥#Ì ∞ *ÏfÜ«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
nx<Õ 'Imputed Rent' JO^Œ∞~°∞.)
145. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞ (Services of House wives)?
[. ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞. (L^• : =O@=O_»∞@, Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ãÖ~°H} Δõ =O\˜ QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å#∞ „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« ÖËO
HÍ|\˜ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞).
146. áê`«HÍ~°∞,¡ JÑ¨Ê\˜Hˆ LO@∞#fl WÅ∞¡, Old Paintings ÖÏO\˜ JOâßÅ#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ ...?
[. ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞. Wq Second-hand goods „HÕkH˜ =™êÎ~Ú. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞<Õk P ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ [iy#
L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞#∞ QÍx, =ÚO^Œ∞ ãÖ=`«û~° L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ OK«^∞Œ .
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147. Second-hand=ã¨∞=
Î ÙÅ∞ J"≥∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „É’Hõ~ü H˘KÕÛ Hõg∞+¨<£ ...?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ"åe. ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ „É’Hõ~ü JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å∞ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ K≥Ok#q.
148. W<≥fiO@s ÅÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ (Inventories) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’...?
[. KÕ~åÛe. ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ K≥Ok#q.
149. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞?
[. 1. W<≥fiO@sÅ#∞ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« _»O Hõ+Oì̈ (HÍ~°}O ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞).
2. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« @ Hõ+Oì̈ (H˘#fl ^è~Œ Ã° Ñ· JOK«<å "ÕÜ∂« ÖÏ? ÖË^• Replacement =ºÜ«∞OÃÑ· JOK«<å
"ÕÜ∞« ÖÏ J<Õk ã¨=∞ã¨º).
3. q^Œº, ~°"å}Ï =ºÜ«∞O ÖÏO\˜q JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖÏ ÖË^• =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖÏ JOK«<å"ÕÜÚ« @ Hõ+Oì̈ .
4. XHõ =ã¨∞=Î Ù JOu=∞=ã¨∞"Î å? ÖË^• =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞"Î å J<Õk x~°~‚ ÚOK«∞@ Hõ+Oì̈ .
5. r=<å^•~° ~°OQÆOÖ’#∞, ™⁄O`«"åºáê~°OÖ’x L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz ãÔ̈~#· ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅÉèºí OHÍ=_»OÖË^∞Œ .
150. qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ #∞Oz *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ =KÕÛ "å\ÏÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ûHÀ"åÅO>Ë U =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞?
[. Value Add (L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù) Ñ¨û úŒ .
151. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ =º™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï `≥Å∞ûH˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ U Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl =∞kOKåe?
[. Value add ÖË^• Net Product Method.
a. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ :

152. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ H˜ =∞~˘Hõ ¿Ñ~°∞?
[. Factor payment Method ÖË^• Distributed share Method ÖË^• Income paid Method ÖË^• Income
received Method.
153. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl Z@∞¡ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° ?

[. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ á⁄O^Õ P^•Ü«∂Å#∞ KÕ~∞° Û@ ^•fi~å á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û (L^• : ÉÏ@HõO { "Õ`<« åÅ∞ { =_ô¤ {ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
{ q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O).
154. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xfl Zxfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK«=K«∞Û?
[. 1) ^ÕjÜ«∞ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (Domestic Factor Income).
2) xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA).
155. ^ÕjÜ«∞HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xfl Zxfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ™êÎ~∞° ?
[. =¸_»∞:
1) „âßq∞Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ÖË^• Compensation of Employees.
2) =¸Å^è#Œ ÖË^• Pã¨∞ÅÎ ÃÑ· P^•Ü«∞O ÖË^• Operating Surplus.
3) ™⁄O`«"åºáê~°O #∞Oz ÅaèOKÕ q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O (Mixed Income of the self-employed).
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156. Compensation of Empolyees J#QÍ?
[. „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞, L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ Å÷ ∞ `«=∞ „â◊=∞#∞ JOkOz#O^Œ∞‰õΩQÍ#∞ á⁄O^Õ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O.
157. Compensation of Employees Ö’ ÉèÏQÍÖËq?
[. „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞, L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ÑïÇ¨~°O 3 ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ LO_»=K«∞Û.
Z) „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ "Õ`<« åÅ∞ r`åÅ∞.
a) =ã¨∞~Î ∂° ÑÖÖ’ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞.
ã≤) Ü«∂[=∂#ºO L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅH˜KÛÕ ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ .
158. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ r`åÅ∞ J<Õ JOâßÅÖ’ QÆÅ ÉèÏQÍÖËq?
[. É’#ãπ, Hõg∞+¨<,£ DA, HRA, TA, LTC, Sick leave alowance `À‰õÄ_ç# "Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞.
159. L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ ÅÎ ‰õΩ =ã¨∞~Î ∂° ÑÖÖ’ KÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÖ’ =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ q Uq?
[. L^ÀºQÆ∞Å HõOkOKÕ Lz`«"^·≥ ºŒ O, q^Œº, ãäû_ôÃÑ· Éè’[#O Ü«¸xá¶ê~°OÅ∞, Lz`« ~°"å}Ï, â‹Å=Ùk<åÅ ™œHõ~º° O
Creches for Children of Employee etc.,
160. Ü«∂[=∂#ºO L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅH˜KÛÕ ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}?

[. Ü«∂[=∂#ºO L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅH˜KÛÕ ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ex : PF, LIC, Gratuity Ñ¶O≤ K«#∞ÅÖ’ Ü«∂[=∂#ºO
JOkOKÕ"å\Ï.
161. Operating Surplus (OS) J#QÍ?
[. Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞, =º=™ê÷Ñ#¨ #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O.
162. Pã¨∞ÅÎ #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞k?
[. Éè∂í q∞ Éè=í <åÅ∞ Hõeæ LO_»∞@=Å¡ ÉèÏ@HõO, =¸Å^è#Œ O Hõeæ LO_»∞@=Å¡ =_ô,¤ QÆ#∞Å∞ W`«~∞° Å‰õΩ WK«∞Û@=Å¡,
¿Ñ>ˇO\òÅ∞ HÍÑ‘~Ô \· òû #∞Oz =KÕÛ ~åÜ«∞bìÅ∞nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
163. =º=™ê÷ÑH¨ `õ fi« O (Entrepreneurship) =Å¡ =KÕÛ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O Uk?
[. _çq_≥O_»∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞.
164. _çq_≥O_£ J#QÍ?
[. HõOÃÑh ¿+~üÇÏ¨ ŸÅ¤~ûü ‰õΩ ÑÖKÕ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞.
165. Undistributed Profits J#QÍ?
[. ÃÑ^ŒÌ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞ "≥Ú`«OÎ ÖÏÉèÏÅ#∞ ¿+~ü Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~ûü H˜ _çq_≥O_£Å ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ ÑÖzÃÑ@ì=Ù. H˘O`« ÖÏÉèÏxfl `«=∞ =^ŒÌ
LOK«∞`å~Ú. g\˜<Õ ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»xÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ JO^Œ∞~°∞. nxÖ’ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÆO HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò \ÏH±û„HÕ^Œ K≥eO¡ z,
H˘O`« HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙQÍ LOK«∞#∞.
166. q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O (Mixed Income of Self-employed) J#QÍ?
[. H˘O`« „âßq∞Hõ P^•Ü«∞O, H˘O`« =¸Å^è#Œ P^•Ü«∞O Hõeû LO_Õk. q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O J#QÍL`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’
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XˆH =ºHÎ̃ „â◊=∞#∞, =¸Å^è<Œ åxfl JOkOK«∞@ ^•fi~å á⁄O^Õ P^•Ü«∞O L^• : `«# ™⁄O`« H˜x¡ H± =^ŒÌ _®Hõ~ì ü
¿ã=Å∞, `«# á⁄ÅOÖ’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã ~Ô `· ∞« .
(nxÖ’ Wage Incomex Property Income x q_»nã≤ K«∂Ñ¨Ù@Hõ+Oì¨ )
167. ^ÕjÜ«∞ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ´?
[. Compensation of Employees + Operating surplus + Mixed Income
168. xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ ?
[. HÍ~°HÍÅ#∞ JOkOz#O^Œ∞‰õΩ q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz á⁄Ok# P^•Ü«∞O – ^Õâ◊ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÍÅÖ’ <å<£ ~Ô ã≤_O≥ \òû JOkOz#
HÍ~°Hõ ¿ã=Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ P^•Ü«∞O. .
169. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ ?
[. Compensation of employees + operating surplus + Mixed Incomes + Net Factor Income From
Abroad.
170. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ^•fi~å =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O .....?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞ L^• : =$^•úÑº¨ Ñ≤OK«#∞¡ x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u, q^•º~°∞Å÷ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞, =~°^ÅŒ ∞,
Hõ~∞° =Ù ÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨H$õ u "≥Ñ· s¨ `åºÅÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞#q.
171. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ#∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.....?
[. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖIIÖ’ ZÖÏO\˜ L`åÊ^ŒHõ ¿ã=Å#∞ JOkOK«‰Ωõ O_® P^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#flq HÍ|\˜ì KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
172. K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ"åºxfl *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ .....?
[. KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. L^• : ã¨‡QÆ~¡ ûü P^•Ü«∞O, illegal drug traders, gamblers, illegal arm dealers Å P^•Ü«∞O
q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe. "åi HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ"∞≥ #ÿ q =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ}O˜ Ñ¨ÖxË q.
173. *ÏfÜ«∞~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ (interst on National debt).......?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ~°∞}O qxÜ≥∂QÆ J=ã¨~åÅ‰õΩ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞#∞
J<Õ „Ñ¨"∞Õ Ü«∞O KÕÜÚ« @=Å¡ nxÃÑ· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO WKÕÛ =_ô¤ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙQÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~∞° .
174. Second hand goods, bonds, shares J=Ú‡@ =Å¡ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O.......?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞. (ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~åxfl Wq JOkOK«=Ù.
nxÖ’ Hˆ =ÅO Ownership XHõi#∞Oz =∞~˘HõiH˜ |kb JQÆ∞#∞).
175. Shares, bonds, second - hand goods J"≥∞‡@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „É’Hõ~ü fã¨∞H˘<Õ Hõg∞+¨<.£ .....?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛe.
176. „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’.......?
[. KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞. (L^• : `«e^¡ OŒ „_»∞Å∞ Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ H˜KÛ≥ Pocket Money Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ∞ =$^Œ∞Åú H˜KÛ≥ „^Œ=ºO etc. nxÖ’ ‰õÄ_®
„^Œ=ºO XHõi#∞Oz =∞~˘HõiH˜ |kb JQÆ∞K«∞#flk).
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177. QÍe"å@∞ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ (windfall gains) J#QÍ?
[. ÖÏ@sÅ ^•fi~å =K≥Û P^•Ü«∞O. Wq JHõ™ê‡`«∞QÎ Í =ã¨∞OÎ \Ï~Ú. g\˜x ‰õÄ_® *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞.
178. HÍ~ÀÊˆ~+¨<£ \ÏH±û#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’........?
[. ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ á⁄Ok# ÖÏÉèÏÅÖ’ HÍ~ÀÊˆ~+¨<£ \ÏH±û ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\ì̃ HÍ~ÀÊˆ~+¨<£ \ÏH±û#∞ „Ñ¨`ºÕ HõOQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’
KÕ~åÛeû# J=ã¨~O° ÖË^∞Œ .
179. ãÖÑ¨^Œ Ñ¨#∞fl, |Ç¨ï=∞u Ñ¨#∞fl J<Õq?
[. g\˜x „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « P^•Ü«∞O#∞Oz HÍHõ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÅ#∞Oz K≥e™¡ êÎ~∞° . HÍ|\ì̃ Wq *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ=Ù.
180. Imputed rent of self-occupied building, self-consumption J<Õq?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛe.
181. P^•Ü«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞?
[. 1. q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl (™⁄O`« "åºáê~°~O° QÆOÖ’) QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ Hõ+Oì¨ .
2. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°∞}ÏÅÃÑ· K≥eO¡ KÕ =_ô¤ J#∞`åÊ^ŒH=õ ∞x, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ KÕ~Û° ÖË^∞Œ . HÍx H˘O`«=∞Ok Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°∞}ÏÅÖ’ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÆO L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~x° nxx KÕ~åÛÅx qÉèkË Ozi.
3. JÖÏÊaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅÖ’ P^•Ü«∂Å‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz ã¨~Ô #· QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ ÅÉèºí OHÍ=Ù.
182. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ "Õ`<« åÅ∞ "å\Ï, ÖÏÉèÏÅ"å\Ï `≥Å∞ûHÀ"åÅO>Ë U Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ Kåe?
[. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ .
ã≤. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ
183. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ H˜ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞?
[. consumption and investment method ÖË^• Income disposal method.
184. JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∂Å∞HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ ^•fi~å *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^Õ Ñ¨ûúŒ ?
[. =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ .
185. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O P^è•~°OQÍ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Zxfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ™êÎ~∞° .?
[. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ 1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO 2) "åºáê~°~O° QÆO 3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO 4) Rest of the world
186. JOu=∞=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞=ÚÖ’ ÉèÏQÍÖËq?
[. 1) qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O (QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O).
2) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O ("åºáê~°~O° QÆO KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O).
3. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O („Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O).
4. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ (Rest of the World KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O).
187. „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞=∞#QÍ?
[. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ã¨fiK«ÛOù ^ŒãO¨ ã¨Å÷ ∞ =∞xflHõÖxË =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ (L^• : PÇ¨~°O), =∞xflHõQÅÆ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ (L^•: \˜.q., HÍ~ü)
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¿ã=Å∞ (L^• : ~°"å}Ï, "≥^· ºŒ O) ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O.
188. #∂`«# WO_»¡ x~å‡}O ÃÑK· ¿Õ ã =ºÜ«∂xfl U=ºÜ«∞OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞?
[. nxx qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞OQÍ fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞. Wk ‰õÄ_® ÃÑ@ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
189. áê`«HÍ~°∞,¡ áê`« Ü«∞O„`åÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’.....?
[. fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞. (Wk „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ãÖ=`«û~° L`«ÊuÎx `≥ÅÊ^Œ∞).
190. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÍÖËq?
[. 1) Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, ZH˜fiÑπ"∞≥ O\òÃÑ· L`«ÊuÎ ^•~°∞Å∞ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O. nx<Õ ãÖã¨Å÷ ã≤~÷ Ã° Ñ@∞ì|_ç JO^Œ∞~°∞. L^• :
#∂`«# Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞, á¶êºHõsì Å∞ ~°"å}Ï ZH˜fiÑπ"∞≥ O\ò, h\˜áê~°∞^ŒÅ, _®ºOÅ∞ (Dams) >ˇeá¶È<£ Öˇ·<£ =O\˜
"å\˜ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O.
2) W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O L^• : =Ú_çã~¨ ∞° ‰õΩ xÅfi, ã¨QOÆ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞, J=∞‡HÍxH˜ ã≤ÔúŒ QÍ
L#fl JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ xÅfiÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞#q. closing Stock #∞Oz Opening stock fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« @O
^•fi~å nxx á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û#∞.
3) ~Ô ã≤_x≥ ¬Ü∞« Öò Ç¨Ï∫ãπÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O L^• : #∂`«# WO_»¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞.
191. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ´ ?
[. ãÖã¨Å÷ ã≤~÷ Ã° Ñ@∞ì|_ç { W<≥fiO@sÅÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç { ~Ô ã≤_x≥ ¬Ü∞« Öò ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç.
192. ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO J~°∞QÆ∞, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞i J~Ú# "å\˜ ™ê÷#OÖ’ Ñ¨Ù#ó™ê÷Ñ#¨ KÕÜ∂« eû =ã¨∞OÎ k.
D Ñ¨Ù#ó™ê÷Ñ#¨ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç̂H =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞?
[. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
193. ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç#∞O_ç `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ (Replacement Investment) fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ =K≥Ûk?
[. xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç.
194. xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ´ ?
[. ã¨∂Å÷ ã≤~÷ ° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç { W<≥fiO@sÖÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç { ~Ô ã≤_x≥ ¬Ü∞« Öò ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
195. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞OÖ’x ÉèÏQÍÖËq?
[. Z) ÑïáêÅ#, ~°HõΔ}, âßOuÉèí„^Œ`«Å∞, q^Œº, "≥·^Œº, P~ÀQÆº¿ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O. L^ÀºQÆ∞Å r`åÅ∞, "Õ`«<åÅ∞,
™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ^•fi~å nxfl JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~∞° .
a) ÑïáêÅ#, ~°H} Δõ , âßOuÉè„í ^Œ`Å« ∞, q^Œº "≥^· ºŒ , P~ÀQÆº¿ã=Å‰õΩ K≥Ok# =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O. g\˜x
JOkOKÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ Ñ¶A ‘ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ™êÎ~∞° HÍ|\ì̃ =ºÜ«∞O#∞Oz J=∞‡HõÑÙ¨ ~å|_ç fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ xHõ~° =ã¨∞Î
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ =K«∞Û#∞.
ã≤) J\Ï¡Qˆ xHõ~° q^Õj =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ ÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O [~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
196. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O ´ ?
[. L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ÑïÇ¨~°O { ^ÕjÜ«∞ =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ xHõ~° =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ { q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz xHõ~=° ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
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197. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#QÍ?
[. =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞.
198. =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ ZQÆ=∞`«∞Å#∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HÀ"åe?
[. ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ [iy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕ™êÎ~∞° . HÍ|\ì̃ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’
ÉèÏQÆO.
199. =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HÀ"åe?
[. kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ J<Õq P^ÕâO◊ Ö’L`«ÊuÎ HÍHõ áÈ~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© P^Õâã◊ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\˜ì
^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ KÕ~åÛe.
200. =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~^° jÕ Ü«∞ L`«ÊuÎ ´ ?
[. qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ºÜ«∞O { ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞O { „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O { xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
NDPMP = C + I + G + (x-m).
201. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ ?

[. L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~^° jÕ Ü≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NDP ) =K«∞Û#∞.
FC
202. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ KÕ~åÛeû# JOâ◊O?
[. xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (NFIA).
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ C + I + G+ (x-m) + NFIA.
203. =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’....?
[. ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞ (JOu=∞=ºÜ«∞OÖ’ Wq ÉèÏQÆO HÍ|\ì̃ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞).
204. =∞^èŒºO`«~° =ºÜ«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ U~°Ê_Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º?
[. double counting =Å¡ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O Overestimate KÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞.
205 Second hand goods ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ~å^Œ∞.

206. q`«Î ãÖ|O^èŒ Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞ (Financial assets) ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O ?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞. L^• : Shares, bonds ÃÑK· ¿Õ ã =ºÜ«∞O. nx=Å¡ Ownership =∂„`«"∞Õ
|kbJQÆ∞#∞.
207. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÃÑ· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O?
[. Wk =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOHÍ^Œ∞. HÍ|\ì̃ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOHÍ^Œ∞. Wq =ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuÎx ÃÑOK«=Ù.
208. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ ÖÏO\˜ Jaè=$kèú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅÉèºí `« ÖËHáõ È=Ù@=Å¡ U Ñ¨ûúŒ x LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«∞@
Hõ+¨ìO?
[. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ .
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209. qxÜ≥∂QÆ™ê÷~Ú, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ™ê÷~Ú `≥eÜ«∂ÅO>Ë LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKåeû# Ñ¨ûúŒ Uk?
210. Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ „ÃÑ"· @Õ ∞, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∂Å áê¿ãHõΔ "å\ÏÅ∞ `≥Å∞ûHÀ"åÅO>Ë U Ñ¨ûúŒ J=ã¨~O° ?
211. ã≤^•úO`« s`åº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O?
[. *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ ´ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O ´ "≥Ú`«OÎ =ºÜ«∞O.
212. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ ? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. U XHõ¯Ñ¨ûúŒ ^•fi~å ãÖÑ¨Ó~°O‚ QÍ QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ ÖË^∞Œ . qq^è~Œ O° QÍÅÖ’ qq^èŒ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åflO.
JO>Ë 3 Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åflO.
213. Hˆ O„^ŒQ}Æ ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (CSO) Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Zxfl ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Oz#k?
[. 3. Jq. 1. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO.
2. kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO.
3. `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO.
214. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO Ö’x JOâßÖËq?
[. 1. =º=™êÜ«∞O 2. J@gãÖÑ¨^Œ 3. =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ 4. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO
215. C.S.O qÉè[ í #Ö’ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’x JOâßÖËq?
[. 1. =∂#∞ºáêHõÛiOQ∑ (il+ì̈~,¤ü J<£il+ì̈~)¤ü 2. q^Œ∞º`ü QÍºãπ, h\˜ã~¨ Ñ° ~¨¶ å 3. x~å‡}O („QÍg∞}, Ñ¨@} ì ).
216. C.S.O qÉè[ í # „Ñ¨HÍ~°O QÆ#∞Å∞ „`«=fiHõO ^ÕxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO?
[. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO.
217. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ QÆÅ QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHÍxfl kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÍxH˜ KÕi¿ãÎ U~°Ê_Õ ~°OQÆO?
[. áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO.
218. áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÍÖËq? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO { kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO.
219. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO U~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO?
[. Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ¿ã,Î „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí ¿ãÎ áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
220. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x UU ~°OQÍÅÖ’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞?
[. Z) "≥Ú`«OÎ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO.
a) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO (il+ì̈~)¤ü .
ã≤) x~å‡} ~°OQÆO (Ñ¨@} ì ÏÖ’¡).
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221. C.S.O qÉè[í #Ö’ `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’QÆÅ JOâßÖËq?
[. 1) =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊√,¡ ~Ô ™êì~Ô O@∞¡.
2. ~°"å}Ï, xÅfi, ã¨=∂Kå~°O.
3) ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, cè=∂, iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò, W`«~° "åºáê~°¿ã=Å∞.
4) ™ê=∂lHõ, =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ ¿« ã=Å∞.
222. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x U ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞?
[. Z) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO (J<£ il+ì̈~)¤ü .
a) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ã~¨ Ñ° ~¨¶ å.
ã≤) "≥Ú`«OÎ `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO .
223. =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨^Œúu (Expenditure - cum-commodity flow method) U ~°OQÆOÖ’
J=ÅOaã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞?
[. x~å‡}~°OQÆO („QÍg∞} „áêO`«OÖ’).
224. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ Z^Œ∞~°Ü∞Õ º ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ (Conceptual difficulties) ã¨=∞ã¨ºÖËq?
[. 1) ¿ã=Å#∞ QÆ}O˜ KåÖÏ =^•Ì J<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º, L^• : QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞.
2) =∞^ŒºO`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º.
3) HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O, HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O HÍxk J<Õ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º.
4) W<≥fiO@sÖ’¡ =∂~°∞Ê QÆ}O˜ K«∞@Ö’ ã¨=∞ã¨º.
5) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ QÆ}O˜ Ñ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º.
6) P^è•~° ãÖIIÖ’ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® `«~∞° "å`« HÍÅOÖ’ =ã¨∂`Î Ê« uÎ [iy`Õ "å\˜ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º.
7) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ<å =ºÜ«∞O JOK«<å "ÕÜÚ« @Ö’ ã¨=∞ã¨º.
225. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ Z^Œ~Ü ° ∞Õ º PK«~}
° Ï`«‡Hõ (Practical difficulties) ã¨=∞ã¨º ÖËq?
[. 1) „^Œ=º=∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ ~å‰õΩO_® =ã¨∞Î =∂iÊ_ç ^•fi~å qx=∞Ü«∞=∞ÜÕ∞º =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º.
2) =$uÎ „Ñ¨`ºÕ H©H~õ }
° ÖËHáõ È=Ù@.
3) x"ÕkOK«|_»x K«@=ì ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=º=Ú. L^• : Ñ¨#∞flZQÆ"`Õ ,« #Å¡„^Œ=ºO.
4) x~°H~Δõ åã¨º`« =Å# z#fl L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞ JH“O\òÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«Háõ È=Ù@.
5) ÃÑ^ŒLÌ `«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞ Ñ¨#∞fl ZQÆ"`Õ ‰« Ωõ `«ÑC¨ _»∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«∞@.
6) #=∞‡^Œy# ^Œ`åÎOâ◊O ÖËHáõ È=Ù@.
226. =∂i¯ûÜ«∞<£ Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ¿ã=Å∞, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞QÆ}#Ö’ ......?
[. ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞. (™ê=∞º"å^Œ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@ ÖË^∞Œ ).
<À\ò : ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s ^ÕâßÖ’¡#∂, WO_çÜ∂« Ö’#∂ ¿ã=Å#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ ã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞.
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227. QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞, ^•xx áÈe# W`«~¿° ã=Å∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ ......?
[. ÖˇH˜¯OK«∞@ÖË^Œ∞. L^• : QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ WO\˜=^ŒÌ KÕ¿ã `À@Ñ¨x, Ñ≤Å¡Å‰õΩ K≥Ñ¨CH˘<Õ áê~îåÅ∞, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’
QÆ}O˜ K«|_»Ö^Ë ∞Œ .
228. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ „^Œ=º=∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ ~å‰õΩO_®, „^Œ"ºÕ `«~° =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’ [iˆQ qx=∞Ü«∂xH˜ L^• : ?
[. L`«ÊuÎ ^•~°∞_»∞ `«# ™⁄O`åxH˜ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘#fl L`«ÊuÎ, ~Ô `· ∞« ÑÖ_çOz# ÑÖ@Ö’ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÍxfl „Ñ¨H¯õ
~Ô `· ∞« H˜zÛ "Õ̂~ =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ á⁄O^Õ =ã¨∞Î =∂iÊ_ç.
229. ã¨=∂`«O~° Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ (Parallel / Hidden economy) J#QÍ?
[. XHõ"Ñ·≥ Ù¨ K«@|ì ^Œú „^Œ=º=Ú, =∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ #Å¡„^Œ=º=Ú Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ #_çÑO≤ K«∞@.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞
230. ™êfi`«O„`åxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ êiQÍ =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ z#"å~°∞? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. ^•^•ÉèÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr.
231. ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ ã¨=∞ã¨º „áê^è•#º`«#∞ <˘H˜¯ K≥¿ÑÊO^Œ∞‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å#∞ nxÖ’ „Ñ¨K∞« iOK≥#∞.?
[. Poverty and Un British Rule in India.
232. ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr 1867–68 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "Õã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ *ÏfÜ«∞
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ :?
[. ~°∂II 340 HÀ@∞¡ =∞iÜ«Ú 20 ~°∂II
233. <Ò~Àr `«~∞° "å`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õã#≤ "åiÖ’ =ÚY∞ºÅ∞?
[. qeÜ«∞O _çwƒ, (1899), Ñ¶O≤ _Õ¡ +≤„~åãπ, ëê =∞iÜ«Ú HõO|\Ïì, q.ÔH. P~ü.q. ~å"£, P~ü.ã≤. ^ÕâßÜü∞. "å_çÜ∂«
=∞iÜ«Ú *’+≤, Hõ~<°̊ £ „Ñ¨É∞íè =Ù, J\˜¯<£ã<¨ £ "≥ÚII"å~°∞.
234. Weath and Taxable capacity of India J<Õ „QÆO^ä•xfl ~°zOzOk ?
[. ëê =∞iÜ«Ú HõO|\Ïì.
235. Consumer Expenditure In India J<Õ „QÆO^ä•xfl ~°zOz#k?
[. P~ü.ã≤. ^ÕâßÜü∞.
236. ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl âß¢ãÜ Î‘ ∞« Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ JOK«<å"Õã#≤ "å~°∞ ?
[. Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao
237. Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Zxfl ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OK≥#∞?
[. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞ 1. =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO (=º=™êÜ«∞O, J_»=ÙÅ∞, KÕÑÅ¨ ∞, "Õ@, QÆ#∞Å∞).
2. HÍ~ÀÊˆ~+¨<£ ~°OQÆO (Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, x~å‡}O, ~°"å}Ï, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ¿ã=Å∞).
238. Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao QÍ~°∞ =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# Ñ¨ûúŒ ?
[. L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨ûúŒ .
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239. Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao QÍ~°∞ HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨<£ ~°OQÆOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# Ñ¨ûúŒ ?
[. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ .
240. Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao QÍ~°∞ 1931–32 ãÖ.~åxH˜ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∂Å∞?
[. ~°∂II 1689 HÀ@∞¡ =∞iÜ«Ú 62 ~°∂II
241. 1860–1945 =∞^èºŒ *ˇ. P~ü. Ç≤ÏH±û, =ÚYs˚, Ñ¶∞¨ ’+πÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kúx JOK«<å "Õã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞
n~°H… ÍÅOÖ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ ZO`«?
[. 0.5%.
242. Ç≤ÏH±û, Ñ¶∞¨ ’+π, =ÚYs˚Å∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞#∞ U „QÆO^äOŒ Ö’ ¿Ñ~˘¯xi. ?
[. Frame work of Indian Economy.
243. India's National Income J<Õ „QÆO^äŒ ~°K~« Ú`«?
[. q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å"£.
244. ™êfi`«O„`åº#O`«~O° ^ÕâO◊ "≥Ú`«OÎ g∞^Œ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl âß¢ãÜ Î‘ ∞« Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ@ QÆ}O˜ z# Ñ¶∞¨ #`«
Z=iH˜ ^ŒH¯˜ Ok?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© (nx<Õ High powered Expert committee).
245. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© xÜ«∞q∞OK«|_ç# ãÖ=`«û~°O ?
[. 1949.
246. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© J^èºŒ ‰õΩΔ _»∞, =∞iÜ«Ú W`«~° ã¨É∞íè ºÅ∞?
[. Ñ≤.ã≤. =∞Ç¨ÏÅ<Àcãπ, (J^èºŒ ‰õΩΔ _»∞).
QÍ_çÖæ ò, Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao Å∞ ã¨É∞íè ºÅ∞.
247. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\©H˜ D ~°OQÆOÖ’ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ MÏºu QÍOz# Z=i ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O ÅaèOzOk?
[. Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû, JRN ™Èì<†£ JBD _≥~¯ü ã¨<.£
248. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© JOK«<åÖ’¡ 1948–49 ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ?
[. 8710 HÀ@∞¡ =∞iÜ«Ú 225 ~°∂.
249. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© JOkOz# x"ÕkHõÖ’x =ÚMÏºOâßÅ∞?
[. 1) 1950–51 Ö’ =º=™êÜ«∞O J#∞|O^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ#∞Oz *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ã¨QOÆ "å\Ï =ã¨∞OÎ k.
2) áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO #∞Oz 1/6 =O`«∞ Åaèã∞¨ OÎ k.
3) ¿ã"å~°OQÆO#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz L`«ÊuÎ ~°OQÆO#∞O_ç 2/3 =O`«∞ Åaèã∞¨ OÎ k.
4) ¿ã"å~°OQÆO#∞Oz 1/3 =O`«∞ Åaèã∞¨ OÎ k.
5) NDPÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï 7.6%QÍ LOk.
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250. Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (CSO) „Ñ¨^•è # HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞O ZK«@ HõÅ^Œ∞
[. #∂º_èbç ¡ (nx XHõ âßY HõÅHõ`åÎÖ’ HõÅ^Œ∞).
251. Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ U ãÖ. #∞O_ç *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl National Accounts Statastics ¿Ñ~°∞`À „Ñ¨K∞« iã¨∞OÎ k?
[. 1975 (nx<Õ âıfi`«Ñ„¨ `«=∞x Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° ).
252. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂ QÆ}#Ö’ CSO U ãÖ=`«û~åxfl P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞H˘O@∞Ok?
[. 1999–2000.
253. ~åR QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ ¿ãHõ~} ° Ö’ XHõ U*ˇhûH˜, =∞~˘Hõ U*ˇhûH˜ `Õ_®x ãïk^ÕOÌ ^Œ∞‰õΩ Z=i J^èºŒ Hõ`Δ #« ''*ÏfÜ«∞
QÆ}ÏOHõ Hõg∞+¨<—£ — xÜ«∞q∞OK«|_ç#k?
[. ~°OQÆ~å[<£.
254. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ ãÖã¨?÷
[. Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨.÷ (CSO)
255. NSS J<Õk (National Sample survey) U ãÖIIÖ’ ™ê÷ÑO ≤ K«|_ç#k?
[. 1950.
256. NSS, J<Õk NSSO (National Sample survey organisation)QÍ ZÑ¨C_»∞ =∂~°∞ÊK≥Ok#k?
[. 1970.
*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ – ^À~°}∞Å∞
257. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ U ~Ô O_»∞ JOâßÅ =Å# „Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«O
HÍ=K«∞Û?
[. Z) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞@.
a) ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ@.
258. =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ@=Å# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy#KÀ ......?
[. Jk x["≥∞#ÿ / "åãÎ̈="≥∞#ÿ =$kúx ã¨∂zOK«∞#∞. (ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ QÆÒ« HõO>Ë JkèHOõ QÍ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞
JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LO\Ï~Ú.)
259. ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy#KÀ .....?
[. Jk "åã¨=Î =$kúx ã¨∂zOK«^∞Œ . (*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ HõÅã≤ L#fl ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ _ç¿Ñ\¡ ò KÕã≤ "åã¨=Î P^•Ü«∞OÖ’H˜
=∂~åÛe.)
260. "åã¨=Î *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ QÆ}O˜ z#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© Jk „Ñ¨^•è #OQÍ qã¨‡iOKÕ JOâ◊"∞Õ k.?
[. [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ^ÅŒ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl qã¨‡iã¨∞OÎ k.
261. [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl ÖˇH¯õ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞H˘x "åã¨=Î P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KåÅO>Ë ?
[. "åã¨=Î `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆ}O˜ Kåe. (Wk „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂}Ïxfl ã¨∂zã¨∞OÎ k).
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262. 1950–51 #∞O_ç 1980–81 =∞^èºŒ („Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ #ÿ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅÖ’) ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞
=$kú̂~@∞ ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ ZO`«?
[. 3.5%.
263. "≥Ú^Œ\˜ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ L#fl 3.5% =$kú~ˆ @∞#∞ „á⁄. ~å*òH$õ +¨‚ QÍ~°∞ U=∞x "åºMÏºxOK≥#∞?
[. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =$kú̂~@∞ (Hindu rate of growth).
264. 1980 #∞O_ç 2000 =∞^èºŒ (`«~"° å`« ~Ô O_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅOÖ’) ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞?
[. 5.6% (Hindu =$kú~ˆ @∞#∞ JkèQqÆ ∞OK«QeÆ y#k).
265. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ J`«ºkèH*õ ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°O?
[. 1988–89 (10.3%).
266. 1988–89 `«~∞° "å`« J`«ºkèHõ =$kè~ú̂ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· 2= ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où ?
[. 2006–07 (Ñ¨^=Œ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ z=i ãÖ=`«û~°O).
267. WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ =∞# ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ 9 JO`«H<õ åfl Z‰õΩ¯= =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°OÅ∞ Zxfl?
[. 5. (1975–76, 1988–89, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08).
268. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ U ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ JkèHõ |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ =$kú~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞ J~Ú#k?
[. 1979–80 (–6%).
269. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ "åsQÍ ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Ju Z‰õΩ¯= =$kú~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ Uk?
[. Ñ¨^=Œ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ (7.8%).
270. Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= =$kè~ú̂ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ Uk?
[. =¸_»= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ (2.6%).
271. 2010–11 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_ç# =$kú~ˆ @∞?
[. 8.6 (Wk QÆ`« ãÖ=`«û~°=Ú 8%)
272. 2009–10 ãÖIIÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞?
[. 6.1 (Wk QÆ`« ãÖ=`«û~°=Ú 4.8%)
273. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2008–09 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« |_ç# ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ?
[. ~°∂II 31,800 (2004–05 ^è~Œ Å° Ö’).
274. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2009–10 (Q) ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ^Õâ◊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O?
[. ~°∂. 33,700
275. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° Ö’ 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_ç# ^Õâ◊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O?
[. ~°∂. 46,400 ã¨∞=∂~°∞.
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276. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2010–11 (A) ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ^Õâ◊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O?
[. ~°∂. 54,500 ã¨∞=∂~°∞.
277. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõO>Ë `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}O?
[. [<åÉèÏÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
278. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O HÍx, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O HÍx ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Ö° ’¡ HõO>Ë, „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ JkèHOõ QÍ LO_»\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}O?
[. ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
279. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OÉèOí <å\˜H˜ (1950–51) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ã¨QOÆ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= U~°OQÆO #∞O_ç ÅaèOKÕk?
[. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO (57%).
280. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO ÖË^• ¿ã"å~°OQÆO (57%).
281. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO #∞O_ç ÅÉèºí =∞ÜÕ∞º "å\Ï?
[. 1/2 =O`«∞ HõO>Ë JkèHOõ .
282. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO `«~∞° "å`« JkèH"õ å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~Ô O_»= ~°OQÆO?
[. kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO (25.76%).
283. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO "å\Ï?
[. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 1/4 =O`«∞.
284. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO?
[. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO (16.9%) 2009–10 <å\˜H.˜
285. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï?
[. 1/5 =O`«∞ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=.
286. HÍ¡~¯ü , =∞iÜ«Ú ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òûÅ ÑïHõÅÊ# ^Õxx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞?
[. Jaè=$kú „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ@ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï `«y,æ kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO "å\Ï ÃÑiÔQ#∞. =$kèú =∞iH˘O`« [iy#
`«~∞° "å`« „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï ã¨∞n~°O… QÍ `«yæ ¿ã=Å~°OQÆO `«#"å\Ï#∞ Ñï„â◊=∞ÅHõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ ÃÑOK«∞H˘O@∞Ok.
287. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∞^•Ü«∞OÖ’ qq^è~Œ O° QÍÅOkOKÕ "å\ÏÅ#∞ |\˜ì J=~ÀÇ¨Ï}„Hõ=∞O U q^èOŒ QÍ L#flk?
[. `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO, kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO.
288. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =zÛ# x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ #ÿ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ „Ñ¨^•è #OQÍ Hõ#|_ÕÖ’ÑÖ?
[. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO #∞Oz `«y#æ "å\Ï kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆOKÕ HÍHõ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆOKÕ Éèsí Î KÕÜ∞« |_ç#k.
(áêi„âßq∞H©Hõ~°} =ÚO^Œ∞ ^Œâ◊ #∞O_ç áêi„âßq∞H©Hõ~°} ^Œâ◊#∞KÕ~°‰õΩO_®<Õ áêi„âßq∞H©Hõ~°} `«~°∞"å`« ^Œâ◊
J~Ú# ¿ã"å~°OQÆO‰õΩ KÕi#k.)
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289. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞O (12%).
290. kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆOÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ~O° QÆO?
[. =∂#∞ºá¶êºHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO.
291. `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆOÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ~O° QÆO?
[. =~°HÎ Oõ ~°"å}Ï Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨<£ (26.55%).
292. 1950–51Ö’ GDP Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞?
[. 8% ã¨∞=∂~°∞.
293. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO "å\Ï GDPÖ’ Z@∞=O\˜ ^èÀ~°}˜ HõeLæ Ok?
[. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ „áê~°OÉèOí #∞O_ç #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å =~°‰Ωõ GDPÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛ
(26%), ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~∞° "å`« „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áê„`« `«Q∞Æ @ æ =Å# <≥=∞‡kQÍ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« #flk. (2008–09
<å\˜H˜ 21%xH˜ KÕi#k).
294. <Õ_∞» *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞JOkOKÕ~O° QÆ"∞Õ k (Ü«∂[=∂#ºÑ¨~O° QÍ) ? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÆO (79%).
295. GDPÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆ "å\ÏÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ LÑ¨~O ° QÆO?
[. <å<£ _çáê~ü"ì ∞≥ O@Öò ZO@~ü„ÃÑ*· ãˇ .π
296. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ #ÿ `«~∞° "å`« #∞Oz GDPÖ’ „QÍg∞}~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï ^èÀ~°}?˜
[. `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =zÛOk.
297. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« „áêO`åÅ "åsQÍ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ GDPÖ’ J`«ºkèH"õ å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ „áêO`«O?
[. Ñ¨@} ì „áêO`«O (1999–2000<å\˜H˜ 52%).
298. CSO x~°fiK«#O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O =º=ã‘H ÷ $õ `«~O° QÆ=∞#QÍ?
[. XHõ ãÖã¨÷ ilãì̈~¤ü KÕÜ∞« |_»_O» HÍh, U^≥<· å K«@Oì „HÕ^Œ #"≥∂^Œ∞ J=@O HÍx Pã≤,Î JÑ¨CÅ Ñ¨\xì© x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«@O
HÍx KÕ¿ãÎ Jk =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«~O° QÆO.
299. ÉèÏ~°`*« ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«~O° QÆ "å\Ï ^èÀ~°}?˜
[. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞OÎ k. (2007–08 <å\˜H˜ 43%).
300. <Õ_∞» *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ~O° QÆO?
[. J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«~O° QÆO (2007–08 <å\˜H˜ 57%).
301. ~°OQÍÅ"åsQÍ ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `«~O° QÆO #∞Oz Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ~O° QÆO?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO (2007–08 <å\˜H˜ 91%).
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302. NCAER‰õΩ K≥Ok# (National Councile of Applied Economic Research)U Pi÷H"õ `Õ ÅÎ« „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’
=zÛ# x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ=∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕãi≤ ?
[. ~å*Ëâòâ√◊ HÍ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤kdú .
303. ~å*Ëâò â◊√HÍ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤kvú Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞O "å\Ï?
[. `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k. (Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, ¿ã=Å "å\Ï ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞OÎ k).
304. 2007–08 <å\˜H„˜ QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ~O° QÆO?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞O (42%).
305. 2007–08 <å\˜H„˜ QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ J`«ºÅÊ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ~O° QÆO?
[. ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO (28.4%).
306. ^Õâ◊ GDPÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#O ¿ã=Å~°OQÍxk HÍQÍ, „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞O.
P^•Ü«∞ K«H„ Ü © ∞« Ñ„ "¨ åÇ¨ÏO :
307. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ QÆÅ~°OQÍÅ∞ :?
[. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO.
308. P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO J#QÍ?
[. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ#∞ K≥eO¡ K«QÍ ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å‰õΩ
QÆ$Ç¨Ï ~°OQÆO „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ K≥eO¡ K«∞#∞. WÖÏ ~å|_»∞Å∞, K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ XHõ ~°OQÆO #∞O_ç =∞~˘Hõ ~°OQÍxH˜
P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞@"Õ∞ P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
309. "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO J#QÍ?
[. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO #∞Oz L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ ãÖã¨÷Å ~°OQÍxH˜, ãÖã¨÷Å~°OQÆO#∞Oz =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å∞ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO#‰õΩ
„Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞@ÜÕ∞ "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
310. „^Œ=º„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO J#QÍ?
[. ãÖã¨÷Å#∞Oz L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ „ÑüÑ¶¨ÖÏÅ∞ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxH˜, QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO #∞Oz =ã¨∞Î¿ã=ÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O,
ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞@ÜÕ∞ „^Œ=º„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
311. ~Ô O_»∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÖË^∞Œ Jx „Ñ¨"∞Õ Ü«∞O KÕÜ∞« |_ç# Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨?÷
[. ãÖÑ¨Ó~°=‚ ºÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨.÷
312. ãÖÑ¨Ó~°‚ =ºÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ J#QÍ?
[. ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O JO`å =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qxÜ≥∂QÆOÃÑ· Y~°∞Û ÃÑ@ìQÍ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ =zÛ#
P^•Ü«∞O JO`å L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞. (J#QÍ nxÖ’ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù LO_»^∞Œ .)
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313. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÖËx ™ê^è•~°} ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ Identies (Equations) ?
[. i) ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ "≥Ú`«OÎ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ ´ "≥Ú`«OÎ qxÜ≥∂QÆO.
ii) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO‰õΩ =zÛ# L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∞O ´ ãÖã¨Å ÷ ∞ KÕã#≤ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
iii) ãÖã¨÷ P^•Ü«∞O ´ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆ =ºÜ«∞O.
314. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù J#QÍ?

[. ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =ºÜ«∞O KÕ~Ú‰õΩO_® LOz# ÉèÏQÆO
315. ‰õΩ@∞O|~°OQÍxH˜ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÍxfl á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕÜÚ« @ =Å#?
[. qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O `«y,æ P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞,
316. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù J<Õk ^ÕxH˜ „áêux^èºŒ =Ú =Ç≤Ïã¨∞OÎ k? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yOæ K«∞#∞. (Withdrawal or Leakage to Circular flow of Income)
317. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç J#QÍ?
[. L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ U =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖˇ`· Õ W`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎH˜ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ `» åÜ≥∂ "å\˜ÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞=Ú
318. =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ ÖË^• ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞OKÕ¿ãk.?
[. ãÖã¨÷Å~°OQÆO.
319. qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅH˜, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅH˜ `Õ_®?
[. ~Ô O_»∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ ãÖã¨Ö÷ Ë L`«ÊuÎ KÕ™êÎ~Ú, HÍx qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxˆH q„Hõ~Ú™êÎ~Ú.
ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ W`«~ã° O¨ ã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ q„Hõ~Ú™êÎ~Ú.
320. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç J<Õk?
[. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏOÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O#∞ ÃÑOK«∞#∞. (Investment is injection to circular flow of Income)
321. =¸Å^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\ò J#QÍ ?
[. ÉÏºO‰õΩÅ∞, c=∂ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, =O\˜ q`«ãÎ O¨ ã¨Å÷ ∞ (nxÖ’ QÆ$Ç¨Å∞ KÕã#≤ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù q`«ãÎ O¨ ã¨Å÷ ‰õΩKÕ~Q° Í q`«ãÎ O¨ ã¨Å÷ #∞O_ç
ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ |∞∞}ÏÅ∞ fã¨∞H˘x ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ÃÑ_»`å~Ú).
322. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍÅ∞ KÕ¿ã á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù |∞∞}ÏÅ∞QÍ =∂i ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çQÍ JOkOKÕ =∂~°=æ Ú?
[. =¸Å^è#Œ =∂Ô~¯\ò.
323. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù KÕ¿ã ~Ô O_»∞~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ x|O^è#Œ ? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ´ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç (S = I).
324. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx JkèQqÆ ∞Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ (S > I)?
[. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞.
325. ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ JkèQqÆ ∞Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ (I >S)?
[. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞.
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326. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ ~°OQÍÖËq?
[. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO.
327. Closed Economy J#QÍ?
[. q^Õj "åºáê~°O ÖËx Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Cbsed Economy JO^Œ∞~°∞.
(Ô~O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ, =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÅ∞ Closed Economy H˜ K≥Ok#"Õ)
328. =¸_»∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO P^•Ü«∞O#∞ ãÖáêkOK«∞H˘<Õ =∂~åæÅ∞?
[. QÆ$Ç¨ÅÃÑ#· , ãÖã¨Å÷ ÃÑ<· å Ñ¨#∞fl qkèOÑ¨Ù ^•fi~å ãÖáêk™êÎ~Ú.
329. Ñ¨#∞fl qkèOÑ¨Ù =Å# P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO?
[. `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞ (QÆ$Ç¨Å∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O `«yáæ È=Ù#∞).
330. Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO#‰õΩ Uq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« #∞?
[. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yOæ K«∞#∞. (Leakage to circular flow of Income)
331. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO Ñ¨#∞fl^•fi~å =ã¨∂Å∞KÕã#≤ P^•Ü«∂xfl Uq^èOŒ QÍ =ºÜ«∞OKÕÜÚ« #∞?
[. QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞OKÕÜÚ« @ ^•fi~å ("Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞), QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO‰õΩ |kb
K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ WK«∞Û@ ^•fi~å (L^•. Ñ≤OKè#« ∞. x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u, ëê¯Å~ü +≤ÑC¨ Å∞) J\Ï¡Qˆ ãÖã¨Å÷ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕÜÚ« @ ^•fi~å ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ ãäû_ôÅ#∞ JOkOK«∞@ ^•fi~å „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜÚ« #∞.
332. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O =Å# P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO?
[. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ (Govt. Expenditure is injection to circular flow of Income).
333. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ P^•Ü«∞ ã¨=∞`ÒÖÏºxH˜ x|O^è#Œ ?
[. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞@`À áê@∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_®e (S=I
=∞iÜ«Ú T=G).
334. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ J#QÍ ?
[. Wq UHõÑH¨ "Δõ ∞≥ #ÿ q. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO #∞Oz ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ, ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ „^Œ=º„Ñ¨"åÇ¨Å∞ LO\Ï~Ú HÍh ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞,
ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ "åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO LO_»^∞Œ .
335. <åÅ∞QÆ∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ QÆÅ ~°OQÍÖËq?
[. ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO, q^Õj"åºáê~°O (Rest.of the world)
336. JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ "åºáê~°O ÖËx Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Uq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° ?
[. Autarky (Wk Closed EconomyÖ’ LO@∞Ok).
337. Closed Economy { JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ "åºáêÑ¨~O° ´ ?
[. Open Economy.
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338. <åÅ∞æ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ kQÆ∞=∞u KÕã∞¨ H˘O>Ë P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO?
[. `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞ (kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å =Å# XHõ ^Õâ◊ P^•Ü«∞O W`«~^° âÕ ßÖ’¡H˜ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
`«QÆ∞æ#∞).
339. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ ZQÆ∞=∞u KÕ¿ãÎ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO?
[. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ (ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å =Å# q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ ÅÎ P^•Ü«∞O XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’H˜ =K«∞Û#∞. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞)
340. <åÅ∞æ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ P^•Ü«∞ ã¨=∞`ÒÖÏºxH˜ x|O^è#Œ ?
[. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞, Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O ã¨=∂#`«fiO`Àáê@∞ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å, ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å ã¨=∂#`«fiO
LO_®e. (S+T+M = I+G+X)
=∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z :
341. „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«"åºÑÖÎ QÍ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕk?
[. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).
342. =∂#"åaè=$kúx U ãÖ=`«û~°O #∞O_ç ~°∂á⁄Okã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞?
[. 1990 #∞O_ç.
343. =∂#"åaè=$kúx `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕÜÚ« @Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞, ã¨ÇÏ¨ HÍ~åÅ∞ JOkOz#k?
[. =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò – LÖò –Ç¨ÏH±, J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£, iK«~¤ü *Ïb, QÆ∞™êÎ"À ~åhãπ, "Õ∞Ñ¶∞¨ <å^ä£ ^ÕâßÜü∞.
344. =∂#"åaè=$kú ~°∂Ñ¨teÊQÍ Z=ix ¿Ñ~˘¯O\Ï~°∞?
[. =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò – LÖò–Ç¨ÏH±.
345. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p x~å‡}OÖ’ fã¨∞H˘<Õ JOâßÅ∞ ?
[. =¸_»∞ 1) n~°H… ÍÅ P~ÀQÆº=O`«"∞≥ #ÿ r=#=Ú, (nxx PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O`À QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° ).
2) q*Ï˝#O (JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«`À QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° ).
3) r=# „Ñ¨=∂}O (nxx `«Åãï GDP`À QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° ).2010 HDR Ö’ `«Åãï GNI x fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞.
346. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ HDIÖ’ PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∂« Å#∞ ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞O_ç QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° ?
[. Ñ¨Ù\ì̃#Ñ¨Ê\˜#∞O_ç.
347. UNDP"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘<Õ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«Ö’ ÉèÏQÍÖËq?
[. Z) =Ü≥∂[# JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« ~ˆ @∞ (2010 HDR Ö’ Means Years of Schooling)
a) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ã¨∂Å÷ #"≥∂^Œ∞ x+¨ÊuÎ. (Expected Years of Schooling)
348. UNDP"å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘<Õ `«Åãï GDP U~°∂ÑÖÖ’ LOk? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊HÎ̃ ã¨=∂#`«Ö’ QÆÅ J"≥∞iHÍ _®Å~°∞¡ (PPP US $). („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« `«Åãï GNI)
349. UNDP"å~°∞ HDI QÆ}#Ö’ PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O#‰õΩ WzÛ# Hõx+¨,ª QÆi+¨ª qÅ∞=Å∞.?
[. 25ãÖ.Å∞, 85 ãÖ.Å∞.( 2010 HDR Ö’ 20, 83.2 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞).
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350. UNDP"å~°∞ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« ~ˆ @∞H˜ WzÛ# Hõx+ª̈, QÆi+ª̈ qÅ∞=Å∞?
[. 0 =∞iÜ«Ú 100. („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« EYS 0–20.6, MYS 0–13.2)
351. UNDP "å~°∞ `«Åãï GDP (PPP US $) H˜zÛ# Hõx+ª̈ QÆi+ª̈ qÅ∞=Å∞?
[. 100 #∞Oz 40000 J"≥∞iHÍ _®Å~°∞.¡ („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« 163 #∞Oz 1,08,211)

352. JOâ◊ã∂¨ zx QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ ã¨∂„`«O?
[. "åã¨=Î qÅ∞= – Hõx+¨qª Å∞=/ QÆi+¨ª qÅ∞= – Hõx+¨qª Å∞=.
353. HDI qÅ∞= ZÑ¨C_»∂ gx=∞^èºŒ LO@∞Ok?
[. 0–1 =∞^èºŒ LO@∞Ok.

354. HDI qÅ∞= „áêuÑ¨kHõQÍ „Ñ¨ÑO ¨ K«^âÕ ßÅ#∞ 2009 HDRÖ’ U q^èOŒ QÍ =sæHiõ OK≥#∞?
[. 0.000 – 0.499 =∞^èºŒ qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q JÅÊ=∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞.
0.500 – 0.799 =∞^èºŒ qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q =∞^èºŒ ™ê÷~Ú =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞.
0.800 – 0.899 =∞^èºŒ qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú^âÕ ßÅ∞.
0.900 – 1.000 =∞^èºŒ qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q J`«ºkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú^âÕ ßÅ∞.
355. 2009 =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’ „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«^âÕ ßÅ#∞ <åÅ∞æ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =sæHiõ OK≥#∞.J^Œ#OQÍ KÕiÛ#k Uk?
[. 0.900 #∞Oz 1.00 =∞^èºŒ qÅ∞= Hõe#æ ^ÕâßÅ#∞ J`«ºkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú Hõe#æ ^ÕâßÅx =sæHiõ OK≥#∞.
356. 2005 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# 2007 HDR Ö’ 177 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ÉèÏ~°`« HDI ~åºOH±?
[. 128.
357. 2006 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# 2008 HDRÖ’ 179 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ÉèÏ~°`« HDI ~åºOH±?
[. 132.
358. 2007 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# 2009 HDRÖ’ 182 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ÉèÏ~°`« HDI ~åºOH±?
[. 134 (0.612).
359. 2010 HDR „Ñ¨^•è # ãÖ^ÕâO◊ ?
[. The Real Wealth of Nations : Pathways to Human Development
360. 2009, 2010 =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÅ „Ñ¨^•è # ~°∂Ñ¨H~õ Î° ?
[. *ˇx ‰õÄQ¡ =∑ ∞<£.
361. 2010 HDRÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ^ÕâßÅ ãÖYº?
[. 168 SHõº~å[ºã¨q∞u ^ÕâßÅ∞ (192‰õΩ QÍ#∞), Ç¨OHÍOQ∑, ("≥Ú`«OÎ HõeÑ≤ 169 ^ÕâßÅ∞.)
362. 2009 HDR Ö’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^ÕâßÅ∞QÍ "Õ\x˜ ¿Ñ~˘¯<≥#∞?
[. 0.9 HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= =∂#"åaè=$kúã∂¨ z QÆÅ Very high human developed countries#∞ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok#
^ÕâßÅ∞QÍ Ñ≤eK≥#∞.
(q∞ye# =¸_»∞ ~°HÍÅ ^ÕâßÅ#∞ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÅ∞QÍ Ñ≤eK≥#∞.)
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ECONOMY
363. 2010 HDR Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ 5 ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok#^ÕâßÅ∞?
[. 1 <åˆ~fi (0.938)
2 P„¿ãeì Ü«∂
3 #∂ºlÖÏO_£
4 J"≥∞iHÍ
5 S~å¡O_£
364. 2010 HDR Ö’x =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ HDIÖ’ z=i 5 ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ^ÕâßÅ∞?
[. 165 "≥∂*ÏOaH±
166 |∞~°∞O_ç
167 <≥Q· ~Æ ü
168 _≥"∂≥ „ÔH\˜H± iÑäH¡ ± PÑ¶π HÍOQÀ
169 lOÉÏÉËfi(0.140)
365. WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ HDIÖ’ 8 ™ê~°∞¡ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#O á⁄Ok#^ÕâßÅ∞?
[. HÔ #_®, <åˆ~fi.
366. 2010 HDRÖ’ HDI~åºO‰õΩÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ 12 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ KÀ@∞ ãÖáêkOz# Pã≤Ü∂« ^ÕâO◊ ?
[. [áê<£ (11= ~åºOH±).
367. 2010 HDRÖ’ HDI ~åºO‰õΩÅÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ HõO>Ë =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ L#fl ÉèÏ~°`« W~°∞QÆ∞á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^ÕâßÅ∞?
[. K≥<· å – (89= ~åºOH±).
NÅOHõ – (91= ~åºOH±).
=∂b÷=ÙÅ∞ – (107= ~åºOH±).
368. 2010 HDI ~åºO‰õΩÅÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ HõO>Ë "≥#∞HõO[Ö’ L#fl ÉèÏ~°`« W~°∞QÆ∞á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ ^ÕâßÅ∞?
[. áêH˜™êÎ<£ – 125
|OQÍ¡^âÕ ò – 129
=∞Ü«∞<å‡~ü – 132
<ÕáêÖò – 138
PÑ¨x… ™ê÷<£ – 155
369. BRICS ^ÕâßÖ’¡ HDIÖ’ =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ #∞#fl ^ÕâO◊ ?
[. Russia 65= ~åºOH±, (Brazil -73, China - 89, South Africa - 110, India -119,).
370. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zÖ’ U~°HOõ =∂#"åaè=$kú *Ïa`åÖ’ HõÅ^Œ∞?
[. =∞^èºŒ ™ê÷~Ú =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞.
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ECONOMY
371. 2010 =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« PÜ«Úó„Ñ¨=∂}O?
[. 64.4 ãÖ. (EYS - 10.3, MYS-4.4, `«Åãï GNI (PPP US$) 3,337)
372. Pi÷H=õ $kè,ú =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ QÆÅ ãÖ|O^èOŒ U q^èOŒ QÍ LOk?
[. ™ê^•~°}OQÍ Z‰õΩ¯= =$kúQÅÆ ^ÕâßÅÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯= =∂#"åaè=$kú, `«‰Ωõ ¯= =$kúQÅÆ ^ÕâßÅÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= =∂#"åaè=$kú
LO@∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ D ãÖ|O^èOŒ ZÑ¨Ù_»∂ WÖÏ<Õ LO@∞O^Œx K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖËO. H˘xfl^ÕâßÅÖ’ JkèHõ Pi÷H=õ $kú L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H,©
JÅÊ=∂#"åaè=$kú LO_»=K«∞Û. L^• : ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï GNI Hõ<åfl qÜ«∞`åflO `«‰Ωõ ¯= `«ÅãïGNI Hõeæ L<åfl, HDI
Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`Hü <õ åfl (119), qÜ«∞`åflO (113) =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ LOk.
373. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ (NHDR) #∞ `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã≤ „Ñ¨K∞« iOz#k?
[. „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O (2001Ö’).
374. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’ (NHDR)Ö’ HDIQÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl JOâßÅ∞?
[. n~°H… ÍÅ=O`«"∞≥ #ÿ r=#O, q^•º™ê^Œ#, Pi÷H™õ ê^Œ# (UNDP fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl JOâßÅ∞ =Öˇ).
375. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz# NHDRÖ’ 15 ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~åRO ?
[. Hˆ ~°à◊ (0.638).
376. „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz# NHDRÖ’ 15 ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ z=i™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~åRO?
[. cÇ¨~ü (0.367).
377. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« HDI qÅ∞=?
[. 2001Ö’ 0.472 (1981Ö’ 0.302, 1991Ö’ 0.381).
378. 2001 *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kúx"ÕkHõÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò HDI~åºOH±?
[. 10= ~åºOH± (0.416) 1981Ö’ 9=™ê÷#O 0.298.
1991Ö’ 9=™ê÷#O 0.377.
2001Ö’ 10=™ê÷#O 0.416.
379. 2001 *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O AP=∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z (WO_çÜ∂« `À áÈe¿ã)Î ?
[. ÉèÏ~°`ü HõO>ˇ (0.472), PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò (0.416) ã¨∂p`«H¯õ =QÍ LOk. („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
380. NHDRÖ’ PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∂ « xfl ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞Oz QÆ}O˜ K«_O» [iyOk?
[. 1 ãÖ=`«û~°O =Ü«∞ã¨∞û#∞O_ç PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞. (nxH˜ 65%, tâ◊√=∞~°} ~ˆ @∞‰õΩ 35% „áê^è•#º`«
WK≥Û#∞).
381. NHDRÖ’ Pi÷H™ õ ê^è#Œ J<Õ JOâßxfl U q^èOŒ QÍ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞?
[. <≥Åãï `«Åãï qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O P^è•~°OQÍ (Hõx+Öì 65 ~°∂, QÆi+Öª 325 ~°∂.).
382. 2001 NHDRÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõx+¨,ª QÆi+¨qª Å∞= gx=∞^èºŒ L#flq?
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[. 0.367 – 0.638 =∞^èºŒ QÆÅ=Ù.
383. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ ~å¢ëêìÅ‰õΩ UNFPA (United Nations Fund for Population Activities) "å~°∞ `«Ü∂« ~°∞
KÕã≤#HDIÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ,˜ z=i™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ~å¢ëêìÅ∞?
[. "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#O – Hˆ ~°à.◊
z=i ™ê÷#O – cÇ¨~ü.
384. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ ~å¢ëêìÅ‰õΩ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò – LÖò – Ç¨ÏH± QÆ}O˜ z# HDIÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ z=i™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok#
~å¢ëêìÅ∞?
[. Hˆ ~°à,◊ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò.
385. =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò – LÖò – Ç¨ÏH± =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ ~å¢ëêìÅ‰õΩ HDI QÆ}O˜ z ^ÕxÖ’ „Ñ¨K∞« iOK≥#∞?
[. Human Development in South Asia 1997
386. aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï HDI QÆ}#Ö’ UNDP "å~°∞ fã¨∞H˘#fl =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ KÕiÛ# JOâßÖËq?
[. r=# <å}º`«, ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ x~°∂‡Å#, Ñ¨\} ì H© ~õ }
° .
387. aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï Zxfl ~°HÍÅ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK≥#∞ (1988–94 =∞^èºŒ HÍÅOÖ’)?
[. 1) HDI ´ PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O, JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«, `«Åãï~åR P^•Ü«∞O.
1
2) HDI = HDI { r=#<å}º`«.

2 1
3) HDI = HDI {¿Ñ^ŒiHõ x~°∂‡Å#.

3 2
4) HDI = HDI {Ñ¨@}

4 3
ì H© ~õ }
° .
388. aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï HDIÅ#∞ U „QÆO^äOŒ Ö’ á⁄O^Œ∞ÑïK≥#∞?
[. Human development of India - A Study of Inter-state disparity.
389. aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI , HDI Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ,˜ z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ~å¢ëêìÅ∞ ?
1 2
[. ˆH~°à◊, L`«Î~°„Ñ¨^Õâò.
390. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI HDI ÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ,˜ z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok#~å¢ëêìÅ∞?
3 4
[. Hˆ ~°à,◊ Xi™êû.
391. UNFPA =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò – LÖò – Ç¨ÏH±, aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï HDI 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 ÅÖ’ =∞# ~åR™ê÷#=Ú?
[. 9= ~åºOH±.
392. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz#HDI =∞iÜ«Ú HDI ÅÖ’ =∞#~åRO á⁄Ok#~åºO‰õΩÅ∞?
3 4
[. 7= ~åºOH±, 6= ~åºOH±.
393. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã#≤ k?
[. CESS (Centre for Economic and Social Studies).
394. =∞#^Õâ◊OÖ’ „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶¨∞O `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞HõÑ¨Ó~°fi"Õ∞ U~åRO "≥Ú^Œ@QÍ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px
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~°∂á⁄OkOz#k?
[. =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò.
395. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò Human Development Report Ö’ (AP HDR) HDI QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl JOâßÅ∞ ?
[. 1) JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« (=Ü≥∂[# JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« { áê~îâ° ßÅ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«).
2) PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ∞« O, (ãÖ=`«û~°O #∞O_ç PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ∞« O { Infant Survival Rate).
3) `«Åãï qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O.
396. ~åR =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ ê÷<åxfl á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡ ?
[. ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (0.717).
397. AP HDRÖ’ HDIÖ’ ~ Ô O_»=~åºOH±#∞ á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡
[. Hõ$ëê‚ (0.623).
398. AP HDRÖ’ (2001) z=i™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡?
[. =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò #QÆ~ü (0.397).

399. AP HDRÖ’ HDI ~åºOHõÅÖ’ 22=™ê÷#OÖ’ L#fl lÖÏ¡?
[. q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° (0.402).
400. 2001 AP HDRÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p qÅ∞=?
[. 0.537
401. „áêO`åÅ "åsQÍ ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ~åR ã¨Q@ Æ ∞ ã¨∂p HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=ã¨∂p Hõe#æ „áêO`«O?
[. ^ŒH} Δ̃ HÀ™êÎ „áêO`«O.
402. 2005 <å\˜H˜ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò tâ◊√=∞~°} ~ˆ @∞?
[. 57 (1991Ö’ 73, 2002Ö’ 62).
403. Hˆ ~°à`◊ À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ~åROÖ’ tâ◊√=∞~°}~ˆ @∞?
[. KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk. (2005Ö’ Hˆ ~°à◊ IMR - 14).
404. 2004–05Ö’ ~åROÖ’ ÉÏÅHÍi‡‰õΩÅ âß`«O?
[. 6.6% (1993–94Ö’ 14.8%).
405. 2009 HDRÖ’ eOQÆ ãÖ|O^èŒ Jaè=$kú ã¨∂p GDIÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`~« åºOH±?
[. 114 (155 ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ QÍ#∞).
406. 2009 HDRÖ’ (Human Poverty Index)=∂#= ¿Ñ^ŒiHõã∂¨ p (HPI )Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« ~åºOH±?
1
[. 88 (135 ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩQÍ#∞).
407. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ GDIÖ’ (eOQÆ ãÖ|O^èŒ Jaè=$kú ã¨∂z) "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ~Ô O_»∞ ™ê÷<åÖ’¡ L#fl lÖÏ¡Å∞ ?
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[. 1st - Hyderabad, 2nd - Ranga Reddy.
408. AP ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDRÖ’ eOQÆ ãÖ|O^èŒ Jaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ z=i™ê÷#OÖ’ L#fl lÖÏ¡Å∞ ?
[. 22 Rank - Vizianagaram, 23 - Mahabubnagar.
409. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ lÖÏ¡Å"ås K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨C_»∞ =∂#= ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ ã¨∂p (HPI)Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\™˜ ê÷#OÖ’ L#fl lÖÏ¡ (2001
<å\˜H˜)?
[. Hyderabad (0.213) (2nd place Ranga Reddy).
410. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò Ö’ lÖÏ¡Å "åsQÍ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨C_»∞ HPIÖ’ z=i™ê÷#OÖ’ L#fl lÖÏ¡?
[. q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° (0.597).
411. ~åROÖ’ 2001 <å\˜H˜ eOQÆ™êkèHÍ~°`« HÍÅ=∂x ã¨∂p (GEMI)Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#OÖ’ L#fl lÖÏ¡?
[. Hõ$ëê‚ (0.659) (z=i ™ê÷#O – =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü 0.546).
~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∞O :
412. *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõãO¨ ã¨÷ QÆ}O˜ K«QÍ =∞# ~åROÖ’ ~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ ãÖã¨÷
Uk? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
[. ~åR Pi÷Hõ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (Directorate of Economics and Statistics - DES).
413. XHõ ~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅÖ’ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ«∞|_ç# =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ D q^èŒOQÍ
Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞?
[. GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).
414. HõÅÑ¨|_ç# ã¨∂Å÷ qÅ∞= (Gross Value Added GVA) J#QÍ?
[. L`«ÊuÎ KÕã≤# Jxfl =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å ã¨∂÷Å qÅ∞=#∞Oz LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz# =∞^èŒºO`«~° ã¨∂÷Å L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ qÅ∞=#∞
fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ =KÕÛk GVA.
GVA - Gross value of output - value of intermediate inputs.
415. Gross value Added H˜ =∞~À¿Ñ~°∞?

[. GSDP (Gross state Domestic Product).
416. HõÅ∞Ñ¨|_ç# xHõ~° qÅ∞= (Net Value Added) NVA Uq^èOŒ QÍ =ã¨∞OÎ k?
[. GVA - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ / ã≤~
÷ =° ÚÅ^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆqÅ∞=.
417. HõÅÑ¨ |_ç# xHõ~° qÅ∞= (NVA)‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞?
[. xHõ~~° åR L`«ÊuÎ (NSDP Net State Domestic Product).
418. ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl Z@∞¡ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û?
[. ~åR P^•Ü«∞O / ~åR [<åÉèÏ (ÖË^•) NVA /[<åÉèÏ.
FC
419. ã¨∂Å÷ ~åR L`«ÊuÎx (GSDP)Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ =∞kOÑ¨Ù KÕ™êÎ~∞° ? („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
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[. =¸_»∞ 1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Product Method.)
2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Income Method.)
3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ (Expenditure Method.)
420. APÖ’ ~åR L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où QÍ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Zxfl ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Ozi ?
[. 9 „Ñ¨^•è # ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ 17 LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Ozi.
421. =º=™êÜ«∞O, Ñ¨â√◊ áÈ+¨}, J_»=ÙÅ∞,KÕÑÅ¨ ∞, QÆ#∞Å∞ `«=fiHõO, ("≥Ú`«OÎ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO) il+ì̈~ü =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑
~°OQÆO`À HõeÊ 6 LÑ¨ ~°OQÍÖ’¡ GSDx QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ U Ñ¨ûúŒ x LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞?
[. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ .
422. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x U ~°OQÆOÖ’ GSDPQÆ}#‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞?
[. x~å‡} ~°OQÆO.
423. q∞ye# 10 LÑ¨~O° QÍÅÖ’ (J<£ il+ì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑, q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ã~¨ Ñ° ~¨¶ å, "≥Ú`«OÎ ¿ã"å~°OQÆO) U
Ñ¨ûúŒ x LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞?
[. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ .
424, 2010–11 (A)Ö’ GSDPÖ’ `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï?
[. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 53.7%.
425. 2010–11 (A) Ö’ GSDPÖ’ `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO `«~∞° "å`« JkèH"õ å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO?
[. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO (24.5%).
426. 2010–11 (A) Ö’ GSDPÖ’ Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO?
[. kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO (21.6%).
427. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ~å¢ëêì^•Ü«∂xfl ãïáÈe¿ãÎ Hõ#Ñ¨_Õ JOâ◊O?
[. *ÏfÜ«∞, ~åR™ê÷~Ú ~Ô O_çO\˜Ö’#∞ JkèH"õ å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆ"∞Õ . J~Ú`Õ *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ
~°OQÆO z=i™ê÷#OÖ’ LO_»QÍ, ~åR ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO z=i™ê÷#OÖ’ QÆÅ^Œ∞.
428. GSDPÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞O.
429. kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ (GSDPÖ’) JkèH"õ å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO ?
[. =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO.
430. ~åROÖ’ #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~∞° "å`« GSDP =$kú̂~@∞ `«y<æ å, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ@‰õΩ
HÍ~°}O?
[. [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ~ˆ @∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@.
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431. 2010–11(A) ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GSDPZO`«?
[. 5,65,000 HÀ@∞¡.
432. 2010–11(A) ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ GSDPZO`«QÍ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_çOk?
[. 3,71,000 HÀ@∞¡.
433. 2010–11(A) ãÖ.Ö’ ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ GSDP =$kú~ˆ @∞?
[. 8.89 (JO`«‰Ωõ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO =~°ãQ¨ Í 2ãÖ. 5% =$kú~ˆ @∞#∞ JkèQqÆ ∞OzOk.
434. 2010–11(A) ãÖIIÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O?
[. 60,000 ã¨∞=∂~°∞
435. 2010–11(A) ãÖIIÖ’ ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O?
[. 39,200
436. 2010–11(A) ãÖIIÖ’ ~åR `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =$kè~ˆú @∞? (ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’)
[. 7.97 (nx=ÚO^Œ∞ ~Ô O_»∞ ãÖIIÖ’ 4% ÃÑQ· Í LOk).
437. ãÖII HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ lÖÏ¡ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_Õ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å Pi÷Hõ qÅ∞=#∞ D q^èOŒ QÍ
Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~°∞?
[. GDDP (Gross District Domestic Product).
438. 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ (Q) J`«ºkèHõ GDDPQÆÅ lÖÏ¡ Uk („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡)?
[. ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (Ô~O_»=k qâßYÑ¨@flO).
439. 2009–10 ãÖIIÖ’ (Q) J`«ºÅÊ GDDPQÆÅ lÖÏ¡ Uk? („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡)
[. q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° .(Ô~O_»=k NHÍ‰õΩà◊O)
440. 2009–10 (Q) ãÖIIÖ’ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºkèH,õ J`«ºÅÊ GDDPQÆÅ lÖÏ¡Å∞?
[. ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£, NHÍ‰õΩà◊O.
441. lÖÏ¡ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎx, lÖÏ¡ [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏyOK«QÍ =KÕÛk?
[. lÖÏ¡ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O. (`«Åãï GDDP)
442. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2009–10 (Q)Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Hõe#æ lÖÏ¡?
[. ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (~°∂II 86,000/–)
443. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2009–10(Q)Ö’ J`«ºÅÊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Hõe#æ lÖÏ¡?
[. NHÍ‰õΩà◊O (~°∂II 33,700/–)
444. ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ 2009–10 (Q)Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Hõe#æ lÖÏ¡ ?
[. ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ (~°∂II 64,600/–)
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445. ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ 2009–10 (Q)Ö’ J`«ºÅÊ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OHõe#æ lÖÏ¡ ?
[. NHÍ‰õΩà◊O (~°∂II 23,000/–.)
446. 2009–10 ãÖIIÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ ~åR P^•Ü«∞O („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) QÆÅ ~åRO?
[. =∞Ç¨~å„+ì̈ (Ô~O_»=™ê÷#O L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò, =¸_»=™ê÷#O PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò).
447. 2007–08 ãÖIIxH˜ J`«ºÅÊ ~åR P^•Ü«∞O („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) QÆÅ ~åRO?
[. ã≤H¯˜ O (ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅÉèºí "≥∞#ÿ ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’).
448. 2007–08 ãÖIIxH˜ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~åRO („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡)?
[. QÀ"å (~°∂II 96,000).
449. ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ 2009–10 ãÖIIxH˜ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Hõe#æ ~åRO?
[. Ç¨Ï~åº<å (~°∂II 77,800/–).
450. 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~åRO („Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡)?
[. cÇ¨~ü (~°∂II 14,600/–).
451. WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ Ju Z‰õΩ¯= `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^Õ Hˆ O„^Œáêe`«„áêO`«O (2009–10 „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡)?
[. K«O_èQô ~Æ ü (~°∂II 1,28,700/–).
452. 2008–09(P) ãÖIIÖ’ ~åROÖ’ GSDPÖ’ ã¨∂Å÷ ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ#âß`«O?
[. 29% (W^Õ ãÖ.Ö’ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ 35% QÍ LOk).
453. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ =ÖË =∞#~åROÖ’ U ^ŒâH◊ Oõ #∞Oz JkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_»O „áê~°OaèOz#k?
[. 1980 ^ŒâH◊ Oõ #∞Oz.
454. 9= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ GSDP=$kú~ˆ @∞ ZO`« #"≥∂^≥O· k?
[. 5.59%.
455. 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ GSDP =$kú̂~@∞ ZO`« ™êkèOK«_"» ∞≥ Oÿ k?
[. 8.33% (*ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~Ú =$kú 7.8%HõO>ˇ Z‰õΩ¯=).
456. 2010–11 (A)Ö’ ~åR =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å~°OQÆ, GSDP =$kú̂~@∞¡ =~°ãQ¨ Í?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞O 8.39%, Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ 7.79%, ¿ã=Å∞ 9.61% GSDP =$kú 8.89%.
457. ~åROÖ’ ~åR L`«ÊuÎH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ Uq^è•<åÅÖ’ ¿ãHõiã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞?
[. Pq~°ƒqù OKÕ P^•Ü«∞O (Income Originating) Ñ¨^ŒúuÖ’.
458. Pq~°ƒqù OKÕ P^•Ü«∞O (Income Originating) q^è•#O J#QÍ?
[. ~åR Éè∫QÀoHõ ZÅ¡ÅÖ’ ã¨$+≤Oì K«|_Õ P^•Ü«∞O=∂„`«"∞Õ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«|_»∞#∞. ~åR „Ñ¨[Å∞ W`«~° ~å¢ëêìÅÖ’ ãÖáêkOKÕ
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P^•Ü«∞O nxÖ’ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~∞° . PK«~} ° Ö’ D q^è•#OÖ’<Õ ~åR L`«ÊuÎ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«|_»∞`«∞Ok.
459. ~åR „Ñ¨[Å r=#„Ñ¨=∂}Ïxfl JOK«<å "Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ QÆ}O˜ Kåeû#k?
[. ~åR`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O.
460. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ~åROÖ’ ~åR P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ U ãÖ=`«û~åhfl P^•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞?
[. 2004–2005. („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
461. P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~åxfl =∂~°∞Û@‰õΩQÆÅ HÍ~°}ÏÖËq?
[. Z) Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ x~å‡}OÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ `≥Å∞ûH˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ.
a) JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ „Ñ¨=∂}ÏÅ‰õΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =∂~åÛeã≤ LOk.
ã≤) J^èºŒ Ü«∞# Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å#∞ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~K° ∞« @‰õΩ.
_ç) Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ "åãÎ̈= =$kúx `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@‰õΩ.
462. 2001 <å\˜H˜ ~åROÖ’ "≥Ú`«OÎ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ "Õ åi âß`«O?
[. 62% (nxÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞ 22.70% HÍQÍ =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ 39.60% HõÅ~°∞).
463. ~åROÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ Õ "åi ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ Z\Ï¡ L#flq?
[. =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å âß`«O `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« ~åQÍ, =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ âß`«O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞OÎ k. "≥Ú`«OÎ g∞^Œ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ·
P^è•~°Ñ_¨ "Õ åi âß`«O `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k.
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„áêH©ìãπ „Ñ¨â◊flÅ∞
1. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞<Õk
1) xÅfi 2) „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 3) xÅfi =∞iÜ«Ú „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
2. ãÖÑ¨^Œ J<Õk
1) xÅfi 2) „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 3) xÅfi =∞iÜ«Ú „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
3. XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ XHõ ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ „â◊=∞, =¸Å^Œ#O LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz, ã¨ÇÏ¨ [=#~°∞Å ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À L`«ÊuÎK¿Õ ã =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å
xHõ~° qÅ∞"Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞x x~°fizOz#k
1) Ñ≤Q∂Æ 2) =∂~°¬Öò 3) Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû 4) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\©
4. XHõ xs‚`« HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ qÅ∞=Hõ@‰ì Ωõ O_® *Ï„QÆ`ÑÎ« _¨ ∞» `«∂ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· Jxfl =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞=#∞
JOK«<å"Õ¿ãÎ J^Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞x x~°fizOz#k.
5. ''^ÕâO◊ Ö’ L`åÊ^ŒHõ =#~°∞Å ^•fi~å [x`«"∞≥ ,ÿ U\Ï `«∞k qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ KÕ~ˆ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å "≥Ú`«OÎ xHõ~° qÅ∞=#∞ ÖË^•
=¸Å^è#Œ ~åtH˜ [`«KÜ Õ ∞« |_Õ xHõ~° qÅ∞=#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O—— Jx x~°fizOz#k.
6. ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎH,˜ xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎH˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 3) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 4) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O
7. ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl Uq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
8. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ nxÖ’ Hõeã≤ LO@∞Ok
1) ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ 2) xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ 3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
9. XHõ^âÕ ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎ
1) ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 2) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 3) xHõ~*° ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
10. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ^âÕ ◊ áœ~°∞ÅKÕ KÕÜ∞« |_Õ L`«ÊuÎ (^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, ^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx L`«ÊuÎ HÍ|_»=K«∞Û)
1) ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 2) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 3) xHõ~*° ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
11. q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =KÕÛ HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∂xfl q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«QÍ =KÕÛk
12. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, *ÏfÜ≥∂`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®
13. q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O ^è<Œ å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ
1) ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯= 2) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Z‰õΩ¯=
3) ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ ã¨=∂#O 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
14. q^Õj xHõ~H° Í~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ `ÿ Õ
1.2 2.1 3.2 4.4 5.3 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.2 11.4 12.4 13.1
14.2
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15. q^Õj xHõ~H° Í~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O â◊¥#º=∞~Ú`Õ
16. ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ { q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) ´
1) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 2) ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 3) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
17. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ – q^Õj xHõ~H° Í~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O (NFIA) ´
1) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 2) ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 3) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
18. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ [iˆQ L`«ÊuÎx =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° KÕ ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O 2) L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O
3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ª P^•Ü«∞O
19. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÖˇ#· Éè∂í q∞H˜ ÉÏ@HõO, „â◊=∞‰õΩ "Õ`#« O, =¸Å^è<Œ åxH˜ =_ô,¤ =º=™ê÷Ñ‰¨ Ωõ xH˜ ÖÏÉèOí , Å#∞ HõÅÑ¨QÍ =KÕÛ
P^•Ü«∞O
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O 2) L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O
3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ª P^•Ü«∞O
20. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xH˜, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∂xH˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) xHõ~° q^Õj P^•Ü«∞O
21. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔÑ¨#∞flÅ#QÍ
1) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞fl ~å|_ç – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞fl =ã¨∂Å∞‰õΩ JÜÕ∞º =ºÜ«∞O 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
22. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 2) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O 4) GDP
23. L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∂xH˜ xHõ~Ñ° ~¨ ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 2) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O 4) GDP
24. P^•Ü«∂xfl „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) "åã¨"Î å^•Ü«∞O 2) <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O 3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
25. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ ã≤~÷ ° ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÖˇH¯˜ ¿ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) "åã¨"Î å^•Ü«∞O 2) <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O 3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
26. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ@ U ãÖ=`«û~åxfl P^è•~°ãO¨ =`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞H˘<≥#∞
1) 1993–94 2) 1980–81 3) 1970–71 4) 1948–49
27. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ U ãÖ=`«û~åxfl P^è•~°ãO¨ =`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞
1) 1993–94 2) 2004–05 3) 1999–2000 4) 2008–09
15.3 16.1 17.2 18.1 19.2 20.2 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.2 25.1 26.4 27.2
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28. "åãÎ̈"å^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ ã¨∂„`«O
<å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂z
1) x 100 2) x 100
^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂z <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O
"åã¨qÎ Hõ P^•Ü«∞O ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂z
3) x 100 4) x 100
^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂z "åã¨qÎ Hõ P^•Ü«∞O
29. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ^âÕ ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ [iˆQ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞,Î ¿ã=Å L`«ÊuÎx Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
1) GDPMP 2) GDPFC 3) GNPMP 4) GNPFC
30. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÅHõ}
Δ O
1) Wk „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏÉèÏ=# 2) nxÖ’ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Hõeã≤ LO@∞Ok
3) D L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕ, q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕQÍx KÕÜ∞« |_ç LO_»=K«∞Û 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
31. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ P^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞ÅKÕ (^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx) L`«ÊuÎKÜ
Õ ∞« |_ç# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ "å\˜
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° KÕ ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) GDPMP 2) GDPFC 3) GNPMP 4) GNPFC
32. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ K≥Ok#k
1) nxÖ’ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Hõeã≤ LO@∞Ok 2) nxÖ’ xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O KÕiLO_»∞#∞ (NFIA)
3) D L`«ÊuÎ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’Ñ¨ÅQÍx, ^ÕâO◊ "≥Å∞Ñ¨ÅQÍx KÕÜ∞« |_ç LO_»=K«∞Û 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
33. GDPMP + NFIA
1) GDPFC 2) GNPFC 3) GNPMP 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
34. GNPMP - NFIA
1) GDPFC 2) GNPFC 3) GNPMP 4) GDPMP
35. GDP, GNP ÅÖ’ Uk Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok
1) ^è~
Œ Å° ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ∞» #∞ 2) NFIA ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_ ¨ ∞» #∞
3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞ÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_ ¨ ∞» #∞ 4) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_
¨ ∞» #∞
36. GNP > GDP (Group-II 2008)
1) NFIA ^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ`Õ 2) NFIA |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ ` ÿ Õ 3) NFIA â◊¥#º"≥∞` ÿ Õ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
37. GDP > GNP
1) NFIA ^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ`Õ 2) NFIA |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ ` ÿ Õ 3) NFIA â◊¥#º"≥∞`ÿ Õ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
38. GNP = GDP
1) NFIA ^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ`Õ 2) NFIA |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ ` ÿ Õ 3) NFIA â◊¥#º"≥∞`ÿ Õ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
39. GNP
1) GDP HõO>Ë qâßÅ"≥∞# ÿ k 2) GDP + NFIA
3) Wk „Ñ¨^â Õ O◊ HõO>Ë áœ~°∞Å‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`« WK«∞Û#∞ 4) ÃÑ=
· xflÜ«Ú
40. GDP
1) GNP HõO>Ë ãÖ‰õΩz`«"∞≥ # ÿ ÉèÏ=# 2) áœ~°∞ÅHõO>Ë „Ñ¨^âÕ ßxH˜ „áê^è•#º`«xK«∞Û#∞
3) GNP - NFIA 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
28.1 29.1 30.4 31.3 32.4 33.3 34.4 35.2 36.1 37.2 38.3 39.4 40.4
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41. GNP, GDP H˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) NFIA (xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O)
3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
42. GDPMP #∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ
1) NDPFC 2) NDPMP 3) NNPMP 4) NNPFC
43. NDPMP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
1) NDPFC 2) GDPMP 3) GDPFC 4) NNPMP
44. GDPMP H˜ NDPMP H˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) NFIA (q^Õj xHõ~H° Í~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O)
45. GNPMP #∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ
1) NDPMP 2) NDPFC 3) GNPFC 4) NNPMP
46. NNPMP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
1) GNPMP 2) GNPFC 3) NDPMP 4) NDPFC
47. GNPMP H˜ NNPMP H˜ `Õ_®
3) NFIA (xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O) 4) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
48. NNPMP x Dq^èO Œ QÍ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û
1) GNPMP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) NDPMP + NFIA
3) GDPMP + NFIA – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4) ÃÑ=
· xflÜ«Ú
49. GNPMP x Dq^èO Œ QÍ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û
1) GDPMP + NFIA 2) NNPMP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
3) NDPMP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ + NFIA 4) ÃÑ=
· hfl
50. GNPMP H˜ GNPFC H˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 3) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 4) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O
51. GDPMP H˜ GDPFC `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 3) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O 4) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
52. NNPMP H˜ NNPFC H˜ `Õ_®
1) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 2) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 3) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O 4) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞
53. NDPMP H˜ NDPFC H˜ `Õ_®
1) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 2) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O 3) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
54. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#QÍ
1) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞ 4) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
41.2 42.2 43.2 44.1 45.4 46.1 47.4 48.4 49.4 50.3 51.2 52.4 53.1
54.1
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55. GDPFC =
1) GDPMP – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) GDPMP { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) GDPMP – ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ { kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) GDPMP + ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
56. GDPMP =
1) GDPFC – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑ
Δ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) GDPFC { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) GDPFC – ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ { kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) GDPFC + ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
57. NNPFC =
1) NNPMP – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) NNPMP { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) NNPMP – ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ { kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) NNPMP + ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
58. NNPMP =
1) NNPFC – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑ
Δ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) NNPFC { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) NNPFC – ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ { kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) NNPFC + ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
59. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ
1) NNPMP 2) NNPFC 3) GNPMP 4) GNPFC
60. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞#QÍ
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O { Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O – Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
4) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º P^•Ü«∞O { Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞
61. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞, ™êOÑ¶‘∞HõÉèí„^Œ`å q~åàÏÅ∞, q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz
|kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ#∞ KÕi¿ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) GNP 2) GDP 3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O 4) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O
62. Z@∞=O\˜ L`åÊ^ŒHõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÖ’¡ áêÖÁæ#‰õΩO_® UHõÑH¨ OΔõ QÍ á⁄O^Õ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ#∞ U=∞O\Ï~°∞
1) ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 2) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\òÑ#¨ ∞flÅ∞ 4) "Õ`<« åÅ∞
63. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÖ’ ÖËxk
1) x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u 2) q^•º~°∞Å÷ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞ 3) =$^•úÑº¨ Ñ≤OK«<Å£ ∞ 4) É’#ãπ
64. „HÕk "åxÖ’ |kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù Uk ?
1) i>ÿ̌~Ô #· =º‰õΩÅÎ H˜KÛÕ Ñ≤OK«<Å£ ∞ 2) â◊~} ° Ï~°∞Å÷ ‰õΩ KÕ¿ã ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O
3) =~°^ÅŒ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ JOkOKÕ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
65. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_Õk
1) HÍi‡‰õΩÅH˜KÛÕ É’#ãπ 2) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜¿ã=Å∞ 3) q^•º~°∞Å÷ ™ê¯Å~ü+Ñ≤ Åπ ∞ 4) 2 =∞iÜ«Ú 3
66. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ
1) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 2) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – „Ñ¨`º« HõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞
3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – Jxfl ~°HÍÅ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
55.1 56.2 57.1 58.2 59.2 60.1 61.3 62.2 63.4 64.4 65.4 66.2
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ECONOMY
67. ^Õâ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl [<åÉèÏKÕ ÉèÏy¿ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O 2) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O 3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) NNP
68. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°QÍÅO>Ë
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°QÍe 2) [<åÉèÏ `«QÍæe 3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
69. "åãÎ̈qHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
1) "åã¨=Î *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 2) ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
[<åÉèÏ
3) <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
x 100
^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂z
70. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞#∞ á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ { [<åÉèÏ =$kú~ˆ @∞ 2) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ – [<åÉèÏ =$kú~ˆ @∞
3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ 4) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ x [<åÉèÏ =$kú̂~@∞
[<åÉèÏ
71. XHõ^âÕ ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞ 7.8, [<åÉèÏ =$kú̂~@∞ 1.5 HÍQÍ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞
1) 5.2 2) 6.3 3) 9.3 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
72. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl =∞kOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ
1) P^•Ü«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
73. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
1) value added method 2) industrial origin method
3) net output method 4) ÃÑ=
· hfl
74. Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤ÖKˇ #≥ ∞
1) L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) L`«ÊuÎ ¿ã"å Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) "åÅ∂ºÜÕ∞_≥_£ Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· ¸_»∞
75. XHõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ [iy# L`«ÊuÎ =∞~˘Hõ~°OQÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HõOQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«|_ç#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ gross value added
Hõ#∞Q˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
1) gross value added = gross value output + value of intermediatary inputs
2) gross value added = gross value output - value of intermediatary inputs
3) gross value added = gross value output - all inputs 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
76. Gross value added H˜ Net value added H˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
77. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ XˆH =ã¨∞=Î Ù#∞ ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ qÅ∞=Hõ@‰ì Ωõ O_® LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
1) JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ<Õ ÖˇH¯˜ OKåe 2) "åÅ∂ºÜÕ∞_≥_£ Ñ¨ûúŒ x J=ÅOaOKåe
3) ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’<Õ ÖˇH¯˜ OKåe 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2
67.3 68.3 69.4 70.2 71.2 72.4 73.4 74.2 75.2 76.3 77.4
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78. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ ^è~Œ Å° ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl `˘ÅyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤# *Ï„QÆ`Î«
1) ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ L`«ÊuÎx QÆ}O˜ K«∞@ 2) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ QÆ}O˜ z#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p`À ã¨~∞° Éú Ï@∞ KÕÜÚ« @
3) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ ÖˇH¯õ Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞H˘#∞@ 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2
79. L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤# *Ï„QÆ`Î«
1) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ KÕ~Û° ~å^Œ∞ 2) ã¨fiÜ«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl KÕ~åÛe
3) áê`« =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎx ÖˇH¯˜ OK«~å^Œ∞ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
80. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ x Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞° .
1) factor share method 2) distributed share method
3) consumption and investment method 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2
81. ÉÏ@HõO, "Õ`<« åÅ∞, =_ô,¤ ÖÏÉèOí =∞iÜ«Ú q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∂Å∞ KÕ~∞° Û@^•fi~å U Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û
1) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) "åÅ∂ºÜÕ∞_≥_£ Ñ¨ûúŒ
82. q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞=∞#QÍ
1) ^Õâ,◊ q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O
2) ™⁄O`« Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞, ™⁄O`« =¸Å^è#Œ OÃÑ· =KÕÛ „ÑüÑ¶Å¨ O, `å<Õ „âßq∞‰õΩxQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ãÎ =KÕÛ "Õ`#« O
3) „âßq∞‰õΩx "Õ`<« åÅ∞, L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ xÎ r`åÅ∞ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
83. „HÕk"åxÖ’ „âßq∞‰õΩx P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
1) É’#ãπ, ™êOÑ¶∞‘ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù`À ‰õÄ_ç# "Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞
2) Ü«∞[=∂x L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ xÎ H˜KÛÕ ™êOÑ¶∞‘ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù
3) ãÖã¨÷ L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ xÎ HõOkOKÕ Lz`« q^Œº, "≥^· ºŒ O, =„™êÎÅ∞, W`«~° ã¨^∞Œ áêÜ«∂Å∞ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
84. =¸Å^è#Œ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ=Ú
1) _çq_≥O_»∞¡ 2) Ñ¨#∞fl qkèOK«HÑõ Ó¨ ~°fiO ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
3) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù _çáêl@∞¡, ÉÏO_»∞¡ ÃÑ· =_ô,¤ "å}˜[º ÉÏºO‰õΩÅ xHõ~=° _ô¤ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
85. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKÕ JOâ◊O
1) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ ^•fi~å =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O 2) QÍe"å@∞ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
3) K«@=ì ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
86. P^•Ü«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ QÆ}#Ö’ KÕ~Û° =Åã≤# JOâ◊O
1) ÖÏ@sÅ=Å¡ =zÛ# "≥Ú`«OÎ 2) ã¨‡y¡OQ∑ P^•Ü«∞O
3) ™⁄O`«OQÍ LO@∞#fl ae¤OQ∑ÃÑ· K≥eO¡ K«=Åã≤# ÉÏ@HõO 4) x~°∞^ÀºQÆÉ$íè u
87. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨û úŒ H˜ =∞~˘Hõ ¿Ñ~°∞
1) Income disposable method 2) Consumption and Investment method
3) Final product method 4) ÃÑ=
· hfl
88. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ GDP Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO
1) C + I + G 2) C + I + G + (X - M)
3) C + I + G + (X - M) + NFIA 4) JxflÜ«Ú
78.4 79.4 80.4 81.1 82.2 83.4 84.3 85.4 86.3 87.4 88.2
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89. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ J#QÍ
1) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ { kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 2) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
3) ZQÆ∞=∞u P^•Ü«∞O #∞O_ç kQÆ∞=∞u =ºÜ«∞O q∞#Ç¨~Ú¿ãÎ =KÕÛk 4) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
90. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ GNP Ö’ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞
1) C + I + G 2) C + I + G + (X - M)
3) C + I + G + (X - M) + NFIA 4) C + I + G + (X - M) - NFIA
91. Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ [iˆQ "≥Ú`«OÎ ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞O
1) qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O (C), „ÃÑ" · \Õ ò =ºÜ«∞O (I), „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O (G)
2) qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O (C), „ÃÑ" · \Õ ò =ºÜ«∞O (I), „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O (G), xHõ~° q^Õj =ºÜ«∞O (X - M)
3) qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O (C), „ÃÑ·"Õ\ò =ºÜ«∞O (I), „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi =ºÜ«∞O (G), q^Õj =ºÜ«∞O (X - M), q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°Hõ =ºÜ«∞O
4) ÃÑ=· hfl
92. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ fã¨∞HÀx JOâ◊O
1) ¿+~°∞,¡ ÉÏO_»Ã¡ Ñ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O 2) ÃãHÔ O_£ Ç¨ºO_£ QÆ∂_£ûÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O
3) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
93. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«=Åã≤#k
1) ÖÏ@sÅ ^•fi~å =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O 2) áê`« Ü«∞O„`«O Jq∞‡`Õ =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O
3) ¿+~ü J=∞‡HõO =Å# =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
94. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ „HÕk "åxÖ’ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤# JOâ◊O Uk ?
1) ¿+~°∞¡ J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ U*ˇO\ò fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ Hõg∞+¨<£ 2) áê`« HÍ~°∞ J"Õ∞‡@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ U*ˇO\ò Hõg∞+¨<£
3) ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì [_ô̊HK˜ ÛÕ r`«O 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
95. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ U Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}ã˜ ∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞ (Group-II 2008)
1) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
3) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
96. Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (CSO) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ Zxfl „Ñ¨^•è # ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí OzOk
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
97. ''ˆHO„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷—— (CSO) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ 3 „Ñ¨^•è # ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Oz#k. Jq
1) =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å~°OQÍÅ∞ 2) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞
3) ‰õΩ@∞O|, ãÖã¨Å÷ , „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÍÅ∞ 4) ^ÕjÜ«∞, q^Õj, á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ~°OQÍÅ∞
98. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"∞≥ #ÿ JOâ◊O
1) =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) J@gãÖÑ¨^,Œ =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ
3) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ =∞iÜ«Ú HÍfii~ÚOQ∑ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
99. CSO qÉè[ í #Ö’ QÆÅ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞
1) =∂#∞º á¶êHõÛiOQ∑ 2) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å
3) x~å‡}=Ú 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
89.2 90.3 91.2 92.4 93.4 94.4 95.4 96.2 97.2 98.4 99.4
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100. áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO J#QÍ
1) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO { QÆ#∞Å `«=fiHõO 2) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO { QÆ#∞Å `«=fiHõO
3) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO { =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊√§, ~Ô ™êì~Ô O@∞¡ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
101. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 2) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 3) `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
102. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO (Group-II 2008)
1) =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 2) Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO 3) ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
103. QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 2) Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO 3) ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2
104. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ U ~°OQÆOÖ’ J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 2) i[+ì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO
3) x~å‡} ~°OQÆO (Ñ¨@} ì ÏÖ’¡) 4 ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
105. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ UU ~°OQÆOÖ’ J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞
1) J<£ ilãì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO 2) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å
3) ¿ã"å ~°OQÆO 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
106. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ x U ~°OQÆOÖ’ J=ÅOaèã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞
1) x~å‡}=Ú (Ñ¨@} ì ÏÖ’¡) 2) x~å‡}O („QÍg∞}„áêO`åÖ’¡)
3) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ (il+ì̈~)¤ü 4) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ (J<£ i[+ì̈~)¤ü
107. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å#∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ êiQÍ QÆ}O˜ z#k (Group-II 2008)
1) ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr 2) P.C. =∞Ç¨ÏÅ <Àaãπ 3) V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù 4) J\˜¯<£ã¨<£
108. ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ ã¨=∞ã¨º „áê^è•#º`«#∞ <˘H˜¯ K≥¿ÑÊO^Œ∞‰õΩ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å#∞ nxÖ’ „Ñ¨K∞« iOK≥#∞
1) Poverty and un British Rule in India 2) Poverty in India
3) National Income in India 4) Planning and the poor
109. ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr 1867–68 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õã#≤ Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï
P^•Ü«∂Å∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
1) ~°∂II 1689 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 62 2) ~°∂II 250 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 30
3) ~°∂II 240 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 25 4) ~°∂II 340 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 20
110. ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "Õã#≤ "å~°∞
1) qeÜ«∞O_çwƒ 2) Ñ¶O≤ _Õ¡ +≤„~åãπ 3) P~ü.ã≤.^ÕâßÜü∞ 4) ÃÑ"· å~°O^Œ~∂°
111. "Wealth and Taxable capacity of India" J<Õ „QÆO^äOŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "Õã#≤ "å~°∞
1) qeÜ«∞O_çwƒ 2) HÔ .\˜.ëê =∞iÜ«Ú HõO|\Ïì
3) R.C. ^ÕâßÜü∞ 4) V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù
112. "Consumer Expenditure in India" J<Õ „QÆO^äO Œ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õã#≤ k
1) qeÜ«∞O_çwƒ 2) HÔ .\˜.ëê =∞iÜ«Ú HõO|\Ïì 3) R.C. ^ÕâßÜü∞ 4) V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù
100.1 101.1 102.2 103.4 104.4 105.4 106.2 107.1 108.1 109.4 110.4 111.2 112.3
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113. ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl âß„ã‘Ü Î ∞« Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ JOK«<å"Õã#≤ Ñ¶∞¨ #`« giH˜ ^ŒH¯˜ Ok
1) ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr 2) V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù 3) P.C. =∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ 4) R.C. ^ÕâßÜü∞
114. V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù JOK«<åÅÖ’ (1931–32 ãÖIIH˜) ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
1) ~°∂II 340 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 20 2) ~°∂II 1689 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 62
3) ~°∂II 8,710 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 225 4) ~°∂II 2,364 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂II 74
115. V.K.R.V ~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O ˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
1) L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨ûúŒ =∂„`«"∞Õ 2) L`«ÊuÎ, P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) L`«ÊuÎ, =ºÜ«∞Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) P^•Ü«∞, =ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ
116. ™êfi`«O„`åº#O`«~O° ^ÕâO◊ "≥Ú`åÎxH˜ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ z# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© J^èºŒ ‰õΩΔ _»∞
1) Ñ≤.ã≤. =∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ 2) _ç.P~ü. QÍ_çÖæ ò 3) q.ÔH.P~ü.q. ~å=Ù 4) Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ˇ<\≥ òû.
117. ÉèÏ~°`« „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO ''*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\©x—— (High powered expert commettee) xÜ«∞q∞Oz# ãÖ=`«û~°O
1) 1949 2) 1951 3) 1954 4) 1965
118. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\©H˜ D ~°OQÆOÖ’ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ MÏºu QÆ_Oç z# gi ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O ÅaèOzOk
1) Ãã·=∞<£ ‰õΩ*ˇ<≥\òû 2) J.R.N. ™Èì<£ 3) _≥~ü¯ã¨<£ 4) ÃÑ· =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞
119. 1948–49 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\© JOK«<å "Õã# ≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
1) ~°∂II 20 2) ~°∂II 62 3) ~°∂II 225 4) ~°∂II 2,225
120. ˆHO„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (CSO) Ü≥ÚHõ¯ „Ñ¨^•è # HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞O ZK«Û@ HõÅ^Œ∞
1) =ÚOÉÏ~Ú 2) #∂º_èbç ¡ 3) HÀÖòH`õ åÎ 4) Ñ¨Ó<≥
121. ˆHO„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ (CSO) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ "National Accounts Statastics" (NAS) ¿Ñ~°∞`À ZÑ¨Ê\˜#∞Oz
„Ñ¨K«∞iã¨∞ÎOk
1) 1975 2) 1985 3) 1970 4) 1980
122. 1975 #∞Oz Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ „Ñ¨K∞« iOKÕ "National Accounts Statastics" #∞ D q^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
1) White paper 2) Blue paper 3) Yellow paper 4) Red paper
123. ~å„+ì̈ QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ ¿ãHõ~°}Ö’ XHõ U*ˇhûH˜, =∞~˘Hõ U*ˇhûH˜ `Õ_®x ãïk^ÕÌO^Œ∞‰õΩ Z=i J^èŒºHõΔ`«# ''*ÏfÜ«∞
QÆ}ÏOHõ Hõg∞+¨<—£ — xÜ«∞q∞OK«|_çOk
1) J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£ 2) ~°OQÆ~å[<£ 3) ã¨∞~ˆ ãπ >ˇO_»∂Å¯~ü 4) ã¨∞ÉÏƒ~å=Ù
124. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕk
1) NSSO 2) CSO 3) Planning Commision 4) Finance commision
125. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º
1) ¿ã=Å ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º 2) „^Œ=º =∂Ô~¯\òÖ’H˜ ~åx =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å ã¨=∞ã¨º
3) P^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ ã¨„Hõ=∞OQÍ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«Háõ È=Ù@ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
126. D JOâ◊O ^•fi~å *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=K«∞Û
1) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =KÕÛ =º=™ê÷Ñ~¨ "° ∞≥ #ÿ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
2) qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÅ Pi÷Hõ ã≤u÷ QÆ`∞« Å∞ ãïáÈÖËÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ
3) XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ö’ "Õ~∞° "Õ~∞° HÍÖÏÖ’¡ Pi÷Hõ Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÍaè=$kúx ãïáÈÖËÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
113.2 114.2 115.2 116.1 117.1 118.4 119.3 120.2 121.1 122.1 123.2 124.2 125.4
126.4
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127. 1950 #∞Oz 1980 =∞^èºŒ HÍÅOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 3.5% =∂„`«"∞Õ LO^Œx "åºMÏºxOz#k
1) ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àl 2) Ñ≤.ã≤.=∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ 3) „á⁄ÃÑã¶ ~¨ ü ~å*òH$õ +¨‚ 4) ~°OQÆ~å[<£
128. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =$kú̂~@∞ J#QÍ
1) "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏúÅ HÍÅOÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ 3.5% LO_»∞@
129. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞ J`«ºkèHOõ QÍ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°O
1) 2006–07 2) 2005–06 3) 2007–08 4) 1988–89
130. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 1988–89Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞
1) 10.3% 2) 9.7% 3) 12% 4) 13%
131. 1988–89 `«~åfi`« J`«ºkHõ =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^≥#· 2= ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° "ù ∞Õ k ?
1) 2006–07 2) 2005–06 3) 2007–08 4) 1988–89
132. WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Ωõ =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ 9%, JO`«HOõ >Ë Z‰õΩ¯=âß`«O =$kú #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅ∞
1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 6
133. =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ U ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ Ju Z‰õΩ¯= |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^≥O· k
1) 1979–80 2) 1972–73 3) 1965–66 4) 1957–58
134. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ "åsQÍ ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ju Z‰õΩ¯= =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^≥#· „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ
1) 1= 2) 8= 3) 9= 4) 10=
135. Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^≥#· „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ Uk ?
1) 1= 2) 2= 3) 3= 4) 9=
136. 2010–11 ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_ç# =$kú~ˆ @∞
1) 5.7% 2) 8.6% 3) 7.7% 4) 9.5%
137. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_ç# "≥Ú`«OÎ
1) ã¨∞=∂~°∞ ~°∂II20,000 2) ~°∂II33,000 3) ~°∂II28,000 4) ~°∂II50,000
138. 2010–11J_®fi<£û_£ JOK«<åÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
1) ~°∂II60,000 2) ~°∂II54,000 3) ~°∂II29,000 4) ~°∂II31,000
139. 2009–10 Ö’ ã¨`fi« ~° JOK«<åÖ’¡ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
1) 29,00,000 HÀ@∞¡ 2) 39,00,000 HÀ@∞¡ 3) 35,00,000 HÀ@∞¡ 4) 45,00,000 HÀ@∞¡
140. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2009–10 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_ç# ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
1) ~°∂II 40,000 2) ~°∂II 46,000 3) ~°∂II 54,000 4) ~°∂II 39,000
141. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕ ~°OQÆO (Group-II 2008)
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 2) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 3) `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 4) ™ê÷xHõ ~°OQÆO
142. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO #∞Oz ÅÉèºí =∞ÜÕ∞º "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞ (Group-II 2008)
1) 50 âß`«O ÃÑ#· 2) 60 âß`«O ÃÑ#· 3) 70 âß`«O ÃÑ#· 4) 80 âß`«O ÃÑ#·
127.3 128.1 129.4 130.1 131.1 132.3 133.1 134.4 135.3 136.2 137.2 138.2 139.2
140.3 141.3 142.1
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ECONOMY
143. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ∞ JOkOKÕ "å\ÏÅ#∞ |\˜ì J=~ÀÇ¨Ï} „Hõ=∞OÖ’
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞ 2) kfifÜ«∞, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞
3) kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÍÅ∞ 4) `«$fÜ«∞, kfifÜ«∞, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÍÅ∞
144. 1950–51Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#OkOKÕ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO Ü≥ÚHõ¯ <Õ\ ˜ ™ê÷#O
1) „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞ ™ê÷#O 2) kfifÜ«∞ ™ê÷#O 3) `«$fÜ«∞ ™ê÷#O 4) K≥ÑÊ¨ ÖË=Ú
145. LÑ¨~O° QÍÅ "åsQÍ ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO
1) =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑
3) =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊√§, ~°"å}Ï, ã¨=∂Kå~°O 4) ÃÑ<·¶ å<£û, cè=∂, iÜ«∞Öò Z¿ã\ì ò
146. 2009–10 (Q) ã¨`fi« ~° JOK«<åÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞ (Group-II 2008)
1) 17% 2) 25% 3) 30% 4) 35%
147. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO "å\Ï
1) 1/4= =O`«∞ 2) 1/5= =O`«∞ 3) 1/3= =O`«∞ 4) 1/2= =O`«∞
148. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J@gãÖÑ¨^Œ "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1) 5% 2) 4% 3) 6% 4) 1% HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=
149. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ 2006–07 <å\˜H˜ =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1) 15% 2) 20% 3) 25% 4) 10%
150. 1950–51Ö’ GDP Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1) 5% 2) 8% 3) 10% 4) 15%
151. #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å =~°‰Ωõ GDP Ö’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\Ï
1) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =zÛOk 2) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk 3) ã≤~÷ O° QÍ LOk 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
152. <Õ\ H˜ ˜© *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï D ~°OQÆO #∞Oz ÅÉèºí =∞=Ù`«∞Ok
1) „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ~°OQÆO 2) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO 3) q∞„â◊=∞ ~°OQÆO 4) ™ê÷xHõ ~°OQÆO
153. GDPÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO "å\ÏÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕk
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ# 2) _çáê~ü"ì ∞≥ O@Öò ZO@~ü „ÃÑ*· ãˇ π
3) <å<£ _çáê~ü"ì ∞≥ O@Öò ZO@~ü „ÃÑ*· ãˇ π 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
154. „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ∞ „áê~°OÉè=í ∞~Ú# `«~∞° "å`« GDP Ö’ „QÍg∞}~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï
1) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =zÛOk 2) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« #flÑ¨Ê\˜H© ã¨QOÆ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkã¨∞OÎ k
3) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =K«∞Û@ÜÕ∞ HÍHõ ã¨QOÆ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkã¨∞OÎ k
4) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk
155. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O GDP Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO
1) „QÍg∞}~°OQÆO 2) Ñ¨@} ì ~°OQÆO 3) "≥∞„\’áêe\˜<£ ã≤\ ã© π 4) ™ê÷xHõ ~°OQÆO
156. ''ˆHO„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨—÷ — „Ñ¨HÍ~°O XHõ ãÖã¨÷ U^≥<· å K«@Oì HÕ^Œ #"≥∂^Œ~Ú LO_»∞@QÍx, „Ñü ãÖ=`«û~°O Pã≤Î JÑ¨ÙÊÅ
Ñ¨\ xì© `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã∞¨ OÎ _»@O QÍx KÕ¿ã ãÖã¨÷
1) J=º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO 2) =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO 3) ™⁄O`« "åºáê~°O 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
143.4 144.3 145.3 146.1 147.2 148.4 149.1 150.2 151.2 152.1 153.3 154.3 155.2
156.2
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ECONOMY
157. ™êfi`«O„`åº#O`«~O° NDP Ö’ =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO "å\Ï
1) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk 2) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞#Î flÑ¨Ê\˜H© NDPÖ’ ã¨QOÆ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk
3) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞#Î flÑ¨Ê\˜H© NDPÖ’ ã¨QOÆ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk 4) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k
158. ~°OQÍÅ "åsQÍ ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= "å\Ï U =º=ã‘H÷ $õ `« ~°OQÆO #∞Oz Åaèã∞¨ OÎ k
1) =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO 2) Ñï„â◊=∞Å ~°OQÆO 3) ¿ã"å~°OQÆO 4) 2 =∞iÜ«Ú 3
159. „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ =zÛ# x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕã#≤ "å~°∞. (NCAER H˜ K≥Ok#"å~°∞)
1) J„|Ç¨ÏO =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ∞~°∞™êfiq∞ 2) =∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ^"Õ £ =∞iÜ«Ú ~°q
3) ~å*Ëâòâ√◊ HÍ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤kdú 4) ÃÑ"· å~°O^Œ~∂°
160. 2007–08 <å\˜H˜ „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO
1) =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ 3) ¿ã=Å∞ 4) ™ê÷xHõ~O° QÆO
161. 2007–08 <å\˜H˜ „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ J`«ºÅÊ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ ~°OQÆO
1) =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞ 3) ¿ã=Å∞ 4) ™ê÷xHõ~O° QÆO
162. „QÍg∞} GDPÖ’ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ # ÿ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
1) ãÖÉèqí ã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú 2) ãÖÉèqí OK«Ö^Ë ∞Œ
3) ãÖÉèqí ã¨∞#Î flÑ¨Ê\˜H© =º=™êÜ«∞"Õ∞ „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞ ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk
4) ãÖÉèqí ã¨∞#Î flÑ¨Ê\˜H© ¿ã=Å~°OQÆO „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞ ™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk
163. ~ Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ (Two sector Model) ~°OQÍÅ∞
1) ^ÕjÜ«∞~°OQÆO, q^Õj~°OQÆO 2) =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO, áêi„âßq∞Hõ~O° QÆO
3) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù~°OQÆO, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç~O° QÆO 4) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO
164. ~ Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨‰÷ Ωõ (Two sector Model) ãÖ|OkèOz ÅHõ} Δ "Õ∞k
1) xÜ«∞q∞`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ (closed economy) 2) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi áêÅ# LO_»^∞Œ
3) D #=¸<å "åã¨"Î åxH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LO@∞Ok 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
165. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO #∞Oz L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÍxH˜ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«QÍ, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO #∞Oz
=ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÍxH˜ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«_®xfl
1) "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 2) „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°H,õ =ã¨∞Î =∂Ô~¯\ò 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 3
166. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ HÍ~°Hõ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ∞ „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«QÍ, ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ #∞Oz ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ
=ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«_®xfl D q^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
1) "åã¨=Î „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 2) „^Œ=º „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
3) HÍ~°Hõ =∞iÜ«Ú =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 4) 2 =∞iÜ«Ú 3
167. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ `«=∞H˘zÛ# P^•Ü«∂#flO`å =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« ‰õΩO_® á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙKÕ¿ã ã≤u÷
1) ãÖÑ¨Ó~°‚ =ºÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ 2) q∞`« =ºÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷
3) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ 4) 2 =∞iÜ«Ú 3
157.2 158.1 159.3 160.1 161.3 162.3 163.4 164.4 165.4 166.4 167.4
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ECONOMY
168. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù J<Õk (Group-II 2008)
1) P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yãæ ∞¨ OÎ k (leakage to circular flow of income)
2) P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok (Injection to circular flow of income)
3) P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞#∞ =∞iÜ«Ú `«yO æ K«∞#∞ 4) „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O K«∂Ñ¨^∞Œ
169. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
1) P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yãæ ∞¨ OÎ k (leakage to circular flow of income)
2) P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok (Injection to circular flow of income)
3) P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞#∞ =∞iÜ«Ú `«yO æ K«∞#∞ 4) „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O K«∂Ñ¨^∞Œ
170. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ x|O^è#Œ (Group-II 2008)
1) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù > ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç (S > I) 2) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç > á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù (I > S)
3) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ´ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç (S = I) 4) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ XHõ\ H˜ ˜ ã¨=∂#O HÍ"åe
171. Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç HõO>Ë á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù Z‰õΩ¯"≥#· Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
1) `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞ 2) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ 3) ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞ 4) ZÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O K«∂Ñ¨^∞Œ
172. Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙHõO>Ë ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç Z‰õΩ¯"≥#· Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
1) `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞ 2) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ 3) ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞ 4) ZÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O K«∂Ñ¨^∞Œ
173. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ (Three sector model) ÉèÏQÍÅ∞
1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO 2) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO, q^Õj~°OQÆO
3) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO, á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù~°OQÆO 4) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, ãÖã¨Å÷ ~°OQÆO, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç~O° QÆO
174. =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ (Three sector model) QÆ$Ç¨Å∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ÃÑ#· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ qkèOK«∞@ =Å#
P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
1) `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞ 2) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ 3) `«y,æ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ 4) „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O K«∂Ñ¨^∞Œ
175. Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜ Dq^èO Œ QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« #∞
1) Leakage to circular flow of income 2) Injection to circular flow of income
3) Both leakage and Injection 4) None of the above
176. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO Ñ¨#∞flÅ^•fi~å =ã¨∂Å∞KÕã#≤ P^•Ü«∂xfl HÍ~°H¿õ ã=Å∞, =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ#· =∞iÜ«Ú |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÃÑ#· =ºÜ«∞O
KÕÜÚ« @=Å# P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
1) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ (Injection) 2) `«Q∞Æ #
æ ∞ (leakage)
3) `«Q∞Æ # æ ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ (both leakage and injection) 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
177. |kb K≥eO ¡ Ñ¨ÙÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
1) â◊~} ° Ï~°∞ÅÌ ‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O 2) *ÏfÜ«∞ ~°∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ 3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 4) 1HÍ^Œ∞, 2HÍ^Œ∞
178. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#k
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO #∞Oz QÆ$Ç¨Å‰õΩ, ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ P^•Ü«∞O „Ñ¨=Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞
2) QÆ$Ç¨Å∞, ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ "åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO LO_»^∞Œ
3) Wq UHõÑH¨ Δõ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
168.1 169.2 170.3 171.1 172.2 173.1 174.1 175.1 176.1 177.3 178.4
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ECONOMY
179. =¸_»∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #^Õk
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yOæ K«∞#∞
2) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ºÜ«∞O, |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞#∞
3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfixH˜ =zÛ# Ñ¨#∞fl P^•Ü«∞O, "≥Ú`«OÎ =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« |_ç`Õ P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ LO_»∞#∞
4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«¸ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ
180. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k
1) q^Õj "åºáê~°O KÕÜ∞« x Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ closed economy JO^Œ∞~°∞
2) q^Õj "åºáê~°O HõeyL#fl Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨#÷ ∞ open economy JO^Œ∞~°∞
3) open economy Ö’ QÆ$Ç¨Ï, ãÖã¨Å÷ , „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi, q^Õj~°OQÍÅ∞O\Ï~Ú 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ
181. Open economy H˜ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞
1) ~Ô O_»∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ 2) =¸_»∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷
3) <åÅ∞QÆ∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2
182. <åÅ∞QÆ∞~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ ZQÆ∞=∞u, kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜÚ« #∞
1) leakage and injection 2) injection and leakage
3) only leakage 4) only injection
183. <åÅ∞QÆ∞~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ P^•Ü«∞ ã¨=∞`ÒÖÏºxH˜ LO_»=Åã≤# x|O^è#Œ
1) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ´ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 2) Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O, |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ´ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) ÃÑ· =¸_»∞
184. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zx ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕk (HDI)
1) UNO 2) UNDP 3) WHO 4) WTO
185. U ãÖ=`«û~°O #∞O_ç HDI x ~°∂á⁄Okã¨∞<Î åfl~°∞
1) 1979 2) 1989 3) 1990 4) 1999
186. HDI ~°∂Ñ¨HÅõ Ê#Ö’ Hõ$+≤KãÕ #≤ "å~°∞
1) J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£ 2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH±
3) "Õ∞Ñ¶∞¨ <å^ä£ ^ÕâßÜü∞ =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ∞™êÎ"£ ~å}©ãπ 4) ÃÑ· "å~°O^Œ~∂°
187. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z (HDI) ~°∂Ñ¨teÊQÍ gix Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
1) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± 2) J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£ 3) "Õ∞Ñ¶∞¨ <å^ä£ ^ÕâßÜü∞ 4) QÆ∞™êÎ"£ ~å}©ãπ
188. HDI QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ JOâßÅ∞
1) ™êOÑ¶∞‘ Hõ JOâßÅ∞ 2) Pi÷HÍOâßÅ∞ 3) ™êOÑ¶∞‘ Hõ, Pi÷HÍOâßÅ∞ 4) UgHÍ=Ù
189. HDI QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞HÀx JOâ◊O
1) q^Œº ãÖ|O^èŒ JOâ◊O 2) P~ÀQÆº ãÖ|O^èŒ JOâ◊O
3) P^•Ü«∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ JOâ◊O 4) =∞`« ãÖ|O^èŒ JOâ◊O
190. HDI QÆ}#Ö’ ÖËx JOâ◊O (Group-II 2008)
1) PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O 2) tâ◊√ =∞~°}~ˆ @∞ 3) JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« 4) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
179.4 180.4 181.3 182.2 183.4 184.2 185.3 186.4 187.1 188.3 189.4 190.2
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ECONOMY
191. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïHÍx^Õk
1) Ñ¨Ù\ì̃#Ñ¨Ê\˜#∞Oz PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∂« xfl QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞°
2) =Ü≥∂[# JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«‰Ωõ 2/3= =O`«∞ „áê^è•#º`« W=fi|_çOk
3) q^•º~°OQÆOÖ’ L=∞‡_ç #"≥∂^Œ∞ ~ˆ @∞ 1/3= =O`«∞ „áê^è•#º`« W™êÎ~∞°
4) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl qx=∞Ü«∞ ~ˆ @∞Ö’ QÆÅ J"≥∞iHÍ _®Å~°Ö¡ ’ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞°
192. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ HDIÖ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xfl Dq^èO Œ QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ (Group-II 2008)
1) `«Åãï GDP 2) `«Åãï GNP
3) qx=∞Ü«∞ ~ ˆ @∞„Ñ¨HÍ~°O J"≥∞iHÍ _®Å~°Ö¡ ’ `«Åãï GDP
4) H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊Hã Î̃ =¨ ∂#`« (PPP) Ö’ QÆÅ J"≥∞iHÍ _®Å~°Ö¡ ’ `«Åãï GDP
193. HDI QÆ}#Ö’ XH˘¯Hõ¯ JOâßxH˜ JOâ◊ã∂ ¨ p Uq^èOŒ QÍ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞°
1) "åã¨=Î qÅ∞= – Hõx+¨qì Å∞= 2) "åã¨=Î qÅ∞= { Hõx+¨qì Å∞=
QÆi+ì̈qÅ∞= – Hõx+ì̈qÅ∞= QÆi+ì̈qÅ∞= – Hõx+ì̈qÅ∞=
3) "åã¨=Î qÅ∞= { Hõx+¨qì Å∞= 2) "åã¨=Î qÅ∞= – Hõx+¨qì Å∞=
QÆi+¨qì Å∞= { Hõx+¨qì Å∞= QÆi+¨qì Å∞= { Hõx+¨qì Å∞=
194. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ HDI Ö’ PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« ã¨∂z Hõx+¨,ì QÆi+¨ì qÅ∞=Å∞
1) 25 ãÖIIÅ∞, 85 ãÖIIÅ∞ 2) 85 ãÖIIÅ∞, 25 ãÖIIÅ∞
3) 28 ãÖIIÅ∞, 77 ãÖIIÅ∞ 4) 77 ãÖIIÅ∞, 28 ãÖIIÅ∞
195. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ HDI Ö’ `«Åãï GDP (US$ PPP) Hõx+¨ì QÆi+¨ì qÅ∞=Å∞
1) 100 † 40,000 2) 40,000 † 100 3) 200 † 30,000 4) 30,000 † 200
196. UNDP "å~°∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ HDI qÅ∞= ZÑ¨Ù_»∂ Dq^èOŒ QÍ LO@∞Ok
1) 0–1 =∞^ŒºÖ’ LO@∞Ok 2) 0–100 =∞^ŒºÖ’ LO@∞Ok
3) 0–0.5 =∞^ŒºÖ’ LO@∞Ok 4) 0–1000 =∞^ŒºÖ’ LO@∞Ok
197. HDI qÅ∞=Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O „Ñ¨ÑO ¨ K«^âÕ ßÅ =sæH~õ }
° Ö’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k
1) 0.000 – 0.499 =∞^Œº qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q JÅÊ =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞
2) 0.500 – 0.799 =∞^Œº qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q =∞^Œº™ê÷~Ú =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞
3) 0.800 – 1.00 =∞^Œº qÅ∞=Å∞ Hõe#æ q JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞
4) JxflÜ«¸ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ
198. 2007 QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOz# 2009 HDR ãÖ|OkOz ãïHÍxk
1) J`«ºkHõ, JkèH,õ =∞^Œº™ê÷~Ú, JÅÊ =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅx =sæHiõ OK«_"» ∞≥ Oÿ k
2) 2009 HDRÖ’ 182 ^ÕâßÅ#∞ fã¨∞HÀ=_»"∞≥ O ÿk
3) 0.900 – 1.00 =∞^Œº qÅ∞= Hõe#æ ^ÕâßÅ#∞ J`«ºkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú^âÕ ßÅO^Œ∞~°∞
4) nxÖ’ WO_çÜ∂« 132= ~åºOH±#∞ á⁄Ok#k
199. 2008 HDRÖ’ 179 ^ÕâßÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë WO_çÜ∂ « ~åºOH±
1) 126 2) 128 3) 132 4) 134
191.4 192.4 193.1 194.1 195.1 196.1 197.4 198.4 199.3
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ECONOMY
200. 2009 HDRÖ’ 182 ^ÕâßÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë WO_çÜ∂« ™ê÷#O.
1) 132 2) 134 3) 128 4) 126
201. 2010 HDRÖ’ z=i™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ^ÕâO ◊
1) ã≤Ü∞≥ „~åeÜ≥∞<£ 2) lOÉÏÉËfi 3) ™È=∂eÜ«∂ 4) PÑ¶x…¨ ™êÎ<£
202. 2010 HDRÖ’ WO_çÜ∂ « ™ê÷#O
1) 132 2) 119 3) 128 4) 126
203. 2010 HDRÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\,˜ z=i ™ê÷<åÅ ^ÕâßÅ qÅ∞=Å∞
1) 0.968, 0.366 2) 0.938, 0.140 3) 0.968, 0.340 4) 0.971, 0.366
204. 2010 HDRÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`^ « âÕ ◊ HDI qÅ∞=
1) 0.609 2) 0.519 3) 0.619 4) 0.610
205. 2010 HDRÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ 12 ^ÕâßÅÖ’ ™ê÷#O ãÖáêkOz# Pã≤Ü∂ « ^ÕâO◊
1) K≥<· å 2) [áê<£ 3) ^ŒH} Δ̃ H˘iÜ«∂ 4) ã≤OQÆÑÓ¨ ~ü
206. 1990 #∞Oz <Õ\ = ˜ ~°‰Ωõ HDIÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=™ê~°∞¡ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷<åxfl á⁄Ok#^ÕâO◊
1) <åÔ~fi 2) SãπÖÏO_£ 3) HÔ #_® 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 3
207. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ HõO>ˇ =∂#"åaè=$kú ~åºOH±Ö’ =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ^ÕâßÅ∞
1) K≥<· å 2) =∂bÌ=ÙÅ∞ 3) NÅOHõ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
208. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ HõO>ˇ =∂#"åaè=$kú ~åºOH±Ö’ "≥#∞HõO[Ö’ L#fl ^ÕâßÅ∞
1) <ÕáêÖò 2) q∞Ü«∞<å‡~ü 3) áêH˜™êÎ<£ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
209. 2010 HDRÖ’ J`«ºkèH,õ JkèH,õ =∞^Œº™ê÷~Ú, JÅÊ =∂#"åaè=$kú ^ÕâßÅ∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
1) 42, 43,42, 42 2) 45, 38, 75, 24 3) 45, 38, 24, 75 4) 38, 45, 24, 75
210. BRICS („ÉˇlÖò, ~°ëêº, WO_çÜ∂« , K≥<· å, ^ŒH} Δ̃ Ï„Ñ¶H≤ Í) ^ÕâßÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ^ÕâO◊
1) „ÉˇlÖò 2) ~°ëêº 3) WO_çÜ∂« 4) K≥<· å
211. ÉèÏ~°`^ « âÕ ßxH˜ á⁄~°∞QÆ∞#∞#fl „HÕk ^ÕâßÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ^ÕâO◊
1) =∂bÌ=ÙÅ∞ 2) NÅOHõ 3) Éè∂í \Ï<£ 4) =∞Ü«∂#‡~ü
212. 2010 '=∂#"åaè=$kú— x"ÕkHõÖ’ HDI ~åºO‰õΩÅÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`^ « âÕ ßxH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ (118), `«~åfi`« (120) QÆÅ ^ÕâßÅ∞
1) ™êÖò=∞<£ n=ÙÅ∞, ÖÏ"Àãπ 2) Éè∂í \Ï<£, ÖÏ"Àãπ
3) Hˆ Ñπ=~ˆ ,ú `≥=· ¸~ü Öˇãìπ 4) ÖÏ"Àãπ, Éè∂í \Ï<£
213. 1980 #∞O_ç 2010 =∞^èºŒ ÉèÏ~°`« HDI qÅ∞= ZO`«‰Ωõ ÃÑiyOk.
1) 0.420–0.519 2) 0.320–0.519 3) 0.420–0.612 4) 0.310–0.516
214. '=∂#"åaè=$kúH—˜ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk "åHÍºÅÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # "åHõºO
1) ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ JkèHõ Pi÷H=õ $kú QÆÅ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ JkèHõ =∂#"åaè=$kú LO@∞Ok
2) H˘xfl^ÕâßÖ’¡ JkèHõ Pi÷H=õ $kú L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© '=∂#"åaè=$kú— `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»=K«∞Û
3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #q HÍ=Ù
200.2 201.2 202.2 203.2 204.2 205.2 206.4 207.4 208.4 209.1 210.2 211.2 212.3
213.2 214.3
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ECONOMY
215. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ#∞ =∞#^ÕâO◊ Ö’ ~°∂á⁄OkOz#k
1) q`«ãÎ O¨ Ñ¶∞¨ O 2) „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O 3) CESS 4) NCAER
216. „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz# *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~å„+Öì
1) ÑÖ*ÏÉò 2) `«q∞à◊<å_»∞ 3) =∞Ç¨~å„+¨ì 4) Hˆ ~°à◊
217. „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍãÖÑ¶∞¨ O ~°∂á⁄OkOz# *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’ 15 ~å„ëêìÖ’¡ z=i ™ê÷<åxfl á⁄Ok# ~å„+Öì
1) cÇ¨~ü 2) J™êûO 3) L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò 4) =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò
218. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’ HDI QÆ}#Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl JOâßÅ∞
a) Ñ¨Ù\ì̃#Ñ¨Ê\˜#∞Oz PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O b) ãÖ=`«û~°O #∞Oz PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O =∞iÜ«Ú tâ◊√=∞~°}~ˆ @∞
c) xÜ«∞`« q^Œº‰õΩ „áê^è•#º`«xã¨∂Î 7 ãÖIIÅ∞ ÃÑ#· ∞#fl"åiÖ’ JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« d) "åã¨= Î `«Åãï qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O
1) a, c, d 2) b, c, d 3) a, b, d 4) a, b, c
219. 2001 ''*ÏfÜ«∞=∂#"åaè=$kú—— x"ÕkHõÖ’ 2001 ãÖIIxH˜ ÉèÏ~°`= « ∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p qÅ∞=
1) 0.302 2) 0.381 3) 0.472 4) 0.416
220. 2001 ''*ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú—— x"ÕkHõÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^â
Õ ò ™ê÷#O =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨∂p qÅ∞=
1) 9 (0.424) 2) 10 (0.416) 3) 9 (0.377) 4) 10 (0.298)
221. 2001 ''*ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú—— x"ÕkHõ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p qÅ∞= (Group-II 2008)
1) ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= 2) ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=
3) ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ `À ã¨=∂#O 4) ÉèÏ~°`=« ∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ ã¨QOÆ
222. 1981, 1991, 2001 ÅÖ’ ''*ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú—— x"ÕkHõÖ’ HDI Ö’ A.P ~åºO‰õΩÅ∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
1) 8, 9, 10 2) 9, 9, 10 3) 10, 10, 10 4) 12, 11, 10
223. *ÏfÜ«∞ =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’x JOâßÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïHÍxk
1) Pi÷HO õ QÍ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨_#ç ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú‰Äõ _® "≥∞~°∞QÍæ LOk
2) =∞^Œº P^•Ü«∞ ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ Pi÷H= õ $kúH,˜ =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ J#∞Ö’=∞ ãÖ|O^èOŒ ã¨Ê+ì̈OQÍ Hõ#Ñ¨_Ö» ^Ë ∞Œ
3) ~å„ëêìÅ=∞^Œº P^•Ü«∞ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ HõO>Ë HDI Ö’ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ L<åfl~Ú
4) 2001, HDI qÅ∞=Å∞ 0.638 #∞Oz 0.467Å =∞^èºŒ LOk
224. qq^èŒ ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px QÆ}O ˜ z#"å~°∞
1) UNFPA 2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± 3) aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï 4) ÃÑ· =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∂
225. =∞#^ÕâO ◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ ~å„ëêìÅ‰õΩ UNFPA "å~°∞ QÆ}O˜ z# HDI Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ,˜ z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ~å„ëêìÅ∞
1) Hˆ ~°à,◊ cÇ¨~ü 2) Hˆ ~°à,◊ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò 3) Hˆ ~°à,◊ L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò 4) Hˆ ~°à,◊ Xi™êû
226. =∞#^ÕâO ◊ Ö’ qq^èŒ ~å„ëêìÅ‰õΩ =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± QÆ}O˜ z# HDI H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïHÍxk
1) Human Development in South Asia 1997 J<Õ „QÆO^äO Œ Ö’ „Ñ¨K∞« iOK≥#∞
2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± QÆ}#Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ™ ˜ ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~å„+ì̈O Hˆ ~°à◊
3) Ç¨ÏH± QÆ}#Ö’ z=i™ê÷#O á⁄Ok# ~å„+ì̈O =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^â Õ ò 4) Ç¨ÏH± '25 ~å„ëêìÅ‰õΩ— HDI x QÆ}O ˜ K≥#∞
227. aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï HDI QÆ}#Ö’ UNDP "å~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ`Àáê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ KÕiÛ# JOâ◊O
1) r=# <å}º`« 2) ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO 3) Ñ¨@} ì H© ~õ }° 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
215.2 216.4 217.1 218.2 219.3 220.2 221.2 222.2 223.4 224.4 225.1 226.4 227.4
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ECONOMY
228. aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI Å#∞, ^•xÖ’x JOâßÅ#∞ [`«KÜ Õ ∞« O_ç.
A) HDI1 1) JHõ~
Δ åã¨º`«, PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
B) HDI2 2) JHõ~
Δ åã¨º`«, tâ◊√ =∞~°}~ˆ @∞, PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O
C) HDI3 3) JHõ~
Δ åã¨º`«, PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O, r=#<å}º`«
D) HDI4 4) JHõ~
Δ åã¨º`«, PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü∞« O, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O, r=# <å}º`«, ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ x~°∂‡Å#
5) HDI3 + Ñ¨@} ì H© ~õ }
°
1) A B C D 2) A B C D 3) A B C D 4) A B C D
1 2 3 4 1 4 3 5 1 3 4 5 1 3 2 5
229. "A study of Inter State Disparity" „QÆO^ä•xfl ~°zOz#k
1) UNFPA 2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± 3) aã¨fil`ü QÆ∞Ç¨Ï 4) r<£, „_ô*ò
230. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI1, HDI2 ÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ,˜ z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ~å„ëêìÅ∞
1) Hˆ ~°à,◊ cÇ¨~ü 2) Hˆ ~°à,◊ L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò 3) Hˆ ~°à,◊ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò 4) Hˆ ~°à,◊ Xi™êû
231. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI3, HDI4 ÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ,˜ z=i ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# ~å„ëêìÅ∞
1) Hˆ ~°à,◊ cÇ¨~ü 2) Hˆ ~°à,◊ L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò 3) Hˆ ~°à,◊ =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò 4) Hˆ ~°à,◊ Xi™êû
232. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI1, HDI2 ÅÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~åºO‰õΩÅ∞
1) 9, 9 2) 9, 10 3) 8, 9 4) 7, 6
233. QÆ∞Ç¨Ï ~°∂á⁄OkOz# HDI3, HDI4 ÅÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~åºO‰õΩÅ∞
1) 7, 8 2) 8, 9 3) 7, 6 4) 9, 10
234. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ '=∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂px— `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕ¿ã ÉèÏ^Œº`«#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#flk
1) CESS 2) DES 3) DRDC 4) NCAER
235. A.P =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’, 2001 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ~Ô O_»∞ ™ê÷<åÅ∞ á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡Å∞
1) ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£, Hõ$ëê‚ 2) Hõ$ëê‚, ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ 3) ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£, qâßYÑ¨@flO 4) qâßYÑ¨@flO, ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£
236. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^â Õ ò =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’ 2001 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz 23, 22 ~åºO‰õΩÅ∞ á⁄Ok# lÖÏ¡Å∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
1) q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° , =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü 2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~,ü q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O°
3) NHÍ‰õΩà◊O, =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü 4) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~,ü NHÍ‰õΩà◊O
237. 2004–05 <å\˜H˜ ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ ÉÏÅHÍi‡‰õΩÅ âß`«O
1) 14.8% 2) 6.6% 3) 7.3% 4) 5.6%
238. tâ◊√=∞~°}ÏÅ ~ˆ @∞Ö’ 2005 <å\˜H˜ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ã≤u÷
1) ~å„+Öì Ö’ tâ◊√ =∞~°}~ˆ @∞ 57QÍ #"≥∂^Œ~ÚOk 2) *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~Ú HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk
3) Hˆ ~°à`◊ À áÈe¿ãÎ KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ
239. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõÖ’x JOâßÅÖ’ ãïHÍxk
1) ¿Ñ^ŒiHõ x~°∂‡Å#‰õΩ, ÉÏÅHÍi‡‰õΩÅ‰õΩ, |_ç =∂x"Õã#≤ "åiH˜ á⁄O`«# ÖË^∞Œ
2) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ L#fl qâßYÑ¨@flO q^Œº, P~ÀQÆº ~°OQÍÖ’¡ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç LOk
3) ~å„+Öì ¿Ñ^ŒiHÍxfl, [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ JiHõ@_ì O» Ö’ QÆ}hÜ«∞"≥∞#ÿ „Ñ¨QuÆ x ™êkèOzOk
4) Z‰õΩ¯= JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« L#fl ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò XHõ\ ˜
228.3 229.3 230.2 231.4 232.1 233.3 234.1 235.1 236.2 237.2 238.4 239.4
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240. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ QÆ}O˜ K«QÍ, =∞# ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ ~å„+ì̈ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕk(Group-II
2008)
1) state planning board 2) CESS (centre for economic and social studies)
3) DES (Directorate of Economics and Statastics) 4) Principal Finance Secretary
241. XHõ ~å„+ì̈ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
1) GSDP 2) NSDP 3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
242. GSDP H˜ NSDP H˜ `Õ_®
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 4) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
243. Gross value added x Dq^èO Œ QÍ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û
1) Gross value of output - Value of secondary inputs
2) Gross value of output - Depreciation
3) Gross value of output - Net IT
4) Gross value of output - Consumption of Fixed capital
244. Gross value added ‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞
1) GSDP 2) NSDP 3) ~å„+¨ì `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
245. Net value added #∞ á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
1) GSDP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) Gross value added - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
3) Gross value added - consumption of fixed capital 4) ÃÑ=
· xflÜ«Ú
246. Net value added (NVA) ‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ¿Ñ~°∞
1) GSDP 2) NSDP 3) ~å„+¨ì `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
247. ~å„+¨ì `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O nxx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
1) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º NSDP 2) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º NVA
~å„+ì̈ [<åÉèÏ ~å„+ì̈ [<åÉèÏ
3) ~å„+¨ì P^•Ü«∞O 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
~å„+ì̈ [<åÉèÏ
248. ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ GSDP x ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ (Group-II 2008)
1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
249. „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆOÖ’#∞, i[ãì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆOÖ’#∞ ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ GSDP x QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ J=ÅOaèOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ
1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
250. x~å‡}~°OQÆOÖ’ GSDP x QÆ}O ˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ~å„+Öì Ö’ J=ÅOaèOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ
1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
251. `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO, J<£ il+ì̈~¤ü =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ ~°OQÆO, q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~Ñ ° ~¨¶ å ~°OQÍÅÖ’ GSDP x QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
J=ÅOaèOKÕ Ñ¨ûúŒ
1) L`«ÊuÎ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
3) =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
240.3 241.1 242.3 243.1 244.1 245.4 246.2 247.4 248.4 249.1 250.3 251.2
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ECONOMY
252. 2008-09 (Updated advance) Ö’ GSDP Ö’ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO JOkOKÕ "å\Ï
1) ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 50% 2) ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 25% 3) ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 30% 4) ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 60%
253. ~å„+ì̈ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨# ÷ ∞ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Oz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞, ~å„+ì̈ P^•Ü«∂xH˜ Jq JOkOKÕ
"å\ÏÅ#∞|\ì̃ =~°∞ã¨QÍ (J=~ÀÇ¨Ï}„Hõ=∞OÖ’)
1) `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO, kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO 2) `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO, kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO
3) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞ 4) kfifÜ«∞, „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ∞
254. ~å„+ì̈ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨# ÷ ∞ =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å~°OQÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Oz#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ 2008-09 (updated advance) Ö’
~å„+¨ì P^•Ü«∂xH˜ Jq JOkOKÕ "å\ÏÅ#∞ |\˜ì =~°∞ã¨QÍ (J=~ÀÇ¨Ï}„Hõ=∞OÖ’)
1) ¿ã=Å∞, Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) ¿ã=Å∞, =º=™êÜ«∞O, Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞
3) =º=™êÜ«∞O, Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, ¿ã=Å∞ 4) Ñï„â◊=∞Å∞, =º=™êÜ«∞O, ¿ã=Å∞
255. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl, ~å„ëêì^•Ü«∂xfl ãïáÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „HÕk"åxÖ’ Uk x[O
1) *ÏfÜ«∞, ~å„+ì̈ ™ê÷~Ú ~ Ô O_çO\˜Ö’#∞ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO „Ñ¨^=Œä ∞™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk
2) *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’ „áê^äq Œ ∞Hõ~O° QÆO z=i ™ê÷#OÖ’ LO_»QÍ, ~å„+¨™ì ê÷~ÚÖ’ kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO z=i™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk
3) 2008-09 advanced JOK«<åÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∞™ê÷~ÚÖ’#∞, ~å„+¨™ ì ê÷~ÚÖ’#∞ =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆ"∞Õ z=i™ê÷#OÖ’ LOk
4) Jxfl ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ
256. „áê^äq Œ ∞Hõ~O° QÆOÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ LÑ¨~O° QÆO
1) =º=™êÜ«∞O 2) J@gãÖÑ¨^Œ 3) =∞`«ûº ãÖÑ¨^Œ 4) QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO
257. kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆOÖ’ JkèHõ "å\Ï#∞ JOkOKÕ LÑ¨~O° QÆO
1) x~å‡}O 2) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ã~¨ Ñ° ~¨¶ å 3) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ 4) QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO
258. ~å„+¨ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÍxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk "åxÖ’ ãïHÍxk
1) =º=™êÜ«∞O "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ Kæ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k 2) Ñ¨â√◊ ãÖÑ¨^"Œ å\Ï D=∞^èºŒ HÍÅOÖ’ H˘kÌQÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flk
3) QÆ#∞Å „`«=fiHõO "å\Ï `«Q∞Æ Kæ ∞« #flk 4) J@gãÖÑ¨^Œ 1% HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LOk
259. #∂`«# Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å `«~åfi`« 2000 =~°‰Ωõ ~å„+Ö ì Ö’ GSDP =$kú~ˆ @∞ `«y<æ å `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú~ˆ @∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞@‰õΩ
HÍ~°}O
1) [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ~ˆ @∞ `«Q∞Æ @ æ
3) [<åÉèÏ `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ 4) [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ~ˆ @∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@
260. 2010–11(A) Pi÷Hõ ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ~å„+ì̈ =$kú~ ˆ @∞H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k
1) A.P =$kú~ ˆ @∞ 8.89% QÍ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« |_çOk 2) *ÏfÜ«∞ =$kú̂~@∞HõO>Ë ~å„+ì̈ =$kú̂~@∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk
3) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ 4) 1 =∞iÜ«Ú 2 ãïHÍ^Œ∞
261. QÆ`« H˘xfl ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ ~å„+ì̈ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö ÷ ’ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩO@∞#fl LÑ¨~O° QÆO
1) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ 2) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ HÍfiiOQ∑
3) ã¨=∂Kå~°~O° QÆO 4) =~°HÎ Oõ , Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊√§, ~Ô ™êì~Ô O@∞¡
262. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ 2010-11(A) Ö’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^â Õ ò Ü≥ÚHõ¯ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O (ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÍ)
1) ~°∂II 60,000 2) ~°∂II 39,000 3) ~°∂II 50,000 4) ~°∂II 54,000
252.1 253.2 254.1 255.4 256.1 257.3 258.3 259.2 260.3 261.3 262.1
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ECONOMY
263. ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ 2010-11(A) Ö’ PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò Ü≥ÚHõ¯ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O (ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÍ)
1) ~°∂II 39,000 2) ~°∂II 36,000 3) ~°∂II 40,000 4) ~°∂II 50,000
264. ~å„+¨ì `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïHÍxk
1) ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OHõO>Ë ~å„+ì̈ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=
2) 2010-11 (A) Ö’ ~å„+ì̈ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞ ã≤~ ÷ ° ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 7.9%
3) 2010-11 (A) Ö’ ~å„+ì̈ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú̂~@∞ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ ` Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 18%
4) ÉèÏ~°`« `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞OHõO>Ë ~å„+ì̈ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O `«‰Ωõ ¯=
265. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅÖ’ XHõlÖÏ¡ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÅÌ Ö’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« |_Õ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å Pi÷Hõ qÅ∞=#∞ Dq^èOŒ QÍ Ñ≤Å∞™êÎ~∞°
1) NSDP 2) GDDP 3) `«Åãï GDDP 4) `«Åãï NSDP
266. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 2008–09, 2009–10 ãÖIIÅ‰õΩ J`«ºkèHõ GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡
1) ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ 2) qâßYÑ¨@flO 3) QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ 4) `«∂~°∞ÊQÀ^•=i
267. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºÅÊ GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡
1) NHÍ‰õΩà◊O 2) q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° 3) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü 4) JkÖÏÉÏ^£
268. 2009–10 (Q) Ö’ ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡
1) qâßYÑ¨@flO 2) `«∂~°∞ÊQÀ^•=i 3) ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ 4) Hõ$ëê‚
269. Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= `«Åãï GDDP QÆÅ lÖÏ¡ (ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’)
1) NHÍ‰õΩà◊O 2) q[Ü«∞#QÆ~O° 3) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü 4) JkÖÏÉÏ^£
270. 2009–10 (Q) ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ ~å„ëêì^•Ü«∞O (NSDP) QÆÅ ~å„+Öì
1) L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò 2) PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò 3) Ñ¨tÛ=∞ÉˇOQÍÖò 4) =∞Ç¨~å„+¨ì
271. 2009–10 (Q) Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ „áêO`«O
1) QÀ"å 2) K«O_ôÑ∞¨¶ ~ü 3) _èbç ¡ 4) Ç¨Ï~åº<å
272. 2007–08 Ö’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~å„+Öì
1) QÀ"å 2) Ç¨Ï~åº<å 3) ÑÖ*ÏÉò 4) PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò
273. 2009–10 (Q) ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ÃÑ^Œ~Ì å„ëêìÅÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~å„+ì̈O
1) QÀ"å 2) Ç¨Ï~åº<å 3) ÑÖ*ÏÉò 4) PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò
274. 2009–10 (Q) ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ ~å„+ì̈O
1) Xi™êû 2) cÇ¨~ü 3) PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò 4) Hˆ ~°à◊
275. 2008–09 (P) ãÖIIÖ’ ~å„+ì̈ GSDP Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ# ZO`«âß`«OQÍ LOk
1) 29% 2) 35% 3) 21% 4) 39%
276. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ =Öˇ ~å„+ì̈ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® WÑ¨Ê\˜#∞Oz JkèHõ =$kú̂~@∞ #"≥∂^Œ∞KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_»O „áê~°OaèOzOk
1) 1960 #∞Oz 2) 1980 #∞Oz 3) 1990 #∞Oz 4) 2000 #∞Oz
277. ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ 1980 =~°‰Ωõ #"≥∂^Œ~Ú# "åi¬Hõ =$kú̂~@∞ ã¨∞=∂~°∞
1) 2% 2) 3% 3) 5% 4) 6%
263.1 264.4 265.2 266.1 267.1 268.3 269.1 270.4 271.2 272.1 273.2 274.2 275.1
276.2 277.2
z~°Orq 140 Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
ECONOMY
278. ~å„+Öì Ö’ 9= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ GSDP =$kú~ˆ @∞
1) 5.59% 2) 8.33% 3) 9.59% 4) 10.33%
279. ™ê¿ÑHõΔ P^•Ü«∞ ÑïHõÅÊ# (Relative Income Hyothesis) „ÑüáêkOz#k.
1) H©<û£ 2) _»∂ºÃã<£É„ˇ s 3) QÍÖò„Éˇ`ü 4) Z=~°∂HÍ^Œ∞
280. ~å„+Öì Ö’ 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ GSDP=$kú~ˆ @∞
1) 5.59% 2) 8.33% 3) 9.59% 4) 10.33%
281. 2010-11 (A) H˜ ã≤~ ÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~å„+ì̈ GSDP (ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÍ)
1) ~°∂II 3,00,000 HÀ@∞¡ 2) ~°∂II 2,16,000 HÀ@∞¡
3) ~°∂II 2,39,000 HÀ@∞¡ 4) ~°∂II 3,71,000 HÀ@∞¡
282. 2010-11 (A) ãÖIIxH˜ ã≤~ ÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ =º=™êÜ«∞, áêi„âßq∞Hõ, ¿ã"å~°OQÍÅ =$kú̂~@∞¡ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
1) 14.85, 11.11, 8.37 2) 2.73, 17.66, 12.29 3) 8.39, 7.79, 9.6 4) 8.84, 13.22, 9.53
283. ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ ~å„+ì̈ L`«ÊuÎx ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ Dq^èOŒ QÍ JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~∞°
1) Income originating approach 2) Income Accruing Approach
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of the above
284. r=# „Ñ¨=∂}Ïxfl nx ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À JOK«<å"Õ™êÎ~∞°
1) ~å„+¨ì P^•Ü«∞O 2) ã¨∂Å÷ ~å„ëêì^•Ü«∞O 3) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
285. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ ~å„+ì̈ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ nxx fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞(Group-II 2008)
1) 1993–94 2) 1999–2000 3) 2008–09 4) 2004–05
286. ~å„+ì̈ L`«ÊuÎx QÆ}O˜ K«∞@=Å# HõeQˆ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O
1) ~å„+ì̈ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =KÕÛ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# KÕã∞¨ HÀ=K«∞Û
2) ~å„+ì̈ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅ‰õΩ P^è•~°O
3) ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ QÆÅ „áêOfÜ«∞ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# KÕã∞¨ HÀ=K«∞Û 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
287. 2001 [<åÉèÏ ÖˇH¯õ Å <å\˜H˜ ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ç Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã "åi âß`«O
1) 69% 2) 68% 3) 62% 4) 39%
288. 2001 ÖˇH¯õ Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ "Õ åiÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ âß`«O
1) 39.60% 2) 40.87% 3) 36.59% 4) 28.59%
289. 2001 ÖˇH¯õ Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O "≥Ú`«OÎ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ Õ "åiÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞¡ âß`«O
1) 22.70% 2) 39.60% 3) 62.30% 4) 1.74%
290. ~å„+ì̈OÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ "Õ åi ^èÀ~°}∞Å‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #^Õk
1) =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞¡ âß`«O `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k 2) =º=™êÜ«∞ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ âß`«O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =ã¨∞OÎ k
3) =º=™êÜ«∞OÃÑ· P^è•Ñ¨_ç Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã"åi âß`«O `«Q∞Æ `æ ∂« =ã¨∞OÎ k 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ
291. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞#QÍ
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 4) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
278.1 279.2 280.2 281.4 282.3 283.1 284.3 285.4 286.4 287.3 288.1 289.1 290.4
291.4
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ECONOMY
292. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ `Õ_®
1) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 3) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 4) ãäû_ôÅ∞
293. ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ D ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ ã¨=∂#=∞QÆ∞#∞
1) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å =Å# ÅÉèºí =∞ÜÕ∞º P^•Ü«∞O, kQÆ∞=∞`«∞ÅHõÜ∞Õ º =ºÜ«∞O HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞
2) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å =Å# ÅÉèºí =∞ÜÕ∞º P^•Ü«∞O, kQÆ∞=∞`«∞ÅHõÜ∞Õ º =ºÜ«∞O HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯= L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞
3) q^ÕâßÅ#∞Oz =KÕÛ HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O, q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∂#"≥∞#ÿ Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞
4) ÃÑ^· nÕ HÍ^Œ∞
294. U^≥<· å xs‚`« HÍÅOÖ’ L`åÊ^ŒHõ =#~°∞Å Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å∞ ãÖáêkOKÕ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ =KÕÛk
1) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O 2) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O 3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 4) `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
295. ^ÕâO◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „HÕk"åxÖ’ XHõ\ ˜ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞
1) Ñ¨#∞fl K≥eO¡ K«Hõ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO "Õ`#« O, r`åÅ∞ 2) L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ ÅÎ ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ É’#ãπ
3) Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 4) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
296. „HÕk"åxx [`«Ñ~¨ K° O« _ç
A) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º 1) ÅÉèºí =∞ÜÕ∞º "≥Ú`«O Î =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞
B) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~ Œ Å° Ö’ 2) XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú`«OÎ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ
C) GDP 3) ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ KÕ¿ã "≥Ú`«OÎ =ºÜ«∞O
D) GNP 4) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ „ÑüÑ¶Ö¨ ÏÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ K≥eO¡ KÕ =ºÜ«∞O
E) "≥Ú`«O Î ^ÕjÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞O 5) =ã¨∞,Î ¿ã=Å‰õΩ ^è~Œ Å° ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ "åãÎ̈=OQÍ K≥eO¡ z# =ºÜ«∞O
1) A B C D E 2) A B C D E 3) A B C D E 4) A B C D E
4 5 2 1 3 5 4 2 1 3 4 5 1 2 3 5 4 1 2 3
297. „HÕk"åxx [`«Ñ~¨ K° O« _ç
A) C + I + G + (X - M) 1) NDP
B) GDP –– `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) NDPFC
C) NDPMP –– Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 3) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O
D) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O –– „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 4) GDP
1) A B C D 2) A B C D 3) A B C D 4) A B C D
4 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 1 3
298. qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÅ=∞^Œº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ ^•fi~å „Ñ¨[Å r=# „Ñ¨=∂}Ïxfl ãïáÈÅÛ^ŒÅK«∞‰õΩO>Ë „HÕk "åxÖ’ ^Õxx
fã¨∞HÀ"åe
(a) ^ÕâßÅ =∞^Œº qx=∞Ü«∞ ~ ˆ @∞ (b) ^è~
Œ Å° ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
(c) [<åÉèÏ "≥Ú`«OÎ Ö’x `Õ_®Å∞ (d) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÑÖÑ≤}©
1) a =∞iÜ«Ú b 2) a, b =∞iÜ«Ú c 3) b, c =∞iÜ«Ú d 4) a, b, c =∞iÜ«Ú d
299. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O
1) GNP – ãäû_ôÅ∞ – Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2) NNP – Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) NNP – „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞ 4) GNP – ãäû_ôÅ∞ { Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
292.2 293.3 294.3 295.4 296.1 297.2 298.4 299.2
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ECONOMY
300. „HÕk"åxÖ’ GNP x „Ñ¨`º« HõOΔ QÍ ÃÑOKÕk
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ
3) q∞QÆ∞Å∞ |_≥\˚ ò 4) Ö’@∞ |_≥\˚ ò
301. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ#∞ Dq^èOŒ QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«=K«∞Û
1) „^Œ=º =º=Ç¨~åÅ∞ ÖËHáõ È`Õ 2) qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞x P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy`Õ
3) L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞QÍx, ¿ã=Å∞QÍx L`«ÊuÎ HÍHõáÈ`Õ 4) Ñ¨#∞fl q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù ÖËHáõ È`Õ
302. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ QÆÅ =¸_»∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
1) L`«ÊuÎ, =ºÜ«∞O, P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ 2) P^•Ü«∞O, qxÜ≥∂QÆO, q^ÕjK≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù âı+O¨ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
3) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ 4) =ºÜ«∞O, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ, L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
303. XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ "≥Ú`«OÎ =ºÜ«∞O XHõ ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ ~°∂II80,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡. =∞iÜ«Ú =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ =∞iÜ«Ú ¿ã=ÅÃÑ·
Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ~°∂II8,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡, =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ~°∂II6,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ J~Ú# ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞O
L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º
1) ~°∂II 88,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ 2) ~°∂II 82,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡
3) ~°∂II 74,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ 4) ~°∂II 72,000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡
304. ÃÑ· „Ñ¨âfl◊ Ö’ WzÛ# ã¨=∂Kå~°O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O
1) 74.000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ 2) 66.000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ 3) 60.000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ 4) 14.000 q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡
305. „HÕk ã¨g∞Hõ~} ° OÖ’ x =∞iÜ«Ú y ‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ ^Õxx „ÑüHˆ ÑΔ O≤ Kåe.
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ´ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ - x + y
1) Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, ã¨∞#fl 2) Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) ãäû_ôÅ∞, Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 4) ã¨∞#fl, ãäû_ôÅ∞
306. „HÕk JOâßÅ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞OÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º NDP Hõ#∞HÀ¯O_ç
GNPFC = 71,047 HÀ@∞¡ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ãäû_ôÅ∞ ´ 8,344 HÀ@∞¡
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ´ 4,486 HÀ@∞¡ q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O (–232 HÀ@∞¡)
1) 86,137 HÀ@∞¡ 2) 74,905 HÀ@∞¡ 3) 71,047 HÀ@∞¡ 4) 66,793 HÀ@∞¡
307. „HÕk"åxÖ’ x~°fiK«#O ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#O HÍxk
1) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 2) *ÏfÜ«∞ =ºÜ«∞O 3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 4) *ÏfÜ«∞ãÖÑ¨^Œ
308. kQÆ∞=Ù# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "åHÍºe=fi_»O [iyOk. "åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #q Uq ?
(a) NNP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ = GNP (b) NNPMP + ãäû_ôÅ∞ = NNPFC + Ñ¨~ÀHõÑ Δ #¨ ∞flÅ∞
(c) GNP = GDP + NFIA (d) GNP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ = NNP
1) a =∞iÜ«Ú b 2) a, b =∞iÜ«Ú d 3) b, c =∞iÜ«Ú d 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
309. ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}
1) |ã¨∞û, ~Ô Å· ∞ „_≥=· ~°¡ "Õ`<« åÅ∞ 2) ÑüÎ L`«ÊuÎ =∞iÜ«Ú HÍ@<£ =„™êÎÅ L`«ÊuÎ
3) q^Œ∞º`ü =∞iÜ«Ú h\˜ L`«ÊuÎ 4) Ñ¨#∞fl ~å|_»∞Å∞, ~Ô "≥#∂º JkèHÍ~°∞Å r`åÅ∞
300.2 301.3 302.1 303.4 304.2 305.3 306.4 307.4 308.3 309.2
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ECONOMY
310. „HÕk"åxÖ’ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù Uk ?
1) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜H˜ KÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ ‰õΩ WKÕÛ pocket money
3) =$^Œ∞Öú #·ˇ `«e^¡ OŒ „_»∞ÅH˜KÛÕ x~°fiÇ¨Ï}Ï Éè`í º« O 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
311. GNP QÆ`« ãÖ=`«û~°O HõO>Ë 16% ÃÑiy „^Œ"ÀºÅƒù}O 9% ÃÑiy`Õ ^Õâ◊ L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ âß`«O ZO`«
1) 4% 2) 5% 3) 6% 4) 7%
312. „HÕk"åxÖ’ =∞^èºŒ O`«~° L`«ÊuÎ Uk ?
1) HõOÃÑhKÕ `«Ü∂ « ~°∞KÕÜ∞« |_ç J=∞‡QÍ XHõ ^Œ∞HÍ}OÖ’ LOK«|_ç# water heter
2) HõOÃÑhKÕ `«Ü∂ « ~°∞KÕÜ∞« |_ç qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞‰¡ Ωõ J=∞‡|_ç# water heter
3) XHõ HõOÃÑhKÕ `«Ü∂ « ~°∞KÕÜ∞« |_ç, L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ HõOÃÑhH˜ J=∞‡|_ç# water heter
4) XHõ HõOÃÑhKÕ `«Ü∂ « ~°∞KÕÜ∞« |_ç, P HõOÃÑhKÕ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«|_Õ water heter
313. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãäû_ôÅ∞ J#QÍ
1) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ÔH· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO KÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅÃÑ· ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ KÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) "å\Ï^•~°‰¡ Ωõ HõOÃÑh KÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
4) ZÖÏO\˜ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« ‰õΩO_® "åºáê~° ãÖã¨Å÷ ÃÑ· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO KÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
314. GNP H˜, GDP H˜ `Õ_®
1) ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 2) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 3) xHõ~° q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 4) xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O
315. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ´ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
1) { ãäû_ôÅ∞ – Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2) – ãäû_ôÅ∞ { Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
3) – ãäû_ôÅ∞ 4) { Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
316. „HÕk"åxÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nxKÕ „Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«O HÍ^Œ∞
1) ÃãHÔ O_£ Ç¨ºO_£ HÍ~°∞ A, B H˜ J=Ú‡@ 2) HÍ~°¡ _ôÅ~ü #∂`«# HÍ~°∞#∞ J=Ú‡@
3) HÍ~°¡ HõOÃÑh #∂`«# HÍ~°∞¡ J=Ú‡@ 4) #∂`«# HÍ~°#¡ ∞ J^≥,Ì H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ÃÑ· J=Ú‡@
317. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ Wq Hõeã≤ LO_»=Ù
1) "åºáê~° |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò _çq_≥O_»∞¡
3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4) =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ « P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨#∞fl
318. xHõ~° q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç J#QÍ
1) XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú`«OÎ q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 2) XHõ xiú+ì̈ ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ ÅÎ ∞ KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
3) q^ÕâßÅÖ’ ™ê÷xHõ x"åã¨∞Å∞ KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
4) XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ö’ q^Õâã◊ ∞¨ ÅÎ ∞ KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç – q^ÕâßÅÖ’ ã¨fi^Õâã◊ ∞¨ ÅÎ ∞ KÕ¿ã ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
319. ~
Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ (Two sector model) P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO
1) ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ K«QÍ, uiy ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ K«∞#∞
2) ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ#∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
4) ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ #∞Oz ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
310.4 311.4 312.3 313.4 314.4 315.1 316.1 317.4 318.4 319.1
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ECONOMY
320. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „HÕk"åxÖ’ ^Õxx ÖˇH¯õ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞
(a) *ÏfÜ«∞O KÕã# ≤ Ñï„â◊=∞Ö’ L^ÀºQÆã∞¨ ÅÎ r`åÅ∞ (b) i>ÿ̌~~° Ú# ã≤qÖò ãÔ̈~fiO@∞ Ñ¶O≤ K«#∞
(c) áÈ\©Ö’ á⁄Ok# |Ç¨ï=∞`«∞Å∞ (prizes own in competitions)
(d) P„¿ãe ì Ü«∂Ö’ KÕã#≤ ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞ÅÃÑ· =_ô¤
1) a =∞iÜ«Ú c 2) a =∞iÜ«Ú d 3) b, c =∞iÜ«Ú d 4) ÃÑ= · xflÜ«Ú
321. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ „HÕk"åxÖ’ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù HÍxk
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ÉÏO_»Ã¡ Ñ· ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ‰õΩ =KÕÛ =_ô¤ 2) Hõ~∞° =Ù HÍÅOÖ’ K≥eO¡ KÕ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O
3) x~°∞^ÀºQÆ ÉˇxÑ¶\≤ ò 4) ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì [_ç̊ r`«O
322. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ Hõeã≤ LO_Õk
(a) ¿ãÖòû"≥∞<£‰õΩ WKÕÛ Hõg∞+¨<£ (b) ~Ô `· ∞« ÅH˜KÛÕ ãäû_ôÅ∞
(c) ™êOÑ¶‘∞Hõ Éèí„^Œ`«ÔH· KÕ¿ã K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ (d) áê~ü> ì "ÿ̌ ∞£ áêe>ˇHfl˜ H± ÖˇHÛõ ~°~‰ü Ωõ WKÕÛ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
1) a, b =∞iÜ«Ú d 2) a =∞iÜ«Ú d 3) a =∞iÜ«Ú c 4) a, b, c =∞iÜ«Ú d
323. ' The General Theory of Employment, Interest and money ' 1936 „QÆO^äŒ ~°K~ « Ú`«
1) *ˇ.Z"£∞. H©<û£ 2) ~åQÍfl~ü #~ü¯ û 3) *ˇ. Zãπ. q∞Öò 4) *ˇ.a. ¿ã
324. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ nxH˜ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ∞» #∞
1) Éè∫QÀoHõ ÑÖÑ≤}© `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ 2) =∞øoHõ Ñï„â◊=∞Å =$kú `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
3) H˘O`«HÍÅOQÍ Pi÷Hõ ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞OÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ JOK«<å "Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ
4) áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆOÖ’ „Ñ¨QuÆ x `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
325. ã¨∂Å÷ „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆ JÅ"≥#∞û JkèQqÆ ∞¿ãÎ ^•x J~°Oú
1) Pi÷H= õ º=ã¨÷ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ HõO>Ë ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ KÕã∞¨ #Î fl@∞¡ 2) Pi÷H= õ º=ã¨÷ qãÎ̈iã¨∞#Î fl@∞¡
3) xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ"∞≥ # ÿ @∞¡ 4) „^Œ=º GNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flÑ¨Ê\˜H,© "åãÎ̈= GNP `«QÆ∞æK«∞#fl@∞¡
326. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ºÜ«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk
1) áê`« WÅ∞¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ 2) =∞xflHõQÅÆ ZH˜fiÑπ"∞≥ O\òÃÑ· L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞x =ºÜ«∞O
3) "åºáê~° ãÖã¨Å÷ W<≥fiO@sÖ’¡ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4) HõOÃÑh „Ñ¨^•è # áê¡O\ò qãÎ̈~} °
327. Pi÷Hõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ^Œ$ëêì º =ÚYº áê„`« áÈ+≤OKÕ^kÕ
1) Ñ¨#∞flÅ™ê÷~Ú 2) "åã¨=Î ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 3) „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù 4) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ QÆ=∞#jÅ`«
328. „HÕk"åxÖ’ |kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù
1) Ü«∞"£∞.Ñ≤. r`«O 2) ¿+~°¡ Ç¨ÏŸÅ¤~ûü ‰õΩ HõOÃÑh WKÕÛ _çq_≥O_»∞¡
3) QÆ$Ç¨Ï =ã¨`∞« Å #∞O_ç =KÕÛ ÉÏ@HõO 4) x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Éè$í u
329. *ÏfÜ«∞ |∞∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ (Interest on National Debt.) nxÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO
1) GNP 2) NNP 3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
330. ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù (Double counting) =Å# HõeQˆ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O
1) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ JkèHO õ QÍ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞ (over estimating)
2) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ JÅÊOQÍ JOK«<å"ÕÜ∞« |_»∞#∞ (under estimating)
3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz `«ÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞ Ñ¶e ¨ `åÅ∞ =K«∞Û#∞ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
320.2 321.4 322.2 323.1 324.3 325.3 326.1 327.2 328.4 329.4 330.1
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331. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÉèÏ=#Å‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk"åxÖ’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= qÅ∞=#∞ ã¨∂zOKÕk
1) GNP 2) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O 4) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O
332. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ J#QÍ
1) Jyfl„Ñ¨=∂^ŒOÖ’ áê¡O\ò #tOzáÈ=Ù@
2) HÍÅ„Hõ"∞Õ }Ï J~°∞QÆ∞, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å¡ ZH˜fiÑπ"∞≥ O\ò‰Ωõ HõeQˆ #+ì̈O
3) =Ú_ç ã¨~∞° ‰õΩ ÖËHáõ È=_»O =Å¡ áê¡O\ò =¸ã≤"`Õ « 4) ÖÏHõ=Ù\ò =Å¡ áê¡O\ò#∞ =¸ã≤"ÜÕ Ú« @
333. „HÕk"åxÖ’ GNP x JOK«<å"Õ¿ã Ñ¨^` úŒ ∞« ÅÖ’ XHõ\ ˜ HÍxk
1) value added approach 2) product approach
3) income approach 4) the financial approach
334. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ J<Õk nx qÅ∞= `«Q∞Æ @ æ
1) =¸Å^è#Œ Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞ 2) xÅfiÅ∞ 3) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ 4) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞
335. _ç¿Ñ¶¡@~ü >ˇH˜flH± (Defletor Technique) nxx ã¨~∞° Éú Ï@∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° .
1) ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) ^è~Œ Å° ∞ `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ
3) ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =∞iÜ«Ú `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ ~Ô O_»∂#∂ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞
336. GNP QÆ}O ˜ KÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ „HÕk "åxÖ’ ^Õxx q∞#Ç¨~Ú™êÎ~∞°
1) ÉÏ@HõO ^•fi~å =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O 2) =_ô^¤ •fi~å =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O
3) _çq_≥O_»∞¡ 4) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
337. ãÖã¨÷ A, ~°∂II1000 qÅ∞"≥#· ÑüxÎ L`«ÊuÎKãÕ ≤ BH˜ q„Hõ~ÚOz#k. B J<Õ ãÖã¨÷ ~°∂II1500 qÅ∞"≥#· 'Ü«∂~ü—#∞
L`«ÊuÎKãÕ ≤ C H˜ q„Hõ~ÚOz#k, C J<Õ ãÖã¨÷ ~°∂II2500 qÅ∞"≥#· =„™êÎxfl L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ k. D „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ „Ñü^ŒâÖ◊ ’
"åÅ∂ºÜ«∂_≥_£
1) A - 1000, B - 1500, C - 2500, "≥Ú`«O Î ~°∂II5000
2) A - 1000, B - 500, C - 2500, "≥Ú`«O Î ~°∂II4000
3) A - 1000, B - 500, C - 1000, "≥Ú`«O Î ~°∂II2500
4) A - 1000, B - 1500, C - 1000, "≥Ú`«O Î ~°∂II3500
338. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ (Four sector model) ã¨=∞`ÒÖÏºxH˜ xÜ«∞=∞=Ú
1) S + T + M = I + G + X 2) S + T = I + G 3) S = I 4) T = G
339. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù J#QÍ
1) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « P^•Ü«∂xH˜, qxÜ≥∂QÍxH˜ JH“O\ÕQ∑ =º`åºãÖ 2) qq^èŒ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÅ "≥Ú`«OÎ
3) ÅÉèºí "≥∞#ÿ P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë =ºÜ«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞@
4) J#∞HÀx =ºÜ«∂Å∞ f~°∞ÛH˘<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘O`« P^•Ü«∂Å∞ Ñ¨H¯õ # ÃÑ@∞ì@
340. qq^èŒ ^ŒâÅ◊ Ö’ QÆÅ "åÅ∂ºÜ«∂_≥_Å£ #∞ HõeÑ≤`Õ P "≥Ú`«OÎ nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O.
1) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«Êu qÅ∞=‰õΩ ã¨=∂#O.
2) JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
3) JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
4) JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞=‰õΩ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # „á¶êux^èºŒ O =Ç≤ÏOK«^∞Œ .
331.4 332.2 333.4 334.1 335.3 336.4 337.3 338.1 339.1 340.1
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341. XHõ ^Õâ◊ GNP ~°∂ 600 HÀ@∞¡, NNP ~°∂ 475 HÀ@∞¡, J~Ú`Õ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
1) ~°∂ 100 HÀ@∞¡ 2) ~°∂ 175 HÀ@∞¡ 3) ~°∂ 150 HÀ@∞¡ 4) ~°∂ 125 HÀ@∞¡
342. „HÕk "åxÖ’ ãïHÍx^Õk.
1) GNP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ´ NNP 2) GNP ´ GDP+ NFlA
3) NNP + ãäû_ôÅ∞ - Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ ´ NNP
MP FC
4) NNP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ´ GNP
343. GNP H˜, NNP H˜ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®#∞ nx ^•fi~å K≥ÑÊ¨ =K«∞Û.
1) |kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 3) "åÅ∂ºÜ«∂_≥_£ 4) xÅfiÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ
344. „âßq∞‰õΩÅ#∞ L`åÊ^ŒH,õ J#∞`åÊ^ŒHõ „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞QÍ qÉèlí Oz#k.
1) _≥q_£ iHÍ~À¤ 2) J.S. q∞Öò 3) P_»Oã≤‡`ü 4) HÍ~ü=‚ ∂~ü¯û
345. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O { „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´
1)NNP FC
2)NDP MP
3) ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò P^•Ü«∞O 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
346. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ NNP, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º NNP U ãÖ^è~Œ ƒ° Où Ö’ ã¨=∂# =∞QÆ∞#∞
1) „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞ 2) Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞
3) ãäû_ôÅ∞ ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞ 4) Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞, ãäû_ôÅ∞ ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞
347. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JH“O\òû‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk "åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k
1) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å <å}º`«Ö’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`å~Ú.2) q„âßOu qÅ∞=#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù`å~Ú.
3) ™ê=∂lHõ =ºÜ«∂Å (social costs) #∞ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~Ú. 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞.
348. „HÕk qÅ∞=Å#∞ [`«Ñ~¨ K° O« _ç.
Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ - ãäû_ôÅ∞ ~°∂II 8344 HÀ@∞¡.
ã≤~ú =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ~°∂II 4486 HÀ@∞¡.
q^ÕjxHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O (~°∂II-232) HÀ@∞¡.
=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’ GNP ~°∂II79,391 HÀ@∞¡
a) GNP FC
1) 66,793 HÀ@∞¡
b) NNP MP
2) 75,137 HÀ@∞¡
c) NDP MP
3) 71, 047 HÀ@∞¡
d) NDP FC
4) 74, 905 HÀ@∞¡
1) a b c d 2) a b c d
3 4 2 1 3 2 1 4
3) a b c d 4) a b c d
3 1 2 4 2 3 4 1
349. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ „HÕk "åxÖ’ ã¨=∞ã¨ºHÍxk.
1) ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù. 2) ãÔ̈~#· iHÍ~°∞Å¤ ∞ ÖËHáõ È=Ù@.
3) =º‰õΩÅÎ H˘KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞ÅÖ’ =º`åº™êÅ∞. 4) "Õ\ x˜ KÕ~åÛe, q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe J<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º.
341.4 342.4 343.2 344.3 345.4 346.4 347.4 348.1 349.3

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350. XHõ PiúHõ =º=ãú̈Ö’ ãÖãú̈ A, ãÖãú̈ BH˜ ~°∂ 600Å∞, ãÖãú̈ C~°∂ 400Å∞ qÅ∞= QÆÅ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK≥#∞.
ãÖã¨ú B~°∂ 200Å qÅ∞"≥#· =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å‰õΩ, ãÖã¨÷ CH˜ ~°∂ 600Å qÅ∞= QÆÅ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞
q„Hõ~ÚOK≥#∞. ãÖã¨ú C~°∂ 1300Å qÅ∞=QÆÅ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°‰¡ Ωõ q„Hõ~ÚOK≥#∞. J~Ú`Õ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
ZO`«.
1) ~°∂ 1000 2) ~°∂ 800 3) ~°∂ 1500 4) ~°∂ 1900
351. ~°OQÍÅ"ås JH“O@¡ÅÖ’ QÆ=~°fl"≥∞O\ò kQÆ∞=∞`«∞ÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã H˘#∞QÀà◊√§ nxÖ’ÉèÏQÆO.
1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO 2) "åºáê~° ~°OQÆO 3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ~°OQÆO 4) q^Õj"åºáê~° ~°OQÆO
352. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Åú ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ q^ÕjxHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O KÕiÛ =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl fã≤"¿Õ ã.Î
1)GDP MP
2)GNP FC
3)NNP MP
4)NNP FC
353. ãÖã¨÷ A ÑüxÎ L`«Êu KÕã,≤ ãÖãú̈ BH˜ ~°∂ 400H˜ J"≥∞‡#∞. ãÖãú̈ B ÑüxÎ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz Ü«∂~üfl (Yarn)QÍ `«Ü∞« ~°∞
KÕã≤ CH˜ ~°∂ 600‰õΩ J"≥∞‡#∞. ãÖãú̈ 'C' ^•xx =GOQÍ =∂iÛ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞xH˜ ~°∂1000H˜ J=∞‡#∞. PiúH=õ º=ã¨ú
L`«ÊuÎx QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^Õxx fã¨∞‰õΩO^Œ∞~°∞.
1) ãÖãú̈ A ~°∂ 400 2) ãÖã¨ú B ~°∂ 600 3) ãÖã¨ú C ~°∂ 1000 4)"≥Ú`«ÎO=¸_çO\˜ ~°∂2000
354. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ZÑ¨Ù_»∞ ~°∞}Ï`«‡HõOQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
1) xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ^è<Œ å`«‡Hõ"∞≥ #ÿ Ñ¨C_»∞. 2) ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò |kbÅ∞ HõO>Ë ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
3) kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ HõO>Ë ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞. 4) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ HõO>Ë kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
355. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ LO_Õ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞.
1) =∂Ô~¯\’¡ qx=∞Ü«∞O JÜÕ∞ºq ÉèÏQÆ"∞Õ HÍx L`«ÊuÎ ^•~°K¡ Õ qxÜ≥∂yOK«|_Õq ÉèÏQÆOHÍ^Œ∞.
2) =∂Ô~¯\’¡ qx=∞Ü«∞O JÜÕ∞ºq, L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞¡ ™⁄O`« qxÜ≥∂QÍxH˜ "å_»∞‰õΩ<Õq ~Ô O_»∂#∂.
3) =∂Ô~¯\’¡ qx=∞Ü«∞O JÜÕ∞ºq =∂„`«"∞Õ .
4) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖˇ#· KÕ =∂Ô~¯\’¡ qx=∞Ü«∞"≥∞#ÿ q, HÍxq ‰õÄ_®.
356. Closed Economy #=¸<åÖ’ „HÕk "åxÖ’ XHõ\ ˜ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞
1) QÆ$Ç¨Å∞ 2) ãÖã¨Åú ∞ 3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO 4) q^Õj"åºáê~°O
357. ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ LÑ¨ãO¨ Ç¨Ï~°} (Disinvestment) D ãÖ^è~Œ ƒ° Où Ö’ U~°Ê_»∞#∞.
1) W<≥fiO@sÅ qã¨~Î } ° . 2) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
3) "åºáê~° ãÖã¨Åú ∞ Ü«∞O„`åÅ#∞ ^ÕjÜ«∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°‰¡ Ωõ Jq∞‡#Ñ¨Ù_»∞.
4) ã¨∂Åú „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ JkèQqÆ ∞Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞.
358. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë ZO`«"∞Õ ~° Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
(„QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
1) ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞
3) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞{ãäû_ôÅ∞ 4) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞-ãäû_ôÅ∞
359. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ nxx J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ y™êÎ~∞° .
1) qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ #∞Oz =KÕÛ JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎ. 2) qq^èŒ =~åæÅ"å~°∞ KÕ¿ã=ºÜ«∞O.
3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞. 4) qxÜ≥∂QÆ, L`åÊ^ŒHõ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ.
350.3 351.4 352.4 353.3 354.4 355.4 356.4 357.4 358.4 359.3
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360. P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜ z„^èOŒ (leakage) HÍxk.
1) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù 2) kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ºÜ«∞O 4) Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
361. ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ PiúH=õ º=ãú̈Ö’ "åãÎ̈= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `≥e¿Ñk. (Real flow).
1) ãÖãú̈Å =∞^èºŒ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
2) QÆ$Ç¨Å #∞Oz L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ ãÖã¨úÅ‰õΩ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO =∞iÜ«Ú ãÖã¨úÅ #∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ =ã¨∞Î¿ã=Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
3) ãÖã¨Åú #∞Oz ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ‰õΩ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO, ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ #∞O_ç ãÖã¨Åú ‰õΩ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
4) QÆ$Ç¨Å=∞^Œº =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO.
362. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O ZÑ¨C_»∞ JkèHOõ QÍ LO_»QÅÆ ^Œ∞.
1) ™êOÑ¶∞‘ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`HÔ« · =ºHÎ̃Q`Æ « K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
2) qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞¡ K≥eO¡ KÕ =_ô¤ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO =º‰õΩÅÎ ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ |kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞. 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞.
363. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O D ãÖ^è~Œ ƒ° Où Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
1) [<åÉèÏ ÃÑiy#ˆ~@∞H˜, ã¨=∂#OQÍ GNP ÃÑiy#Ñ¨C_»∞.
2) GNP, [<åÉèÏ HõO>Ë <≥=∞‡kQÍ ÃÑiy#Ñ¨C_»∞.
3) [<åÉèÏ HõO>Ë GNP "ÕQOÆ QÍ ÃÑiy#Ñ¨C_»∞.
4) [<åÉèÏ <≥=∞‡kQÍ ÃÑiy GNP ÃÑ~°Q#Æ Ñ¨C_»∞.
364. ~Ô O_»∞~°OQÍÅ #=¸<åÖ’ ã¨=∞`ÒÖÏºxH˜ `«ÑÊ¨ xãï x|O^è#Œ . („QÆ∂Ñπ – 2, 2008)
1) ã¨q∞+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O ´ ã¨q∞+≤=ì ºÜ«∞O. 2) á⁄^Œ∞=Ù ´ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç.
3) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ´ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞. 4) Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ´ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ºÜ«∞O.
365. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ~°∂ 600 HÀ@∞¡, Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ ~°∂ 200 HÀ@∞¡, ãäû_ôÅ∞ ~°∂ 75 HÀ@∞¡
J~Ú`Õ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
1) ~°∂ 750 HÀ@∞¡ 2) ~°∂ 725 HÀ@∞¡ 3) ~°∂ 500 HÀ@∞¡ 4) ~°∂ 250 HÀ@∞¡
366. PiúHõ ãÖHˆ =Δ ∂xH˜ H˘Å=∂#OQÍ GNP x fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë nxÃÑ· QÆÅ „Ñ¨^•è # q=∞~°≈
1) ã≤~ú ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ nxx =ºHõÑÎ ~¨ K° Ö« =Ë Ú. 2) ¿ã=Å qÅ∞=Å#∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ .
3) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«Ö^Ë ∞Œ . 4) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞, kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«Ö^Ë ∞Œ .
367. „HÕk "åxÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOHÍxk.
1) L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅH˜KÛÕ ÑïÇ¨~°O. 2) ™⁄O`«"åºáê~°O #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞O.
3) "åºáê~° |kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞. 4) _çq_≥O_»∞.¡
368. P~°Hú "õ `Õ ÅÎ« ∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# ^•xx |\ì̃ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù J#QÍ
1) PiúH=õ º=ãú̈ ã¨=∞`ÒÅºOÖ’ L#flÑ¨C_»∞ S = l HÍ|\˜ì Wk ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ÖÏO\˜k.
2) H˘O`« HÍÅOÖ’ =º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ =ºÜ«∞O KÕÜ∞« ‰õΩO_® L#flÉèÏQÆO.
3) XHõ xiú+ì¨ HÍÅOÖ’ P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆO K≥Ü∞« º‰õΩO_® L#flÉèÏQÆO.
4) „Ñ¨[Å∞ QÆÒ« Ö’ ãÖz`«O KÕã#≤ "≥Ú`«OÎ .
360.3 361.2 362.3 363.3 364.2 365.2 366.3 367.3 368.3
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369. "Õ`«<åÅ∞ ~°∂ 1500/-, ÉèÏ@HõO ~°∂ 500/-, =_ô¤ =∞iÜ«Ú ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ ~°∂ 2000/-, qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ºÜ«∞O ~°∂
2500/-, xHõ~°^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ~°∂ 1300/-, xHõ~° q^ÕjÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ~°∂ 200/- J~Ú#KÀ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù
Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
1) ~°∂ 3500/- 2) ~°∂ 5000/- 3) ~°∂ 4000/- 4) ~°∂ 6500/-
370. ÃÑ· „Ñ¨âfl◊ Ö’ L#fl ã¨=∂Kå~°O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O =ºÜ«∞=∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O.
1) ~°∂ 3500/- 2) ~°∂ 4000/- 3) ~°∂ 5000/- 4) ~°∂ 5500/-
371. ã¨∂Åú ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (Gross Domestic output) ~°∂ 45,000/-, =∞^èºŒ O`«~° qxÜ≥∂QÆO ~°∂ 12,000/-, `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
~°∂ 500/-, q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O (-200/-) J~Ú`Õ GDP (Gross Domestic Produt) ZO`«?
1) ~°∂ 45,000/- 2) ~°∂ 33,000/- 3) ~°∂ 50,000/- 4) ~°∂ 43,000/-
372. ÃÑ· „Ñ¨âfl◊ Ö’ ã¨=∂Kå~°O |\ì̃ ã¨∂Åú *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP) nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O.
1) ~°∂ 45,000 2) ~°∂ 33,000 3) ~°∂ 33,200 4) ~°∂ 32,800
373. xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP) nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O. (ÃÑ· ã¨=∂Kå~°O |\˜)ì
1) ~°∂ 32,300 2) ~°∂ 33,500 3) ~°∂ 33,000 4) ~°∂ 33,200
374. H©<û£ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ „Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«O KÕ¿ã Ju=ÚYºHÍ~°HOõ .
1) L^Àºy`« 2) P^•Ü«∞O 3) _ç=∂O_£ "åºHÀK«`fi« O 4) ã¨fiÅÊHÍeHõ =_ô~ˆ¤ @∞
375. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nxx `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.
1) =ºÜ«∞O "≥Ñ· Ù¨ 2) L`«ÊuÎ "≥Ñ· Ù¨ 3) ÑÖÑ≤}© "≥Ñ· Ù¨ 4) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç "≥Ñ· Ù¨
376. 1985 Ö’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GNP ~°∂ 750 HÀ@∞¡, 1980 Ö’ áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂z 1985 Ö’ 150 J~Ú`Õ
1985 Ö’ "åã¨=Î GNP ZO`«?
1) 750 HÀ@∞¡ 2) 600 HÀ@∞¡ 3) 500 HÀ@∞¡ 4) 725 HÀ@∞¡
377. ~Ô O_»∞ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ (A =∞iÜ«Ú B ) ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂pÅ∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ 100 =∞iÜ«Ú 185, „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P ~Ô O_»∞
ãÖ=`«û~åÅ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 40,000 =∞iÜ«Ú 85,000 HÀ@∞¡, Ax P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ fã¨∞H˘x B ãÖ=`«û~°O
Ö’ "åãÎ̈qHõ P^•Ü«∞O QÆ}O˜ K«O_ç.
1) 85,000 HÀ@∞¡ 2) 40,095 HÀ@∞¡ 3) 45,950 HÀ@∞¡ 4) 39,960 HÀ@∞¡
378. "≥Ú`«OÎ *ÏfÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞.
1) ã¨∂Åú ^ÕjÜ«∞ =¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ#. 2) ™êìH± Ö’=∂~°∞Ê.
3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞. 4) ÃÑ· =xflÜ«Ú.
379. „HÕk "åxÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl âß¢ãÜ Î‘ ∞« Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ JOK«<å "Õã#≤ k
1) ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr 2) K.N. ~åãπ 3)V.K.R.V. ~å"£ 4) _®.=H©Öò
380. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ ^Õxx ÑïQÆ}O˜ K«~∞° .
1) HõàÏHÍ~°∞Å∞, _®º#û~üÅ∞, QÍÜ«∞‰õΩÅ P^•Ü«∞O. 2) ã¨‡QÆ~¡ ü P^•Ü«∞O.
3) =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞. 4) ÉÏºO‰õΩÅ =_ô.¤
381. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, ã≤~ú ^° ~Œè Ö° ’¡ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë D HÍÅOÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
1) ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑiˆQ@Ñ¨C_»∞ 2) ^è~Œ Å° ∞ `«Qˆ @ æ Ñ¨C_»∞ 3) ã≤~ú ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ 4) =ºÜ«∂Å∞ =∂ˆ~@Ñ¨C_»∞.
369.3 370.2 371.2 372.4 373.1 374.2 375.3 376.3 377.3 378.4 379.3 380.2 381.1
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382. #∂`«# WÅ∞¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ GNP Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO. J~Ú`Õ Wk nxÖ’ K«∂Ñ¨|_»∞#∞
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ºÜ«∞O 3) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 4) á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
383. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=.
2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ ã¨=∂#O.
3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èÅŒ ÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=.
4) Un HÍ^Œ∞.
384. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õ¿ã @Ñ¨C_»∞ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk.
1) ÉÏ@HõO 2) q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∂Å∞ 3) ÃÑ#¬<Å£ ∞ 4) ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
385. ^Õâ=◊ ¸Å^è#Œ xÅfiÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk.
1) HõOÃÑh _çÉOˇ K«~∞° ¡ =∞iÜ«Ú ¿+~°∞.¡ 2) L`«ÊuÎ^•~°¡ =^ŒÌ L#fl =Ú_çã~¨ ∞° ‰õΩÅ∞.
3) _®H±û =∞iÜ«Ú Ç¨~°ƒ~üû (Docks and Harbowrs) 4) L`«ÊuÎ ^•~°¡ =^ŒÌ L#fl `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞.
386. ''JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎ ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz—— ãÖãú̈ A KÕã#≤ L`«ÊuÎx L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ãÖãú̈ B H˜
q„Hõ~Ú¿ãÎ
1) L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO. 2) L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞.
3) A Ü≥ÚHõ¯ "åÅ∂ºÜ«∂_≥Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO. 4) A Ü≥ÚHõ¯ JÅÊ qÅ∞=Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO.
387. XHõ PiúHõ =º=ãú̈Ö’ L`åÊ^ŒHõ ™ê=∞~°ºú O U ãÖ^è~Œ ƒ° Où Ö’ qãÎ̈iOK≥#∞.
1) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
2) ã¨∂Åú „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
3) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, ã¨∂Åú *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
4) „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ ã¨∂Åú *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flÑ¨C_»∞.
388. XHõ^âÕ O◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ =∞^èºŒ JO`«~O° ZÖÏO@Ñ¨C_»∞ K≥ÑC¨ HÀ^ŒQæÆ q^èOŒ QÍ LO@∞Ok.
1) ã¨fiÅÊq^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 2) JkèHõ q^ÕjÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 3) q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ÖËHáõ È=Ù@ 4) UnHÍ^Œ∞.
389. XHõ ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ XHõ PiúH=õ º=ãú̈Ö’ Jxfl ãÖãú̈Å "≥Ú`«OÎ J=∞‡HÍÅ∞.
1) ã¨∂Åú *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ ã¨=∂#O. 2) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#O.
3) ã¨∂Åú *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=. 4) ã¨∂Åú *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=.
390. P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏOÖ’ lnjection HÍxk
1) ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ 2) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 3) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=ºÜ«∞O 4) Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
391. J=∞‡HÍÅ Ñï=∂}O "≥Ú`«OÎ GNP HõO>Ë H˘xflÔ~@∞¡ Z‰õΩ¯= LO_»_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O.
1) GNP HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨Ï~Úã¨∞OÎ k HÍ|\ì̃.
2) J=∞‡HÍÅxfl „^Œ=º ~°∂ÑÖÖ’#∞.GNP =ã¨=Î ~°∂ÑÖÖ’#∞ LO_»∞@=Å¡.
3) GNP =∞^ŒºO`«~=° ã¨∞Î J=∞‡HÍÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨Ï~Úã¨∞OÎ k. 4) Un HÍ^Œ∞.
392. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk.
1) =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· =ºÜ«∞O. 2) PÇ¨~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅÃÑ· Y~°∞Û.
3) ãÖãú̈ #∞ qãÎ̈iOÑ¨KÜ Õ Ú« @‰õΩ KÕ¿ã=ºÜ«∞O. 4) H˘`«ÎQÍ ãÖã¨úÖ’=∞~˘Hõ áê¡O\ò#∞ xi‡OK«∞@‰õΩ KÕ¿ã =ºÜ«∞O.
382.3 383.1 384.3 385.1 386.2 387.2 388.2 389.3 390.4 391.3 392.2
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ECONOMY
393. ãÖã¨ú ã¨∂úÅ L`«ÊuÎ #∞Oz (Gross output) W`«~° ãÖã¨úÅ#∞Oz H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕã≤# =Ú_çã¨~°∞‰õΩÅ#∞, ¿ã=Å#∞
fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ PãÖãú̈ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ nxx JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û.
1) ã¨∂Åú =ºÜ«∞O 2) xHõ~Ö° ÏÉèOí 3) J=HÍâ◊=ºÜ«∞O 4) "åÅ∂ºÜ«∂_≥_£
394. q`«Î Pã¨∞ÎÅ =º=Ç¨~åÅ∞ (Transacticn in Financi Assets and Eg: Shares, stock. etc) nxH˜ HÍ~°}=∞QÆ∞#∞.
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’¡ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ. 2) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ ‰õΩ.
3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O K«∂Ñ¨=Ù. 4) Éèqí +¨º`üÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ.
395. ÉèÏ~°`« PiúHõ =º=ãú̈Ö’ kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk.
1) =∂#∞ºá¶êHõÛiOQ∑ 2) x~å‡}O
3) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ =∞iÜ«Ú HÍfiiOQ∑ 4) q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ã~¨ Ñ° ~¨¶ å.
396. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GNP ~°∂ 200, q^Õj xHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O ~°∂ 20, Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ ~°∂ 20, ãäû_ôÅ∞ ~°∂ 10.
J~Ú`Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º GDP.
1) ~°∂ 160 2) ~°∂ 170 3) ~°∂ 200 4) ~°∂ 250
397. XHõ^âÕ ◊ kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ nxH˜ P^•Ü«∂xfl HõeÊOK«∞#∞.
1) ^ÕjÜ«∞ =∂#∂ºá¶êHõÛ~üû. 2) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO. 3) "åºáê~°∞Å∞. 4)q^Õj L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞.¡
398. Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÍq∞ P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ D ãÖ^è~Œ ƒ° Où Ö’ =∂„`«"∞Õ P^•Ü«∂xfl Ñ¨Ù#ó ÑÖÑ≤}© KÕÜÚ« #∞.
1) „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò =º‰õΩÅÎ =^ŒÌ ãÖÑ¨^Œ L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞. 2) P^•Ü«∂Å∞ Jã¨=∂#OQÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
3) Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ZQÆ"`Õ « ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞. 4) Éè∂í q∞ ~å[ºO Pnè#OÖ’ L#flÑ¨C_»∞.
399. ã¨∂Åú J~°âú ßGOÖ’ =∞øoHõÑ~¨ ° ã≤^•úO`« x~å‡}O.
1) ã¨q∞+≤ì _ç=∂O_£ 2) ã¨q∞+≤ì ã¨ÑÜ¡¨ ∞ü 3) P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü∞« „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO 4)qxÜ≥∂QÆO =∞iÜ«Ú ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç.
400. =$kúKO≥ ^Õ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’
1) ã≤~ú ^° ~Œè Ö° ’ GNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. 2) ã≤~ú ^° ~Œè Ö° ’ GNP ã≤~ú O° QÍ LO_»∞#∞.
3) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. 4) Un HÍ^Œ∞.
401. ^Õâ◊ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ Z‰õΩ¯= ÉèÏQÆO nxH˜ K≥Ok#k.
1) „ÃÑ"≥\· ò qxÜ≥∂QÆO. 2) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi qxÜ≥∂QÆO. 3) ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç. 4) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞.
402. ã≤~ú ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nx ^•fi~å QÆ}O˜ K«=K«∞Û
1) ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p/ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ˛ 100
2) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O/ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p ˛ 100
3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O/ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂pqÅ∞= ˛ 100
4) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O/ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂pqÅ∞= ˛ 100
393.4 394.3 395.3 396.2 397.4 398.3 399.3 400.1 401.1 402.2
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ECONOMY
APPSC "åi QÆ`« Ñ„ â

¨ ßfl Ñ¨`
„ åÅÖ’x Ñ„ â
¨ fl◊ Å∞ – ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ∞
Endowment 2008
1) q^Õj "åºáê~°=Ú ÖËx JO`«~`æ° "« ∞≥ #ÿ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨(÷ Closed Economy) Ö’ Uk ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k? (1)
1) GDP = GNP 2) GDP > GNP 3) GDP < GNP 4) ÃÑ· ^Õk HÍ^Œ∞
2) „HÕk "åxÖ’ Uk |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù? (3)
1) "åKü "≥∞<£H˜ K≥eO¡ KÕk 2) ™⁄O`«Ü∞« [=∂xLO_Õ Éè=í #O J^≥Ì
3) Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ *Ë|∞Y~°∞Û(Pocket money) 4) ÃÑ=· hfl#∞
3. U ãÖã¨÷ „Ñü ãÖ=`«û~°=Ú *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕÜÚ« #∞? (4)
1) „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ =Ú 2) ÉèÏ~°`« i[~°∞fi ÉÏºO‰õΩ 3) q`«ãÎ O¨ Ñ¶∞¨ =Ú 4) Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷
4. ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ =∂Ô~¯@∞ ^è~Œ Å° =^ŒÌ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ D„HÕk "åxÖ’ ^Õxx QÆ}#Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞H˘#|_»Ö^Ë ∞Œ ? (3)
1) ãäû_ôãπ (Subsidies) 2) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ Éè`í º« =ÚÅ∞
3) Ñ¨^gŒ q~°=∞} Ñ≤OKè#« ∞¡ 4) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞
5. ''~°™ê~Ú#—— ^Œ∞HÍ}=ÚÖ’x ~Ô „Ñ¶l≤ ~ˆ @~°∞ (3)
1. Lz`«=ã¨∞=Î Ù 2. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î Ù 3. =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î Ù 4. qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ã¨∞=Î Ù
6. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨ÙÖ’ ~Ô O_»∞ Ñ¨~åºÜ«∞=ÚÅ =Å# HõÅ∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨~º° =™ê#=Ú : (1)
1. JkèHõ JOK«<å 2. `«‰Ωõ ¯= JOK«<å
3. ãïÜ«∞QÆ∞ JOK«<å 4. JOK«<åÅÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O LO_»^∞Œ .
7. D „HÕk "åxÖ’ Uk ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç HÍ^Œ∞ : (2)
1) =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ =ºÜ«∞O 2) PÇ¨~° ^è•<åºÅ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ =ºÜ«∞O
3) áê¡O@∞ (Plant) qãÎ̈~} ° =ºÜ«∞O 4) áê¡O@∞ ™ê÷Ñ#¨ ‰õΩ =ºÜ«∞O
8. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆ=ÚÖ’ L#flq : (4)
I. =º=™êÜ«∞=Ú, Ñ¨â√◊ ãÖÑ¨^Œ =∞iÜ«Ú J#∞|O^èŒ Ñ¨#∞Å∞ II. J@g =∞iÜ«Ú HõÅÑ¨
III. =∞`«ûº Ñï„â◊=∞ IV. QÆ#∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ~åà◊§ Ñï„â◊=∞
1) I =∂„`«"∞Õ 2) I =∞iÜ«Ú II 3) I, II =∞iÜ«Ú III 4) ÃÑ=· xflÜ«¸
9. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ U qÅ∞=Ö’ #+¨=ì Ú : (1)
1) =¸Å^è#Œ Pã¨∞ÅÎ ∞ 2) ™êìHû± 3) qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ 4) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞
10. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨ÙÖ’ Uk „âı+"ª̈ ∞≥ #ÿ Ñ¨ûúŒ : (4)
1) P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) =ºÜ«∂Å Ñ¨ûúŒ
3) L`åÊ^ŒHõ Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) P^•Ü«∞=Ú =∞iÜ«Ú L`«Ê`«∞ÅÎ HõÅ~ÚHõ Ñ¨ûúŒ .
A.S.O.2008
11) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ^è<Œ å`«‡HõOQÍ L#flKÀ, ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ : (3)

1) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Hõ<åfl `«‰Ωõ ¯= LOLOk. 2) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO@∞Ok
3) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok. 4) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍx ã¨=∂#OQÍ QÍx LO@∞Ok.
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12) W`«~° q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ ã≤÷~°OQÍ LO_ç, ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊ "åºáê~°"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ W`«~°^ÕâßÅÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ÃÑOK«_»O =Å¡ P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy`Õ:(1)
1) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok 2) ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞
3) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP) =∞iÜ«Ú ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞
4) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ HÍx ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP) `«QÆ∞æ#∞
13) Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ „^Œ"ÀºÅƒù} ~°ÇÏ≤ `«"∞≥ #ÿ =$kú L#flKÀ, "åãÎ̈= *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O`À áÈeÛ
K«∂¿ãÎ : (2)
1. `«‰Ωõ ¯= LO_»∞#∞ 2. ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞
3. Z‰õΩ¯= LO_»∞#∞ 4. ÃÑq· Ug HÍ=Ù
14) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 5% ÃÑiy, =∞iÜ«Ú [<åÉèÏ 2% ÃÑiy#KÀ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ZO`«? (2)
1) 2.5% 2) 3%
3) 7% 4) 10%
15) W~°`« q+¨Ü∂« Å∞ ã≤~÷ O° QÍ LO_ç, „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ÃÑOz#KÀ, "≥Ü · ∞« HÎ̃Hõ =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O : (1)
1) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok 2) =∂~°^∞Œ
3) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok 4) ÃÑ"· gÕ HÍ^Œ∞
16) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ‰õΩ L^•Ç¨Ï~°} : (4)
1) HÍi‡‰õΩxH˜ K≥eO¡ z# "Õ`<« åÅ∞ 2) Éè∂í ™êfiq∞H˜ K≥eO¡ z# H“Å∞
3) =_ô¤ "åºáêiH˜Ke≥ O¡ z# =_ô¤ 4) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO K≥eO¡ z# =$^•úÑº¨ Ñ¶O≤ Kè#« ∞
17) L`«ÊuÎ ~°OQÆO J=∞‡HÍÅ ~å|_»∞Å∞ : (2)
1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï ãÖã¨÷ =ã¨∂à◊√¡ 2) QÆ$Ç¨ÏãÖã¨÷ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) "åºáê~°ãO¨ ã¨÷ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4) QÆ$Ç¨ÏãÖã¨÷ WzÛ# |∞∞}ÏÅ∞
18) *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ (4)
1) C+ I + G - (X + M) 2) C + I - G - (X + M)
3) C + I - G + (X - M) 4) C + I + G + (X - M)
19. xÜ«∞q∞`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ (3)
1. ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ â◊¥#ºO, kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅO 2. kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ â◊¥#ºO, ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅO
3. ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ â◊¥#ºO 4. ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅO
20. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ : (4)
1. L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞= 2. L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞=
3. Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞= 4. Jxfl L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞O
21. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯õ ÃÑ>Ë@ì Ñ¨C_»∞ XHõ =ã¨∞=Î Ù qÅ∞=#∞ ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù KÕ¿ã ã¨=∞ã¨º ZÑ¨C_»∞ L`«Ê#fl=∞ø`«∞Ok?(1)
1) =i^è•#ºO =∞iÜ«Ú aÜ«∞ºO ÑïQÆ}Ö’H˜ fã¨∞H˘#flÑ¨C_»∞
2) =i ^è•#ºO =∞iÜ«Ú QÀ^è∞Œ =∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞H˘#flÑ¨C_»∞
3) ÑÖ_»∞¡ =∞iÜ«Ú ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å#∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞H˘#flÑ¨C_»∞
4) ÑÖK«^•~° =∞iÜ«Ú q∞~°Ñ#¨ ∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞H˘#flÑ¨C_»∞
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22. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨ÙÖ’ „HÕk"åxÖ’ ^Õxx ÑïQÆ}O˜ K«~∞° ? (4)
1) áê`«Q$Æ Ç¨ÏO J^≥Ì 2) áÈbã¨∞ "Õ`#« O
3) |∞∞}OÃÑ· =_ô¤ 4) `«e¡ `«# ‰õΩ=∂~°∞x =^ŒÌ fã¨∞H˘#fl „^Œ=ºO
23) ÉÏQÍ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« #fl ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë "åã¨qÎ Hõ P^•Ü«∞O (3)
1) `«Q∞Æ #æ ∞ 2) =∂~°^∞Œ 3) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞ 4) ÃÑq· Ug HÍ=Ù
24) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl =∞kOKÕ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« ÅÖ’ HÍxk Uk:
1) Value added method 2) Income method
3) Investment method 4) Expenditure method
25) ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ W\©=Å HÍÅ=ÚÖ’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO "å\Ï : (3)
1) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« #flk 2) ã≤~÷ =° ÚQÍ L#flk 3) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk 4) ÃÑq· Ug HÍ^Œ∞.
Dy.E.O.2008
26) _®. q.ÔH.q.~å=Ù QÍ~°∞ D ~°OQÆOÖ’ Hõ$+≤ KÕãi≤ ? (1)
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 2) ™ê^è•~°} (General) ã¨=∞`ÒÅºO
3) ã¨∂HõΔ ‡ J~°â÷ ßGO 4) ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞ J~°â÷ ßGO
27) =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z (HDI) x~°Ü ‚ ∞« „Ñ¨=∂}O UNDPÖ’ Jaè=$kú Ñïz#k Z=~°∞ (2)
1) Z.ÔH. ¿ã<£ 2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± 3) q.Zãπ. q∞<åfiãπ 4) ~°=qÜ«∞<£
28) ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ ~åR =∂#= Jaè=$kú iáÈ~üì "≥Ú^Œ@ „Ñ¨K∞« iOz# ~åR „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO (2)
1) Hõ~åfl@Hõ 2) =∞^èºŒ „Ñ¨^âÕ ò 3) PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò 4) L`«~Î „° Ñ¨^âÕ ò
29) D „HÕk"åxÖ’ GNPÖ’ KÕi LO_»xk? (2)
1) xHõ~° q^Õj P^•Ü«∞O 2) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) _çq_≥O_£ 4) "åºáê~° ãÖã¨Å÷ ÑÖz ÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
30) ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO JO>Ë Uk? (3)
1) áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 2) ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO 3) =º=™êÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 4) Ñ¨„uHÍ ~°OQÆO
31) 2006–07 HÍÅOÖ’, GNPÖ’ ¿ã"å~°OQÆO Ü≥ÚHõ¯ "å\Ï (1)
1) 52 âß`«O 2) 42 âß`«O 3) 32 âß`«O 4) 22 âß`«O
32) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ ãÖã¨÷ Uk? (4)
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi=Ú 2) PiúHõ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ =Ú 3) „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ ãÖÑ¶∞¨ =Ú 4) Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõãO¨ ã¨÷
J. L. 2007
33. ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ J<Õk (Domestic Product is) (2)
1) ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ x=ã≤OKÕ =º‰õΩÅÎ KÕ KÕÜ∞« |_ç# L`«ÊuÎ
2) ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ x=ã≤OKÕ =º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú W`«~∞° Å∞ KÕã#≤ k
3) ™ê^•~°} x"åã≤`∞« Öˇ· LO_ç, ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’Ñ¨Å, "≥Å∞Ñ¨Å L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ k
4) ^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’Ñ¨Å =∞iÜ«Ú W`«~° Éè∂í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ x=tã¨∞#Î fl "å~°∞ KÕã#≤ k
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34. „HÕk"åxÖ’ Uk „^Œ=º ãÖ|O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ =º=Ç¨~°O (Financial Transaction) (4)
1) áê¡\ò#∞ H˘#_»O J=∞‡_»O 2) ^è•#º=Ú#∞ H˘#_»O J=∞‡_»O
3) Éè=í <åÅ#∞ H˘#_»O J=∞‡_»O 4) ¿+~°#¡ ∞ H˘#_»O J=∞‡_»O
35. XHõ ^Õâã◊ ∂¨ Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP) nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (1)
1. ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ { q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç =zÛ# xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O
2. ^ÕâO◊ Ö’x xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ { q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç =zÛ# xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O
3. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O { q^ÕâßÅ#∞O_ç ã¨∂Å÷ P^•Ü«∞O
4. xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ { ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
36.. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° „Ñ¨HÍ~°O NDP H˜ Wk ã¨=∂#=Ú (3)
1) GNP #∞O_ç =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ
2) GNP #∞O_ç q^Õj xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞=Ú#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ
3) GDP #∞O_ç =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ 4) GDP ‰õΩ q^ÕâßÅ xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞=Ú HõÅÑ¨QÍ
37. D „HÕk"åxÖ’ U ã¨∂„`«=Ú LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz "åã¨=Î "≥∞#ÿ NNP x ~å|@ì=K«∞Û (2)
1) 100/„^Œ=º NNP x ^è~Œ ° ã¨∂z 2) „^Œ=º NNP / „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ ° ã¨∂z ˛100
3) „^Œ=º NNP/100 x „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖ=`«û~° ^è~Œ ° ã¨∂z 4) ÃÑq· Ug HÍ=Ù
38. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ, ãäû_ôÅ∞ HõeÑ≤, Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ fã≤"ãÕ #≤ Jk ^ÕxH˜ ã¨=∂#O
1) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=Ú (GNPFC) (3)
2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∞^•Ü«∞=Ú (GNPMP)
3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=Ú (NNPFC)
4) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=Ú (NNPMP)
39. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ã¨q∞+≤ì ÉèÏ=OÖ’ (3)
1) Jxfl K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞= "≥Ú`«OÎ
3) Ñ¨ÓiÎ J~Ú# =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4) =∂~°HOõ KÕã#≤ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞=
40. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=Ú =∞iÜ«Ú ^ÕjÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞=ÚÅ =∞^èºŒ =º`åºã¨"∞Õ =∞O>Ë (1)
1) q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O 2) q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç xHõ~° J^Œ$âßºÅ∞
3) q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç ã¨∂Å÷ P^•Ü«∞O 4) q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç ã¨∂Å÷ J^Œ$âßºÅ∞
41. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ JuÃÑ^ŒÌ "å\Ï HõeyOk (1)
1) ¿ã=Å ~°OQÆO 2) =º=™êÜ«∞O 3) áêi„âßq∞Hõ~O° QÆO 4) "åºáê~°~O° QÆO
42. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_O» Ö’ „HÕk "åxÖ’ ^Õxx q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe (1)
1) q^•º~°∞Å÷ „QÍO@∞ 2) „Ñ¨^•è #=∞O„u r`«O
3) =~°‰Î Ωõ Å∞ ãÖáêkOz# ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 4) WO\˜ `À@Ö’ ÑÖ_çOz# ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å∞
43. x["≥∞#ÿ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ U q^èOŒ QÍ á⁄O^≥^=Œ Ù (2)
1) H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕã#≤ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_O» 2) Deflating NNP
3) Inflating NNP 4) Relating NNP
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ECONOMY
44. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_O» Ö’ g\˜x q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe (2)
1) Éè„í ^Œ`å ^ŒàÏÅÃÑ· KÕ¿ã Y~°∞Û 2) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}∞Å ¿ã=Å∞
3) ÉÏºO‰õΩÅ∞ á⁄O^Õ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 4) U*ˇO@∞¡ á⁄O^Õ Hõq∞+¨#∞¡
D.L. 2007
45. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞<Õk ã¨=∂[ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O #‰õΩ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # H˘Å=∂#O HÍ^Œ∞ ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë (4)
1. „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O =∂#ã≤Hõ "≥∞#ÿ k HÍ=Ù# H˘Å=_®xH˜ gÅ∞ ÖË^∞Œ
2. Jk P^•Ü«∞ ÑÖÑ≤}˜ q^è•<åxfl „ÑüaOaOK«^∞Œ
3. Ñ¨~åº=~°} =∂~°∞Ê#∞ (ã¨=∂[OÖ’) `≥ÅÊ^Œ∞ 4. ÃÑ=· xflÜ«Ú
46. GNP J<Õk GDP HõO>Ë JkèHOõ QÍ L#flÑ¨ÙÊ_»∞ (3)
1) q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞=Ú â◊¥#ºO 2) q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O |∞∞}Ï`«‡Hõ=Ú
3) q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞=Ú ^è<Œ å`«‡Hõ=Ú
4) xÜ«∞q∞`« LÑ¨ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ HÍ=Ù# ^ÕâßÅ =∞^èºŒ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ‰õΩ QÆ=∞#jÅ`« ÖË^∞Œ
47. „HÕk "åxÖ’ Uk GDP H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#k HÍ^Œ∞ (4)
1) GDP „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `≥e¿Ñk
2) GDP „`≥=· ∂ã≤HOõ QÍ (™ê^è•~°}OQÍ) iáÈ~°∞ì KÕÜ∞« _»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok HÍh WK«Û@ ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ iáÈ~°∞ì
KÕÜ∞« _»O J=Ù`«∞Ok.
3) GDP JOu=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ =∂Ô~¯\ò qÅ∞=Ö’ K«∂Ñ≤OK«_O» [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
4) XHõ ãÖ=`«û~° HÍÅOÖ’ Jxfl HõOÃÑhÅKÕ L`«ÊuÎ KÕã#≤ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨QÍ =zÛ# qÅ∞"Õ
48. „HÕk "åxÖ’ ^Õxx GDP ÖˇH¯˜ OK«_®xH˜ HõeÃÑ^Œ~∞° (3)
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ ÉÏO_»∞#∞ Jq∞‡# ^è~Œ ° 2) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ JOkOz# ¿ã=Å∞
3) LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# ("å_ç#) HÍ~°¡ _ôÅ~°∞ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ¿ã=Å∞
4) Ñ¨^gŒ q~°=∞} KÕã#≤ =$^Œ∞Åú ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ Éè$í u (ÃÑ#¬<)£
49. „HÕk "åxÖ’ Uk ã¨~Ô #· k? (1)
1) GDP = C + I + G + (X – M) 2) GDP = C + I + G + (M – X)
3) GDP = C + I + G – T 4) GDP = [C + I + G + (X – M)] – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
50. „HÕk"åxÖ’ Uk ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k HÍ^Œ∞ (3)
1) NDP J<Õk GDP #∞O_ç `«~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ fã≤"ÕÜ«∞QÍ =KÕÛk
2) GDP H˜ q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xfl HõeÑ≤# GNP H˜ ã¨=∂#=∞QÆ∞#∞.
3) NDP #∞O_ç `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ GDP =ã¨∞OÎ k
4) GNP #∞O_ç `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ =∞iÜ«Ú "åºáê~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ fã≤"Ü Õ ∞« QÍ Jk *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ã¨=∂#=∞QÆ∞#∞
51. qq^èŒ HÍÖÏÖ’¡ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ãïáÈÅÛ_®xH˜ „HÕk "å\˜H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# ^Œ`åÎOâßxfl "å_®e.
1) <å=∞=∂„`« *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 2) "åã¨=Î *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O (2)
3) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 4) ÃÑ"· gÕ HÍ=Ù
52. „HÕk "å\˜Ö’ U ^ÕâßÅ∞ JkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞#∞ ™êkèã∞¨ #Î flq (2)
1) GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 4%, [<åÉèÏ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 3% 2) GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5% [<åÉèÏ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 2%
3) GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 7% [<åÉèÏ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 5% 4) GDP =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 6% [<åÉèÏ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ 3.5%
z~°Orq 157 Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
ECONOMY
53. ã¨q∞+≤ì *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „HÕk =ºH˜Î P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ^Õxx HõÅ∞Ñ¨=Öˇ (3)
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO JOkOKÕ x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Éè$í u 2) r=<å^è•~° Hõ=∞`« P^•Ü«∞=Ú
3) xÅ∞=ÅÖ’¡ „É’Hõ~‰¡° Ωõ ÅaèOKÕ Hõq∞+¨<£ 4) QÆ$Ç¨Ï ¿ã=Å‰õΩ QÆ$Ç≤Ï}∞Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ K«x "≥Ú`«OÎ
54. „HÕk "åxÖ’ Uk ã¨~Ô #· k HÍ^Œ∞ (2)
1) ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ q^è•#=ÚÖ’ QÆ$Ç¨Ï =∞iÜ«Ú "å}˜[º ~°OQÍÅ =∞^èºŒ ãÖ|O^è•xfl K«^=Œ _»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok
2) ~Ô O_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ q^è•#=ÚÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj =∞iÜ«Ú q^Õj ~°OQÍÅ =∞^èºŒ ãÖ|O^è•xfl K«^=Œ _»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok
3) =¸_»∞ ~°OQÍÅ q^è•#OÖ’ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, "å}˜[º~°OQÆO =∞iÜ«Ú „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi~°OQÆO QÆ∞iOz K«^=Œ _»O
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok
4) <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ q^è•#OÖ’ QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆO, "å}˜[º~°OQÆO, „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi~°OQÆO =∞iÜ«Ú q^Õj~°OQÆO QÆ∞iOz K«^Œ=_»O
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok
NET 2007
55. PQLI#∞ QÆ}O˜ z#k (3)
1) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± 2) l.ZO."Õ∞Ü«∞~ü 3) _Õq_£ "≥∂iãπ 4) ÃÑ"· å~°O^Œ~∂°
56. UNDP 177 ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ HDI #∞ QÆ}¿˜ ãÎ ÉèÏ~°`« ~åºOH± gx =∞^èºŒ LOk. (4)
1) 111–115 2) 116–120 3) 121–125 4) 126–130
57. WÑ¨Ê\˜=~°‰Äõ J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥#· ãÖ=`«û~°O (*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’) (3)
1) 2006–07 2) 2005–06 3) 1988–89 4) 2003–04
58. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨ÙÖ’ =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O (1)
1) GDP { xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O { |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ – Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
2) GNP + xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O { |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ – Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
3) GDP { xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O { |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ – Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
4) GNP + xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O { |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ – Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
J.L 2006
59. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (2)
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ Ù¨ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ – HÍ~˘Êˆ~@∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { ãäû_ôÅ∞
4) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ Ù¨ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
60. qÅ∞= ‰õÄ~°∞Ê JO>Ë (Value Added) ( 3)
1) Ñ¨ÓiÎ J~Ú# =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞= 2) L`«Ê`«Î qÅ∞= – L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ qÅ∞=
3) L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= – =∞^ŒºO`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞= 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
61. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O ^ÕxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (1)
1) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ Ù¨ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – cè=∂ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O { |kb Y~°∞ÛÅ∞
62. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ „HÕk U JOâ◊O KÕ~Û° |_»^∞Œ (2)
1) ã¨fiO`« x"åãÖÃÑ· K≥eO¡ KÕ J^≥Ì 2) =¸Å^è#Œ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ (Capital gains)
3) QÆ$Ç¨Ï <ÒHõ~‰¡° Ωõ K≥eO¡ KÕ r`åÅ∞ 4) ‰õΩ@∞O| „â◊=∞‰õΩ PáêkOz# "Õ`<« åÅ∞
z~°Orq 158 Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
ECONOMY
63. D „HÕk "å\˜Ö’ Uk |kb Y~°∞ÛÅ#∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã∞¨ OÎ k? (4)
1) L^ÀºQÆ∞Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ |HÍ~ÚÅ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 2) "å\Ï^•~°‰¡ Ωõ K≥eO¡ KÕ ÖÏÉèÏÅ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) ãÖã¨Å÷ ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ ãäû_ôÅ∞ 4) Ñ¨^gŒ q~°=∞}^•~°∞Å‰õΩ K≥eO¡ KÕ ÃÑ#¬#∞¡
64. XHõ ^Õâ◊ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ~°∂.1,65,080 HÀ@¡‰Ωõ ã¨=∂#O. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷
*ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ~°∂.1,54,060 HÀ@∞¡. ãäû_ôÅ∞ ~°∂.4560 HÀ@¡‰Ωõ J~Ú#Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ "≥Ú`«OÎ „HÕk U
qÅ∞=‰õΩ ã¨=∂#O? (1)
1) ~°∂.15,580 HÀ@∞¡ 2) ~°∂.6460 HÀ@∞¡
3) ~°∂.1,60,520 HÀ@∞¡ 4) ~°∂.1,69,640 HÀ@∞¡
65. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ D „HÕk ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞<åfl~Ú(4 )
1) P^•Ü«∞ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ ¿ãHõ~} ° ã¨=∞ã¨º 2) P^•Ü«∞=Ú#‰õΩ ã¨~Ô #· x~°fiK«#O W=fiHõáÈ=_»O
3) „^Œ=ºO`À qx=∞Ü«∞O HÍx =º=Ç¨~åÅ∞ 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
66. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ Ju ÃÑ^ŒÌ JOâ◊O (1)
1) QÆ$Ç¨Ï ~°OQÆ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞O 2) ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
3) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `«Î =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ ÃÑ· „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O 4) xHõ~° q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
Gaz 2006
67. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅÖ’ _®IIq.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz# Ñ¨ûúŒ (4)
1) P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨ûúŒ 3) QÆ∞}ÕK«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) P^•Ü«∞ L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞
68. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~åROÖ’ 2001 <å\˜ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ qÅ∞= (4)
1) 0.444 2) 0.427 3) 0.513 4) 0.416
69. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ ã¨∂zOKÕ =º`åºãÖ, xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ =∞iÜ«Ú (3)
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 2) =ºÜ«∞~°›^•Ü«∞O 3) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O
Group II 2005
70 D „HÕk"åxÖ’ Uk XÑ¨ÙÊ (3)
1) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞O\Ï~Ú 2) qÅ∞= ‰õÄ~°∞ÊÖ’ |kb Y~°∞ÛÅ∞O\Ï~Ú
3) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ (GNP) Ü«∞O„`åÅ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ/J~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ LO@∞Ok
4) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ Hõeã≤ LO\Ï~Ú
71. GNP, GDP Å =∞^èºŒ Éè^Ë OŒ J#QÍ, „HÕk"å\˜Ö’ Uq GNP Ö’ Hõeã≤ LO\Ï~Ú ( 2 )
1) |kb Y~°∞ÛÅ∞ 2) xHõ~° q^Õj P^•Ü«∞O 3) ã¨∂Å÷ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù 4) HÍ~˘Êˆ~@∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
72. qÅ∞= ‰õÄ~°∞Ê/HõÅ∞Ñ¨_O» (value added) JO>Ë (4)
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GNP 2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ NNP
3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O–ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x HõOÃÑh ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
4) ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ – L`«ÊuÎÖ’ "å_ç# =∂^èºŒ q∞Hõ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ =ºÜ«∞O
73. q^Õj xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O ^ÕxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (3)
1) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 2) =¸Å^è#Œ ~å|_»∞Å∞–=¸Å^è#Œ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) q^ÕâßÅ #∞Oz „QÆÇÏ≤ Oz# HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O – q^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ K≥eO¡ z# HÍ~°Hõ ^è~Œ Å° ∞
4) Z<£.P~ü.S.Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl P^•Ü«∞O – ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞^•~°∞¡ ãÖáêkOz# P^•Ü«∞O
z~°Orq 159 Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530
ECONOMY
74. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ NNP H˜, L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêì º NNP H˜ QÆÅ `Õ_® nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (1)
1) ãäû_ôÅ#∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«∞‰õΩx Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2) „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ { |kb Y~°∞ÛÅ∞
3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O – ÑÖzÃÑ@ìx ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 4) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O
J.L. 2004
75. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ (HDI)qÅ∞= D =∞^èºŒ Ö’ LO@∞Ok. (2)
1) 1–100 2) 0–1 3) 100–1000 4) ÃÑq· Ug HÍ=Ù
76. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõÖ’ JOâ◊=Ú HÍxk (3)
1) [## HÍÅO #∞Oz PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O
2) JHõ~Δ åã¨º`« ~ˆ @∞ =∞iÜ«Ú áê~îâ° ßÅ ã¨Q@
Æ ∞ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞
3) tâ◊√ =∞~°}ÏÅ ~ˆ @∞ 4) P^•Ü«∞O
77. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ òÖ’ 1990 ^Œâß|Ì=ÚÖ’ 1980 ^Œâß|Ì=Ú HõO>Ë `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°Q_Æ ®xH˜ QÆÅHÍ~°}O (3)
1) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl [<åÉèÏ =$kú̂~@∞ 2) ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ KÕÜ∞« _»OÖ’ QÆÅ ^À+Ö
3) `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« #fl [<åÉèÏ =$kú̂~@∞
4) ~åR ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ, =ÚYºOQÍ =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO Ü≥ÚHõ¯ JkèHõ =$kú~ˆ @∞
78. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH,˜ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ =∞^èºŒ ÉËÔŒ (3)
1) =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 2) Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 3) q^ÕjxHõ~° HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O 4) |kb ãÖáê^Œ#Å∞
79. iK«~™¤ü Èì<‰£ Ωõ D „HÕk ^•x`À ãÖ|O^èOŒ LOk (2)
1) Ñï„â◊=∞Å=∞^èºŒ qâı+¡ } ¨ 2) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ qâı+¡ } ¨
3) bxÜ«∞~ü „áÈ„QÍq∞OQ∑ 4) x^è∞Œ Å „Ñ¨"åÇ¨Ï qâı+¡ } ¨
80. "åãÎ̈= ÖË^• x[ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (Real GDP) J#QÍ (3)
1) XHõ xs‚`H« ÍÅOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# JOu=∞=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú¿ã=Å "≥Ú`«OÎ
2) „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ H˘Å=|_ç# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å "≥Ú`åÎxfl ^è~Œ ã° ∂¨ p^•fi~å _ç¿Ñ\¡ ò KÕã#≤ k
3) XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’<Õ L`«ÊuÎ J~Ú# JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å#∞ „^Œ=º~°∂ÑÖÖ’ ÖˇH¯˜ Oz ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p ^•fi~å ‰õΩkOz#
(Deflated) "≥Ú`«O Î
4) HÍ~°HÍÅ P^•Ü«∂Å"≥Ú`«OÎ
81. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞=∞#QÍ (4)
1. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O { Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
2. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O { Ñ¶O≤ K«#∞¡
3. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_ç# ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ – ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`« K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
4. L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – ÑÖz ÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ – ™êOÑ¶∞≤ Hõ Éè„í ^Œ`å K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ { |kb
K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
82. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k Uk (4)
1) NNP Ö’ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ LO@∞Ok 2) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞O\Ï~Ú
3) =ºÜ«∞~°› P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞fl Å∞O\Ï~Ú 4) xHõ~° Pi÷Hõ ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞OÖ’ fiHõ (Leisure)LO@∞Ok
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ECONOMY
83. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ JO>Ë (2)
1) ã¨∂Å÷ ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
3) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ – kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ – ZQÆ∞=∞u ã¨∞OHõO
84. Gross value Added J#QÍ (2)
1) Value of Gross out put - Capital consumption
2) Value of Gross out put - Value of inputs used in production
3) Value of Gross out put - Wages 4) Value of Gross out put - Wages - Interest
J.L. 2003 (Back log) & J.L. 2001

85 *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ D „HÕk"åxÖ’ ^Õxx qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ã¨∞=Î ÙQÍ ÑïQÆ}O˜ K«~∞° (3)
1) XHõ HÍ~°¡ HõOÃÑh `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã#≤ H˘`«Î HÍ~°∞ 2) Wà◊√¡ (Houses)
3) ÃãHõO_£ Ç¨ºO_£ HÍ~ü H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕÜ∞« _»O 4) "≥^· ºŒ *Ï„QÆ`Î« (Medical care)
86. Double Counting J<Õk (2)
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« _»O 2) *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎx Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« _»O
3) *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎx Distorting KÕÜÚ« @ 4) *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ g∞^Œ `«ÑÙ¨ Ê_»∞ =ÚyOÑ¨Ù WK«∞Û@
87. D „HÕk "åxÖ’ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨Ù HÍxk. (1)
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi L^ÀºQÆ∞Å r`åÅ∞ 2) x~°∞^ÀºQÆ c=∂ ã¨^∞Œ áêÜ«∂Å∞
3) Ñ¨^gŒ q~°=∞} ÃÑ#¬#∞¡ 4) P^•Ü«∞ =∞^Œ`Ì ∞« HõÅÊ#
88. XHõ ãÖã¨÷ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ L`«ÊuÎ #∞Oz, Jk "Õ̂~ ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕã#≤ L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ#∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ ( 1 )
1) Value added 2) =∂~ü¯û q∞QÆ∞Å∞ qÅ∞= 3) "≥Ú`«OÎ ã¨∂Å÷ L`«ÊuÎ 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
89. D „HÕk ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨ÙÖ’ GNP QÍx, NNP QÍx fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. (3)
1) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) ¿ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ 3) Ñ¨~åº=~°} HÍÅ∞+¨º ™ê=∂lHõ =ºÜ«∞O 4) ÃÑ=· hfl
90. D „HÕk JOâßÅÖ’ ^ÕxH˜ _®II q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=ÙQÍi J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O JkèHõ „áê^è•#º`« HõeÊOzOk. ( 3 )
1) „âıÜ∞« ã¨∞û J~°â÷ ßGO 2) áêHΔ̃Hõ ã¨=∞`ÒÅº qâı+¡ }¨
3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù 4) ÃÑ"· gÕ HÍ=Ù
91. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GNP ~°∂.200 HÀ@∞¡ J~Ú`Õ, xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O 20 HÀ@∞¡, Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 20
HÀ@∞¡ =∞iÜ«Ú ãäû_ôÅ∞ 10 HÀ@∞¡ J~Ú# L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ =ºÜ«∞O =^ŒÌ GDP ZO`«? (1)
1) 170 2) 180 3) 190 4) 250
92. GNP =∞iÜ«Ú GDP Å =∞^èºŒ =º`åºãÖ nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (2)
1) ã¨∂Å÷ q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 2) xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O
3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) xHõ~° q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
93. _ç¿Ñ@
¡¶ ~ü nxH˜ „áê=ÚYº`« =Ç≤ÏOK≥#∞ (4)
1) GNP `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ #∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@‰õΩ 2) =ã¨∞=Î ÙÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê#∞ ãïKÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ
3) GNP Ö’ JkèHõ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ ÖˇH¯˜ OK«∞@‰õΩ 4) ^è~Œ Å° ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ãïKÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ
94. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JH“O\òÖ’ „HÕk "åxÖ’ Uk Hõeã≤ LO@∞Ok (3)
1) QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞ 2) ã¨‡QÆ~¡ ûü P^•Ü«∞O (Income of Smugglers)
3) <≥\· ò "åKü"∞≥ <£ ¿ã=Å∞ (Services of Night Watchman) 4) Services of Monks.
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APPSC 2003
95 D „HÕk"åxÖ’ ^Õxx ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ KÕ~Û° ~°∞ (2)
1) q^ÕâßÅ #∞O_ç xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞=Ú 2) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞
3) _çq_≥O_»∞¡ 4) ÑÖÑ≤}© KÕÜ∞« x HÍ~˘Êˆ~\ò ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
96. Uk ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k HÍ^Œ∞. (4)
1) GDP - NDP = `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° =^ŒÌ GNP = L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ =ºÜ«∂Å =^ŒÌ GNP + xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
3) NNP = NDP + xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ q^Õj P^•Ü«∞O
4) GNP = NDP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
97. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° =^Œ,Ì ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ~°∂.5000/– ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç ~°∂.1000/– =∞iÜ«Ú xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç
~°∂.800/–, Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ~°∂.400/– =∞iÜ«Ú ãäû_ôÅ∞ ~°∂.100/– J~Ú# L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ =ºÜ«∂Å =^ŒÌ
xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (1)
1) ~°∂.4500 2) ~°∂.4000 3) ~°∂.4,800 4) ~°∂.4750
98. ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH,˜ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ‰õΩ =∞^èºŒ QÆÅ `Õ_® (1)
1) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ =ºÜ«∞O =^ŒÌ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 2) =ºH˜QÎ `Æ « P^•Ü«∞O
3) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O 4) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° =^ŒÌ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
APPSC 2001
99. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ QÆ}Õz# *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ ãäû_ôÅ∞ HõeÑ≤, Ñ¨sHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ fã≤"Õã≤# Jk^ÕxH˜ ã¨=∂#O J#QÍ (2)
1) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 2) HÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
3) ã¨∂Å÷ =ºH˜Î P^•Ü«∞O 4) Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ K≥eO¡ KÕ=ÚO^Œ∞ "Õ`<« åÅ∞, r`åÅ∞
100. 1990 P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OQÍ, 2000 ãÖ=`«û~°ÑÙ¨ ^è~Œ ° ã¨∂p qÅ∞= 150 J~Ú#KÀ, 2000 ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
qÅ∞= 3,60,000 HÀ@∞¡HÍQÍ, xÅHõ_» ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= (3)
1) ~°∂. 1, 50,000 HÀ@∞¡ 2) ~°∂. 1,80,000 HÀ@∞¡
3) ~°∂. 2,40,000 HÀ@∞¡ 4) ~°∂. 2,80,000 HÀ@∞¡
101. XˆH L`«ÊuÎx ~Ô O_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ QÆ}#KÕã#≤ O^Œ∞ =Å# HõeQˆ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O (2)
1. *ÏfÜ≥∂uÊ`«x `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ JOK«<å"Õã∞¨ OÎ k
2. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ JOK«<å"Õã∞¨ OÎ k
3. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx ãïQÍ JOK«<å "Õã∞¨ OÎ k
4. *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx xÅHõ_Q» Í JOK«<å "Õã∞¨ OÎ k
102. 1951 #∞Oz ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ áêi„âßq∞Hõ =¸ÅO (Industrial Origin) ^Œ$ëêìº (4)
1) W`«~° ~°OQÍÅ`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å\Ï "≥∞~°∞QÔ #· k
2) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆÑÙ¨ "å\Ï W`«~° ~°OQÍÅ`À áÈeÛK«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ `«yOæ k
3) Jxfl ~°OQÆÅ "å\ÏÅ∞ ÃÑiy#q
4) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆÑÙ¨ "å\Ï `«y,æ `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆÑÙ¨ "å\Ï, kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆÑÙ¨ "å\Ï Hõ<åfl `«fii`«OQÍ "≥∞~°Q=Æ Ù`«∞#flk.
103. „^Œ=º P^•Ü«∂xfl nx`À `«y¿æ ãÎ (deflating) x*Ï^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞OÎ k (1)
1) ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂zHõ 2) =∞øoHõ ã¨∂zHõ 3) Å~°fl~ü ã¨∂zHõ 4) H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊HÎ˜ ã¨∂zHõ
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ECONOMY
104. UNDP ^•fi~å 1990 #∞O_ç "å_»∞HõÖ’ L#fl Pi÷HÍaè=$kú HÍÅ=∂#O (3)
1) Basic needs Index 2) PQLI 3) HDI 4) Income Index
APPSC 2000
105. GDP ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ J#QÍ (1)
1) XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ ^ÕjÜ«∞ Pi÷Hõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ 2) XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ q^Õj "åºáê~° ãÖ|O^è•Å∞
3) XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ JO`«~`æ° « "åºáê~°O 4) XHõ ^ÕâO◊ Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Pi÷Hõ ™ÈÎ=∞`«
106. CSO Hˆ O„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ =º=ã¨÷ ™ê÷ÑO≤ K«|_ç# ãÖ=`«û~°O (1)
1) 1951 2) 1952 3) 1947 4) 1966
107. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å "ÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yã¨∞#Î fl Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ (4)
1) L`«ÊuÎ P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ 2) L`«ÊuÎ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
3) P^•Ü«∞ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 4) L`«ÊuÎ, P^•Ü«∞ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ
108. xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ á⁄O^Œ∞@‰õΩ (4)
1) GNP+D 2. GNP + Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ + D 3. GNP + Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ - D 4) GNP - D
109 =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zÖ’ D „HÕk JOâßÅ∞ ÉèÏQÆ=Ú (1)
1) P~ÀQÆº=Ú, JHõ~Δ åã¨º`«, L^Àºy`«
2) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=Ú, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O, `«Åãï qxÜ≥∂QÆO
3) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, [<åÉèÏ Ñï=∂}=Ú, ™ê^è•~°} ^è~Œ Å° ™ê÷~Ú
4) Éè∫uHõ =#~°∞Å∞, „^Œ=º =#~°∞Å∞, [<åÉèÏ Ñï=∂}=Ú
110. UNDP "åi =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk (4)
1) `«Åãï GDP 2) Ñ¨Ù\˜#ì Ñ¨Ê\˜ #∞Oz PÜ«Ú~åúÜ∞« O
3) L=∞‡_ç „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ, kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ã¨∂Å÷ #"≥∂^Œ∞ x+¨ÊuÎ 4) `«‰Ωõ ¯= |~°∞=Ù`À Ñ¨Ù\ì̃# Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ âß`«O
111. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p „HÕk"åxÖ’ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀx JOâßÅ∞ (2)
Z) n~°H… ÍeHõ r=#O =∞iÜ«Ú P~ÀQÆºO a) ¢ãÎ‘ =∞iÜ«Ú tâ◊√=Ù Jaè=$kú
ã≤) q^Œº =∞iÜ«Ú q*Ï˝#O _ç) ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O =∞iÜ«Ú ™êkèHÍ~°`«
W) "≥∞~°∞QÔ #· r=# „Ñ¨=∂}O
1) W =∂„`«"∞Õ 2) a _ç 3) a ã≤ 4) Z _ç
112. 2001Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ =∂#= Jaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ D qÅ∞= Hõey LO^Œx JOK«<å "Õâß~°∞ (2)
1) 0.785 2) 0.472 3) 0.236 4) 0.416
. 113. UNDP "å~°∞ HDI QÆ}#Ö’ D „HÕk JOâßxfl fã¨∞HÀÖË^∞Œ ( 2)
1) "åãÎ̈qHõ `«Åãï ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎx ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞ KÕÜ∞« _»O (PPSUS $ Index)
2) A deprivation Index
3) Life expectancy Index (PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ∞« ã¨∂p)
4) Educational Attainment Index (q^•º™ê^è#Œ ã¨∂zHõ)
114. =∂#= Jaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ P^è•~°OQÍ 2001Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#OÖ’#∞#fl ~åRO (3)
1) Ñ¨tÛ=∞ÉˇOQÍÖò 2) =∞Ç¨~åR 3) Hˆ ~°à◊ 4) ÑÖ*ÏÉò
115. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò ~åROÖ’ 2001 <å\˜ =∂#= Jaè=$kú ã¨∂zHõ qÅ∞= (4)
1) 0.444 2) 0.427 3) 0.513 4) 0.416
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ECONOMY
116. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl =∞kOÑ¨Ù KÕÜÚ« @‰õΩ J#∞ãïOK«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ (2)
1) "åºáê~° âı+=¨ Ú 2) xHõ~° QÆ∞}˜[ Ñ¨ûúŒ (Net Product Method)
3) xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4) q^Õj xÅfiÅ∞
117. =∂#"åaè=$kÌ ã¨∂p x~å‡} „Ñ¨^•è # teÊ (2)
1) Ñ≤.P~ü.„|Ç¨‡#O^Œ 2) =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò–LÖò–Ç¨ÏH± 3) q.ÔH.P~ü.q.~å=Ù 4) P~ü.Zãπ.¿ã<£
118. GNP J#QÍ (4)
1) NNP + „Ñ¨`º« HõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2) NNP + ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞
3) NNP + Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 4) NNP + `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
119. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O nxH˜ ã¨=∂#O (4)
1) GNP - `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2) NNP - Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
3) NI + |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ { ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú HÍ~˘Êˆ~@∞ Ñ¨#∞fl
4) NI + |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ – ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú HÍ~˘Êˆ~@∞ Ñ¨#∞fl
Civils 1995
120. áÈbãπ _çáê~ü"ì ∞≥ O\ò ÃÑ„\’eOQ∑ (Patrolling) HÔ · LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ HÍ~°∞ U~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ =ã¨∞=Î Ù? ( 4 )
1) ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ „ÑÉ¨ ∞íè `åfixH˜ q„H~õ ÚOKå~Ú HÍ|\˜ì JOu=∞=ã¨∞=Î Ù 2) „ÑÉ¨ ∞íè `«fiO uiy q„H~õ ÚOK«^∞Œ HÍ|\˜ì qxÜ≥∂QÆ=ã¨∞=Î Ù
3) ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ =¸Å^è#Œ HõÅÊ#‰õΩWk ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ∞» #∞ HÍ|\˜ì =¸Å^è#Œ =ã¨∞=Î Ù
4) D HÍ~°∞ ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞O`À áÈbãπ ¿ã=Å∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«|_»`å~Ú HÍ|\˜ì Wk =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î Ù
121. „HÕk"åxx [`« KÕÜ∞« O_ç (2)
List - I List - II
Z. L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨ûúŒ 1. =ã¨∞=Î Ù L`«ÊuÎÖ’ L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ∞ á⁄O^Õ P^•Ü«∞"≥Ú`«OÎ
a. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ 2. ãÖ=`«û~°HÍÅOÖ’ JOu=∞=ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ "≥Ú`«OÎ
ã≤. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨ûúŒ 3. JOu=∞=ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ =∞iÜ«Ú =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞="≥Ú`«OÎ
_ç. ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù 4. qxÜ≥∂QÆ, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅÃÑ· „ÃÑ"· \Õ ò „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O
Z. a. ã≤. _ç Z. a. ã≤. _ç
1) 1 4 2 3 2) 2 4 1 3
3) 2 1 3 4 4) 1 3 2 4
122. GNP ´ 1, 92,866 HÀ@∞¡
MP
(3)
ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ´ 13,371, HÀ@∞¡, xHõ~q° ^Õj HÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O ´ –975 HÀ@∞¡ J~Ú`Õ NDP ZO`« MP
1) ~°∂. 1,78,520 HÀ@∞¡ 2) ~°∂. 2,07,212 HÀ@∞¡ 3) ~°∂. 1,80,470 HÀ@∞¡ 4) 2,05,262 HÀ@∞¡
Civils 1996
123. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ xHõ~^° jÕ Ü«∞ L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOHÍ^Œ∞ ZO^Œ∞=Å¡ (4)
1) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi q∞zÛ |Ç¨ï=∞`«∞ÅQÆ∞@KÕ 2) "åi J=HÍâ◊=ºÜ«∞O ''ã¨∞#fl——
3) WÖÏO\˜ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ `«Å‰õΩ KÕ~=° Ù
4) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO K≥eO¡ z# "å\˜H˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ ZÖÏO\˜ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ=Ù
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124. [`«KÜ Õ ∞« O_ç (2)
Z. ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 1. Gross Output JO`«ó Ñï„â◊=∞Å H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
a. Value added 2. Closed Economy *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
ã≤. "åºáê~°O#∞Oz xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞O 3. `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
_ç. ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ 4. x – m
Z a ã≤ _ç Z a ã≤ _ç
1) 3 1 2 4 2) 3 1 4 2
3) 1 3 4 2 4) 1 3 2 4
125. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}O˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOKÕ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ (4)
1. xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨ûúŒ 2. xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨ûúŒ 3. =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨ÙÑ¨ûúŒ
1) 2 =∂„`«"∞Õ 2) 1 2 3) 3 =∂„`«"∞≥ 4) 1, 2 3
Civils 1997
126. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JH“O@¡ J^ŒºÜ«∞#O =Å¡ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O Z‰õΩ¯=ÙQÍ LOk. ZO^Œ∞=Å##QÍ (4)
Z. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ãÖÜ≥∂QÆO, Ñï=∂}OÖ’ =K≥Û =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
a. ã¨=∂[OÖ’ qq^èŒ =~åæÅ=∞^èºŒ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ ÑÖÑ≤}x˜ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
ã≤. qxÜ≥∂QÆO, ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å=∞^èºŒ *ÏfÜ«∞=ºÜ«∞O Uq^èOŒ QÍ qÉèlí OK«|_çOk `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
1) Z a 2) a ã≤ 3) Z ã≤ 4) Z, a ã≤
127. „HÕk P^•Ü«∂Å‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz (4)
1. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O 2. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O
3. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O
"å\˜Ñi¨ =∂}OÖ’ `«Q∞Æ Kæ ∞« #fl „Hõ=∞OÖ’ (Descending order) ãÔ̈~#· k Uk.
1) 1, 2, 3 2) 2, 3, 1 3) 3, 2, 1 4) 3, 1, 2
128. 1970–71Ö’ P ãÖIIÑ¨Ù ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NDP ~°∂. 34,328 HÀ@∞¡ , 1976–77 ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NDP ~°∂. 66,561 HÀ@∞¡.
1976–77 ãÖ.Ö’ NDP 1970–71 ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ ~°∂. 40,395 HÀ@∞¡. J~Ú`Õ "åã¨=Î NDP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ZO`«? (2)
1) K≥ÑC¨ HÀ`«y#O`«QÍ ÃÑ~°QÖÆ ^Ë ∞Œ 2) ~°∂. 6067 HÀ@∞¡, 3)~°∂. 31,193 HÀ@∞¡ 4) ~°∂. 66, 561 HÀ@∞¡
Civils 1998
129. xÜ«∞q∞`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ (Closed Economy) q^Õj"åºáê~°O LO_»^∞Œ . JÖÏO\˜ ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ „HÕk"åxÖ’
ã¨~Ô #· k Uk? (1)
1) GDP=GNP 2) GDP>GNP 3) GDP<GNP 4) GDP # GNP
130. Net National Product (xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ(H˜ Net material Product (xHõ~É° ∫è uHõ L`«ÊuÎH˜ `Õ_®#∞ „HÕk "åxÖ’
Uk `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ (1)
Z. NNPÖ’ ¿ã=Å∞ HõÅã≤ LO_»∞#∞ a. NNPÖ’ ¿ã=Å∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_»∞#∞.
ã≤. NMPÖ’ ¿ã=Å∞ HõÅã≤ LO_»∞#∞. _ç. NMPÖ’ ¿ã=Å∞q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_»∞#∞.
1) Z =∞iÜ«Ú _ç 2) a =∞iÜ«Ú _ç 3) Z =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤ _ç) a =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤
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131. ÉèÏ~°`^« ÕâO◊ Ö’ U ~°OQÆOÖ’ =ºÜ«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ ^•fi~å *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}ã˜ ∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞ (3)
1) =º=™êÜ«∞~°OQÆO 2) "≥∞xÿ OQ∑~O° QÆO 3) x~å‡}~°OQÆO 4) ~°"å}Ï~°OQÆO
132. „HÕk"åxx [`«KÜ Õ ∞« O_ç (4)
*Ïa`å – 1 *Ïa`å –2
Z. V.K.R.V.RAO 1. ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO JOK«<å
a. ã¨∞Éèò"∞≥ Üü∞ K«„Hõ=iÎ 2. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<å
ã≤. ~å*ÏK≥ÅÜ ¡ ∞ü 3. Development Planning
_ç. ^ŒO_≥H~õ ü ~å`ü 4. HÀâ◊q^è•#O
1) Z – 3, a –4, ã≤–2, _ç–1 2) Z –4, a – 3, ã≤ – 2, _ç–1
3) Z – 2, a – 3, ã≤ – 1, _ç– 4 4) Z –2, a – 3, ã≤ – 4, _ç– 1
Civils 1999
133. GNP JO`«~O° J<Õk gx=∞^èºŒ JO`«~åxfl `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ (4)
1) GNP =∞iÜ«Ú NNP 2) GNP=∞iÜ«Ú `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ
3) GNP=∞iÜ«ÚGDP
4) QÆi+ì̈OQÍ L`«ÊuÎHÍQÆÅ GNPH˜ "åãÎ̈=, GNPH˜ =∞^èºŒ =º`åºãÖ (Potential & Actual GNP)
134. ãÖHˆ =Δ ∞ H˘Å=∂#OQÍ `«Åãï GNPH˜ QÆÅ „Ñ¨^•è # Ñïq∞u Uk? (1)
1) `«Åãï GNP ÃÑiy# „Ñü™ês ™ê=∂#∞ºÅ r=#„Ñ¨=∂}O ÃÑ~°QHÆ áõ È=K«∞Û
2) ÃÑiˆQ [<åÉèÏ#∞ Wk ÖˇH¯õ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞.
3) Láêkè J=HÍâßxfl ÖˇH¯õ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞. 4) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∂xfl ÖˇH¯õ Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ^Œ∞
Civils 2000
135. *Ïa`å 1#∞ *Ïa`å 2`À [`«KÜ Õ ∞« O_ç? (2)
*Ïa`å – 1 *Ïa`å –2
Z. "åÅ∂ºU_Õ_Ë £ 1. ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° ∞
a. <å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ P^•Ü«∞O 2. L`«ÊuÎ =∂„uHõ
ã≤. "åãÎ̈qHõ P^•Ü«∞O 3. Ñ≤OKè#« ∞¡
_ç. |kbK≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ ^Î ~Œè Å° ∞
1) Z–4, a–2, a–3, _ç–1 2) Z–2 a–4, ã≤–1, _ç–3
3) Z–4, a–2, ã≤–1, _ç–3 4) Z–2, a–4, ã≤–3, _ç–1
136. Value added J#QÍ nx qÅ∞= (3)
1) =∂Ô~¯\ò^~Œè Ö° ’¡ L`«ÊuÎ 2) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞O_ç `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ fã≤"Ü
Õ ∞« QÍ =KÕÛk
3) =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞= #∞O_ç =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å qÅ∞=#∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ =KÕÛk,
4) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º L`«ÊuÎ
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137. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k Uk? (1)
1) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõÅã≤ LO@∞Ok
2) "åÅ∂ºÜÕ∞_≥_Ö£ ’ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ HõÅã≤ LO\Ï~Ú
3) =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÑÖz ÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ HõÅã≤ LO\Ï~Ú
4) =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ Hõeã≤ LO\Ï~Ú
138. 1983–84 ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP 1,92,866 HÀ@∞¡ =∞iÜ«ÚL`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º GNP 1,71,201
HÀ@∞¡, P ãÖIIÖ’ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fiO K≥eO¡ z# ãäû_ôÅ∞ 5,107 HÀ@∞¡ J~Ú`Õ P ãÖIIÖ’ Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ ZO`«? (2)
1). 31, 879 HÀ@∞ì 2). 26,772 HÀ@∞¡ 3). 21,625 HÀ@∞ì 4). 16, 558 HÀ@∞¡
139. NNPx GNP D ÉèÏQÆO JkèQqÆ ∞OK≥#∞. (GNP Exceeds NNP by) (4)
1) "≥Ú`«OÎ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 2) „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi =ºÜ«∞O
3) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ 4) ã¨∂Å÷ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç, xHõ~Ã° Ñ@∞ì|_ç =∞^èºŒ =º`åºãÖ.
140. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂=$kú ~ˆ @∞ J#QÍ (2)
1) Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ [<åÉèÏ =$kúH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#k
2) ~å*òH$õ +¨K‚ Õ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«|_ç#k. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ =$kú ã¨fiÉèÏ=OQÆ∂iÛ „Ñ¨™êÎqã¨∂Î ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ 3.5%
LO^Œx "åMÏºxOz#k.
3) J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£KÕ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«|_ç#k. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ =$kú ã¨fiÉèÏ=O QÆ∂iÛ „Ñ¨™êÎqã¨∂Î ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ 3.5%
=$kú LO^Œx "åMÏºxOz#k.
4) V.K.R.V.RAOKÕ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yK«O|_ç#k. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨÷ =$kú ã¨fiÉèÏ=O QÆ∂iÛ „Ñ¨™êÎqã¨∂Î ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 4%
LO^Œx "åºMÏºxOz#k.
Civils 2001
141. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ QÆ}O˜ KÕãO¨ ã¨÷ Uk (2)
1) NCAER 2) CSO 3) NSS 4) RBI
142. Assertion (A) : |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÖ’¡ ÉèÏQÆOHÍ^Œ∞,
Reason (R) : |kb K≥eO ¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ J<Õq L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ ¿ã=Å‰õΩKÕ¿ã K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ HÍ=Ù (1)
1) A =∞iÜ«Ú R ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ, =∞iÜ«Ú R, A‰õΩ ã¨~Ô #· q=~°},
2) A =∞iÜ«Ú RÅ∞ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ, HÍx R, A ‰õΩ ãÔ̈~# · q=~°} HÍ^Œ∞
3) Aã¨~Ô #· k =∞iÜ«Ú R ãÔ̈~#· k HÍ^Œ∞ 4) A ãÔ̈~#· kHÍ^Œ∞ R ã¨~Ô #· k
143. ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò HÍ~ÀÊˆ~\ò ~°OQÆO Ü≥ÚHõ¯ á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ ã¨∂zOKÕq (2)
1) HõOÃÑh "≥Ú`«OÎ ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 2) ÑÖz ÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞
3) =ºÜ«∂xH˜ q∞Oz# ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 4) "å\Ï^•~°‰¡ Ωõ K≥eO¡ KÕ _çq_≥O_»∞¡
144. XHõ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ xHõ~*° ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O $20 "ÕÅ q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡, Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ $ 2000 g∞,
ãäû_ôÅ∞ $ 1000q∞, [<åÉèÏ 150 g∞, J~Ú`Õ L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ZO`«? (2)
1) $ 21,000q∞eÜ«∞#∞¡ 2) $19,000 q∞e 3) $ 23,000 4) $ 22,000
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Civils 2002
145. P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨ûúŒ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl JOK«<å"Õã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „HÕk "åxÖ’ XHõ\ ˜ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞ (4)
1) ÉèÏ@Hõ P^•Ü«∞O 2) ÑÖzÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 3) q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O 4) Ñ≤OKè#« ∞¡
146. XHõ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨‰÷ Ωõ ãÖ|OkèOz „HÕk ã¨=∂Kå~°O W=fi|_ç#k (3)
qxÜ≥∂QÆO 5000/– ã¨∂÷ÅÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 1000/–
„Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi H˘#∞QÀà◊√¡ 800/– ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 600/–
kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 800/– `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 250/–
J~Ú`Õ =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP ZO`«?
1) 7100 2) 6850 3) 6600 4) 6350
147. ÉèÏ~°`« áêi„âßq∞Hõ =$kú̂~@∞ 6%=∞x TÇ≤ÏOK«O_ç. ^Õâ◊ GDPÖ’ áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO "å~°∂ 25% J~Ú`Õ ^Õâ◊
GDP =$kúÖ’ áêi„âßq∞Hõ =$kú ZO`«? (4)
1) 3% 2) 2.5% 3) 2% 4) 1.5%
148. „HÕk "åMÏº<åÖ’¡ ã¨~Ô #· k Uk (3)
Z. XHõ Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ L`åÊ^ŒHõ ™ê=∞~°º÷ O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^ŒO>Ë ã¨∂Å÷ ¢ÃÑ"· \Õ ò ^ÕjÜ«∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ JkèQqÆ ∞OK«∞#∞
a. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi |∞∞}ÏÅÃÑ· =_ô¤ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍ^Œ∞, HÍx =º+≤Pª ^•Ü«∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO.
ã≤. W<≥fiO@sÅ∞ qãÎ̈iOKÕH˘nÌ ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å∞ LÑ¨ãO¨ Ç¨~°O [iy#@∞¡
_ç. #∂#`« WO_»∞¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ GNPÖ’ fã¨∞H˘O\Ï~°∞.
1) Z =∞iÜ«Ú a 2) ã≤ =∞iÜ«Ú _ç 3) Z, a =∞iÜ«Ú _ç 4) Z, ã≤ =∞iÜ«Ú _ç
Civils 2003
149. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ GNP 10,000/– xHõ~° q^ÕâH◊ Í~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O 1000/–, Ñ¨~ÀHõÑΔ #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 800/–, ãäû_ôÅ∞ 500/–
`«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 1000/–, J~Ú# GDP ZO`«? MP
(1)
1) 9000 2) 4,000 3) 7,700 4) 13, 300
150. *Ïa`å 1#∞, *Ïa`å 2`À [`«Ñ~¨ ∞° K«∞=Ú (2)
*Ïa`å – 1 *Ïa`å –2
Z. =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 1. L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ ^Œ$ëêìº NI ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ@Ñ¨C_»∞ QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞°
a. ãäû_ôÅ∞ 2. =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞O ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ@Ñ¨C_»∞ q∞#Ç¨W™êÎ~∞° .
ã≤. =º+≤Ñì #¨ ∞flÅ∞ 3. =º+≤ì =ºÜ«∂xfl ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ q∞#Ç¨W™êÎ~∞°
_ç. =º+≤ì á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù 4. NNP ÖˇH¯˜ OKÕ @Ñ¨C_»∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOK«|_»∞#∞
Z a ã≤ _ç Z a ã≤ _ç
1) 3 1 2 4 2) 4 1 2 3
3) 3 2 1 4 4) 4 2 1 3
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151. „HÕk"åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz ã¨~Ô #· k Uk? (4)
Z. ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑiˆQHÍÅOÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î ^« ~Œè Ö° ’¡ NNP, ã≤÷~°^èŒ~°Ö’¡ NNP HõO>Ë `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok.
a. ^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑiˆQHÍÅOÖ’ „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NNP, ã≤÷~°^èŒ~°Ö’¡ NNPHõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok.
ã≤.^è~Œ Å° ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ^ÅŒ `À ãÖ|O^èOŒ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Ö° ’¡ NNP, ã≤÷~°^èŒ~°Ö’¡ NNP ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
_ç.^èŒ~°Ö’¡ =∂~°∞Ê ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞ (Stable Pirces) „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°Ö’¡ NNP, ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Ö° ’¡ NNP ã¨=∂#OQÍ LO_»∞#∞.
1) Z =∞iÜ«Ú a 2) Z =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤ 3) a =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤ 4) a =∞iÜ«Ú _ç
152. 1985 #∞O_ç 1995 ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ GNP 1000 HÀ@¡#∞O_ç 1500 HÀ@¡‰Ωõ ÃÑiÔQ#∞. W^Õ HÍÅOÖ’ ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p
100#∞Oz 200H˜ ÃÑiÔQ#∞. J~Ú`Õ 1985 ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 1995 <å\˜GNPZO`«? (2)
1) 1000 HÀ@∞¡ ~°∂. 2) 750 HÀ@∞¡ ~°∂. 3) 1500 HÀ@∞¡~∂° . 4) 500 HÀ@¡ ~°∂.
153. |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞, Capital gains, K«@ì =ºuˆ~Y HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k Uk (2)
1) |kb K≥eÑ¡ Ù¨ Å∞, HÔ Ñ≤@Öò QÔ ~Ú<£û Å#∞ HõeÊ, K«@=ì ºuˆ~Y HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ q∞#Ç¨~Ú™êÎ~∞° .
2) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞, Hˆ Ñ≤@Öò QÔ ~Ú<£û, K«@ì =ºuˆ~YHÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ #∞Oz q∞#Ç¨~Ú™êÎ~∞° .
3) |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ HõeÑ≤, Hˆ Ñ≤@Öò QÔ ~Ú<£û K«@ì =ºuˆ~Y HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ #∞O_ç q∞#Ç¨~Ú™êÎ~∞° .
4) D =¸_»∞ =∂Ô~¯\ò HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ∞ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù`å~°∞.
154. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ ◊ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xH˜ „Ñ¨^•è # P^è•~°O (3)
1) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO 2) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 3) `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO 4) q^Õj~°OQÆO
Civils 2004 & 2005
155. „HÕk"åxÖ’ XHõ\˜ `«ÑC¨ QÍ W=fi|_çOk. Jk Uk (4)
1) *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ´ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
2) NNP = GNP - D 3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ NDP ´ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°Hõ Å Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº NDP{ xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
4) GNP = GNP – xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O
156. Pi÷H=õ º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ GDP "åi¬Hõ =$kú̂~@∞ 5%, "åi¬Hõ [<åÉèÏ =$kú̂~@∞ 2%, "åi¬Hõ `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 0.1% HÍQÍ, "åi¬HOõ QÍ
`«Åãï GDP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ZO`« (4)
1) 2.4% 2) 2.5% 3) 2.9% 4) 3.0%
Civils 2006
157. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP )Ö’ ÉèÏQÆO HÍxk
FC
(3)
1) ÑÖz ÃÑ@ì|_»x ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ 2) ÉèÏ@HõO 3) `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4) =_ô¤
158. ~°∂. 1000 qÅ∞=QÆÅ XHõáê„`«#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ~°∂. 500 qÅ∞=QÆÅ ~åyx, 100~°∂. qÅ∞=QÆÅ W`«~°
"≥∞\©iÜ«∞Öò#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz, "Õ`<« åÅ∞QÍ 100~°∂. K≥eO¡ K≥#∞. J~Ú`ÕL`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü∞« Ö’ Value Added ZO`«?
(4)
1) 1000/– 2) 500/– 3) 400/– 4) 300/–
159. „HÕk"åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k Uk (1)
1) P^•~° ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’, „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GDP, ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ GDP XˆHÖÏ LO_»∞#∞
2) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GDPJ<Õk P^è•~°ãO¨ II ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎx ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =K«∞Û#∞.
3) ã≤~÷ ^° ~Œè Å° Ö’ GDP J<Õk P^è•~° ãÖII ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ JOu=∞ L`«ÊuÎx ÃÇÏzÛ¿ãÎ =K«∞Û#∞.
4) „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ãÖII ^è~Œ Å° Ö’, „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ GDP, ã≤÷~°^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ GDP XˆHÖÏ LO_»∞#∞.
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1) 1 3 2) 1 2 3) 3 4 4) 2 4
160. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ 2003–04Ö’ "åã¨=Î GDP 8% =$kúx JkèQqÆ ∞OzOk. J~Ú`Õ QÆÒ« Ö’ U =¸_»∞ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ "åã¨=Î
GDP 8% HõO>ˇ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ #"≥∂^≥O · k. (1)
1) 1967–68, 1975–76 =∞iÜ«Ú 1988–89 2) 1966–67, 1980–81, 1994–95
3) 1955–56, 1982–83, 2001–02 4) 1972–73, 1985–86, 1999–2000
161. „HÕk"åxx ÑïjeOz HÀ_£#∞LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOz ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k Z#∞flH˘#O_ç. (4)
Assertion (A) : „^Œ"ÀºÅƒù} HÍÅOÖ’ "åã¨= Î P^•Ü«∞O „^Œ=º P^•Ü«∞O HõO>ˇ Z‰õΩ¯=
Reason (R) : "åã¨= Î P^•Ü«∞O ´ „^Œ=º P^•Ü«∞O / ^è~Œ Å° ã¨∂p
1) A =∞iÜ«Ú R ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ. R J<Õk A H˜ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # q=~°}
2) A =∞iÜ«Ú R ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ HÍx R J<Õk A H˜ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # q=~°}HÍ^Œ∞
3) A ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k HÍx R `«ÑC¨ 4) A `«ÑC¨ HÍx R ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k
162. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JOK«<åÅ∞ nxÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ ç L#flq (3)
1) net Income Method =∂„`«"∞≥ 2) net out put Method =∂„`«"∞≥
3) net Income, net output, =∞iÜ«Ú net expenditure methods 4) net Expenditure method =∂„`«"∞≥
163. ÃÑ#· ∞#fl Pie-chartÖ’ GDP Ö’ qq^è~Œ O° QÍÅ "å\Ï e=fi|_≥#∞. J=~ÀÇ¨Ï} „Hõ=∞OÖ’ „HÕk~°OQÍÅ#∞ J=∞~°ÛO_ç.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ (2)
x~å‡}O =º=™êÜ«∞O
=¸Å^èŒ#
=ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞
¿ã"å~°OQÆO
"≥∞ÿxOQ∑
J_»=ÙÅ∞
1) `«$fÜ«∞~°OQÆO
2) kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO
3) „áê^äqŒ ∞Hõ ~°OQÆO
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1) 1, 2, 3 2) 1, 3, 2 3) 3, 1, 2 4) 3, 2, 1
Civils 2007
164. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JH“O@¡Ö’ „HÕk"åxÖ’ ^Õxx fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ (3)
Z) ¿+~°∞,¡ ÉÏO_»∞¡ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ (Purchase of shares and bonds)
a) ~Ô ã≤_x≥ ¬Ü∞« Öò ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç qÅ∞= (Value of residential Investment)
ã≤) ã¨fiÜ«∞O qxÜ≥∂QÆ L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= (Value of production for self consumption)
_ç) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ qÅ∞= (Value of Intermediate goods)
1) Z a 2) a =∂„`«"∞Õ 3) a ã≤ 4) ã≤ _ç
165. „HÕk "åHÍºÅ#∞ ÑïjeOz HÀ_£#∞Ñ¨Ü∂≥ yOz ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # ^•xx Z#∞flH˘#O_ç (4)
Assertion (A) : GNP ZÅ¡ÑÙ¨ _»∂ GDP HõO>ˇ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok
Reason (R) : GNP x á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ GDPH˜ NFIA KÕ~°∞™êÎ~°∞
Codes :
1) A =∞iÜ«Ú R ~Ô O_»∞ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ. =∞iÜ«Ú R J<Õk A H˜ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # q=~°}
2) A =∞iÜ«Ú R ~Ô O_»∂ ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #"Õ. HÍx A H˜ R ãïÜ≥∞ÿ # q=~°} HÍ^Œ∞.
3) A ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k R `«ÑC¨ QÍ LOk
4) A `«ÑC¨ QÍ LOk R ãïÜ≥∞ÿ #k
166. „HÕk ~°OQÍÅÖ’ 2005–06 ãÖIIxH˜ "åã¨=Î GDPÖ’ Jq JOkOKÕ "å\ÏÅ∞ |\˜ì ã¨~Ô #· J=~ÀÇ¨Ï} „Hõ=∂xfl
Z#∞flH˘#O_ç (4)
1. =º=™êÜ«∞O J#∞|O^è~Œ O° QÍÅ∞ 2. Ñï„â◊=∞
3. x~å‡}O 4. Hõ=¸ºx\©, ™ê=∂lHõ =ºH˜QÎ `Æ « ¿ã=Å∞
1) 1–4–3–2 2) 1–2–4–3 3) 2–1–3–4 4) 2–1–4–3
Civils 2008
167. Value of output =∞iÜ«Ú Value - addedH˜ =∞^èºŒ `Õ_®#∞ „HÕk"åxÖ’ XHõ\ ˜ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘#∞@^•fi~å „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«=K«∞Û (1)
1) =∞^èºŒ O`«~° L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ qÅ∞= (Value of Intermediate inputs)
2) xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ qÅ∞= (Value of net indirect Taxes)
3) kQÆ∞=∞`«∞ÅqÅ∞= (Value of Imports)
4) ã≤~÷ =° ¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO (Value of consumption of fixed capital)
168. „HÕk JOâßÅ‰õΩãÖ|OkèOz (1)
<å=∞=∂„`«ÑÙ¨ GNP =∂~°∞Ê âß`«O ´ 1.8
[<åÉèÏ =∂~°∞Ê âß`«O ´ 0.5
^è~Œ Å° ™ê÷~Ú =∂~°∞Ê âß`«O ´ 1.3
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"åã¨=Î `«Åãï GNP =∂~°∞Ê âß`«"∞≥ O`«
1. ã¨∞#fl 2. 0.5 3. 1.0 4. 1.3
169. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz =ºÜ«∞~å›^•Ü«∞O á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ (1)
1. P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨#∞fl q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ KÕ~åÛe
2. P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨#∞fl q∞#Ç¨~ÚOz |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe
3. P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨#∞fl KÕiÛ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® KÕ~åÛe
4. P^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨#∞fl KÕiÛ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKåe.
170. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JH“O\ÕQ∑Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ "≥Ú`åÎÅ∞ xHõ~° "≥Ú`åÎÅ∞ (Gross Aggregates and net aggregates)Å‰õΩ =∞^èºŒ
`Õ_® (2)
1. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ qÅ∞= 2. ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆ qÅ∞=
3. =∞^èºŒ O`«~° qxÜ≥∂QÆ qÅ∞= 4. JOu=∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞ qÅ∞=
Civils 2009
171. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ "≥Ú`åÎÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ qÅ∞=‰õΩ, L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº qÅ∞=‰õΩ `Õ_® Uk
(2)
1. ã≤~÷ ° =¸Å^è#Œ qxÜ≥∂QÆO 2. ãäû_ôÅ∞ áÈ#∞ xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ qÅ∞=
3. xHõ~° q^Õj HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∞O4. Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ áÈ#∞ ãäû_ôÅ∞ qÅ∞=
172.. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞O 57,000 ~°∂II =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ ~°∂II 9,000/– qxÜ≥∂QÆO ~°∂II 43,000/– =_ô¤ K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ~°∂II
10,000/–, =º+≤ì á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù 40,000. J~Ú`Õ =ºÜ«∞~°›^•Ü«∞O (3)
1. ~°∂II 50,000/– 2. ~°∂II 47,000/– 3. ~°∂II 48,000/– 4. ~°∂II40,000/–
173. „HÕk "åxÖ’ U ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº GDP J`«ºkèHõ =$kú ˆ~@∞#∞ Hõeæ LOk. (1)
1. 2006–07 2. 2005–06 3. 2004–05 4. 2007–08
174. ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ 9=, 10= ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº GDP =$kú ˆ~@∞ #"≥∂^≥·Ok (2)
1. 6.0% – 8.0% 2. 5.5% – 7.8% 3. 5.5% – 7.4% 4. 5.8% – 8.5%
175. ã≤~÷ ° ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ 10= ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ‰Ωõ ãÖ|OkèOz U ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ #"≥∂^≥O· k
(4)
1. 2003–04 2. 2004–05 3. 2005–06 4. 2006–07
176. ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JOK«<åÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz Ñïq∞u Uk (2)
Z. „^Œ"ºÕ `«~° ~°OQÆOÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ
a. z#fl L`«ÊuÎ^•~°∞Å∞ =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ$Ç¨Ï~°OQÆ ãÖã¨Å÷ #∞Oz ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅÉèºí O HÍHõáÈ=_»O
ã≤. x"ÕkOK«|_»x K«@ì =ºuˆ~Hõ „^Œ=ºO
_ç. „^Œ"ÀºÅƒù}O
1. Z,a,ã≤ _ç 2. Z,a ã≤ 3. a ã≤ 4. Z _ç
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GROUP - I =∂ki Ñ„ â¨ fl◊ Å∞
1. *ÏfÜ«∞^•Ü«∞=Ú#∞ x~°fizOz, U q^èOŒ QÍ JOK«<å "Õ™êÎ~À `≥ÅÑÖ_ç.
2. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞Ñ¨Ù JOK«<åÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯x, =∞kOKÕ@Ñ¨ÙÊ_»∞ q∞#Ç¨~ÚOKÕ JOâßÅ∞ `≥ÅÑÖ_ç.
3. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞OÖ’ =zÛ# x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ q=iOz ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ Láêkèx
ÃÑOK«ÖHË áõ È=ÙK«∞#fl^À `≥ÅÑÖ_ç.
4. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ P^è•~°Ñ_¨ #ç „âßq∞‰õΩÅ∞ âß`«O =∂~°∞Ê Z\Ï¡ LOk? D ã¨fi~°∂ÑÖÖ’
=∂~°∞Ê fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=_®xH˜ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤# K«~º° Å∞ ã¨∂zOK«O_ç?
5. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O =$kú, ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO, ™êfi`«O„`«ºO `«~∞° "å`« U q^èOŒ QÍ L<åfl~Ú?
6. =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂z x~å‡}OÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ JOâßÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯x =∂#"åaè=$kúÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`ü H©}
Δ ã˜ ∞¨ OÎ ^•? qâı+¡ O≤ K«∞=Ú.
7. PO„^è„Œ Ñ¨^âÕ ò#∞ ^Œ$+≤Öì ’ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x =$kúH,˜ =∂#"åaè=$kúH˜ QÆÅ ãÖ|O^è•xfl qâı+¡ O≤ K«∞=Ú.
8. GDI Ö’x JOâßÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯x, D =∞^èºŒ HÍÅOÖ’x GDI Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`ü ™ê÷#O ZÖÏ LOk?
9. qq^èŒ ~å„ëêìÅÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂pÅ#∞ ãïáÈeÛ 2001 NHDR Ö’ =ÚMÏºOâßÅ#∞ `≥ÅÑÖ_ç.
10. ''ÉèÏ~°`Öü ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÆux `≥eÑ≤, P kâ◊QÍ ÉèÏ~°`ü fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#fl K«~º° Å∞—— q=iOK«O_ç.
REFERENCE BOOKS
NATIONAL INCOME A.P. ECONOMY
1. DUTT & SUNDARAM - INDIAN ECONOMY 1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 2008-09
2. MISRA & PURI 2. A.P. Pi÷Hõ ãÖã¨¯~°}Å∞

3. ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷ – ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ 3. 50 years of A.P.
4. II BA (Telugu Academy) 4. Current DATA
5. Macro Economics - Dhingra
6. Economic Survey 2008-09 (India)
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PRACTICE TEST 4. NNPx i¿Ñ¡\ò KÕÜ«Ú@ (reflating NNP)^•fi~å
1. ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl 10.=º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞=Ú, =ºÜ«∂~°› P^•Ü«∞=Ú =∞^èŒº `Õ_® nxH˜
âß„ã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ñ¨^ŒúuÖ’ JOK«<å "Õã≤#k Z=~°∞? ã¨ = ∂#=Ú?
1. qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ºÜ«∞=Ú 2. =º+≤ì Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
1. V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù 2. ^•^•ÉèÏ~Ú <Ò~Àl 3. `«~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 4. á⁄^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù
3. P.C.=∞Ç¨ Ï Öò < ˘aãπ 4. J.R.Ç≤ÏH±û 11. *ÏfÜ«∞^•Ü«∞ QÆ}#Ö’ nxx q∞#Ç¨~Ú™êÎ~°∞?
2. ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ J#QÍ? 1. áê`« Ü«∞O„`«O J=∞‡QÍ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞=Ú
2. ÖÏ@sÅ∞ ^•fi~å =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞=Ú
1. ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅÖ’ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕ KÕÜ«∞|_Õ L`«ÊuÎ. 3. ¿+~°∞¡ J=∞‡HõO =Å¡ =zÛ# P^•Ü«∞=Ú
2. ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅÖ’ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ∞ =∞iÜ«Ú 4. ÃÑ· = xflÜ« Ú
W`«~°∞ÅKÕ KÕÜ«∞|_Õ L`«ÊuÎ. 12. 2010-11 Pi÷Hõ ã¨ˆ~fi „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú, 2010-11 (Ad-
vanced JOK«<åÅ∞), ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`«
3. ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅKÕ ^Õâ◊OÖ’Ñ¨ÅQÍx ^ÕâßÅ |Ü«∞@QÍx KÕ¿ã L`«ÊuÎ ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ZO`« LO_»QÆÅ^Œx JOK«<å "ÕÃã#∞?
4. ^Õâ◊ Éè∫QÀoHõ ãïÇ¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅÖ’ W`«~°∞Å =∂„`«"Õ∞ KÕ¿ã L`«ÊuÎ. 1. 49,86,426 HÀ@∞¡ 2. 55,82,623 HÀ@∞¡ 3.
3. Éè Ï ~° ` « Pi÷ H õ =º=ã¨ ÷ Ö ’ kfifÜ« ∞ ~° O QÆ = Ú ^Õ x x Hõ e y 65, 50, 271 HÀ@∞¡ 4. 78,77,947 HÀ@∞¡
13."åã¨Î= *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞=Ú ZÑ¨C_»∞ „Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«=Ú K≥O^Œ∞#∞
LO_»ÖË^Œ∞. J#QÍ?
1. `«Ü«∂s ~°OQÆ=Ú 2. x~å‡}=Ú 1. „Ñ¨[Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ „`åQÆ∞@ =Å# (People take
3. QÆ#∞Å∞ „`«=fiHõO 4. q^Œ∞º`ü QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å more to drink)
2. L`«ÊuÎ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞Ö’ X_ç^Œ∞_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ L#flÑ¨C_»∞
4. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ nxH˜ ã¨=∂#=Ú? 3. L`«ÊuÎ x~°O`«~°OQÍ ÃÑiy#Ñ¨C_»∞
1. GNP-=¸Å^è Œ # qxÜ≥ ∂ QÆ = Ú 4. ^èŒ~°Å∞ x~°O`«~°OQÍ ÃÑiy#Ñ¨C_»∞
2. GNP-xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O 14.2010 =∂#"åaè=$kú x"ÕkHõ „Ñ¨HÍ~°=Ú „HÕk ^ÕâßÅÖ’
`«‰õΩ¯= PÜ«Ú~å÷Ü«ÚO QÆÅ ^Õâ◊=Ú?
3. GDP-=¸Å ^èŒ# qxÜ≥∂QÆ=Ú 1. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊=Ú 2. |OQÍ¡^Õâò
4. GDP+xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O 3. áêH˜™êÎ<£ 4. W~å<£
5. V.K.R.V. ~å=Ù ^ÕxH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ¿ã=Å∞ JOkOK≥#∞? 15.^•^•ÉÏ~Ú <Ò~Àl =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™êiQÍ *ÏfÜ«∞
1. ãÖˆHΔ=∞ J~°÷âßGO P^•Ü« ∂ xfl JOK« < å "Õ ã ≤ # Ñ¨ C _» ∞ *ÏfÜ« ∞ , `« Å ã¨ i
2. áêH˜ΔHõ ã¨=∞`ÒÅº ã¨=∞`ÒÅº qâı¡+¨} P^•Ü«∂Å∞ =~°∞ã¨QÍ
3. *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞ JH“O@∞¡ 4. ¿Ñ^Œ i Hõ = Ú 1. ~°∂.1689 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂.62
6. ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜, ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎH˜ =∞^èŒºQÆÅ `Õ_® 2. ~°∂.250HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂.30
nxH˜ ã¨=∂#=Ú? 3. ~°∂.240 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂.25
1. ã¨∂÷Å q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 2. xHõ~° ZQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å∞ 4. ~°∂.340 HÀ@∞¡, ~°∂.20
3. xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞=Ú 4. xHõ~° q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç 16. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò ~åROÖ’ ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ GSDPx JOK«<å
7. „HÕk "åxÖ’ q`«Î =º=Ç¨~°=Ú(Financial Transaction) Uk? "Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O fã¨∞H˘<Õ P^è•~° ãÖ=`«û~°O?
1. áê¡\ò (Plot) H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ J=∞‡Hõ=Ú 1. 1993-94 2. 1999-2000
2. PÇ¨~°^è•<åºÅ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ J=∞‡Hõ=Ú 3. 2000-2001 4. 2004-2005
3. Éèí=#=Ú H˘#∞QÀÅ∞, J=∞‡Hõ=Ú 17. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ *ÏfÜ«∞^•Ü«∞O J#QÍ
4. ¿+~°∞¡ J=∞‡Hõ=Ú, H˘#∞QÀÅ∞. 1. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
8. [<åÉèÏ =$kú ˆ~@∞ 2%, ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ =$kúˆ~@∞ 8% 2. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
J~Ú`Õ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ˆ~@∞? 3. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
1. 7% 2. 4% 3. 6% 4. 10% 4. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
9. "åã¨Î= *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∂xfl ZÖÏ á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û? 18. ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº ÉèÏ~°`« ã¨∂÷Å
1. =ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuÎx QÆ}ÕK«∞@ ^•fi~å ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ J`«ºkèHõOQÍ #"≥∂^≥·# ãÖ=`«û~°O Uk?
2. NNPx _ç¿Ñ¡\ò KÕÜ«Ú@ ^•fi~å 1. 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ z=i ãÖ=`«û~°O
3. NNPx W<£¿Ñ¡\ò (Inflating NNP)KÕÜ«Ú@ ^•fi~å 2. 7= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ z=i ãÖ=`«û~°O
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3. 7= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ 4= ãÖ=`«û~°O 4. ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ}ÏOHõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ Ô~O_»∂ HÍ=Ù.
4. 10= „Ñ¨}ÏoHõÖ’ 2= ãÖ=`«û~°O 28.ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O#∞ nxx HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù@ ^•fi~å á⁄O^Œ=K«∞Û.
19. „H˜ O k "åxÖ’ PO„^è Œ „ Ñ¨ ^ Õ â ò Ö ’ ã¨ ∂ ÷ Å ~åR L`« Ê uÎ x 1. „âßq∞‰õΩÅ P^•Ü«∞=Ú
QÆ}ÕKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOKÕ Ñ¨^Œúu? 2. Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞, =º=™ê÷Ñ¨# #∞Oz =KÕÛ P^•Ü«∞=Ú
1. xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨^Œúu =∂„`«"Õ∞ 3. ã¨fiÜ«∞O LáêkèÖ’ =KÕÛ q∞„â◊=∞ P^•Ü«∞O
2. xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞, =ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨^Œúu =∂„`«"Õ∞ 4. ÃÑ· = xflÜ« Ú
3. xHõ~° P^•Ü«∞, L`«ÊuÎ, =ºÜ«∞ Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞ 29.`«~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ J<Õk, nxÜ≥ÚHõ¯ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# qÅ∞=
4. xHõ~° L`«ÊuÎ Ñ¨^Œúu =∂„`«"Õ∞. 1. qxÜ≥∂QÆ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞ 2. =¸Å^èŒ# Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞
20. |kb K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ#∞ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ JH“O@¡Ö’ fã¨∞HÀHõ 3. K«~° Pã¨∞ÎÅ∞ 4. JOu=∞ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞
áÈ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}=Ú? 30. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞=Ú D ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞?
1. Jq Pi÷Hõ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ‰õΩ K≥e¡OKÕ „ÑüÑ¶¨ÖÏÅ∞ HÍ=Ù 1. GNP =∞iÜ«Ú [<åÉèÏ XˆH ˆ~@∞Ö’ ÃÑiy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
2. "å\˜x YzÛ`«OQÍ QÆ}ÕKÕ =∂~°æO ÖË^Œ∞. 2. GNP =∞iÜ«Ú [<åÉèÏ Ô~O_»∂ `«yæ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
3. Jq =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ JÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH ÉèÏQÆ"≥∞ÿ LO\Ï~Ú.4. 3. [<åÉèÏ HõO>Ë GNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ "ÕQÆOQÍ L#ÊÑ¨C_»∞
Jq HõOÃÑh ÖÏÉèÏÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ"≥∞ÿ LO\Ï~Ú. HÍ|\˜ì. 4. [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõO>Ë GNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ
21. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zx xi‡OKÕ ÉÏ^èŒº`« <≥=∞‡kQÍ L#flÑ¨C_»∞
Wk KÕÑ¨\˜ì#k 31.„Ñ¨ ã ¨ ∞ Î ` « O Éè Ï ~° ` « ^ Õ â ◊ O Ö’ „áê^ä Œ q ∞Hõ ~ ° O QÆ O #∞Oz =zÛ#
1. ~åR Pi÷Hõ QÆ}ÏOHõ âßY P^•Ü« ∞ =Ú
2. Pi÷Hõ ™ê=∂lHõ P^èŒºÜ«∞# ˆHO„^Œ=Ú 1. ¿ã"å~°OQÆO HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ#∞, kfifÜ«∞~°OQÆO HõO>Ë
3. ˆHO„^Œ QÆ}ÏOHõ ãÖã¨÷ 4. ~åR „Ñ¨}ÏoHÍ É’~°∞¤ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#flk
22. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂zÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ™ê÷#OÖ’ 2. kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk
xez# lÖÏ¡ 3. kfifÜ«∞, `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÍÅ HõO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯= LOk
1. „H˜ëêì 2. `«∂~°∞Ê QÀ^•=i 4. `«$fÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO HõO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ#∞, kfifÜ«∞ ~°OQÆO
3. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ 4. qâßYÑ¨ @ flO HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ#∞ L#flk.
23. PO„^è Œ „ Ñ¨ ^ Õ â ò Ö ’ 2010-11 ã¨ O =`« û ~° O J_®fi<£ û _£ 32.''"åã¨Î= „Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO #∞Oz „^Œ=º„Ñ¨"åÇ¨ÏO Jq~°ƒùqã¨∞ÎOk——.
JOK«<åÅÖ’ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O ã¨∞=∂~°∞? „H˜ O k "åxÖ’ XHõ \ ˜ D "åºMÏº<åxH˜ ã¨ O |Okè O z#k
1. 40"Õ Å ∞ 2. 50"Õ Å ∞ HÍ^Œ ∞ ?
3. 60"Õ Å ∞ 4. 70"Õ Å ∞ 1. "Õ`«# K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ 2. =ã¨∞Î=Ù‰õΩ K≥e¡OKÕ ^èŒ~°Å∞
24. ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò ~åROÖ’ J`«ºkèHõ, J`«ºÅÊ 3. ÉÏ@HõO K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ 4. Ñ≤OKè«#∞ K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞
`«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O QÆÅ lÖÏ¡Å∞. 33. NNP HõO>Ë GNP Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_Õk
1. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£, q[Ü«∞#QÆ~°O 2. qâßYÑ¨@flO, NHÍ‰õΩà◊O 1. "≥Ú`«ÎO Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ Ñï=∂}Ï=Ú
3. qâßYÑ¨@flO, q[Ü«∞#QÆ~°O 2. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi =ºÜ«∞=Ú 3. |kb K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞
4. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£, NHÍ‰õΩà◊O 4. ã¨∂÷Å ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH˜, xHõ~°ÃÑ@∞ì|_çH˜ =∞^èŒº QÆÅ =º`åºãÖ
25. 11= Ñ¨ O K« = ~° ¬ „Ñ¨ } ÏoHõ "≥ Ú ^Œ \ ˜ 4 ã¨ O =`« û ~åÅÖ’ 34. GNP Gap( GNPJO`«~°=Ú) nx =∞^èŒº `Õ_®#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞
PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^Õâò ~åRO #"≥∂^Œ∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ã¨QÆ@∞ =$kú ˆ~@∞? 1. GNPH˜ NNPH˜ =∞^èŒº `Õ_®
1. 7.93% 2. 8.16% 2. NNP -HÍÅ∞+¨ º =Ú 3. „^Œ " ÀºÅƒ}O- NNP
3. 5.3% 4. 9.2% 4. ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ∞« QÆÅ QÆi+ì̈ GNP-"åã¨=Î GNP
26. Ô~O_»∞ ™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH˜¯OÑ¨Ù=Å¡ HõeˆQ Ñ¶ë`«=Ú? 35. GNPÖ’ QÍx, NNPÖ’ QÍx Wk Hõeã≤ LO_»^Œ∞.
1. *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ JÅÊOQÍ JOK«<å "ÕÜ«∞|_»∞#∞ 1. `«~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ 2. ¿ã=Å L`«ÊuÎ
2. *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ JkèHõOQÍ JOK«<å "ÕÜ«∞|_»∞#∞ 3. Ñ¨~åº=~°} HÍÅ∞ëêºxHõÜÕ∞º ™êOÑ¶≤∞Hõ =ºÜ«∞O
3. *ÏfÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz `«Ñ¨C„`À= Ñ¨\˜ìOKÕ 4. ÃÑ· = xflÜ« Ú
=ÚyOÑ¨Ù =K«∞Û#∞ 36. ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ÑÖK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ #∞Oz
4. UnHÍ^Œ ∞ 1. *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
27.ÉèÏ~°`^« âÕ O◊ ÖÏO\˜ Jaè=$kÌ K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =∂~°ÖË^Œ∞
QÆ}O˜ KÕ@Ñ¨C_»∞ Pi÷Hõ "Õ`ÅÎ« ∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º? 2. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. HÍx `«Åãï
1. ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ 2. QÆ}ÏOHõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ P^•Ü«∞O `«QÆ∞æ`«∞#flk
3. ÉèÏ=<å`«‡Hõ, =∞iÜ«Ú QÆ}ÏOHõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ 3. *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. `«Åãï P^•Ü«∞O
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`«‰õΩ¯= ˆ~@∞`À ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`ÀOk. 3. =º+≤ì P^•Ü«∞=Ú 4. „ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ P^•Ü«∞=Ú
4. *ÏfÜ«∞, `«Åãï P^•Ü«∂Å∞ Ô~O_»∂ "ÕQÆOQÍ 45.*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O #∞Oz =ºÜ«∂~å›^•Ü«∂xfl á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
ÃÑ~° ∞ QÆ ∞ `« ∞ #flq 1. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ KÕiÛ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® KÕ~åÛe.
37.1949 *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ Hõq∞\©Ö’ ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ∞ 2. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ KÕiÛ |kb K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ#∞ fã≤"ÕÜ«∂e.
1. =∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ, ^•^•ÉÏÜü∞ <Ò~Àr, QÍ_çæÖò 3. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ fã≤"Õã≤ |kb K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÅ∞ HõÅáêe
2. =H©Öò, „|Ç¨Ï‡#O^ŒO, =∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ 4. P^•Ü«∞ Ñ¨#∞flÅ#∞ fã≤"ãÕ ≤ |kb K≥eO¡ Ñ¨ÙÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® fã≤"Ü Õ ∂« e.
3. V.K.R.V.~å=Ù, =∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ, Ãã·=∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<≥\òû 4. 46.ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç nxH˜ „áêux^èŒºO =Ç≤ÏOK«∞#∞?
=∞Ç¨ÏÖò <Àaãπ, QÍ_çæÖò, V.K.R.V.~å=Ù 1. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yæOK«∞#∞.
38. „HÕk"åxÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞ JH“O\òÖ’ Hõe¿Ñk? 2 P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl ÃÑOK«∞#∞.
1. QÆ$Ç≤Ï}˜ ¿ã=Å∞ 2. ã¨‡QÆ¡~ü P^•Ü«∞O 3. P^•Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xfl `«yæOK«∞#∞ =∞iÜ«Ú ÃÑOK«∞#∞.
3. <≥·\ò "åKü"≥∞<£ ¿ã=Å∞ 4. UnHÍ^Œ ∞
4. ã¨<åºã¨∞Å ¿ã=Å∞ (Monks) 47.=∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ GNP 500 HÀ@∞¡, xHõ~° q^ÕjHÍ~°HÍ^•Ü«∞O
39.=∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O HõO>Ë, ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ 50 HÀ@∞¡, Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ 40 HÀ@∞¡, ã¨cû_ôÅ∞ 20 HÀ@∞¡
*ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O ZÑ¨C_»∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok. J#QÍ? J~Ú`Õ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì GDP ZO`«?
1. ^èŒ~°Å∞ `«QÆ∞æ`«∞#flÑ¨C_»∞ 2.^èŒ~°Å∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flÑ¨C_»∞ 1. 470 HÀ@∞¡ 2. 490 HÀ@∞¡
3. ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°Å∞ L#flÑ¨C_»∞ 4.=ºÜ«∂Å∞ =∂~°∞`«∞#flÑ¨C_»∞ 3. 610 HÀ@∞¡ 4. 430 HÀ@∞¡
40. 2010-11 J_®fi<£ û _£ JOK« < åÅÖ’ PO„^è Œ „ Ñ¨ ^ Õ â ò ~åR 48. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ~°OQÍÅ Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ P^•Ü«∞ K«„H©Ü«∞ „Ñ¨"åÇ¨xH˜
ã¨∂÷Å L`«ÊuÎH˜ qq^èŒ ~°OQÍÅ∞ JOkOKÕ "å\ÏÅ∞ `«QÆ∞æK«∞#fl zè„^•Å∞ (Leakages)QÍ Ñ¨x KÕ¿ãq?
„Hõ = ∞OÖ’ A . á⁄^Œ ∞ Ñ¨ Ù B. ÃÑ@∞ì | _ç
1. ¿ã=Å∞-=º=™êÜ« ∞ O-Ñ¨ i „â◊ = ∞Å∞ C. Ñ¨ # ∞flÅ∞ D . kQÆ ∞ =∞`« ∞ Å∞
2. ¿ã=Å∞-Ñ¨ i „â◊ = ∞Å∞- =º=™êÜ« ∞ O E. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi =ºÜ«∞O F. ZQÆ ∞ =∞`« ∞ Å∞
3. Ñ¨ i „â◊ = ∞-=º=™êÜ« ∞ O- ¿ã=Å∞ „HÕk HÀ_£Å#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz ãïÜ≥ÿ∞#k Z#∞flH˘#∞=Ú?
4. =º=™êÜ« ∞ O-¿ã=Å∞-Ñ¨ i „â◊ = ∞ 1. A,B,C 2. A,C,D
41.ÉèÏ~°`« Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ P^•Ü«∞ =∞kOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨^Œúux D ~°OQÆOÖ’ 3. A,C,E 4. C,D,F
ÅaèOKÕ P^•Ü«∂xfl QÆ}ÕKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«∞@ ÖË^Œ∞? 49. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =$kú ˆ~@∞ J#QÍ?
1. ÉÏºOHÕQ∑, cè=∂ 1. ™êfiq∞<å^è<Œ £ KÕ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç =º=™êÜ«∞ =$kÌ 3.5% LO_»∞@
2. q^Œ∞º`ü, QÍºãπ, h\˜ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å 2. ~å*ò„H˜+K‚¨ Õ K≥ÑÊ¨ |_ç *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú 3.5% LO_»∞@
3. ilã¨ì~ü¤ =∂#∂ºÃÑHõÛiOQ∑ Z™êì a¡+π"≥∞O\ò 3. J=∞~°ºÎ ¿ã<£KÕ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ yOK«|_ç Pi÷Hõ =$kú 3.5% LO_»∞@
4. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi áêÅ# 4. ~å*ò „H˜+¨‚KÕ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOK«|_ç "≥Ú^Œ\˜ =¸_»∞
42. Ñ≤QÆ∞ "≥·Ñï`«º=Ú nxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#k? ^Œâ◊HÍÅÖ’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞ =$kú 3.5% LO_»∞@
1. JÅÊ L^Àºy`«‰õΩ "Õ`«# HÀ`« J=ã¨~°=Ú 50. L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë
2. P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiˆQ H˘kÌ „^Œ=º LáêO`« „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O H©}Δ ã˜ ∞¨ OÎ k. =∂Ô ~ ¯\ò ^è Œ ~ ° Å Ö’ xHõ ~ ° *ÏfÜ≥ ∂ `« Ê uÎ ZÑ¨ C _» ∞ Z‰õ Ω ¯=
3. *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞ JH“O\òÖ’ Éèí~°ÎH˜ ÉèÏ~°º KÕ¿ã LO@∞Ok. J#QÍ?
K≥e¡OÑ¨ÙÖËx ¿ã=Å∞ fã¨∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O 1. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ã¨cû_ôÅ∞ > Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
4. Un HÍ^Œ∞ 2. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ã¨cû_ôÅ∞ < Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
43. „HÕk "åxÖ’ ãïÜ≥ÿ∞# "åHõº"Õ∞k?L`«ÊuÎ qÅ∞= =∞iÜ«Ú 3. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ã¨cû_ôÅ∞ = Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
qÅ∞= KÕ ~ ° ∞ Ê =∞^è Œ º `Õ _ ® „H˜ O k "åxÖ’ XHõ \ ˜ `≥ e ¿ãÎ 4. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ã¨cû_ôÅ∞ ≥ Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞
K«∂Ñ¨=K«∞Û. KEY
1. =∞^èŒºO`«~åÅ L`åÊ^ŒHÍÅ qÅ∞= 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.4
2. xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞flÅ qÅ∞= 8.3 9. 2 10.2 11.4 12.4 13.3 14.1
3. kQÆ∞=∞`«∞Å qÅ∞= 15.4 16.4 17.4 18.3 19.3 20.1 21.2
4. ã≤÷~° =¸Å^èŒ#Ñ¨Ù qxÜ≥∂QÆÑ¨Ù qÅ∞= 22.3 23.3 24.4 25.1 26.2 27.3 28.4
44. =ºÜ« ∂ ~å› ^ •Ü« ∞ =Ú#‰õ Ω QÆ $ Ç¨ Ï ~° O QÆ O K≥ e ¡ O KÕ „Ñ¨ ` Õ º Hõ Δ 29.2 30.3 31.3 32.4 33.4 34.4 35.3
Ñ¨#∞flÅ∞ KÕi¿ãÎ Jk nxx ã¨=∂#=Ú? 36.3 37.4 38.3 39.1 40.2 41.3 42.3
1. HÍ~°Hõ ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 43.1 44.3 45.3 46.2 47.4 48.2 49.4
2. =∂Ô~¯\ò ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ 50.2
z~°Orq 176 Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

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ECONOMY

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O – =∂#"åaè=$kú ã¨∂p – ~åR L`«ÊuÎ

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

„QÆ∂Ñπ – II 2008, ZHÍ#g∞ Ñ„ â

1. Zxq∞^Œ= Ñ¨OK«=~°¬ „Ñ¨}ÏoHõ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\ì̃#k U ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ ?

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

APPSC (GROUP - II) 2008

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

3. *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O Z‰õΩ¯= "≥Ú`«Î=ÚÖ’ U ~°OQÆ=Ú #∞O_ç =ã¨∞Î#ﬂk

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx Injection in circular flow of Income QÍ ÉèÏq™êÎ~∞° .

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

18. PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ ~åR P^•Ü«∂xﬂ JOK«<å "ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ áê\˜ã¨∞Î#ﬂ Ñ¨^Œúu

1. Z =∞iÜ«Ú a ã¨i J~Ú#k 2. Z, a =∞iÜ«Ú ã≤ ã¨i J~Ú#k

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

*ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O (NATIONAL INCOME)

xHõ~° ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç =K«∞Û#∞.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ P^•Ü«∞O

2) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GNP ) MP

3) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NDP ) MP

4) =∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’ xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP ) MP

5) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (GDP ) FC

6) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«Êu Î (GNP ) FC

7) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NDP ) FC

8) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (NNP ) FC

1. ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ«∞ L`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) GDP : MP

4) GDP = ^è~Œ ° X JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å Ñ¨i=∂}O

5) ~Ô O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ ÖˇH¯˜ OÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ x"åiOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=ÖË fã¨∞HÀ"åe.

GDPMP = Valve of output in Domestic Territory – Value of Intermediate consomption

2) ã¨∂Å÷ *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) GNP :

GDP, GNP Å =∞^è Œ º `Õ _ ®

GDP = GNP – NFIA GNP = GDP + NFIA

3. xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (=∂Ô~¯\ò ^è~Œ Å° Ö’) NDP : MP

NDPMP = GDPMP – Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC)

NNP H˜, GNP H˜ `Õ_®

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

NDP H˜ NNP H˜ `Õ_®

L`«ÊuHÎ Í~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº P^•Ü«∞O

^ÕjÜ«∞ Éè∂ í ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ Jhﬂ L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ Pi˚Oz# P^•Ü«∞O#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞.

HÍ|\˜ì GDP #∞Oz xHõ~° Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞ﬂÅ∞ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ GDP =K«∞Û#∞.

GDPFC = GDPMP – Net Indirect taxes

7) xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎHÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêì º) NDP : FC

nxx xHõ~° ^ÕjÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞.

3) JOu=∞ =ã¨∞¿Î ã=Å#∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞ 3) L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ∞ á⁄Ok# P^•Ü«∂xﬂ `≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù#∞

8) xHõ~° *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº)/ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O NNP : FC

NNP <Õ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O JO^Œ∞~°∞.

^ÕjÜ«∞ HÍ~°Hõ P^•Ü«∂xH˜ NFIA KÕi¿ãÎ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O =ã¨∞O Î k.

GNP #∞Oz `«~∞° QÆ∞^ŒÅ fã≤"¿Õ ãÎ NNP =K«∞Û#∞.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

Æ áõ È~Ú<å NNP ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞#∞. HÍx NNP J<Õk D Ñ¨~ÀHõΔ Ñ¨#∞ﬂÅ=Å¡

„Ñ¨ÉÏè q`«O HÍ^Œ∞.

GDPMP + NFIA –D – Net IT

D ã¨O|O^è•xﬂ =∞~˘Hõ ~°HOõ QÍ ‰õÄ_® K«∂Ñ¨=K«∞Û.

Cell : 9490942125, 9959513530

=º‰õΩÅÎ ∞ ã¨OáêkOz# P^•Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘O`«ÉÏè QÆO "åiKÕuH˜ ~å^Œ∞.

Personal Disposable Income = Personal Income – Personal Taxes

GDPMP + NFIA –D – Net IT – G + TP – CT, UDP –PT

8) xHõ~° ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ (L`«ÊuÎ HÍ~°HÍÅ Ys^Œ∞ ^Œ$ëêìº)/ ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O NNP : FC