WCDMA RF Optimization Cases PDF

WCDMA Radio
Frequency Optimization
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2007 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
RF (Radio Frequency) optimization is the most important
step to ensure the quality of the network.
RF optimization will solve network problems related to

neighbor cell list, coverage and interference.
Copyright © 2007 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the steps of RF optimization
Know how to solve the RF problems cased by neighbor cell list,

poor coverage and interference
Contents
RF Optimization Workflow
Typical Problems Analysis in RF optimization
Start
Preparation:
Set the optimization target
Divide the optimization cluster
Draw out the test route line
Prepare the DT tools
Data Collection:
DT test Adjustment:
Indoor DT test Engineering parameters adjust
RNC configuration data Neighbor cell list adjust
The DT result is satisfied N

Problem Analysis
with optimization target? neighbor cell list
poor coverage
Y pilot pollution
handover
RF optimization interference
finished
Set RF optimization target, for example:
Reference
Target Item Remark
Value
CPICH Ec/Io ≥ -12dB & RSCP
Coverage Probability ≥95%
≥ -95dBm
CPICH Ec/Io ≥ -12dB ≥95% Scanner result
CPICH RSCP ≥
≥95% Scanner result
-95dBm
SHO Percentage 30%-40%
Pilot pollution
≤5%
Percentage
RF optimization clusters division
Cluster is the area for one time drive test
One cluster should contains 15 to 25 sites
Cluster division should consider the following factor, such as:
Terrain
Traffic
Route line
Preparation for DT (drive test)
Hardware
Test phone
Scanner
GPS
Software
Drive test software, for example, GENEX Probe
Drive test post process software, for example, GENEX
Assistant
Contents
Preparation of RF Optimization
Contents
RF case related to neighbor cell list

RF case related to bad coverage
RF case related to interference
Case 1
Description
In DT, call drop happened
Check the signaling trace at UE side
Call Drop
After call drop, begin
to read
system information
Case 1
Data analysis
Check cell information from UE active set and cell information
from scanner at call drop points.
From UE From Scanner
No SC
170 cell!!
Why?
Case 1
Data analysis
Checking monitor set
Check monitor set for
the scramble measured
by scanner
SC 170 is not in monitor set
Missing neighbor cell
Delayed handover
Case 1
Data analysis
Check the latest measurement control
Search for the latest intra-

frequency measurement control
Call drop
point
Case 1
Measurement ID is 1. It is Intra-
frequency measurement control
The primary scramble

of the cell is 6
Check the list of intra-frequency

neighbor cell in measurement
control and no SC 170
Case 1
Solution
Add neighbor cells in neighbor cell list
Summary
In the beginning stage of network, it is very common that
missing neighbor cell cased cause call drop.
Analysis with signaling procedure is the common way to find

and solve the problem
Some problems can be avoided if the Combined Neighbor Cell

Algorithm is switched on.
Case 2
Phenomenon description
In DT, call drop
happened at cell A
Cell B (PSC277)
Cell A
(PSC58)
Case 2
Phenomenon description
In Cell A, UE keeps reporting PSC 277 1A event.
RNC received this event and send Active Set Update to UE

according to the signaling trace record
UE send Active Set Update complete to RNC
Then, RNC send Active Set Update to delete PSC 277 from
active set
Finally call drop happened due to RL failure
Case 2
Problem Analysis
From the signaling trace of DT, it looks like the handover is
complete successfully.
But, according to the signaling trace from CDT, the handover

failed actually.
Case 2
Problem Analysis
Signaling trace from CDT shows:
UE NodeB RNC
Measurement control (1A Event for PSC 227)
Radio Link Setup
Radio Link Setup Response
Active set update
Active set update complete
Radio Link Failure
Case 2
Problem Analysis
Cell C (PSC277)
After checking the
neighbor cell list, the
following problem is
found
Cell B (PSC277)
Cell C has the same
PSC as Cell B
Cell A (PSC58)
Case 2
Problem Analysis
The neighbor cell list shows
Cell ID PSC Cell ID NCell ID

A 58 A C
B 277 C A
C 277
Missing Cell A
configuring Mistake for
(PSC58)
NCell configuring
NCell
Cell B Cell C
(PSC277) (PSC277)
Case 2
Problem Analysis
Based on the analysis above, the new NodeB is not the one of
cell B, but the one of cell C
Even the cell C prepared resource for UE according to the RNC

command of “Radio Link Setup”, it can not find the UE uplink
signal.
That does why the “Radio Link Failure” is sent by NodeB
Case 2
Solution
Change the wrong neighbor cell list
Case 2
Summary
Phenomenon for wrong neighbor cell list
From DT, radio link branch is added into active set, then deleted
from active set repeatedly.
SHO success rate is low
Radio link failure is low in the wrong neighbor cell, for example, cell
C in case 2
Call drop is high in the cell with wrong neighbor cell, for example,
cell A in case 2
Case 2
Summary
About SHO event, UE will only report PSC to RNC in
Measurement Report
RNC will find the right cell according to the neighbor cell list
between cell ID and PSC
This problem is mainly happened in dense urban when is PSC

is reused a lot
Case 3
Description
14605 (Frequency C)
Call drop rate high
14603 (Frequency A)
14602 (Frequency B) 14031 (Frequency B)
Inter-frequency handover based on capacity
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage
Case 3
Description
UE is in Cell 14602 with frequency B
When 14602 is in high load level, UE will be handed over to

14603 with another frequency A
When 14603 is in high load level, UE will be handed over to

14605 with frequency C
Because frequency A and C are not used continuously at this

area, UE has to be handed over to Cell 14031 with frequency B
14603 and 14605 can share the load level, but the call drop
rate in 14603 is very high.
Case 3
Analysis
Because it’s difficult to do drive test for collecting signaling
trace, the IOS (Information of Subscriber) trace is used.
Based on the analysis for the call dropped UE, there is one
thing is common:
Before call drop in 14603, all UEs initiated compress mode, and
send Measurement Report to RNC periodically, but handover is
not triggered.
Case 3
Analysis
2D Event
Compress
mode
Inter-frequency
measurement
control
Inter-frequency
Measurement
report
Case 3
Analysis
Open “Inter-frequency Measurement Control”, the Cell 14605
with frequency C is put in the first place
And in the following measurement report, UE only report Cell

14605
But the cell 14605 cell signal level is lower than -90dBm, which
can not trigger handover, till call drop.
Case 3
Analysis Cell 14605 with
Frequency C
Measurement Control
Cell 14031 with

Frequency B
Case 3
Analysis
Measurement Report
Cell 14605 with
Frequency C
Cell 14605 CPICH

& Ec/Io
Case 3
Question
Why the handover can not be triggered?
Since the network give UE the information of cell 14605 and

cell 14031, Why UE only report cell 14605?
Did UE measure cell 14031, just not report it?
Or, UE never measure cell 14031, just 14605?
Case 3
Analysis
UE report cell 14605 CPICH RSCP is 19, which is -96dBm.
After checking the RNC configuration file, this CPICH RSCP

level can not trigger inter-frequency handover
Actually, because cell 14605 and 14603 are in one sector,

their signal level should be same.
Case 3
Analysis
If UE can report cell 14031, the handover may be triggered
After analyze the compress mode principle, it is found that UE

can only monitor 1 WCDMA frequency in the gap of compress
mode.
Case 3
Analysis
Because UE can not measure cell 14031 with frequency B,
only monitor cell 14605 with frequency C, and meanwhile cell
14605 and 14603 signal level are the same, the call dropped
due to the poor signal of 14605 and 14603
How to make UE monitor cell 14031 with frequency B instead

of 14605 with frequency C?
Case 3
Solution
Delete the neighbor relation from 14603 with frequency A to
Add the neighbor relation from 14602 with frequency B to

Case 3
Solution
14605 (Frequency C)
14603 (Frequency A)
14602 (Frequency B) 14031 (Frequency B)
Inter-frequency handover based on capacity
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage
Case 3
Summary
Do not configure two different frequency neighbor cells in
WCDMA system
Contents

Case 1
Description
In drive test for RF optimization, call drop happened in the
circle area
Case 1
Analysis
After analyze the signal level of this area, the call drop is
caused by discontinuous coverage of the cell with PSC 442
Problem Zone
Case 1
Analysis
After checking the RF
transmission Antenna
environment, the signal

is blocked by the glass
Call drop
wall
The Wall
Case 1
Solution
Solution 1: Decrease the downtilt to increase the signal level
Maybe the problem area will become better, but due to the wall,
this problem may still exist nearby.
Solution 2:Increase the antenna height

After checking the installation condition, it’s very hard to increase
the height
Even increased the height, the problem may still exist due to the
wall.
Case 1
Solution
Solution 3:
Move the antenna position if possible, and the main direction
antenna is parallel with the side of the wall
Move the antenna position to Wall
right about 15 meters

considering the installation
condition
New
Original Position
Position
Case 1
Solution
Solution 3:
About the antenna downtilt, two strategies are designed.
First, 10 degrees
10 Degree
Case 1
Solution
Solution 3:
Second, 5 degrees
5 Degree
Case 1
Summary
Before RF adjustment, site survey should be done.
Find the problem and the reason, design several strategies for
the adjustment
One time adjustment, and check the performance at the same

time. Adjustment and performance checking should be done at
the same to improve the work efficiency.
Case 2
Description
In drive test for RF optimization, the area Ec/Io is bad
Case 2
Analysis
Checking the cell distribution at this area
PSC186 PSC184
PSC185
Case 2
Analysis
One site with 3 cells, PSC184, 185 and 186 cover this area
Two cells, PSC 184 and 185, are separated to two sectors to
cover different direction
Case 2
Analysis
The area is covered by different cell – PSC 184 and 185
No dominant cell – PSC 184 and 185 is the best cell crossly in
this area
Case 2
Solution
Change the sector PSC, or combine some sector
Previously, 3 cells
PSC 184: sector 1 & sector 3
PSC 185: sector 2 & sector 4
PSC 186: sector 5
After adjustment, 2 cells:

PSC184: sector1 & sector3
PSC185: sector4 & sector5
Delete sector 2
Case 2
After adjustment, the drive test for PSC 184 and 185
Case 2
The comparison result for scanner Ec/Io
Case 2
The comparison result for UE Ec/Io
Case 2
Summary
In order to get better coverage performance at the place with
complicated transmission environment, splitter is used to
separate one cell into different sectors to cover different area.
In this case, the sector should be designed reasonably to

control the interference
Case 3
Description
In drive test for RF optimization, bad Ec/Io is found on the
bridge
Case 3
Analysis
Check the RSCP value of scanner, the result shows the RSCP
value is good.
Based on this, pilot pollution
need be considered in this
area.
Check the top N pilot RSCP

and Ec/Io in scanner result
Case 3
Analysis
From the DT result, it shows the RSCP value is strong, but the
Ec/Io is bad.
And the signal level of different cell are very similar.
Find the cells which cover this area
Case 3
Analysis Site 2 Cell C Site 3 Cell C
Site 1 Cell A
Site 4 Cell C
Site 5 Cell C
Case 3
Analysis
On the bridge, the signal from different cell can cover this area
due to reflection of the river and no building.
From DT, following cell cover this area:

Site 1 cell A
Site 2 cell C
Site 3 cell C
Site 4 cell C
Site 5 cell C
Case 3
Need to find the

best cell
Site 1 Cell A
Check the map, Site 6
the site 6 is very
near to the
bridge.
Site 4 Cell C
Site 5 Cell C
Case 3
Analysis
The residence buildings
After checking site 6 RF are much higher than
antenna, which block
environment, it is difficult to the signal of site 6
increase the antenna height or

move site 6 position to avoid
the blocking caused by the
building
Case 3
Then, site 1 cell

A can be the
best cell to Site 1 Cell A
cover this area
Site 4 Cell C
Site 5 Cell C
Case 3
Then, try to
increase the
signal of site 1 Site 1 Cell A
cell A, and
decrease other
cells
To confirm this,
Site 4 Cell C
DT for site 1 cell Site 5 Cell C
A needs to be
done
Case 3
Solution
Increase the signal of site 1 cell A
Change the antenna downtilt from 10 to 7
Increase CPICH Tx power 1.5 dB higher
Decrease other cell signal – change the antenna downtilt

From 7 to 10 for site 2 cell C
From 5 to 8 for Site 3 cell C
Case 3
Confirmation
After the modification, the DT shows the pilot pollution area
as below
Case 3
Confirmation
The Ec/Io comparison
After
Before
Case 3
Summary
To solve the pilot pollution, the following issues has be
considered
Find the reason caused pilot pollution
– Due to no strong signal
– Due to too much strong signal
After the adjustment, the DT has to be done at this cluster to

confirm that no new problem appeared
Case 4
Description
In DT, video call quality is decreased at the problem
area. Also, the PS call drop happened several times
Problem Area
3G Antenna
2G Antenna
Case 4
Analysis
RSCP distribution in DT
Problem
area
Case 4
Analysis
Ec/Io distribution in DT
Problem
Problem
area
area
Case 4
Analysis
Checking the RF environment, the antenna is installed on 10-
meter platform
2G and 3G antenna are installed at one platform, but 3G

antenna is a little bit inner than 2G antenna.
After finishing DT in 2G, signal level is very stable
Case 4
Analysis
If 3G and 2G antenna are installed at the same place, the
problem may be solved.
The short wall of this

Problem Area
platform may block
the signal of 3G
3G Antenna Wall
Since 2G antenna is
near to the border, the 2G Antenna
wall influence 2G little
Case 4
Solution
Solution 1
Increase the antenna height can solve this problem
Solution 2
Move the installation place near to the border
Solution 3
3G and 2G use the same place
Case 4
Solution
Solution 3 is adopted
Road
T T
X X
/ /
R R R R
X X X X
2G 3G
BTS NodeB
Case 4
Question
Do you have other methods?
Case 4
Summary
Sharing the same installation place for 3G and 2G is
very common, and several strategies can solve the
problem
In this situation, 3G and 2G can share the feeder

system, or can only share the installation platform.
Considering the factors of the installation and related

resource, a easiest and simplest method should be
adopted
Case 5
Description
In DT, call drop happened a lot in the area
Case 5
Description
Check the DT information, SC304 is in active set with
the signal level – RSCP -76dBm and Ec/Io -18
Analysis
Consider the pilot pollution

But only 1 cell in active set and 1 Cell in monitor set
Consider the missing neighbor cell

But the cell in monitor set has very good quality –
RSCP -65dBm and Ec/Io -6
Case 5
Analysis
Check the signaling trace at UE side
Before call drop, UE
sends measurement
report to RNC with 1A
event for cell 298
Case 5
Analysis
Check the signaling trace at RNC side
RNC sent Active Set Update to

UE, but no response. Then, RNC
send release RRC connection –
Call Drop
Case 5
Analysis
Based on the DT and signaling trace, this call drop
can be take as handover failure
For example
cell56 vs cell041
-10 cell56
EcNo
-20 cell041
-30
time
Case 5
Analysis
Around the corner, the original cell 304 signal level
drop very quickly because of the building
shadowing, and the neighbor cell 298 increase
very quickly.
After UE sent measurement report to RNC, cell

304 has become very bad when RNC sent active
set update.
Case 5
Adjustment
Since cell 298 has better coverage at this area,
handover can happen earlier
Decrease the coverage performance at this area
– Increase the downtilt from 5 to 9
– Adjust the direction from 0 to 310
Increase the coverage performance at this area

– Decrease the downtilt from 5 to 4
– Adjust the direction from 300 to 270
Case 5
Adjustment
Result after adjustment
Handover
area
Handover
Before area After
Case 5
Adjustment
Comparison of Ec/Io of UE
Before After
Case 5
Summary
Confirm the corner effect by analyzing signaling
trace at UE and RNC
About corner effect, Taking the method make the

handover happen earlier, such as RF optimization
Other method can also adopted

Modify 1A event
Modify CIO (Cell Individual Offset)
Contents
Case 1
Description
From traffic statistic, the following RTWP problem is found
RNCId CellId CellName Time(As hour) VS.MaxRTWP VS.MeanRTWP VS.MinRTWP
1 62501 KwongYu1 2005-5-16 17:00 -74.5 -102.34 -105.3
1 62502 KwongYu2 2006-5-16 17:00 -74.3 -94.89 -105.5
1 62503 KwongYu3 2006-5-16 17:00 -82 -101.6 -105.4
Case 1
Analysis
Connect to the problem NodeB, and monitor the RTWP
Cell 62501 RTWP
Case 1
Analysis
Cell 62502 RTWP
Case 1
Analysis
Cell 62503 RTWP
Case 1
Analysis
The main diversity antenna is interfered seriously
Can not find any relation between interference and time,

and the interference appears randomly
Check the neighbor site, no interference
Deduction
Inter-modulation cause the interference, could be

Inter-modulation caused by bad connectors
Inter-modulation by GSM
Case 1
Analysis
Check the RF environment
Case 1
Analysis
Check the RF environment
No blocking or any reflection due to the glass wall
The site RF condition is very good
Case 1
Analysis
2G and 3G share the feeder system
Case 1
Analysis
Check 2G frequency planning
Sector 1 – 544 with hopping frequency 821
– 544 – 1811.6MHz & 821 – 1867MHz

– 538 – 1808.6MHz & 821 – 1867MHz

– 858 – 1874.4MHz & 821 – 1867MHz
Case 1
Analysis
Calculate the third order intermodulation
Cell 1 – 1922.4MHz
Cell 2 – 1925.4MHz
Cell 3 – 1859.6MHz
Check cell 2 uplink interference

The interval of 2 interference is
821-544
Case 1
Analysis
Conclusion
The third intermodulation of cell 1 and cell 2 is just in WCDMA
uplink band
Case 1
Solution
Change the hopping frequency of DSC
Confirmation
Check the RTWP again, the values are normal
Case 1
Summary
Characteristics of inner system interference
The RTWP result are not same at the main and diversity antenna
The amplitude of interference is big, and the difference is more than 10

dB
High RTWP will appear in a duration, and will not change so frequently
High RTWP will not show in a certain time each day, but randomly
Case 2
Description
In a commercial network of country U, the following RTWP
problem is found from traffic statistic
RNCId CellId CellName Time(As hour) RTWP_MEAN RTWP_MAX RTWP_MIN
201 11912 Aguada_C 2005-11-15 4:00 -93.94 -88.65 -105.66
201 11942 Centenario_C 2005-11-15 4:00 -95.86 -87.65 -105.66
201 11932 Centro_C 2005-11-15 17:00 -96.62 -93.65 -97.65
201 11623 Ciudad Vieja_C 2005-11-15 0:00 -96.74 -91 -105.65
201 11461 Palacio_C 2005-11-15 20:00 -97.1 -96 -104.65
201 11643 Pocitos_C 2005-11-15 2:00 -97.72 -92.65 -105.65
Case 2
Analysis
Connect to the problem NodeB, and monitor the RTWP
Take one site as example
Case 2
Analysis
The main and diversity antenna have the same
interference trend
The different between main and diversity is less than

10dB
Case 2
Analysis
Check the location of the sites with high RTWP
High
Medium
Low
Case 2
Analysis
All the problem cells are in the third sector of the NodeB,
and the direction is to the northwest
Many cells at this area show high interference, and the

cells with low RTWP are at low place
Case 2
Analysis
Analyze the RTWP in the nearly one month, the
interference shows randomly, but if appears, usually one
whole day, or several days
The interference shows with high traffic, and also with

low traffic. No evidence shows it is related to the traffic
Case 2
Analysis
Maybe the interference comes from outside and the
northwest direction
Case 2
Analysis
Use YBT250 to do the interference checking
Case 2
Analysis
All the test results show the interference comes from the
same direction – to the country A
But the distance to country A from the test place is

around 50Km to 200Km
Case 2
Analysis
Frequency analysis
U Country UMTS frequency
– 1900MHz
A country GSM frequency

– 1900MHz
Case 2
Analysis
Maybe the interference comes from A country, but looks
like impossible because the distance (50 to 200Km) is
beyond the transmission
To confirm this problem, use A country cell phone at the

area with high RTWP
The result shows the phone does receive the A country

DSC
Case 2
Conclusion
The interference comes from A country GSM
Even the distance is very far, the area between the

border is covered by a large water area
Due to reflection the water, the signal can be transmitted

far away
Case 2
Conclusion
After known the reason, the following character of this
kind of interference is found
Related to the weather
– Rain day, no interference
– Cloudy day, less interference
– Sunny day, high interference
Related to the seasons also

– Problems show at Summer more than Winter
Case 2
Summary
Characteristics of external interference
The RTWP result are same at the main and diversity antenna
The amplitude of interference is small, and the difference is less than 10

dB
The interference exists at large area, not just one cell, also including
neighbor cells
The direction of external interference is obvious
The cell with high antenna is easier to be interferenced
Summary
RF optimization
Neighbor cell list optimization
Coverage performance optimization
Interference optimization
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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WCDMA Radio

Copyright © 2007 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

RF optimization will solve network problems related to

Know how to solve the RF problems cased by neighbor cell list,

The DT result is satisfied N

Typical Problems Analysis in RF optimization

RF case related to neighbor cell list

RF case related to interference

Check the signaling trace at UE side

SC 170 is not in monitor set

Missing neighbor cell

Search for the latest intra-

The primary scramble

Check the list of intra-frequency

Analysis with signaling procedure is the common way to find

Some problems can be avoided if the Combined Neighbor Cell

RNC received this event and send Active Set Update to UE

UE send Active Set Update complete to RNC

Finally call drop happened due to RL failure

But, according to the signaling trace from CDT, the handover

Measurement control (1A Event for PSC 227)

Radio Link Setup

Radio Link Setup Response

Active set update

Active set update complete

Radio Link Failure

Cell ID PSC Cell ID NCell ID

Even the cell C prepared resource for UE according to the RNC

That does why the “Radio Link Failure” is sent by NodeB

SHO success rate is low

This problem is mainly happened in dense urban when is PSC

14602 (Frequency B) 14031 (Frequency B)

Inter-frequency handover based on capacity

Inter-frequency handover based on coverage

When 14602 is in high load level, UE will be handed over to

When 14603 is in high load level, UE will be handed over to

Because frequency A and C are not used continuously at this

And in the following measurement report, UE only report Cell

Cell 14031 with

Cell 14605 CPICH

Since the network give UE the information of cell 14605 and

Did UE measure cell 14031, just not report it?

Or, UE never measure cell 14031, just 14605?

After checking the RNC configuration file, this CPICH RSCP

Actually, because cell 14605 and 14603 are in one sector,

After analyze the compress mode principle, it is found that UE

How to make UE monitor cell 14031 with frequency B instead

Add the neighbor relation from 14602 with frequency B to

14602 (Frequency B) 14031 (Frequency B)

Inter-frequency handover based on capacity

Inter-frequency handover based on coverage

RF case related to bad coverage

environment, the signal

Solution 2:Increase the antenna height

right about 15 meters

One time adjustment, and check the performance at the same

PSC 185: sector 2 & sector 4

PSC 186: sector 5

After adjustment, 2 cells:

PSC185: sector4 & sector5

In this case, the sector should be designed reasonably to

Check the top N pilot RSCP

And the signal level of different cell are very similar.