GEOPRESSURE

Pore Pressure Related to

Sedimentary Process and
Tectonic Condition
Outline
• Background
• What is Pore Pressure
• Kind of Pore Pressure
- Normal Pore Pressure
- Abnormal Pore Pressure
• Caused Abnormal Pore Pressure
• Pore Pressure Prediction and Detection
 Background

 Pore pressures in most deep sedimentary formations are not

hydrostatic; instead they are overpressured and elevated
even to more than double of the hydrostatic pressure.

 If the abnormal pressure are not accurately predicted prior

to drilling, catastrophic incidents, such as well blowouts and
mud volcanoes, may take place.
 Pore Pressure Definition

 Pore pressure prediction works well for young, rapidly deposited, fine-grained
sediments.
 Other settings require non-standard procedures.
Pore Pressure
* Pore Pressure
Gradients

* Fracture
Gradients

• Casing Setting
Depths

6
 Normal Pressure

Normal Pressure : Hydrostatic Pressure of Column of Formation Water Extending to

Surface
Abnormal Pressure (Overpressure)
• Undercompaction
• Trapped pore fluid being squeezed by weight of newly deposited sediments
• Fluid Expansion
• Trapped pore fluid being constraint by the rock matrix from increasing volume :
 Pore Fluid Thermal Expansion
 Hydrocarbon Maturation
 Smectite/Illite Transformation
 Charging from Other Zone (Lateral Transfering)
• Tectonics
• Trapped pore fluid being
squeezed by horizontal
stresses
 Tectotically active areas
 Salt Dome
Undercompaction
Thermal Expansion (Aquathermal)
HC Generation and OP
HCs generated in
organic shales
sv T, p, s
shale increase
kerogen Semi-solid
organics, kerogen,
po < sh < sv

micro- sv
high T, p, s po = sh < sv,
fissure
Fractures develop
and grow

sands Pressured fluids are

fluid oil and gas expelled through the
flow fracture network, po
“stored” in OP sands
generation of hydrocarbon fluids
 Clay Mineral Transform

Compaction = Mud, clays

H2O expelled to sand 0-2000 m
bodies, especially
H2H020 Sand H20
from swelling clays

Shale 2000-4000 m
Montmorillonite = much H2O
Sandstone

Diagenesis 4000-6000 m

Illite
+ Free H2O + Compaction and
Kaolinite
SiO2 Clay Diagenesis
Chlorite
Lateral Transfering (Centroid Effect)
Mechanisms for OP Generation
• Artesian effect (high elevation recharge)
• Thrust tectonics (small effect) rain

• Deep thermal expansion

clays and silts

Artesian charging
3-10 km Artesian charging is
usually shallow only Thrusting can
lead to some OP

+DT = +DV of H2O:

20-100 km thermal expansion at
depth
OP From Gas Cap Development
Thick gas cap development,
A
pressures along A-A perhaps charged from below,
can generate high OP
stress

gas cap,
gas cap low density
effect

oil, density
= 0.75-0.85 A
Gas migration along
fractured zones,
faults, etc.
po sh Fractured rock
Deep gas source
depth around fault

Gas rises: gravitational segregation

 Pore Pressure Prediction and Detection

• Drilling rate, gas in mud,

etc. • Resistivity/
• Seismic Conductivity
Before • Comparison While • D - Exponent After Log
Drilling with nearby Drilling • DC - Exponent Drilling • Sonic Log
wells • MWD - LWD
• Density
• Density of shale (cuttings)

Geological Concern

- Before Drilling
 Pore Pressure Map (Interval Velocity)
 Nearby Well Comparison (well log data)

- After Drilling
 Well Log data analysis
Normal Pressure vs OP Trend Well Log Data

Normal Trend

Abnormal Trend
Pore Pressure Calculation
from Sonic
• Eaton Method
• Bower Method
• Miller Method
 PORE PRESSURE FROM SONIC LOG
EATON’S METHOD

The Eaton Method is one of the more widely used quantitative methods. This
method applies a regionally defined exponent to an empirical formula.

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ΔT𝑛
𝑃 = 𝑆 − 𝑆 − 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑
ΔT𝑙𝑜𝑔

𝑃 = Formation pore pressure

𝑆 = Overburden pressure
Δ𝑇𝑛 = Sonic transit time of normal trend
Δ𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑔 = Sonic transit time of observed value
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑 = Normal hydrostatic pressure
 PORE PRESSURE FROM SONIC LOG
BOWERS’ METHOD
Bowers' method uses the sonic velocity and empirically determined parameters to determine
the vertical effective stress, which is then subtracted from the overburden (the vertical total
stress) to determine the pore pressure.

if 𝑑max 𝑣 ≤ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, then unloading behavior is assumed. if 𝑑max 𝑣 > 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, unloading has not occured, then:

Pore Pressure are calculated as follows: 106 106

∆𝑇 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑙
𝑈 𝐵
106 106 𝐴
−
1−𝑈 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑙
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴 𝑃𝑃 =
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑂𝐵𝐺 −
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

1 𝐵 Where:
106 106 𝑃𝑃 = Pore Pressure Gradient
∆𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑙 𝑂𝐵𝐺 = Overburden Gradient
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐴 ∆𝑇 = Sonic Travel Time
∆𝑇𝑚𝑙 = Sonic Travel Time corresponding to 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑈 = Empirical values
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = The velocity at which unloading occured for sediments buried
at depths greater than 𝑑max 𝑣
𝑑max 𝑣 = Depth at which unloading has occured
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = TVD in appropriate unit
 PORE PRESSURE FROM SONIC LOG
MILLER’S METHOD
Miller's exponential method uses the sonic velocity and empirically determined parameters
to determine the vertical effective stress, which is then subtracted from the overburden
(the vertical total stress) to determine the pore pressure.

if 𝑑max 𝑣 > 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, unloading has not occured, then: if 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ , unloading behavior is assumed. Pore pressure are calculated

as follows:
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇𝑚𝑙 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
1 𝜆 𝑙𝑛 ∆𝑇
𝑚𝑙 ∆𝑇 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑂𝐵𝐺 − 1 1
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ∆𝑇 − ∆𝑇𝑢𝑜
1 𝜆 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 1 − 1 1
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 − ∆𝑇𝑚𝑙
Where: 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑂𝐵𝐺 +
𝑃𝑃 = Pore pressure gradient 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑂𝐵𝐺 = Overburden Gradient
𝑉
∆𝑇 = Sonic travel time 𝑎= , and
∆𝑇𝑚𝑙 = Sonic travel time of sediment at mudline
𝑉𝑢
∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = Sonic travel time matrix material typical range 55 μs/ft – 70 μs/ft
106 1−𝑎
𝜆 = Empirical parameter defining the rate of increase in velocity = 𝑉𝑚𝑙 + 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝜆𝜎𝑢𝑙
with effective stress ∆𝑇𝑢𝑜 𝑎
𝑎 = the ratio of the slope of the virgin curve to the unloading curve at 𝜎𝑢𝑙
𝜎𝑢𝑙 = the effective stress from which the sediment unload
𝑉𝑢𝑙 = the velocity at which unloading occurred for sediments buried
at depths greater than 𝑑max 𝑣
𝑑max 𝑣 = Depth at which unloading has occurred
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = TVD in appropriate unit
 FRACTURE GRADIENT

The Second way to estimate the Fracture Gradient, that is used in this study is
using empirical formula:

Eaton’s Method
𝜈
Eaton's method requires that we already have 𝐹𝐺 = 𝑃𝑃 + 𝑂𝐵𝐺 − 𝑃𝑃
1−𝜈
analyzed pore pressure, Poisson ratio, and the
Where:
overburden gradient. The following equation is
FG = Fracture Gradient
used in the calculation:
PP = Pore Pressure Gradient
OBG = Overburden Gradient
𝜈 = Poisson's Ratio

Matthews and Kelly’s Method 𝐹𝐺 = 𝑃𝑃 + 𝑂𝐵𝐺 − 𝑃𝑃 𝜅𝑖

Matthews and Kelly's method requires that we already
Where:
have analyzed pore pressure and the overburden
gradient, as well as have a matrix stress dataset. The FG = Fracture Gradient
following equation is used in the calculation: PP = Pore Pressure Gradient
OBG = Overburden Gradient
𝜅𝑖 = Matrix Stress
 Velocity Survey SKW-MD1 dan KM-1

No anomalous velocity at KM-1 well

 Lengowangi area is located in East Java Province

- Longowangi-1 well is located downdip at flank of

sekarkurung anticline
- Lengowangi-2 well is located near crest of the anticline
aboout 1.8 km southeast of Lengowangi-1 well

• East Tuban Block

It is assumed that the there is continues gas
charged sand body communication pressure
from LW-1(Lateral Transfer)
It is assumed that the there is continues gas charged sand body communication pressure
from LW-1 (Lateral Transfer)
 Discussion
- Studi Case Lengowangi pressure based on disequilibrium
compaction at shallow depth ( Transfer Zone or Based or
assumsions, pore pressure with buoyancy effect was
estimated at LW-2A. This represents the worst case
scenario and should be treated as an upper limit.
- Smectite – illite transformation in deeper zone