IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-32, NO.

7 ,JULY 1984 759

Resonant Conductanceof Inclined Slotsin the Narrow the expression for the slot conductance derived by the present
Wall of a Rectangular Waveguide method is exactly the same as that found by Stevenson.
Theadmittancedatafor inclined slots withafuted depth
B. N. DAS, JANASWAMY RAMAKRISHNA, STUDENTMEMBER, EEE, of cutof 3.5 mm in the broadwalls,and inclinationsvarying from
AND B..K. S A R A P
'5 t o 40°, are also computed using the formula derivedin the
presentcommunication.Thetheoretical results arecompared
Abstruct-A method to determine the admittance and resonant length of withexperimentaldataobtainedfrommeasurement using an
an inclined slot in the narrow wall of a fectangular waveguideis presented. automatic network analyzer.
An expression for the admittance of the slot is. derived nsing an angolar
spectrum of plane.waves and the discontinuityin modal current. When the 11. DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR THE SLOT
depth of cut in the top and bottomwall is assumedto be zero,the expression ADMITTANCE
for resonant conductance found by the present methodis exactly thesameas
thatobtained by Stevenson.Comparison'between the theoreticaland The. impedance 2 presentedbythe slot to theequivalent
experimental resultson the variatiunof resonant conductance with angle of transmission line of the waveguide, normalized with respect to
inclination of Slots for a fixed depth of cot of 3.5 mm is presented.
the wave impedance of the dominant mode, can be determined
' <

from
I. INTRODUCTION
Stevenson [ 11 derived an expression for the resonant conduct-
P
z=Z o l IAII* - - P, + jPi 1
-
--,

ance of inclined slots in the narrow wall of rectangular wave-

Zol I AII' z+jb (1)

guide, for slot lengths corresponding tothefirst 'resonance.
Stevenson left unsaid the fact that for a normal b -dimension,
narrow wall slotswith inclinations lessthan acertain value
penetrate the two broadfacesof the rectangulaf waveguide for
slots tuned t o resonance. This feature was mentioned by Watson
[2].Neither Stevenson nor Watson derived an exact expression
giving the variation of depth of cutin the broad wall with inclina-
tionofthenarrow wall slot required for resonance. Using
Stevenson's formulation [ l ] Jasik [3] reprinteddataonthe
variation of conductance as a function of slot inclination for a
f u e d depth of cut of 3.5 mm in both top and bottom walls of
the standard X-band guide RG 52U (inner dimensions 0.9 in X
0.4 in). It is obvious that when the depth of cutis kept futed and
the slot inclination is altered, the frequency of resonance also
changes.
In the present work, a rigorous analysis is carried out to deter-
mine the admittance and exact resonant length of inclined slots
in the narrow wall ofarectangular waveguide, from which the
depth of cut in the broad wall for various angles of inclination
can be determined. With the aid of Parseval's theorem, an expres-
sion fortheadmittancepresented by the radiatingslot to the
feed waveguide is determined from the angular spectrum of plane
waves andthediscontinuity in modalcurrent.The expression
derived is used to determine thevariation of thereal and imaginary
parts of the admittance presented by the slot t o the equivalent
transmission line of the waveguide, as a function of 2Llk,with
slot inclination as a parameter.Theexactresonantlengthis
foundfromthezero crossing ofthesusceptance curve. The
where P, and Pj are, respectively,real and imaginary parts of
self-reaction P ofequivalent magnetic current of this slot,
is the discontinuity in modal current, Zol is the wave impedance
of thedominantTEolmode in the waveguide andand
are the normalized conductance and.susceptance of theslot.
When we follow the method suggested in [4], the self-reaction
P can be evaluated from the angular spectrum of plane waves by
assuming that the electric field in the aperture plane of the slot
can be represented by
.'s=ijFEm sin [ W L - I Q I ) ] , I~IGL (2)
where 2L is the length of the slot, 6t
is the unit vector along
axis, and k is the free space propagation constant.
Theplane wave spectrum can be determined by taking into
account the contributions of the portions of magnetic current in
the narrow and broad wall. In the process of deriving an expres-
sion for the spectrum, it is found that the result is the same as
if the entire slot, having the electricfield distribution given by
(2), is in the same ground plane. The method suggested in [SI
leads t o expressions forthe real and imaginary parts of the
numerator of(1) as
1

1 1
si (4kL) sin (2kL) . (3a)

resonantconductance of theslot is computedbytakingthe

depth of cutintoaccount. Comparisonof thecomputedre-
sults with those obtained from Stevenson's formula is presented.
It is also shown that if the depth of cut is assumed t o be zero,
pi = - si ( 2 k ~ +
"(
Q0*
)
[
1
1
si (2kL) - - si (4kL)
2 1
Manuscript received July 12, 1983; revised December 5 , 1983. This work
was sponsored by the Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad.
B. N. Das and J. Ramakrishna are with the Department of Electronics and
Flectrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur 721302, India.
B. K. Sarap is with the Centre for Research and Training in Radar and where 2Wis the width of the slot,V , = 2WEm and qo = 120 R .
Communication, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India. Experimental studies have revealed that the radiation pattern

.OO 0 1984 IEEE

0018-926X/84/0700475%01
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-32, NO. 7 , JULY 1984

wall of a rectangular waveguide.

Fig. 1. Geometry of a slot cut in the narrow

of narrow walI inclined slots, in the absence and presence of the

portion of the broad walls,is the same. From this observation, it
may be concluded that the discontinuity in modal voltage due to
the portion of the slot in the broad walls is of less significance
thanthediscontinuityinmodalcurrentdue to the portion of
the slot in the narrow wau. The expression for slot admittance
can therefore be calculated by considering only the discontinuity
in modal currentAI.
For a slot in a rectangular waveguide, excited by a dominant
TEol mode, the discontinuity in modal current AI isgiven by
[61

A I = j Y g l \\(.'XI?). [zsin(polZ)
slot

fj& COS (001Z)] ds (4)

where pol is thepropagationconstantofthedominant TE,,
mode in the w a w p i d e ; Yo is the wave admittance of the domi-
nant mode; n' = U,, = the outward-drawn unit vector, normal t o
&
the aperture plane of the slot (Fig. 1) and 2, are the normalized I I 1 I

transverse and longitudinal moial veciors, respectively. 10 20 30 10 !

SLOT INCLINATION o(
Using theexpressionsfor h and h, from [9] one canshow
Fig. 2. Variation of reSonant slot conductance&with slot &chation u.
from (2) and (4) for Io I < L 1 that for the slot ofFig. 1.
2 7rsina 1 4<46.6') is given by
cut 6, of a resonant slot with inclination
k2 - (pol sin 01)' 6, = L - L, = 0.21325h - a/(2 cos a) (6)
sin (00 1 w cos a) 6, = 0, for a 2 46.6".
* {k(cos k6 cos & l L , sin a)
(Po 1 w cos 4 The expression for normalized resonant conductance E,. is found
from (l), (3), and (5) to be of the'form

where 2L, is the length of the portion of the slot present in the pol w cos a
narrow wall, 6 the depth in the broad wall =L - L 1 , and a the
slot inclination with respect to thevertical.

111. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Using (l), (3), and ( 7 ) , wehaveevaluatedthenormalized
conductanceandsusceptance 5 of theinclinedslot at 9.375 h
GHz for 0 = 1.016 cm, b = 2.286 cm, and 2W = 1.6 mm, with - cos (kL,) - - sin a sin (k6)
XP
2L varying from 0.4 h to 0.6 h and cr = 5 O to 40" in steps of
5'. It is found from the results on susceptance that the resonant
length 2 L r of theslot,atwhichthesusceptance vanishes, is
0.4625 h for all angles of inclination. The conductance attains
maximum value for 2L = 0.4625 h for values of a. For a below
46.6': it isnecessary to extendtheslotpartlyintothebroad
facesofthe guide forthepurposeofresonance.Thedepth 1
of cut is different for differentvalues of a. The depth of cut 6, in
2
the broad wall required for resonance canbe determined using the
results of Fig. 2. It is found that the expression for the depth of For slotshaving a total length correspondingto the first resonance,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-32, NO. 7 ,JULY 1984 761

the variation of Fr with a a has been computed using (7) and the
results are presented in Fig. 3 (curve a). The variation of resonant
conductance computed by using the Stevenson’s formula [ 71
gr

,
30 (%)X
7311 X ab3

L - PRESENTMETHOO
EXPERIMENT
is also plotted in the same figure (curve b ) . The results presented r++LlfERATURL[3]
in Fig. 2 reveal thatthe deviation betweenthetwoformulas
decreases as the value of a increases. Thisis to be expected,
since, with increase in a,the depth of cut 6, in the broad walls
decreases. It is worthwhile to point out in this connection that
the expression for given by (7) reduces to Stevenson’s formula
(8) when 6 = 0, 2L = X/2: and when’one substitutes cin (2n) =
73/30.
Using (I), (3), and (9, we have computed the variation of the
resonantconductance g of inclined slots versus a, for afuted
6 = 3.5 mm penetration of the top and bottom broad walls of
the waveguide. The computations were at a frequency of
9.375 GHz andthe results arepresented in Fig. 3 (curve a).
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the conductance varies over the
range 0.005 to 0.1 13 for slot inclinations Q over the range 5’
to 40°. It is very difficult to measure the value of conductance
forthisentire range accurately using a slottedlinetechnique.
The low values of conductances can, however, be measured with
acceptable accuracy from a measurement of the complex trans-
mission coefficient I TI exp (IO), usingan automaticnetwork
‘“‘0 4 10 20 30 LO

SLOT INCLINATION d(DEG)+

50 ,

Fig. 3. Variation of slot conductance g with slot inclination a.

analyzer and a phase-gain indicator [5].
The instruments were first calibrated for 0 dB insertion loss
and 0’ phase shift in the absence ofthe radiating slot. The
slot was then introduced in the test channel and the magnitude
and phaseof the transmissioncoefficient was measured in the
most sensitive range of the phase-gain indicator. The maximum
errorinthemeasurement of the transmission coefficient was
0.1 dB foramplitudeand 0.2’ for phase fortheparticularin-
strument used.
The measured dataonconductance (dashedcurve) for Q =
16’, 20°, 25’, 30’, 35’, and 40’ are represented by small circles
in Fig. 3 together with the theoretical results. There is seen to be
a close agreementbetween thetheoreticalandexperimental
results. Forthe sakeof comparison,theconductancedata of
similar slots reprinted by Jasik [3] based on Stevenson’s formula-
tion (1) are also presented in the same figure (curve b).
For cy values ranging from 15’ to 35’, it is found that the
measured data on normalized susceptance b of slots having 6 =
3.5 mm changes monotonicallyfrom -0.006 to 0.16 at 9.375
GHz. The corresponding range of the results computed by using
the present formulation is -0.038 t o -0.16. This discrepancy can
be attributed to internal energy storage which has not been taken
into consideration in the present workin view of the considerable
complexity involved in the analysis [ 9 ] .
IV. CONCLUSION
Investigations reveal that the resonant length of inclined slot
in the narrow wall is 0.4625 X for all angles of inclination. The
depth of cut in the broad wall for resonance, therefore, depends
upon angle of inclination a . The data on resonant conductance
computed by the present method takes the effect of change of
depth of cut into account. Thus for a fured depth of cut of 3.5
mm the resonant frequencies are different. Stevenson’s formula
does nottakethis aspect intoaccount.Thisexplainsthe dis-
crepancyof the resultsin Fig. 2. Theoretical and experimental
results on conductance of Fig. 3 are for a futed depth of cut of
3.5 mm. Agreement between the two results justifies the validity
of the present analysis. A change in Q for a fixed 6 = 3.5 mm,
however, changes the resonant frequency. The conductance data
reprinted by Jasikare under resonant condition. This explains the
lack of agreement with the results reprinted by Jasik.
REFERENCES
111 A. F. Stevenson, “Theory of slots in rectangular waveguides,”J. Appl.
Phys., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 24-38, Jan. 1948.
121 W.H. Watson, The Physical Principles of Waveguide Transmission
and Antenna Sysrems. London:Clarendon, 1947.
r31 H. Jasik, Ed., Antenna Engineering Handbook. Neu,York:Mc-
Graw-Hill, 1961.
r41 J. S. Rao and B. N. Das, “Impedance characteristics of transverse slots
in the ground plane of a stripline,” Proc. IEEE. Inst. Elec, Eng., vol,
125, no. 1, pp. 29-32, Jan. 1978.
B . N.Das and K. K. Joshi, “Impedance of a radiating slot in the ground
plane of a microstripline,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagar., vol. AP-
30, 110.5,pp. 992-926, Sept. 1982.
N. Marcuwitz and J. Schwinger, “On the representation of electric and
magnetic fields producedbythecurrents and discontinuitiesinwave-
guides,”J. Appl. Phys., vol. 22, no.6, pp. 806-8 19, June 1951.
R. E. Collin and P. J. Zucker, Antenna Theory, vol. I. New York:
McGmw-Hill, 1968, ch. 14.
R. E. Collin, Roundations for Microwave Engineering. New York:
McGraw-W, 1966, ch. 4.
A. A. Oliner, “The impedence propertiesof narrow radiatingslots in the
broad face of rectangular waveguide, Part I,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., vol. AP-5, no. 1, pp. 4-11, Jan. 1957.