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Abstract
Anodization of AA 2024 in sulfuric acid bath containing glycerol, lactic acid and ammonium
metavenadate has been studied to develop white anodic oxide coating. Investigation on the
in#uence of various operating parameters * coating thickness, current density and ammonium
metavenadate concentration on the optical properties was carried out to optimize the process.
Infrared, atomic absorption spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron micrograph were
used to characterize the coating. The obtained oxide coating provides a ratio of solar absor-
ptance (a) to infrared emittance (e), as low as 0.2. The optical properties and hardness values
measured under optimum experimental conditions support its use as a thermal control
coating. 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
* Corresponding author.
0927-0248/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 2 7 - 0 2 4 8 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 6 2 - 8
52 C. Siva Kumar et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 60 (2000) 51}57
2. Experiment
Solutions were prepared by using AR/GR grade chemicals and distilled water. AA
2024 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.8% Mn & the rest Al) sheets (45;45;2 mm) were
degreased, alkali cleaned, de-smutted [2] and chemically polished [11] before anodiz-
ing. The pretreated samples were anodized in a bath solution containing: sulfuric acid
* 200 ml/l, lactic acid * 28 ml/l, glycerol * 16 ml/l, ammonium metavenadate
(AMV) * 5 g/l with working parameters: cd * 1.5 A/dm, time * 20 min. and
temperature * 25$13C. Anodized samples were subjected to hydrothermal treat-
ment (20 min) to e!ect surface sealing.
Optical properties (a and e) of the samples were measured using solar re#ectometer
version 50, model SSR-ER and emissometer model RD-I, respectively. Both these
instruments were able to give an average value of the solar absorptance and IR
emittance digitally over the entire solar or IR region. Micro-hardness of the coatings
was measured with a Shimadzu michrohardness tester type M (Kyoto, Japan) using
a diamond indentor with a load of 15 g for 15 s. Anodic oxide coatings obtained were
removed from the substrate [12] and an infrared spectrum was recorded in KBr pellet.
The coating composition was obtained using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Shimadzu). The thickness of the coating was measured using a coating thickness
tester (ISOSCOPE MP 2BEB, Helmut Fischer Germany).
The various subsystems of the spacecraft work at their fullest e$ciency within the
speci"ed temperature limits. In the absence of an atmosphere, heat exchanged in
the spacecraft is limited to radiation. The equilibrium temperature of any subsystem
is controlled by the ratio of solar absorptance to infrared (IR) emittance of its surfaces.
The chemical coating applied to the spacecraft components play an important role
in thermal control by providing suitable optical properties. The steady-state
C. Siva Kumar et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 60 (2000) 51}57 53
Emittance of the coating depends on the substrate emittance and on the coating
thickness, and is independent of change in the anodizing parameters [13]. Hence, it is
necessary to increase the specular re#ectance (decrease in solar absorptance) of the
coating to arrive at a better (low) (a/e) ratio. This could be achieved by maintaining
high electrolyte concentration, lower cd and high temperature during operation
[14,15]. However, these conditions render the coating soft with least resistance to
abrasion. Hence, careful experimental studies were undertaken to optimize the work-
ing parameters: coating thickness, AMV concentration and cd to get oxide coating
with su$cient hardness and low a/e ratio.
Table 1
In#uence of anodizing parameters on the optical properties of the coating
Fig. 2. Variation of a/e ratio with cd (䢇) and AMV concentration (䉬).
optimum optical properties. The optimum coating thickness of the anodic "lm was
found to be in the range of 9$2 lm (Fig. 1). No change in the optical properties of the
anodic "lm was observed after pore sealing operation.
Fig. 3. Scanning Electron Micrograph of the white anodic oxide coating at 4,000;.
of the coating (Table 1). Fig. 2 represents the variation of a/e ratio with AMV
concentration. From the plot, a characteristic low a/e ratio of 0.2 is observed at
a concentration of 5 g/l. The VO\ anion is thought to provide adequate polishing
e!ects on the surface during the process.
4. Conclusion
process provides anodic oxide coatings with a characteristically low solar absorptance
to thermal emittance ratio as low as 0.2, which critically suits thermal control
application.
Chemical polishing prior to the anodizing process improves (lowers) solar absor-
ptance values by about 25%. In addition, trace quantity of cuprous ions (0.01%)
added to the polishing bath solution improves the specular re#ectivity of the coating.
Acknowledgements
The authors (CSK, KNM & SMM) are grateful to ISRO Satellite Centre,
Bangalore for "nancial support to this project. The authors express their gratitude to
H. Narayanamurthy, Head, Thermal Systems Group and A.V. Patki, Director,
Mechanical Systems Division, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore for their encourage-
ment and guidance and for providing the necessary testing and evaluation facilities.
References