Marine Safety#4

Trika Pitana

Outlines:
• Overview
– SOLAS 74, as amended
– MARPOL
– STCW
– LOAD LINE 1966
– TONNAGE MEASURMENT 1969
TONNAGE MEASURMENT 1969

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 SOLAS 74, as amended
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• Chapter 1: General Provision
– Includes regulations concerning the survey of the various types of ships 
and the issuing of documents signifying that the ship meets the
and the issuing of documents signifying that the ship meets the 
requirements of the Convention. The Chapter also includes provisions for 
the control of ships in ports of other Contracting Governments.
• Chapter II‐1 ‐ Construction ‐ Subdivision and stability, machinery 
and electrical installations
• Chapter II‐2 ‐ Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction
• Chapter III ‐
Chapter III ‐ Life‐saving appliances and arrangements
Life‐saving appliances and arrangements
The Chapter includes requirements for life‐saving appliances and 
arrangements, including requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life 
jackets according to type of ship. 

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Chapter IV ‐ Radiocommunications
The Chapter incorporates the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 
(GMDSS). All passenger ships and all cargo ships of 300 gross tonnage and 
upwards on international voyages are required to carry equipment designed 
to improve the chances of rescue following an accident, including satellite 
emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and rescue 
transponders (SARTs) for the location of the ship or survival craft.
Chapter V ‐ Safety of navigation 
The subjects covered include the maintenance of meteorological services for 
ships; the ice patrol service; routeing of ships; and the maintenance of search 
and rescue services.
• This Chapter also includes a general obligation for masters to proceed to the 
assistance of those in distress and for Contracting Governments to ensure 
that all ships shall be sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety point 
of view.The chapter makes mandatory the carriage of voyage data recorders 
(VDRs) and automatic ship identification systems (AIS).
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EPIRB

http://www.sarsat.noaa.gov/emerbcns.html
http://www.navtec.de/english/epirb2.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_Rescue_Transponder 6

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 http://www.shinemicro.com/aisoverview.asp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System
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Chapter VI ‐ Carriage of Cargoes 
The Chapter covers all types of cargo (except liquids and gases in bulk) 
"which, owing to their particular hazards to ships or persons on board, may 
require special precautions". The regulations include requirements for 
stowage and securing of cargo or cargo units (such as containers). The 
Chapter requires cargo ships carrying grain to comply with the International 
Grain Code.

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 • Chapter VII ‐ Carriage of dangerous goods
The regulations are contained in three parts:
• Part A ‐ Carriage of dangerous goods in packaged form ‐ includes provisions for the 
classification, packing, marking, labelling and placarding, documentation and stowage of 
dangerous goods. Contracting Governments are required to issue instructions at the national 
level and the Chapter makes mandatory the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) 
Code, developed by IMO, which is constantly updated to accommodate new dangerous 
goods and to supplement or revise existing provisions.
d d l i i i ii
• Part A‐1 ‐ Carriage of dangerous goods in solid form in bulk ‐ covers the documentation, 
stowage and segregation requirements for these goods and requires reporting of incidents 
involving such goods. 
• Part B covers Construction and equipment of ships carrying dangerous liquid chemicals in 
bulk and requires chemical tankers to comply with the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC 
Code).
• Part C covers Construction and equipment of ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk and gas 
carriers to comply with the requirements of the International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code).
• Part D includes special requirements for the carriage of packaged irradiated nuclear fuel, 
plutonium and high‐level radioactive wastes on board ships and requires ships carrying such 
products to comply with the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated 
Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High‐Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships (INF Code).
• The chapter requires carriage of dangerous goods to be in compliance with the relevant 
provisions of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

• Chapter VIII ‐ Nuclear ships
Gives basic requirements for nuclear‐powered ships and is particularly 
q p p p y
concerned with radiation hazards. It refers to detailed and comprehensive 
Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships which was adopted by the IMO 
Assembly in 1981.
• Chapter IX ‐ Management for the Safe Operation of Ships
The Chapter makes mandatory the International Safety Management 
(ISM) Code, which requires a safety management system to be established 
by the shipowner or any person who has assumed responsibility for the 
ship (the "Company").
• Chapter X ‐ Safety measures for high‐speed craft 
The Chapter makes mandatory the International Code of Safety for High‐
Speed Craft (HSC Code). 

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• Chapter XI‐1 ‐ Special measures to enhance maritime safety
The Chapter clarifies requirements relating to authorization of recognized 
organizations (responsible for carrying out surveys and inspections on 
Administrations' behalves); enhanced surveys; ship identification number 
scheme; and port State control on operational requirements.

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• Chapter XI‐2 ‐ Special measures to enhance maritime 
security
Regulation XI‐2/3 of the chapter enshrines the International Ship and 
Port Facilities Security Code (ISPS Code). Part A of the Code is mandatory 
and part B contains guidance as to how best to comply with the 
mandatory requirements. Regulation XI‐2/8 confirms the role of the 
Master in exercising his professional judgement over decisions necessary
Master in exercising his professional judgement over decisions necessary 
to maintain the security of the ship. It says he shall not be constrained by 
the Company, the charterer or any other person in this respect.
• Regulation XI‐2/5 requires all ships to be provided with a ship security 
alert system. ,Regulation XI‐2/6 covers requirements for port facilities, 
providing among other things for Contracting Governments to ensure that 
port facility security assessments are carried out and that port facility 
security plans are developed, implemented and reviewed in accordance
security plans are developed, implemented and reviewed in accordance 
with the ISPS Code.Other regulations in this chapter cover the provision of 
information to IMO, the control of ships in port, (including measures such 
as the delay, detention, restriction of operations including movement 
within the port, or expulsion of a ship from port), and the specific 
responsibility of Companies.
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• Chapter XII ‐ Additional safety measures for bulk 
carriers
The Chapter includes structural requirements for bulk carriers 
over 150 metres in length.

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MARPOL 73/78
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 Outlines
• Status of MARPOL 73/78
• Annex I Marpol, Prevention of Pollution by Oil
by Oil
• Annex II Marpol, Regulation for the control of Pollution by 
Noxious Liquid Substance
• Annex III Marpol, Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by 
Harmfull Substance Carried by Sea in Package Form
• Annex IV Marpol, Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution 
by Sewage from Ship
Sewage from Ship
• Annex V Marpol, Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by 
Annex V Marpol, Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by
Garbage from Ship
• Annex VI Marpol, Regulation for the Prevention of Air 
Air 
Pollution from Ship

The objective of MARPOL
• Pollution shall be avoided to preserve the 
h
human environment in general and the 
i ti l d th
marine environment in particular

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 MARPOL Goal
• Complete elimination of pollution
• Minimization of accidental discharge

MARPOL Tools:
Establishing of rules, which óf course must be 
followed

Status of MARPOL 73/78
Annex Come into force
I 2 october 1983
II 6 April 1987
III 1 July 1992
IV 23 September
p 2003
V 31 December 1988
VI 19 May 2005

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 Status of MARPOL 73/78
• Amandment which entry in force on January 
2007

MARPOL Annex I
• Certificate and document
– IOPP
IOPP (International Oil Pollution Prevention) Certificate
(International Oil Pollution Prevention) Certificate
– Oil Record books
– Shipboard oil pollution prevention emergency plan 
(SOPEP)
– Certificate of insurance or other financial security in 
respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage
– Enhanced Survey Report
Enhanced Survey Report
– Record of Discharge monitoring and control system for last 
ballast voyage

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 Release of Oil
• Deliberate = Criminal
• Negligent = can be rectified with good 
educatio and equipment
• Accidental = can be rectified with good 
education, equipment and arrangement of the 
cargo compartment
cargo compartment

Definition
Reg. 1
• Oil means petroleum in any form including crude oil, fuel oil, 
crude oil, fuel oil, 
sludge, oil refused and refined products
sludge, oil refused and refined products (other than 
(other than
petrochemical which are subject to the provision annex II of 
the present convention) and, without limiting the generality 
of the foregoing, includes the substances listed in appendix I 
to the Annex.
• Oil tanker means a ship constructed or adapted primarily to 
carry oil
y in its cargo spaces
cargo spaces
g p and include combination carries 
and any chemical tanker 
chemical tanker  as defined in Annex II of the present 
convention

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 MARPOL Art. III
• Application
• 1. the present convention shall apply to:
1. the present convention shall apply to:
– (a)  ship entitled to fly the flag of a party to the convention 
…………………………
3. The present convention shall not apply to
shall not apply to any warship, 
naval auxiliary or other ship owned or operated by a state
other ship owned or operated by a state
and used, for the time being,only on goverment non 
being,only on goverment non 
commercial service

How ever, each party shall ensure by the adoption of 
appropriate measures ‐, that such ships act in a manner 
ships act in a manner 
consistent with the present Convention

MARPOL Annex 1:
Regulation 2
Application
(1) Unless expressly provided otherwise, the 
provision of this annex shall appy to all ships
shall appy to all ships

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 Control of Discharge oil from Cargo 
Tank Areas of Oil Tanker
Sea Area Discharge Criteria

Within Special Area No Discharge except Clean or Segregated

Ballast
Outside A Less No discharge except clean or segregrated
Special Area Than 50 ballast
N.M.
From
Land
More No discharge except ether:
than 50 Clean or segregrated ballast, or
N.M. 1. The tanker is en route
from
Land 2. The instananeous rate dischare of oil
content does not exceed 30 lt per n.m
3. The total quantity of oil discharge does
not exceed 1/15000 (for existing tanker)

Control of Discharge oil from Cargo 
Tank Areas of Oil Tanker
More than 50 3. 1/30000 (for new tanker) of the
N.M. from Land
total quantity of cargo which was
carried on the previous voyage
4. The tanker has in operation an oil
discharge monitoring and control
system and slop tank

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 Control of Discharge Oil From Machinery 
Spaces of All ships(within special area)

Ship Type and Size Discharge Criteria

Oil tanker of All Sizes and other 1. The ship is proceeding en

ship ships > 400 GT [Reg. 10(2)(a) route, and
and 10(3)(b) 2. The oil content of the effluent
without dillution does not
exceed 15 PPM
3. The ship has in operation oil
filtering equipment with
automatic i 1
15 PPM stoppingi
device and

Ship < 400 GT other than oil No dischare except when the oil
tanker content of effluent without dillution
does not exceed 15 PPM

Control of Discharge Oil From Machinery Spaces
of All ships(out side special area)

Ship Type and Size Discharge Criteria

Oil ttanker
k off All Si
Sizes and
d other
th 1
1. The ship
Th hi iis proceeding
di en
ship ships > 400 GT [Reg. 9(1)(b) route, and
2. The oil content of the effluent
without dillution does not
exceed 15 PPM
3. The ship has in operation
equipment as required by
regulation 16 of this annex

Ship < 400 GT other than oil Less than 15 PPM or

tanker Retain the bilge water on board
and discharge it in reception
facilities

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 Equpment Machinery Spaces
All ships GT below 400
• As far as practicable and reasonable:
– 15 ppm filtering equipment + automatic stopping 
device+ slop tank + standart discharge connection
Or

– Bilge water tank or holding tank for sludge + 
g g g
standard discharge connection

Equipment – Machinery Spaces
All ships GT 400 ‐9999 GT [< 10.000 GT]

Construction/ equipment Regulation

No ballast water shall be carried in 14 ???

any fuel oil tank
Approved oil filtering equipment 15 16 (4)
PPM
Tanks for oil residues 17

Standart discharge connection 19

Oil record book Part I 20

Shipboard Oil Pollution 26

Emergency Plan (SOPEP)

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 Equipment – Machinery Spaces
All ships > 10.000 GT
Construction/ equipment Regulation

No ballast water shall be carried in 14 ???

any fuel oil tank. OIl shall not be
carried in Forepeak tank
Approved oil filtering equipment 15 16 (5)
PPM
Tanks for oil residues 17

Standart discharge connection 19

Oil record book Part I 20

Shipboard Oil Pollution 26

Emergency Plan (SOPEP)

Case Study
Which discharge oil is allowed from machinery spaces and cargo tank area from ship 
below: in case in side special area and outside special areas

Oil tanker – Product

Carrier
Ship A, GT 8000
Crude Oil tanker
Ship C, GT 47850

Dry cargo ship

Dry cargo ship
Ship D, GT 7365
Ship B,
B GT 12370
12 N.M

50 N.M

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 Answer of excersice
Inside Special Area
SHIP Machinery Space Cargo Tank Area
A 1. The ship is proceeding en route
1 No discharge except
2. Oil content does not exceed 15 clean or segregated
ppm ballast
3. 15 ppm filter equipment + auto
stopping device
4. No mixed with oil cargo residue
B Same as for ship A (Except no 4)

C Same as for ship A Same as for ship A

D Same as for ship A (Except no 4)

Answer of excersice
Outside Special Area
SHIP Machinery Space Cargo Tank Area
A 1. The ship is proceeding en route No discharge except clean or
2. Oil content less than 15 ppm segregated ballast
3. 15 ppm filter equipment
4. No mixed with oil cargo residue
B 1. The ship is proceeding en route
2. Oil content less than 15 ppm
3. 15 ppm filter equipment + auto
stopping device
C Same as for ship A Clean or segregrated ballast
1 Ship en route
1.Ship
2. Max 30 L oil/n.m
3. Max. 1/30000 or 1/15000 previous
cargo
4. Monitoring and control system in
operation
5. Discharge opening above water line

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 Answer of excersice
Outside Special Area
SHIP Machinery Space Cargo Tank Area
D 1. The ship is proceeding en route
1
2. Oil content less than 15 ppm
3. 15 ppm filter equipment

Reg 17(1): Capacity of sludge tank
• For ship which do not carry ballast water
do not carry ballast water in fuel oil tanks, the 
minimum sludge tank capacity(v1) should be calculated by the
minimum sludge tank capacity(v1) should be calculated by the 
following formula:
• V1 = K1CD (m3)
• Where:
– K= 0.016 for ship where HFO is purrified for main engine 
use or 0.006 for ship which use DO or HFO oil which does 
not need require purification before use
not need require purification before use.
– C = Daily fuel oil consumption (m3)
– D = Maximum period of voyage between port  where 
sludge can be discharge a shore (days) in the absence of 
precise data, afigure of 30 days should be used.

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Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) All Tankers 150 
GT and above and All other ships 400 GT and above shall carry 
on board such a plan

• The procedure to be followed by the master or other person 
having charge of the ship to report an oil pollution incident.
having charge of the ship to report an oil pollution incident.
• A list of authorities or/and persons to be contacted in th 
event of an oil pollution incident.
• A detailed description of the action to be taken immediately 
by persons on board to reduce or control the discharge of oil 
following incident.
• The procedures and point of contact  on the ship
The procedures and point of contact on the ship for for
coordinating shipboard action with national and local 
authorities in combating the pollutio.

Oil Spills Cases

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20
 SOPEP
FUND CLC
1969/1972
OIl pollution
incident

Coastal State

On scene coordinator
Master SAR

Environment
department
Owner of vessel

Flag State
P& I (Protection&
indemnify) Club
(insurance)

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 Reg. 13.F 
Prevention of oil pollution in the event of 
collision or strading
1. This regulation shall apply to oil tanker of 600 tons 
deadweight and above:
2. Every oil tanker of 5000 ton deadweigh and above shall:
a) In lieu of reg. 13.b ………., come with the req para 3, unless it is subject 
to para 4 and 5
b) Comply, …… the req of para 6
3. The entire cargo tank lenght shall be protected by ballast 
tanks or spaces other than cargo and fuel oil tanks as 
follows: 
a)) Wing tanks or spaces
g p
b) Double bottom tanks or spaces
c) ……
d) ….‐ f

Is it really proof that Double Hull  can 
eleminate the oil spill accident?? 
• Trigger of Double Hull Reg.
– Exxon Valdez spilled oil in Prince William Sound
E V ld ill d il i P i Willi S d
– The first time, Double hull implemented in 
Amerika. It developed D.H in OPA (oil pollution 
act) 90.
– Then, IMO developed Double Hull reg mentioned 
in MARPOL Annex I
– What is the reason of enforcement of D.H?
• Political imposement or scientific result

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 Water Ballast Spaces in Oil Tanker

Requirement
q for new ship
p Requirement for existing ship

Crude Carrier Product Carrier Crude Carrier Product Carrier

above 20.000 above 30.000 above 40.000 above 40.000
DWT DWT DWT DWT

SBT with PL + SBL with PL SBT OR SBL with CBT

Crude oil Crude oil
washing washing
(COW) and (COW) and
Inert Gas Inert Gas
System System

Crude Oil Washing (COW) and Inert 
Gas System

COW IGS

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 Cargo/Ballast – Spaces Oil Tanker
Requirement for Oil Tanker with GT 150 or above
Construction/equipment/ documentation Reg
Ballast Tank 13
Tankk cleaning
T l i with
ith retention
t ti on b
boardd 15
Slop Tank
Oil water interface detector
Oil discharge monitoring and control system
Discharge above deepest ballast waterline 18
Manifold for discharge a shore
Oil record book Part II (cargo/ ballast operation) 20
Hupothetical outflow of oil 23
Cargo Tank Size limitation 24
Subdivison and stability 25
SOPEP 26

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