Underground (UG) Cables

Overhead (OH) Cables

OH:
Adantages:
less expexsive for longer distance,
easy to locate fault
easy to install new connection
Easy Maintenance

Disadvantage:
Susceptible to Lightening
Non Environmental Friendly
High Maintenece
Corona Loss

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U.G Cable DEsign:

Single Core Conductor

Triple Core Conductor

Single Core COnductor:

List of Components:
Conductor: Main Wire, size depends on the amount of current to flow
Conductor Screening: Semi Conductor, used where voltage levels are above 11kV,
to avoid proper linkage between insulator and conductor, to maintain a uniform
electric field and minimise electrostatic stresses
Insulation: Depends on working voltage
Insulation SCreening: A semi-conducting material that has a similar function as
the conductor screen ie. control of the electric field
Metallic Sheathing: Pd or Alloy.. Stops Electrical field from escaping
Bedding: Made of fibres. Protect Mettalic Sheathing from damage
Armouring: GAlvanised Steel Tape. Provide Mechanical Protection and from
rusting
Filling: jouth, paper, polyethene bags.. To ensure good circularity, and
dimension accuracy.. To prevent passage of moisture, or flammable gases
Serving: For overall insulation of all 3 cores, overall conductors are
surrounded by serving

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U.G Cable FAult:

=> Due to mechanical damage/breaking (During laying of cable, due to construction
nearby, due to digging)
=> Insulation Damage ( due to heating)

Due to these, 3 types of fault occurs

1) Open Circuit Fault
2) Short Circuit FAult
3) Ground Fault

DEtection of these faults

Buzzer Method (for short length)
Megger Method (for long length)

Fault Localization Methods:

based on wheatstone bridge
1. Murrays Loop Test
2. Varley's Loop Test

Time DOmain Reflectometry (TDR) or Arc Reflection Method for Fault Localization:
A TDR measures reflections along a conductor. In order to measure those
reflections, the TDR will transmit an incident signal onto the conductor and listen
for its reflections.
For that purpose Surge Generator ( A D.C Generator of very High Voltage) is
connected at main cables. It generates High Voltage surge in the line. An arc is
created at fault point which can be heared from ground.
While sending signal from TDR, i) In case of Open Circuit Fault, Zl > Zo , the
surge generator graph will reflect in same side ( Additive)
ii) In case of short Circuit Fault, Zl < Zo , the surge generator graph will
reflect in opposite side. (Subtractive)
iii) In case of No Fault, there will be no reflection

distance of fault = speed x ( time/2) ======> Speed of sound in that cable

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Electrostatic Stress in Cable:

In presence of an electrostatic field, an insulator undergoes polarization and
eklectrical breakdown will occur if Electric field is raised beyond certain
intensity

Grading of Cable: The process of achieving uniform electrostatic stress in the

dielectric of cables.
i) Capacitance Grading
ii) Intersheath grading

Capacitance Grading:
The process of achieving uniformity in the dielectric stress by using layers of
different dielectrics is known as capacitance grading.In capacitance grading, the
homogeneous dielectric is replaced by a composite dielectric.

Intersheath Grading:
In this method of cable grading, a homogeneous dielectric is used, but it is
divided into various layers by placing metallic intersheaths between the core and
lead sheath.The intersheaths are held at suitable potentials which are inbetween
the core potential and earth potential.This arrangement improves voltage
distribution in the dielectric of the cable and consequently more uniform potential
gradient is obtained.

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Cable Sizing:
GAthering Data: (Type of conductor, Type of insulator, System Voltage, Full Load
current, Load p.f, DIstance between source and load, Burial Method, SOil
resistivity and temperature)
Cable Sizing (According to Load, According to VOltage Drop, According to S.C
current Rating)

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Substation:
=> Subsation consists of number of ingoing and outgoing power carriers trhat are
connected to one or more comon buses by circuit breakers, disconnectors and
Instrument Transformer
=> Powering Entering is equal to Power Leaving

Function of Substation:
...Transform VOltage Levels
...Regulate VOltage Levels
...Intersonnection between different Grids

Classification of Substation:

On Basis Of Service
i) Transformer Substation ii) Switching Substation iii) COnverting substation ( for
changing usually lowering frequency)

On the Basis Of Operating Voltage:

i) 11-66kV ii) 132-400kV iii) Above 400kV

On the basis of design

i) Outdoor Substation ii) Indoor Substation

On the Basis of Insulation used

i) AIS ii) GIS iii) Hybrid

Equipments of Substation:
Busbar, Insulators, Isolators, Circuit Breakers, Relays, Power Transformer,
Instrument Transformer, Metring and Indicating Equipment, Grounding Equipment ,
Shunt/ Series CApacitors, Shunt/Series Reactors, Lightening Protection

Series Reactor: To reduce fault current so that lower ratings of protection

equipment could be used
Shunt Reactor: To offset the capacitor effect of Transmission of Lightly Loaded
system
Series Capacitor: To decrease voltage drop.. IZ = I ( R +j (Xl - Xc ) ,, by
increasing Xc
Shunt Capacitor: To provide leading current and improves angle between V and I

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Substation Grounding:
To Obtain lower RTG ( Resistance to GRound)

Methods::::
Grounding Electrodes
Grounding Grids

Grounding Electrodes:
i. Driven Rod
ii. Advanced Driven Rod: (More surface are is exposed to groun due to grooves in
rods, thhus provide lower RTG)
iii. Grounding Plates ( installed in rocky plates, where deep digging is not
possible)
iv. Electrolytic Electrode (electrolytic salt, which is hydroscopic in nature)
Grounding Grids:In High Voltage Substation. In grid Pattern

Types Of Grounding
Ungrounded System
Solidly Grounded system
Resistance Grounding
Resonant Grounding

ZigZag Transfomer: Used where nuetral isnot available. It provides nuetral for
Grounding