Introduction

Electrical installation design is the subject that to introduce the student about
the real situation on electrical engineering field. On this subject, student can be shows
the connection and combination of the socket outlet, lighting, fan, air condition and
other to create electrical system. From this electrical installation project, student will
be trained to organize the whole project area from the main switch board (MSB) until
final circuit.

An electrical system can be divided into two type, low voltage and high
voltage system. On this subject, student is preferred to learn and understand about the
medium and low voltage system. On the low voltage system, student will covered to
determine the cable sizing and protection device, design the switchboard, design the
power factor, correction board, design the generator set with the automatic main
failure system, design the lightning for indoor uses, the socket outlet and protection
for the system.

In electrical installation design project, student should to follow the requirement and
understanding the governing rule and regulation. It is important to make sure the
project is safe and equipment used. Student should to follow the guideline on the IEE
Regulation Edition 17th and Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). By follow the guideline,
student does not improve their skill for design the electrical system, but it also help
student to improve their knowledge about the equipment used.
 Objective
The main objective are to achieve this project was done completely. The objective is
preferred to design the medium and low voltage system. The objective that we apply
on this project is:

To calculate the total connection load

To determine the size and type of the cables used
To design the lighting
To determine the type and size of the switchgear
To determine the type and size of capacitor bank
able to follow the goals of system design :-
o Safety
o Minimum initial investment
o Maximum electrical efficiency
o Minimum maintenance cost
o Maximum service continuity
o Maximum flexibility and expendability
o Maximum power quantity
 DESIGN THEORY
1 . LIGHTING

Lighting is the uses of various light sources, both artificial and natural, to

achieve some aesthetic or practical effect while illuminating a scene. Lighting is also

uses of an artificial source of light for illumination. It is a key element of architecture

and interior design.

Generally electric sources can be divided into three types such as

incandescent, luminescence, and electroluminescence. Residential lighting uses

mainly either incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps and often depends heavily on

movable fixtures plugged into outlets. This lighting is typically found in kitchens,

bathrooms, and corridors and in the form of hanging pendants in dining rooms and

sometimes recessed fixtures in living rooms. Lighting in non-residential buildings is

predominantly fluorescent. High-pressure sodium-vapour lamps and halogen lamps

have higher efficiency and are used in industrial applications.

Fluorescent lamps placed in fluorescent fixture reflector are sheets of

aluminium placed inside fluorescent fixture, which can more divert light directed

toward the ceiling down toward the work area. Proper lighting is needed to provide

full illumination in an area. Without proper design, energy can be wasted by using too

much light. The idea is based on a view of theoretical applied to visual design and

practical application in laboratory experiments and project work.

2. SWITCH SOCKET OUTLET

A socket outlet is the familiar item mounted on the wall into which a plug can

be inserted. It is available in single and double types. A few manufacturers also make

triple and quad versions.

A single socket outlet is rated at 13 amps. A double socket outlet is not rated at

26A .It 13A shared between the two outlets. Therefore if you intend to have two high

power appliances in the same place, two single sockets are better than one double.

The main advantages of the 13A socket with fused plug are that any appliance with a

loading not exceeding 3.12kW (13A at 240V) may be connected with perfect safety to

any 13A socket, and under certain conditions an unlimited number of socket may be

connected to any one circuit.13A socket outlets circuits can be fed by either radial or

ring circuits. Figure shows a radial circuit arrangement and the socket outlets in the

ring circuit are fed by two parallel conductors. Table shows the information of the

installation aspect of wiring and cabling is available in Malaysia Practices for 13A

socket outlet.
 Types of 13A Socket Area Size of Wires Fuse/Circuit
Breaker Rating
Outlet

1. Single socket outlet 20m² 2.5mm² PVC 16A

cables
2. Double socket outlet 20m² 2.5mm² PVC 20A
cables
3. Ring (10 Nos 13A 100m² 2.5mm² PVC 32A
socket outlet provided cables
they are all located
within an area of not
more than 1000 sq feet)
4. Radial (Max 6 socket 50 m² 4mm² PVC 32A
cables
outlet)

Table: Malaysia Practices for 13A Socket outlet(BS 1363)

Figure : Radial Socket Outlet Circuit

 Figure : Ring Socket Outlet Circuit

3. ELECTRICAL CABLE

Electrical cable is an assembly consisting of one or more conductors with

their own insulations and optional screens, individual covering, assembly protection
and protective covering. Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the
wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to
produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching
small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. The insulated
conductor or conductors may not be provided with overall protection. A single core
cables refer to a cable that has only one insulated conductor with its own cable sheath,
and a multi core cable. Illustrates a twin core, PVC insulated, PVC bedded, steel wire
armoured. Cables also form an essential part of security and control system. Cables
for this system must be chosen to avoid interference from power cable.
4. CORRECTION FACTOR

Factors which affect the ability of a cable to lost heat are :

 Cables group together closely

 High ambient temperature
 Semi enclosed fuse to BS 3036
 Type of installation

For each of these conditions there is a correction factor which derates cable current
carrying capacity or conversely increases cable size. In this project, the correction
factor was assumed as: Ca = correction factor for ambient temperature

Cg = correction factor for grouping

Ci = correction factor for thermal insulation

Cr = 0.725 when the semi enclosed fuses (BS 3036)used to protect the circuit

LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

An electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity from one source to

another. It is an assembly of panels. A switchboard as a large single panel, frame, or
assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face, back, or both, switches,
overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments. The role of a
switchboard is to divide the main current provided to the switchboard into smaller
currents for further distribution and to provide switching, current protection and
metering for these various currents.

In typical low voltage installation, distribution circuits originate at a Main

Switchboard(MSB) from which cables are installed in various kind of cables ways,
conduits, etc to supply sub switchboard (SSB) and distribution board (DB).For
medium to large sites, three distribution levels are generally used to supply LV power
to all loads.
TYPE OF INSTALLATION

As a result of our planned projects, we prefer wiring system that is based on

the IEE Regulations for the use of proper materials. There were several types of

cables installation such as cable in trunking, cable tray and power cable. For this our

projects, we just only use conduit installation. We must refer the IEE Regulation 17

edition to know list of the cable sizes, current carrying capacities and voltage drops of

the various types of cable.

  TRUNKING INSTALLATION

The cable trunking was complying with IEC 61084. They were fabricated

form galvanized sheet steel and finished with two coats of standard orange enamel. A

trunking is an enclosure provided for the protection of cables which is normally

square or rectangular in cross section, having one removable side. All trunking

elbows, offset and combination elbows, adaptors and tees were same thickness as the

straight trunking and the type manufactured and supplied by the same trunking

manufacture. The trunking was supported by fixing brackets so that the trunking will

not be in contact with the walls or floor slabs. Trunking was supplied 3m length and

various cross section measured im millimeters 50 x 50 up to 300 x 150, most trunking

is available in either steel or plastic.

Alternative trunking bends

  CONDUIT INSTALLATION

We choose a conduit installation for our projects which is a pipe or channel

are insulated conductors are obtained. Several general requirements apply to all types

of conduit installation. All runs must be installed as a complete system before any

conductors are pulled into them. In other words, a run of conduit (to include conduit,

fittings and supports) must be complete before the conductors are installed. A run of

conduit should be as straight and direct as possible. The minimum size raceway that

can be installed is generally ½-inch electrical trade size. There are exceptions to this

rule depending on specific locations. The expectations’ for each type are outlined in

the NEC.

All types conduit must be rearmed after they have been cut. Conduit threaded

in the field must be threaded with a die that has a ¾-inch taper per foot. A conduit

installation can be rewired easily or altered at any time and this flexibility, coupled

with mechanical protection, makes conduit installations popular for commercial and

industrial applications.

Conduit body installed

PROTECTION

The electrical equipment and circuits in a substation must be protected in order

to avoid or to control damage due to abnormal currents and voltages. All equipment

normally used in power system installation has standardized short-time with stand

ratings for overcurrent and overvoltage. The role of protective scheme is to ensure

that this withstand limits can never be exceeded. In general, this means that fault

conditions must be cleared as fast as possible without missing to ensure coordination

between protective devices upstream and downstream the equivalent to be protected.

Besides that, protective devices see the fault at the same time but only one must act.

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic

function is to detect a fault condition and by interrupting continuity to immediately

discontinue electrical flow. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small

devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear

designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Cutaway view of the moulded case circuit breaker

  SHORT CURCUIT CURRENT

A short circuit current is a fault that occurs when a low resistance path exists

between the hot lead and some grounded points. When an electrical short circuit

occurs, heavy current will flow in the circuit for as long as it takes for the circuit

breaker to trip to OFF or for the fuse to blow. Because a properly-working circuit

breaker or fuse cuts off the current flow quickly, the circuit wiring will not have time

to overheat to the point where fire may occur.

The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an “open circuit”, which is an

infinite resistance between two nodes. It is common to misuse “short circuit’ to

describe any electrical malfunction, regardless of the actual problem. A short circuit is

an abnormal low-resistance connection between two nodes of an electrical circuit

intended to be at different voltages. This result in an excessive electric current

(overcurrent) limited only by the Thevenin equivalent resistance of the rest of the

network and potentially causes circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion.

When short circuit current is occurs

  OVERLOAD CURRENT

In electricity supply, overcurrent or excess current is a situation where a larger

than intended electric current exists through a conductor, leading to excessive

generation of heat and the risk of fire or damage to equipment. Possible causes for

overcurrent include short circuits, excessive load and incorrect design. Fuses, circuit

breakers, temperature sensors and current limiters are commonly used protection

mechanisms to control the risks of overcurrent.

Overcurrent is any current load in excess of the safety rating of equipment or

the ampacity of a conductor. Overcurrent may result from an overload, a short circuit,

or a ground fault. Overcurrent does not always cause a fire. The magnitude and

direction of the overcurrent must be sufficient to heat the wire to a temperature that

ignites surrounding combustibles. Sustained overcurrents that can cause damage or

fire (called overload) should trip the fuse or breaker, opening the circuit and stopping

the flow and heating. However, items such as an extension cord can reduce the

conductor size between the load and the circuit protection and can overheat the wire

without tripping the protection.

 Methodology
To design the prefect distribution system, we as a system design engineer must
follow the JKR producer and applied. This distribution system in a building and or
installation site has been design to receive most effective power supply to the load or
power supply point such lamps, socket outlet and others electrical device. However,
to make the best distribution system, we need to design a best electrical system of the
building at the beginning. Because of that, we have to concern about loads of the
system. For the different type of building will different type of distribution system.
We had selected the suitable and capable of the distribution system according to the
type of building.

Flow chart 1.1 shows the steps that we have used to design the distribution
system

determine
calculated
calculated cable sizing calculate design the design the
the load
the load and the voltage Main Switch capacitive
socket
lighting protection drop Board bank
outlet
device

Design lighting system

Lighting design is the most important aspect that should be doing when
designing the electrical system for building. To make the best design lighting, we
have to ascertain our design provides adequate lighting.
Flow chart 1.2 shows the steps that we apply for design lighting system.

calculated find the find the

calculate the calculate
the area average Coefficient of
room index quantity of
space luminance Utilization
(K) luminaire (N)
building (Eav) (CoU)

1. Determine and calculated the area space building

To find the area of room and space building, we must determine the length and
width the space building using AutoCAD software. We have used the dimension
command in AutoCAD software. After finish takes the dimension of room, we have
inserted the data and calculate the dimension to determine the area and insert the data
into the Microsoft Excel.

2. Find and calculated the room index, K

Room index is related to the room dimensions and used when calculating the
utilization factor and other characteristics of lighting installation. To find the room
index, we must determine the mounting height (Hm) by assume it. Mounting height
was the height of luminaries above the working plane. Mounting refers to situation of
room and area. Refers to Appendix B, on table of JKR.

𝐿𝑥𝑊
Room Index, K=
𝐻𝑚 (𝐿+𝑊)

Where:

L = Length

W = width

Hm = Mounting height of luminaries above the working plane.

3 Find the Average Luminance, Eav

Luminance (lux) is one of parameter has been considered during designing the
lighting system for this building. The luminance is depends on the general building
area. Because of that, we used the Appendix B as a reference to find the luminance of
the building area.

4 Find the Coefficient of Utilization, CoU

To find the Coefficient of Utilization, we must select the suitable type of

lamps considered the situation and condition of room. It is important to ensure that the
illumination level is generally within an acceptable level. Normally, we always used
and refer from Davis Lighting likes Rhea Low Bright 2 x 36W, 2 x 18W Sheratan
Compact Fluorescent Downlight. After choose types of lamp, must select the
coefficient of utilization CoU, by reflection of illuminates from ceiling, wall and
floor. To get CoU, we must be refer to catalogue and also refer to Room index.

Figure 1.4 shows the result that we have done to determine the quantity of the lamps
5. Calculation of the quantity of lamps

In lighting design, calculate the quantity of lamps is the final steps. This is
because the data of dimension, coefficient, lamp lumen and other should be
determining to perform this calculation. However, the maintenance factor of lamps
should be applied to get the specific quantity of the lamps. In this project, we assume
that the maintenance factor is 1.

The formula is:

𝐸𝑎𝑣 𝑥 𝐿𝑥𝑊
Number of luminaries, N =
𝐿𝐷𝐿𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑈𝑥𝑀𝐹

Where:

LDL = Lighting design lumen

CoU = Coefficient of utilization or utilization factors

MF = Maintenance factor

Eav = Average luminance required in Lux

L = Length of room

W = Width of room

Switch socket outlet design

In electrical installation design, switch socket outlet circuit can be installed into two
types like radial and ring circuit. Both of the circuit has their own advantage and
disadvantage. For radial circuit, it suitable to be installed on the small area and used
the largest cable size. This is because radial circuit connection can be define as the
main switch or fuses is transmitted from one point to point by a single length of cable
linking each point to the next. The example of radial circuit arrangement is shows on
Figure 2.1.
However, ring circuit connection can be perform as a ring where cable leaves the
consumer unit and travels to each socket on the main and when it reaches the last
socket it then turns back to the consumer unit. From that, the power can reach in the
circuit from the both direction, which reduces power load on the cable. So that, it
suitable to be installed on large area and used a small cable size. The example of ring
circuit arrangement is shows on Figure 2.2 and the different characteristic of ring and
radial circuit is shows on Table 2.1.

Type of 13A Socket Outlet Area Malaysia Practices

𝑚2 Size of wires Circuit breaker
1 Single socket outlet 20 2.5𝑚𝑚2 PVC cable 16A

2 Double socket outlet 20 2.5𝑚𝑚2 PVC cable 20A

3 Ring(10 Nos 13A socket outlet) 100 2.5𝑚𝑚2 PVC cable 32A
4 Radial(Max 6 Socket Outlet) 50 4.0𝑚𝑚2 PVC cable 32A
Table 2.1 ( references by JKR table of S.S.O connection)

Figure 2.1 radial circuit arrangement

 Figure 2.2 ring circuit arrangement

Cable sizing

Cable sizing are the important steps before selected the protection device in electrical
system. Basically, most engineer design system will be selecting the higher then
actual value of cable sizing. This is because the method is one of the JKR procedure
and rule in design a project. From that, it can help a consumer to do some renovation
for a future.

To select the best cable size, we have highlighted some steps that should be applied to
find it. First, we must determine the design current (Ib) of the circuit. Then, choose
the type and nominal current rating (In) of the associated overcurrent protective
device. To choose nominal current rating, we used IEE Regulation Edition 17th by
refer to figure 13.1-13.3. To make sure the value of In is suitable, we have choose the
greater than or equal to Ib value.
Diagram 3.1 shows the real installation system

Current carrying
capacity of cable (Iz)
MCB LOAD

Nominal Current Design Current (Ib)

Rating (In) Diagram 3.1

The condition of the installation system can be satisfied as:

I z  I n  Ib
I 2  1.45I z
Where

Iz = the current carrying capacity of a cable for continuous service, under the
particular installation condition concerned

In = the rated current or current setting of the protective device

Ib = the design current of the circuit

I2 = the operating current of the device protecting the circuit against overload

There are some steps to determine cable sizing.

Calculate the total Calculate the maximum Calculate the

connected load (TLC) demand of the load design current (Ib)

Determine the current

Determine cable
setting of protection device
sizing
(In) for the MCCB

i) Calculate the total connected load (TLC)

Total connected load can be defined as the product of load estimate and the quantity
of the lamps or socket outlet used on the room and space building. It can be determine
by the following equation.

Total connected load (TLC) = Load Estimated × Quantity of lamp

ii) Calculate the maximum demand

To find the maximum demand value, we had decided the value of diversity factor
first. When choose diversity factor we had know the situation of area for lighting and
socket outlet. When change situation of place, change value of diversity factor.

iii) Calculate the design current, Ib

The design current of the system should be calculate to analyse either the result for
the socket and lighting system is acceptable or not. If there are any error in
calculation, we describe either our design is cause the more circuit overload and
frequent breaker tripping. Each design current can be determine by the following
equation:

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑀𝐷) 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑀𝐷 )

𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏 =
230 𝑉 ×cos 𝜃 √3 × 400 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

For single phase For three phase system

iv) Determine the current setting of protection device, In for the MCCB

Current setting of protection device is important to determine for design the suitable
MCCB of the building. It also used to determine and select the best protection device
of the project. After finish determine MCCB rating, we have to design the main
switchboard (MSB) for connect all the MCCB.

v) Determine the cable sizing

The size of a cable to be used for an installation depends upon the current rating of the
cable under defined installation conditions and the maximum permitted drop in
voltage as defined by Regulation 525-01.
Voltage drop calculation

The voltage drop calculation is used to ensure that voltage applied to the
electrical appliances is maintained within proper limits. Most electrical appliances are
designed to operate within a voltage tolerance of ± 10%. In Malaysia, the utility
supply regulations normally ensure the voltage variations at the supply are kept within
-10% to +5%. When the cable is too long but the cross-sectional of the cable is small
will produce the voltage drop. So, the load at the end point will not reach the actual
voltage. The IEE Wiring Regulation 17th Edition state the maximum voltage drop is
not exceeded 4% of the nominal voltage at the origin. So, for the three phases that
using in this building that uses 415V.The calculated voltage drop should include any
effects due to harmonic currents.

Diagram 4.1 shows the voltage drop of the system based on JKR requirement:

MS SS DB End

2h 1.5 0.5
3.5

4%

Diagram 4.1
To calculate the voltage drop of the system, we must have some important information to
apply it. The only information needed is analysis the type of cable, determine the conductor
cross section and type circuit connection identify the method of installation and also calculate
the load of the circuit. All these information is used to apply to the following equation:

Formula without power factor

For dc circuit and for ac circuit using conductor of ≤16mm² cross sectional area:

tabulated mV / A / m x I b x l
Voltage drop  (volts)
1000

For ac circuit using conductor ≥ 25 mm² cross sectional area:

tabulated ( mV / A / m) z x I b x l
Voltage drop  (volts)
1000

Formula influenced by power factor

For dc circuit and for ac circuit using conductor of ≤16mm² cross sectional area:

tabulated mV / A / m x I b x lx cos 
Voltage drop  (volts)
1000

For ac circuit using conductor ≥ 25 mm² cross sectional area:

[tabulated (mV / A / m) r x cos  tabulated (mV / A / m) x x sin  ] x I b x l

Voltage drop 
1000
Where

sin   1  cos 2 

Ib = Design Current

𝑙 = Length of cable
Design Main Switchboard

The incoming switchgear for the MSB is located in the substation room with the
switchgears. MSB was the point at which the incoming power supply divides into separates
circuit, each of the circuit controlled and protected by the fuse or switchgear of the board.

Design power factor correction

Design power factor correction is the final stage to determine the protection device of
the equipment. The purpose of the systems for power factor correction in networks is to
compensate the generated lagging reactive power by leading reactive power at defined nodes.
This is because much electrical equipment is producing a harmonic factor, so it has to design
to reduce and decrease the harmonic factor in the equipment. In this way impermissibly high
voltage drops and additional ohm losses are also avoided. The necessary leading power is
produced by capacitors parallel to the supply network, as close possible to the inductive load.
Static capacitive compensation devices reduce the lagging reactive power component
transmitted over the network. If network conditions alter, the required leading reactive power
can be matched in steps by adding and taking out single power capacitors (automatic PFC) to
compensate the lagging reactive power.
Design the capacitor bank

Capacitor bank is design protects the equipment, which is it can be used safely to consumer
and gives a long period of the equipment. A capacitor bank can be design into a number of
steps, typically either 6 or 12 steps. In this project, 6 steps are selected and each of the
capacitor banks is controlled by a contactor. The size of the capacitor could be increased or
decreased in steps, by controlling the contactor. The locations of the capacitor bank for this
project were connected at the bus bars of the main low voltage distribution board for the
installation and remain in service during normal loading. To calculate the capacitive rating for
the system, it can be divided into 2 methods in the different condition.

Method 1

For the first method, it normally applied to determine the normal required capacitor output of
the system. This result can be determined based on the leading or lagging power factor in the
system. The calculation to determine the rating can be using by equation following.

QC  P(tan 1  tan  2 )  P[tan(cos 1 cos 1 )  tan(cos 1 cos  2 )]

where

QC = required capacitor output (kVAR) for the system

P = real power (kW) of the system

θ1 = phase angle of actual power factor

θ2 = phase angle of target power factor

cos θ1 = actual power factor

cos θ2 = target power factor

Method 2

Second method to determine the capacitive rating for the system is normally used when the
system is producing a harmonics effect. The new value of the capacitor output should be
calculated to determine the new rating of the capacitor used. It is important when the
harmonics are mainly produced in the supply network, a detuning factor of 7% is
recommended due to JKR standard.

𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 2 𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = ( ) ×( ) × 𝑄𝑐 × (1 − 𝑝)
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑓 𝑐𝑛

where

Qnew = capacitor output at Unew and fnew

Vnew = supply voltage the capacitor is required

Fnew = frequency the capacitor is required

Qc = rated capacitor output at Vcn and fcn

Vcn = rated capacitor voltage

fcn = rated capacitor frequency

p = detuning factor

Determine the size of the capacitor

The size of the capacitor is depends on the number of the steps require on the system. The size
of the capacitor could be increased or decreased in steps, by controlling the contactor. The 6-
steps automatic power factor correction board is selected as ( 1 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 spare), the step
function is freely selectable and can be modified by changing the branch circuit rating. The
calculation to determine each step of the capacitive rating can be using by equation following.

𝑄 𝑛𝑒𝑤
1 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
To making and breaking capacity of the circuit breaker is suitable to the short circuit level of
the installation. The Standard IEC 60831-1 and IEC 60931-1 prescribe that capacitor is able
to operate under steady-state conditions with an r.m.s current value up to 30% higher than
their rated current Ic.

Therefore, a capacitor bank can absorb a maximum current 𝐼𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 of :

When 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 < 100 kVAR equation below is used.

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐼𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.43 ×
√3 × 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

When 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 ≥ 100 kVAR equation below is used.

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐼𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.365 ×
√3 × 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

Where

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = capacitor output reactive power

𝐼𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = rated current

 Result(xxxxxxx)
Design Lighting

The Davis Lighting was chosen due to its low price and high quality.The type of lamp that
always use and suitable are flourescent lamp and considered as the best choice for energy
saving propose. The lighting types were used in the project was attached in Appendix B.

Calculation Method:

STEP 1: Determine the value of luminaires

Example :BilikSerbaguna,Blok Pentadbiran (Pelan Tingkat atas)

Proposed Illuminance Area Mounting Maintenance

Lighting level (m2) height LDL Cou factor
TL-D Standard 2 x 18W (F) 300 5.27 3 2100 0.48 1

𝐿×𝑊
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝐾 =
𝐻𝑚(𝐿 + 𝑊 )
2.85 × 1.85
=
3(2.85 × 1.85)
= 0.37
 The value of room index that calculated can obtain a value of maintenance factor, CoU
that is 0.48 refer to Appendix B. The initial lumens of each lamp (LDL) obtained from
manufacturer’s data, for LDL table refer to Appendix B. Then, the number of luminaires, N
can be calculated if all the data are complete. The number of luminaires can determine the
number of required lamps.

𝐸𝑎𝑣 × 𝐿 × 𝑊
𝑁=
𝐿𝐷𝐿 × 𝐶𝑜𝑈 × 𝑀𝐹

300 × 2.85 × 1.85

=
2100 × 0.48 × 1

= 1.569 ≈ 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Besides by using calculation method, an alternative way used software for design
which knows as Calculux. The software that use is Microsoft Excel, Speed and easy . The
result between use calculation and software method are same. As can see at Appendix C
shows the result for the luminance design using software (Calculux) method.

Calculation by the software Microsoft Excel.

Calculation for the Total Connected Load

When the electrical loads in this building were determined, then estimation power loads for
the mechanical loads was required such as air conditioning. For estimation load need to
calculated connected load first. Load estimation must be declared power demand which
determines the contract for the supply of energy. The rating of the MV/LV transformer,were
applicable (depend on loads).

STEP 2: Total Connected Load

Example :Bilik computer, Blok Pentadbiran,(Pelan Tingkat Atas)

 Lighting System

Types of Quantity of lamp Load Estimated Diversity

luminaires installed (W) factor
TL-D Standard 4 x 18W (F) 3 96 1

 Total connected load for 3 units

= 96W x 3
= 288W

 Total maximum demand

= Total Connected Load x Diversity Factor
= 288W x 1
= 288W
 Switch Socket Outlet System

Types of socket outlet: Double 13A 3Pin S.S.O

Quantity: 2
Estimated load: 250W (refers to table APPENDIX 2.1)
Diversity Factor: 0.4 (refers to table at APPENDIX 2.2)

 Total connected load for 2unit.

= 250W x 2
= 500W
 Total maximum demand
= Total Connected Load x Diversity Factor
= 500W x 0.4
= 200W
 4.2 Sizing of Cable and Protective Device

The example below shows the step to determine the cable size for DB-BULL which
required to maximum demand. Use lower voltage,fordetemine the value of current Ib.
√3 , because used for three phase cable. Size cable was already selected from table at
Appendix B. Since the cable was already installed in cable riser, the non-armoured
single core PVC insulated cable was selected to be used in DB-BULL.

STEP 3: Determine Size Cable

Example : Blok Pentadbiran, (DBB1)

TCL MD cos𝜃
9.68kW 9.68kW 0.75

𝑀𝐷(𝑘𝑊)
𝐼𝑏 =
√3 × 240 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

9.68𝑘
=
√3 × 415 × 0.75

≈ 17.96 𝐴

In condition IEE Regulation Edition 17th , the rating of MCCB must be equal to or
large than Ib. So,MCCB at rated 30 A TPN (In = 30A) was chosen for the DBB1. Since the
cable was installed in conduit in thermally insulating wall, refer to the condition in the IEE
Wiring Regulation which the 𝐼𝑧 ≥ 𝐼𝑛 that the cable selected was6𝑚𝑚2 .
4.3 Voltage drop

In voltage drop calculation, there are two condition that use two formula. First, in
which using conductor of 16𝑚𝑚2 or less cross-sectional area and secondly using conductor
of 25𝑚𝑚2 or greater cross-sectional area. The voltage drop through the conductor for DB and
SSB was not exceeding 4% of the nominal voltage of supply. The calculated voltage drop
should include any effects due to harmonic current.

STEP 4: Calculate Voltage Drop

 For conductor16𝑚𝑚2 or less cross-sectional area.

Example : Blok Pentadbiranarasbawah

From SSB B1 to DBB2 (L) , the cable used is 4𝑚𝑚2 PVC Cable+E conduit.

Current of circuit breaker Length Cable Voltage Drop

14.56 A 20 m 9.5 V

𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎(𝑚𝑉 / 𝐴⁄𝑚) × 𝐼𝑏 × 𝑙 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 =
1000

9.5 × 14.56 × 20 × 0.75

𝑉𝐷 =
1000

= 1.936 V equivalent to 0.47% of 415V

Example 2: Blok Pentadbiran

 For conductor25𝑚𝑚2 or more cross-sectional area.

From main switch board (MSB) to SSB A1,the cable use is 35𝑚𝑚2 PVC Cable+E conduit .

Current of Circuit Breaker Length Cable Voltage Drop, r Cable Voltage Drop, x
107.68 A 10 m 1.10 mV/A/m 0.27 mV/A/m

[𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎(𝑚𝑉 / 𝐴⁄𝑚)𝑟 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

{ } × 𝐼𝑏 × 𝑙
+[𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎(𝑚𝑉 / 𝐴⁄𝑚)𝑥 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 =
1000

{[1.10 × 0.75] + [0.27 × 0.66]} × 107.68 × 10

𝑉𝐷 =
1000

= 1.037 V equivalent to 0.250% of 415V

4.4.1 Sizing Current Transformer (CTs)

Current Transformer always was provided by contractor. The incoming supply was
controlled by a circuit breaker in MSB; the metering CTs were installed before the circuit
breakers. The CTs size up by using equation below and for selecting the CTs.

STEP 5: Determine Sizing Current Transformer (CTs)

The equation for Current Transformer (CT) will use the power line equation that will derived
the formula to be as below:

Example: MSB Blok Pentadbiran

P (kW) = TCL SSB1 + TCL SSB2 = 88.59 kW

𝑃 = √3 × 𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑃(𝑘𝑊) 88.59𝑘
𝐼= =
√3 × 𝑉 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √3 × 415 × 0.75

= 164.329 𝐴 ≈ 200 𝐴

Ratio : 200/5 A where 200 A is the primary ratio of the metering CT. choose from table at
Appendix B.
4.5 Design Power Factor Correction Board

Power factor correction board or capacitor banks are used to improve the quality of the
electrical system and the efficient operation of the power system. Basically there are two part
to design the capacitor bank. Part 1 is usually used for commercial code of practice and
roughly estimates the initial and required PF to size the capacitor bank. The part 2 was used
based on catalogue and regulation and more parameters are required for this method.

STEP 6 : Calculation Capacitor Bank

Example: MSB Blok Pentadbiran

Total Connected Load : 88.59 kW

Maximum Demand : 58.04 kW

actual pf : cos 𝜃1 : 0.7

target pf : cos 𝜃2 : 0.85

i) Determine the required capacitor output for the system, Qc (kVAR)

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑃(tan 𝜃1 − tan 𝜃2 )

= 88.59𝑘 (tan 45.57° − tan 18.19°)

= 61.2606 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅

ii) Determine the new rating of capacitive output

𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 2 𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = ( ) 𝑋( ) 𝑋 (1 − ) 𝑋 𝑄𝑐
𝑉𝑐 𝑓𝑐 100

525 2 50
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = ( ) × ( ) × (1 − 7%) 𝑋 61.2606 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅
415 50

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 91.1558 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅

iii) Determine the rating of each step

In this project, the steps that we have choose is (1 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 4). The rating capacitive we
used ≈ 91.1558𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅.

𝑄 𝑛𝑒𝑤 Qnew
1 step = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 10

91.1558 𝑘VAR
step =
10

each step = 9.1156 𝑘VAR ≈ 9 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅

From the result:

Step 1 1 × 9 𝑘VAR 9 𝑘VAR
Step 2 1 × 9 𝑘VAR 9 𝑘VAR
Step 3 2 × 9 𝑘VAR 18 kVAR
Step 4 2 × 9 𝑘VAR 18 kVAR
Step 5 4 × 9 𝑘VAR 36 kVAR
Step 6 4 × 9 𝑘VAR 36 kVAR

Information;

𝑄𝑐 = rating of the capacitor required in kVar

P = installation loan in kW

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = capacitor output required in kVAr

𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 = supply voltage that the capacitor required

𝑉𝑐𝑛 = rated capacitor voltage

𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 = frequency of the capacitor required

𝑓𝑐𝑛 = frequency of the rated capacitor

nformation:
STEP 7 : Calculation Circuit Breaker Rating

The circuit breaker was considered for design power factor regulator.
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 91.1558𝑘
𝐼= =
√3 × 415 √3 × 415

= 126.816 A

≈ 160 𝐴 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐵 𝑇𝑃𝑁

STEP 8 : Calculation Circuit Breaker Rating for each Step

 For step’ 1 and 2’ current rating MCCB will be:

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐼𝑛 = × 1.43
√3 × 415

9𝑘
= × 1.43
√3 × 415
= 17.90𝐴 ≈ 25𝐴 𝑇𝑃𝑁 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐵

 For step’ 3 and 4’ current rating MCCB will be:

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐼𝑛 = × 1.43
√3 × 415

18𝑘
= × 1.43
√3 × 415
= 35.81 𝐴 ≈ 40𝐴 𝑇𝑃𝑁 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐵

 For step’ 5’ current rating MCCB will be:

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝐼𝑛 = × 1.43
√3 × 415

36𝑘
= × 1.43
√3 × 415
= 50.08 𝐴 ≈ 63𝐴 𝑇𝑃𝑁 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐵
 CONCLUSION

SUMMARY

A couple of new proposal could be observed from various designs. For example,

certain cable were sized down, outgoing cable were change to bus duct system, luminaire

were repurposed to energy saving type, different type of compound light proposed, circuit

breaker were upgraded, power factor correction factor was improved, reliable lighting

protection device and the capacity of auxiliary and transformer were upgraded. The above

mentioned were proposed to suit the design calculation and regulations.

Design standard and regulation are the same for every project but design requirement

need to suit the architecture layout difference type for various type of project. Hence a lot a

coordinated works between architect, mechanical and civil engineering were to be worked out

in the initial stage. Engineers need to understand how to society in each all of the consultant

they worked with, so that by their activity they can create satisfying and sustainable jobs for

themselves and others.

The education of engineering only provides them for involvement in the theory stage.

When expose to working environment, theory is one part of the design. For instant the design

has to refer to local authority and client requirement in order the project completion. Besides

that, engineer has to go for self improvement such as exploring into new technologies.

Engineer have to put a lot of efforts for planning and consideration for energy

management due to comparison for long and short term benefits such as purchasing more

expensive lighting which consist of low ballast and energy saving fluorescent light fitting

might create long term cost saving.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Professional engineers have to access the information from many sources. They must

achieve the standard and regulation that they are refer and they were informed by latest

development in electrical technology. We were installed spare compartment for the

distribution box (DB), sub-switch board (SSB) and main-switch board (MSB). The purpose of

spare if we need the new wiring in the future. If we don’t install the spare, we need to make

another DB for the wiring and make the cost is expensive. If we have the spare, we just need

to install the cable through the spare and it can save the cost initially. It will more efficient

between to installed the new DB.

 TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction........................................................................................................................1

Objective............................................................................................................................2

Design theory.....................................................................................................................3

 Lighting
 Socket outlet
 Electrical cable
 Correction factor
 Low voltage distribution system
 Installation design
 Protection

Methodology......................................................................................................................14

 Lighting system
 Cable sizing
 Voltage drop
 Capacitive Bank

Result...................................................................................................................................28

 Lighting system
 Power factor correction

Summary.................................................................................................................40

 Improvement and renovation