anrore Legendre functions ofthe first and second kind. Legendre ciferersal equation. Legendre polnoials. Recurrence formulas. Generating fant SolitaryRoad.com Website owner: James Miller [Home ] [ Up ] [Info ] [Mail] Legendre functions of the first and second kind. Legendre differential equation. Legendre polynomials. Recurrence formulas. Generating function. Associated Legendre functions Legendre differential equation. The equation 1} Ux y 2xy + v(v-+ Dy=0 vreal Solutions of this equation are called Legendre functions of order v. The Legendre equation is a special case of the associated Legendre equation (l= x?) = 2x9" + vernal» Legendre polynomials. Consider the case of 1) above when v= n, a non-negative integer ie. the equation 2) = xy" xy +nint Dy=0 n=0, 1,2, 3... The only solutions, with continuous first derivative for allx in the interval [-1, 1], of 2) are the Legendre polynomials, Po(x), Pj(x), P2(x), ... . However, if we allow y(x) to become infinite at the end-points, then the equation is also satisfied by fictions Qo(x), Qy(X), Qo(X),... called Legendre functions of the second kind. For the case when the constant v is real, the solutions are Legendre functions P,(x) of the first kind (the restriction is usually added that P\(1)=1), which are finite throughout the interval. The Legendre polynomials are given by Rodrigue’s formula L_@ oe yp aaa 3) P(x) = The first few Legendre polynomials are: htps:ifeaitaryrond.com79 tnd 18anrore Legendre functions ofthe first and seco kind. Legendre cifererial equation. Legendre polnoials. Recurrence formulas. Generating func Py(x)=1 P(x)=x Py(x) = 2x" = 1) P(x) = £(5x° - 3x) P,(x) = $(35x* — 30x" +3) P(x) = $(63x° — 70x? + 15x) P(x) = %(23lx° —315x* + 105x? —5) P(x) = 75(429x" - 693x° + 315x° — 35x) Ifwe set x= cos 0, the above can be expressed in terms of multiple angles as P,(cos9) =1 P(cos0) = cos0 P,(cos8) = +(1 + 30s 20) P,(cos0) = + (cos ® +5cos 30) P,(cos0) = gs (9 +20cos 20 + 35c0s 40) P.(cos 8) = tg(30cos 0 + 35cos 30 + 6300s 50) P.(cos®) = 313(50+ 105cos 20 + 126cos 40 +231cos 60) P,(cos0) = 7357(175cos0 + 189 cos 30 + 231c0s 50 +429cos 70) It is in this form that they naturally arise in problems of temperature, potential, ete, for a sphere Def. Generating function. A fimction F that, through its representation by means of an infinite series of some sort, gives rise to a certain sequence of constants or functions as coefficients in the series. James & James. Mathematics Dictionary Generating function for Legendre polynomials Trower V1-2e+t? = 1 Recurrence formulas for Legendre polynomials Itpe:isaitaryrond.com79 tnt 28122019 Lager ction oe frst and scorn ree equation Legendre pohyoas. Recurence formulas, Generating fre A) (n+ DP.(x)-(2n4 xP, (x) + MP, (x) = 5) PLC) xPM(x) = in DPC) 6) xPi(x)— P(x) = aP,) T) Pia) PLO) = 2n+ NPC) 8) (x7 =1) P(x) = nxP,(x)~nP.,(x) Orthogonality of Legendre polynomials 9) [PWR @de=0 men 10) dx = >— ) fi ooae = 55 Because of 9), Pj(x) and P,,(x) are called orthogonal in the interval -1 Sx 1. Orthogonal series of Legendre polynomials fx) = AgPolx) + AIPY(X) + AgP2(x) + where 2k+1 4A, = S— [feo Rn ae Some formulas involving Legendre polynomials i) P()=1 12) P(-l) = CD" 13) P(-x) = (-D" P(x) nodd neven 14) P.(0) = 15) P(x) 16) [RCo de = 17) Al <1 18) PQ) = Sa where C is a simple closed curve having x as interior point. htpstsltryoad coms hd 38anrore Legendre functions ofthe first and seco hind. Legendre cifererial equation. Legendre polwoials. Recurrence frmlas. Generating func General solution of Legendre’s equation. The general solution of Legendre’s equation is 19) y = AU,(x) + BY (x) where vt) vev-2v+ Div +3 20) U,(®) = aS re we +3) a D1) Ho) = x LADO, Diy =3)ev +2907 +4) . 3! 3! These series converge for-1 n Itpe:isaitaryrond.com79 tnt 58anrore Legendre functions ofthe first and seco hind. Legendre cifererial equation. Legendre polwoials. Recurrence frmlas. Generating func First several associated Legendre functions of the first kind 30) P(x) = (I-x")"? 31) PL(x) = 3x(1-x7)!? 32) P(x) = 3(5x7 -1)-x7)'? 33) Pe (x) = 3(1-x°) 34) P3(x) = 15x(1-3°) 35) P(x) = 1501-x7)** Generating function for /' (*) Qmidar yr Sn 39) emilee ey Denar Recurrence formulas 37) (n+ 1m) Pit (x) — (2n + I)xP" (x) + (nt mh (x) = 0 38) pty) _ mt Dx ) PMO) a P(x) + (n—m\(n+ m+1)P"(x) = 0 Orthogonality of /:'(*) 39) frre PM(x) = 0 ifnel 40) fi [erwf a = (n+m)! 2n+1(n—m)! Orthogonal series AN) £00) = APO) + Apa Pts 0) + Aye Pi where 2k+1(-m)! (+m)! [fey Rronae htps:ifeaitaryrond.com79 tnd 68anrore Legendre functions ofthe first and second kind. Legendre ciferersal equation. Legendre polnoials. Recurrence formulas. Generating fant Associated Legendre functions of the second kind. The functions 2) ore = 0-2" Zoey where Q,(x) are Legendre finctions of the sec: *) are bounded at x= + 1 These functions are unbounded at x= = 1, whereas The functions 2:"(*) satisfy the same recurrence relations as /"(*) [as given in 37) and 38) above]. General solution of Legendre’s associated equation 43) y= APM) + BOMx) References. 1. Spiegel. Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables. (Schaum) 2. Intemational Dictionary of Applied Mathematics 3. Wylie. Advanced Engineering Mathematics 4, James / James. 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