Types of Massive Revolution

One of the three types of revolutions is Agricultural Revolution. This revolution started more than
10,000 years ago when nomads started to get tired of moving from place to place, so they started
to cultivate and domesticate plants and animals. Moreover, new technologies such as the simple
hoe to the more complex irrigation systems. The ancient Egyptians, for example, knew how to
divert water from the Nile to irrigate their fields. As these new technologies started to emerge food
production increased causing surpluses.

These surpluses or extra food productions started cities and small villages. This changed their
living arrangements. For example, people started to make beds, tables, and chairs which would
have been unnecessary for moving nomads. The increasing interpersonal contact created a need
for increased group action and led to the growth of leaders and government. The main value of
this revolution was to settle down and start stable life style. This is how the Agricultural
Revolution changed a simple society to a more complex one.

Next, there is the Industrial Revolution, which was the fundamental change in the way that goods
were made. Before this revolution, people used to use their hands. Everything changed by the mid-
1700s. This fundamental change in manufacturing represented a response to at least two major
forces: First, an age of innovation had dawned thanks to the thinking and discoveries of the
Renaissance. This led to the introduction to new technologies. Some examples would be Watts
steam engine, which helped develop many machines including the train, which was used for
transportation. There was also spinning and weaving machines.

Basically, machines replaced muscle power. The new railroad system caused massive trade and
communication between people. Government back then pressured people to work in industry.
Manufacturing was no longer in individual shops or stores, now they were in factories and
enterprises. Living arrangements changed dramatically. In the 1800s the majority lived in the
countryside by the year 2000 the majority lived in the industrial cities. There are two important
values they are; first, changing the way goods were made. Second, fulfilling the high demands on
products. This is how the Industrial Revolution changed society.

Lastly, there is the Information Revolution, which is reshaping societies and economies not to
mention personal lives. This revolution began with the invention of the computer chip. This caused
the emerging of new technologies such as cellphones and laptops. This technology also helped
transportation. For example, navigation systems are used in cars. It also created many service jobs
like computer engineering. It is also easier to use this technology for communications between
people. This also helps education. It also provides transportation. For example, robotic machines
make cars. This also changes living arrangements such as how families spent time together, the
kind of work we do, and other aspects in our lives. The basic values for the Information Revolution
is globalization, spreading ideas, and reshaping societies and economies. These are the changes
that Information Revolution caused.

In conclusion there are three basic revolutions. They are Agricultural, Industrial, and Information
Revolution. This is how each revolution fundamentally changed societies
  Increases Production and Saves Time

Businesses today more than ever use technology to automate tasks. A good
example is a bakery which uses electronic temperature sensors to detect a drop
or increase in room or oven temperature in a bakery. These sensors send
information directly to the operator, reporting any temperature change. This
temperature system saves the bakery time, and it also results in consistent
higher quality products.

 Improves Communication

With the help of communication technology tools like phones, video

conferencing, electronic mail or instant messenger just to mention a few,
movement of information within an organization or business has become
instantaneous. Employees can easily move data across departments without
having any interruptions. Tools like electronic mail, e-fax, mobile phones and text
messaging enhance the movement of information data among employees,
customers, and business partners or suppliers, this allows for greater
interconnectivity throughout internal and external structures.

 Improves Data Storage, File Management, and Data Reporting/

Analysis

Businesses use cloud hosting services to store and backup business data. Also,
it saves on paperwork and makes transfer and access to data possible remotely.
With services like Dropbox.com, business owners can access their data anytime
anywhere. Additionally, databases today allow for greater correlation of
information, analysis of this data relationship can encourage better and more
informed decision making, resulting in potential growth.

 Improves Financial Management

Accounting software like Quick Books, Bookkeeper, Sage 50, and Account Edge
perform various accounting tasks in a business. Business owners can easily
balance their books with less experience in accounting because this software is
well equipped with every tool needed in accounting. It allows for faster
processing and calculation of financial information and the recording or storing of
financial data that may need to be referenced in the future.

 Cuts Costs of Operation and Increases in RIO

Communication technology and social technology have made business

promotion and product launch affordable. Many small businesses have found
ways to use social technology to increase their brand awareness and get more
clients at a minimal cost. In business, factors like cost of operation play a
significant role in the development and growth of a business. So when
companies use information technology to cut down on costs of operation, then
their ROI will increase, which will result in business growth.

 Improves Business to Consumer Relationship

Businesses have embraced the social technology to interact with their

consumers and fans, creating a strong business to consumer relationship, and it
results in business growth via customer loyalty and expansion. Information
technology can be used to improve customer service in so many ways. For
example, businesses can use their website or email to inform their customers
about great deals and discounts. Making the customer aware of these offers can
drive their desire to buy. Good customer service can be used as an excellent tool
for any small business to gain the competitive advantage.

 Improves Business Competitive Advantage

Companies have used technology to gain the competitive advantage over their
competitors. Business who innovate and adopt technology to remain efficient
and improve processes, typically have high customer loyalty rates. As they can
consistently meet and exceed expectations of their customers.

 Credit Cards and Smartcards Make Payment Safer

Buying and selling of goods and services have become simple because of these
smart cards. A user can go to a merchant’s website and make an order using
their smart card or credit card. The money is transferred from the consumers
account to the merchant’s account in seconds, and then the merchant delivers
the item to the consumer’s address. This transaction saves time for both parties
and is often safer, as companies like PayPal allow for buy protection and
refunds.

 Electronic Bill Presentation and Payment

(EBPP) Systems send us bills over the internet giving us an easy convenient way
to pay. No more paper bills in the mail. Save the Trees!

 Improved Innovation

Modern Technology has been prominent in job role creation and the emerging of
technology-based companies. With access to a computer and internet, anyone
can start a business while at home. Most successful technology-based ventures
like Apple, Amazon or Facebook, to mention but a few, started from home but
now they employ thousands of people.

 Improved Entertainment

Technology has changed the entertainment industry; now we have many options
to choose from. You can have a playlist of 10,000 songs on your iPod or you can
watch movies on the go with an iPad; the list is endless.

 Improved Social Discovery

Finding both old and new friends have become very simple. With social networks
like Facebook and Twitter, you can easily keep up with all your old friends and
also make new ones.

 Globalization of Knowledge

Today you can use the internet to get the latest news from any country around
the globe. Services like ‘’Twitter’’ have enabled people to become a journalist, so
they report news on the instant by tweeting. Services like Wikipedia.org is well
equipped with data on about anything, though not 100% always accurate

 Improved Communication

Like businesses, society has also benefited from communication technology. We

can Skype, WhatsApp or video call our loved ones instantly.

 Online Education Has Made Educational Material and Data Accessible

Anywhere

The use of internet technology has opened institutional boundaries. Students

from developing countries now have a chance to study their desired courses at a
standard similar in some cases to first world education institutions. This type of
education increases their likelihood of employment international.

 Technology Has Created New Methods of Education

Use of educational video games and puzzles has increased students’ interest in
learning. Basing on research, students enjoy learning with technology, many
schools have started providing free internet on the school campus, this helps
students do research and learn on their own.
  Online Banking/ Convenient Payments

Many banks have integrated advanced information technology systems to

improve their customer service. Today, it is effortless to withdraw money or make
a purchase using a Credit card or smartphone with a simple tap; this saves
customers from wasting time lining up in banks or from carrying a lot of cash.

 Fast Credit

The technology used in banks helps in the gathering of financial details and
credit scores about each customer, the information gathered can be used when a
customer applies for credit in that bank.
The Intellectual Revolution
The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the
period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE). Hence, the alternative, technical terms are "pre
Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first philosophy". Bear in mind that the "philosophy" in question
has little to do with ethics, and much more to do with what we would call physics or logic.

There are three characteristic features of this form of speculation. First, the world is a natural whole
(that is, supernatural forces do not make things 'happen'). Second, there is a natural 'order' (that is,
there are 'laws of nature'). Third, humans can 'discover' those laws. I will develop these concepts
more fully in class.

Although the texts have been translated as prose, much of what survives is actually verse.

All of these pro-Socratic philosophers reached maturity in the colonies, east and west. Was the
"colonial" mentality more intellectually adventurous than that found in the mother country?

Though these thinkers thought in non-theological terms that does not mean that they were atheists,
most were not, but rather that they viewed the natural order as reflecting some underlying
intelligence, the Logos (loosely: "the rational principle").

The earliest of these thinkers lived in Ionia, on the western coast of modern Turkey, in the town of
Miletus. The Ionians were concerned with two issues: What is the underlying and primary
'substance' (Greek: arché)? And, second, how can one explain change and transformation, given that
what we perceive derives from one substance? One should note the modernity of these questions.
Physicists still seek the primary particle; science still attempts to explain how natural substances
'change'.

Thales, ca. 585 BCE, argued that the primary substance was 'water' perhaps observing that water
can be observed in liquid, gas or solid form. Whether he believed everything was truly based on
water or whether he used water an analogy, is not quite clear. Consider, too, that the use of water as
a primary substance is not far removed from the primary substance of many creation myths. Here is
what Aristotle says:

"Most of the first philosophers thought that principles in the form of matter were
the only principles of all things: for the original source of all existing things, that
from which a thinking first comes-into-being and into which it is finally destroyed,
the substance persisting but changing in its qualities, this they declare is the element
and first principle of existing things, and for this reason they consider that there is no
absolute coming-to-be or passing away, on the ground that such a nature is always
preserved…for there must be some natural substance, either one or more than one,
from which the other things come-into-being, while it is preserved. Over the
number, however, and the form of this kind of principle they do not all agree; but
Thales, the founder of this type of philosophy, says that it is water (and therefore
declared that the earth is on water), perhaps taking this supposition from seeing the
nurture of all things to be moist, and the warm itself coming-to-be from this and
 living by this --taking the supposition both from this and from the seeds of all things
having a moist nature, water being the natural principle of moist things."

This observation led other philosophers to think of transformation as a process of 'condensation'

and 'rarefaction', and ultimately to the principle analogous to the modern notion that physical
change is subject to the law of 'conservation of matter and energy'.

Other Ionians noted that water cannot be the substance because it is incompatible with fire. This
criticism is significant because introduces the assumption that all explanations must be consistent
with observed data. That is, explanation must meet a logical standard. Consequently, the successor
of Thales turned to more neutral substances like "air" or the "infinite".

Xenophanes, another 6th century Ionian from the town of Colophon, went in a different
direction, applying the logical methods of the Ionians to understanding of the Greek gods. Here are
three fragments of his thinking:

"Homer and Hesiod have attributed to the gods everything that is sinful and
reproached among men, stealing and committing adultery and deceiving each other."

"But mortals consider that the gods are born, and that they have clothes and speech
and bodies like their own."

"But if cattle and horses or lions had hands, or were able to draw with their hands
and do the works that men can do, horses would draw the form of the gods like
horses, and cattle like cattle, and they would make their bodies such as they each had
themselves."

**"One gods, greatest among gods and men, in no way similar to mortals either in
body or in thought…always he remains in the same place, moving not at all; no is it
fitting for him to go to different places at different times, but without toil he moves
all things by the thought of his mind."

The criticism of traditional religion is, as Geoffrey Kirk (The Presocratic Philosophers) points out,
clear enough. The gods of Homer are often immoral and, by implication, because they are gods, they
should be moral. Moreover, there is no good reason to believe that the gods are 'anthropomorphic'
at all. Such an criticism goes to the core of ancient believe systems: if the gods are not
anthropomorphic and do not respond as humans do, then they cannot be manipulated by gifts,
prayer and sacrifice. God(s) must be something quite different in substance and personality from
humans, Heraclitus suggests.

It was also Heraclitus who defined this entity with his term "Logos" or 'rational principle'. He
writes:

"Of the Logos which is as I describe it men always prove to be uncomprehending,

both before they have heard it and when once they have heard it. For although all
things happen according to this Logos men are like people of no experience, even
when they experience such words and deeds as I explain, when I distinguish each
 thing according to its constitutions and declare how it is; but the rest of men fail to
notice what they do after they wake up just as the forget what the do when asleep.

Heraclitus is also of great significance for his fragment 218:

**"Heraclitus somewhere says that all things are in process and nothing stays still,
and likening existing things to the stream of a river he says that you would not step
twice into the same river."

In this citation Heraclitus articulates one of the most important problem of philosophy and of
science: As everything is in the process of change, how can one know anything for certain? The
statement is the foundation of 'epistemology', the study of knowledge. The most recent and
significant formulation of the problem is the Heisenberg Principle (devised by the Nobel prize
winning physicist of the 1930s).

Pythagoras and his followers perceived that the ultimate reality (arché) was not something material,
but number (we might translate that to mean that any natural phenomenon might be described
mathematically).

"Ten is the very nature of number. All Greeks and all barbarians alike count up to
ten, and having reached ten, revert again to the unit. And again, Pythagoras
maintains, the power of the number ten lies in the number four, the tetrad. This is
the reason: if one starts at the unit and adds the successive numbers up to four, one
will make up the number ten; and if one exceeds the tetrad, one will excceed ten, too.
If, that is, one take the unit, adds two, then three and then four, one will make up the
number ten. So the number by the unit resides in the number ten, but potentially in
the number four.

The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares on the side enclosing the right angle…and it is said that when Pythagoras
discovered this theorem, he sacrificed an ox in celebration.

Note that Pythagoras is not an atheist!

There were many critics of Pythagorean ideas, among them Aristotle who notes:

How are we to combine the belief that the modifications of number, and number
itself, are causes of what exists and happens in the heavens both from the beginning
and now, and that there is no other number than this number out of which the world
is composed?

**But the Pythagoreans, because they saw many attributes of number belonging to
sensible bodies, supposed real things to be numbers; not separable numbers,
however, but numbers of which real things consist.
Though Aristotle means to criticize Pythagoreans in the following passage, he reveals indirectly an
important contribution, namely the Pythagoreans were the first philosophers to address turn their
inquiry to morality

**Pythagoras first attempted to discuss goodness, but not in the right way; for by
referring the virtues to numbers he made his study of the inappropriate; for justice is
not a square number.

It will not be until Socrates that the methods of the intellectual revolution will be applied to the
study human behavior and social values. Hence, Socrates is rightly considered to be the person who
gave philosophy and the liberal arts their defining character.

Parmenides and his disciple, Zeno, argue the contrary of Heraclitus; namely that motion/change
is logically impossible. Something either "is" or "is not", typically called "being" and "non-being". If
"being" changes, it can only become "non-being", but that is impossible.

One way only is left to be spoken of, that it is; and on this way are full many signs
that what is is uncreated and imperishable, for it is entire, immovable and without
end. It was not in the past, nor shall it be, since it is now, all at once, one,
continuous; for what creation will you seek for it? How and whence did it grow: Nor
shall I allow you to say or to think "from that which is not"; for it is not to be said or
thought it is not. And what need would have driven it on to grow, starting from
nothing? … Thus it must either completely be or be not.

Zeno tried to support the theoretical case of his master by providing examples of how the system
worked. Note that the very fact that Zeno provided has paradoxes for the general public indicates
that the public was aware of the speculation and sought to understand and even to judge the
competing models. There was then a strong social component to pre-Socratic speculation.

"Achilles [famous as the quickest of all Greeks at Troy] can never overtake a tortoise;
because by the time he reaches the point from which the tortoise started, it wil have
move on to another point; by the time re reaches that second point, it will have
moved on again, and so forth ad infinitum.

**An object is a rest when it occupies a space equal to its own dimensions. An arrow
in flight occupies, at any given moment a space equal to its own dimensions

Motion/change is then logically impossible; moreover, if our senses suggest that motion and change
are possible, it must be because they are not reliable, indeed, they [our senses] frequently do deceive
us about the structure of reality. Such arguments forced scientists of succeeding generations to
articulate such basic features and 'careful observation' and 'verification by others' as a mean to
confirm the reality of what one scholar reports.

The Enlightenment advocated reason as a means to establishing an authoritative system of

aesthetics, ethics, government, and even religion, which would allow human beings to obtain
objective truth about the whole of reality.
The Age of Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, refers to the time of the guiding
intellectual movement, called The Enlightenment. It covers about a century and a half in Europe,
beginning with the publication of Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum (1620) and ending with
Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1781). From the perspective of socio-political
phenomena, the period is considered to have begun with the close of the Thirty Years’ War
(1648) and ended with the French Revolution (1789).

The Enlightenment advocated reason as a means to establishing an authoritative system of

aesthetics, ethics, government, and even religion, which would allow human beings to obtain
objective truth about the whole of reality. Emboldened by the revolution in physics commenced
by Newtonian kinematics, Enlightenment thinkers argued that reason could free humankind from
superstition and religious authoritarianism that had brought suffering and death to millions in
religious wars. Also, the wide availability of knowledge was made possible through the
production of encyclopedias, serving the Enlightenment cause of educating the human race.

The heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) started what historians call the
“scientific revolution.” This scientific revolution, based on experimentation and reason,
questioned previously held truths and searched for new answers. It modified the medieval view
of the world and human beings’ relation to it. It thus helped shape the Enlightenment.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made the first systematic studies of uniformly accelerated motion
and improved astronomical observations, which helped to support Copernicanism. Edmond
Halley (1656-1742) discovered the proper motion of stars and the periodicity of comets. Other
significant scientific advances were made by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), Blaise Pascal (1623-
1662), Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695), Robert Hooke (1635-1703), and Gottfried Leibniz.

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) combined mathematics of axiomatic proof with mechanics of

physical observation and established a coherent system of verifiable predictions in his
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). His greatest claim to prominence came
from a systematic application of algebra to geometry, which synthesized a workable calculus
applicable to scientific problems. The integration of algebraic thinking, acquired from the
Islamic world over the previous two centuries, and geometric thinking which had dominated
Western mathematics and philosophy since at least Eudoxus, precipitated a scientific and
mathematical revolution.

The Enlightenment was a time when the solar system was truly discovered: With the accurate
calculation of orbits, such as Halley’s comet, the discovery of the first planet since antiquity,
Uranus by William Herschel (1738-1822), and the calculation of the mass of the Sun using
Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. These series of discoveries had a momentous effect on
both pragmatic commerce and philosophy. The excitement engendered by creating a new and
orderly vision of the world, as well as the need for a philosophy of science which could
encompass the new discoveries, greatly influenced both religious and secular ideas. If Newton
could order the cosmos with natural philosophy, so, many argued, could political philosophy
order the body politic.
The Katipunan: the secret organization that initiated the revolt

Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme of the Katipunan (association), or as it was also known:
Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most
Venerated Association of the Sons and Daughters of the Land). The organization drew
inspiration from Dr. Jose Rizal, whose literary works, particularly Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, exposed the cruelties of the Spanish colonisers. Before Katipunan was
established, both Bonifacio and Rizal were part of ‘La Liga Filipina’ – a progressive
organization initiated by Rizal that sought peaceful reforms.

After Rizal’s arrest and deportation to Dapitan, La Liga Filipina dissolved. This was later
replaced by a call for aggressive reforms, put forward and favored by Bonifacio. Upon hearing of
Rizal’s arrest, Bonifacio and his fellows founded the Katipunan. The anti-colonial secret
organization eventually attracted people from lower and middle classes across the country,
enjoining them in an armed revolt against Spain.

Rizal, the country’s national hero, refused to participate. He believed timing wasn’t on their side
and the nation was still unprepared. In spite of his friend’s reservations, Bonifacio and his fellow
Katipuneros continued with their plan. Yet on August 1896, a Spanish friar found them out.

A series of bloody revolts

After the discovery of the Katipunan, Spanish authorities made several arrests to identify their
members. Bonifacio and his fellows were planning a nationwide revolt. This led to an event
called the ‘Cry of Pugad Lawin’, where revolutionaries took part in a mass tearing of cedulas
(community tax certificates), symbolizing their fight against Spain.

Bonifacio simultaneously planned an attack on Manila. However they were caught off guard, as
though the revolutionaries were greater in number, the Spanish authorities were more armed.

According to historical accounts, Bonifacio continued with his plan despite the failure in his first
attempt. The revolt flared up in the surrounding provinces, including Central Luzon, San Juan
del Monte and Southern Tagalog (which is why this is also known as the Tagalog War).

After several unsuccessful revolts, rebels in Cavite finally had a taste of victory. Under Emilio
Aguinaldo (mayor of Cavite El Viejo) and Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle), the Philippine
Revolution was in full swing.

The revolution dragged down the name of Rizal. He was accused of being associated with the
secret militant society. Charged with sedition, conspiracy and rebellion, Rizal was sentenced to
death by firing squad.

Internal struggles, conflicts, and a surprising turn of events

Alongside the Spanish authorities, Katipuneros were soon fighting amongst themselves.
Rivalries emerged between commanders and territories, creating big rifts in the association. The
Katipunan divided into two councils, namely the Magdiwang and Magdalo – that is, those who
favoured Aguinaldo and those who favoured Bonifacio.

To settle the leadership dispute, the Tejeros Convention was established. This assembly of
officials was intended to unite the two factions and elect officers for the revolutionary
government. After a makeshift election, Bonifacio lost to Aguinaldo and leadership was turned
over to him.

Bonifacio was given the role of Director of the Interior, but his qualifications were questioned.
Under this further scrutiny he left the assembly – Aguinaldo took oath as President the following
day.

A rival government

Bonifacio soon set out to Naic, Cavite, where he established a rival government against
Aguinaldo. Newly recognised as the leader of the revolution, he issued a coup d’etat against
Aguinaldo’s government. Upon learning this, Aguinaldo ordered the official arrest of Bonifacio.

Bonifacio was captured and found guilty of sedition and treason by the War Council. They were
soon executed near Maragondon.

Aguinaldo and his fellows soon established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato and drafted the first
constitution.

They came up with a pact that called for an end to the revolution, which was positively favored
by the Spanish Governor-General. The pact’s agenda included: the surrender of weapons to
revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for leaders, and payment to the revolutionaries worth $400,000
USD.

While the Spanish kept their word, other revolutionary generals took arms – the Philippines was
still not independent.

The arrival of the Americans and the Declaration of Independence

April 1898 marked the second phase of the Philippine Revolution. After a US Navy warship
exploded and sunk in Havana harbor, the Americans declared a war against Spain known as the
Spanish-American War.

The US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, led by Commodore George Dewey, sailed to Manila and
defeated the Spanish Navy. In just a few hours all Spanish ships were destroyed and the US
gained control of the Philippine capital.

Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines

© Kim David / Shutterstock

Meanwhile, Aguinaldo became friendly with the United States. He met with a US consul who
advised him to cooperate with the Americans. And so, from his exile in Hong Kong, Bonifacio
eventually returned to the Philippines and resumed the attacks against the Spanish authorities.

And on June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the country’s independence and the birth of the
Philippine Republic. From his balcony in his house in Kawit, Cavite, the Philippine flag was
unfurled. The Philippines’ National Anthem, “Lupang Hinirang” was first heard by the Filipino
people.

It was December of that year when the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United
States through the Treaty of Paris. While it ended the Spanish-American War, the Americans
took possession of the Philippines. Independence had not really been achieved.