Midterm Practical Coursework on CE 507 – Water Resources Engineering:

An Essay on the West Mangahan Floodway

I. Introduction and History

For this essay, we have decided to conduct research on the West Mangahan Floodway. The area
of the project is located along the north lakeshore to Laguna Lake (Laguna de Bay), west of the
Mangahan Floodway from Lower Bicutan of Taguig City to Mangahan Floodway of Taytay
Municipality. And it extends up to the lower Pasig-Marikina River on the northwest, covering a
drainage area of approximately 39.01 kilometers in Pateros and Pasig in Metro Manila and
Taytay and Cainta in Rizal Province. In the area there are a number of drainage channels
discharging into Laguna de Bay or Napindan River. Major channels are Tapayan, Labasan,
Taguig-Pateros and Hagonoy drainage channels.
Napindan River with a length of 8.3 km from Lakeshore Dike to junction with Marikina River is
a sole outlet of Laguna Lake. Inundation in this vegetation area generally starts when the water
stage of Laguna Lake goes up to approximately EL. 11.5 m and most of the Project area is
submerged at the water stage of approximately EL. 13.5 m. The inundation sometimes lasts for a
few months, affecting not only cultivating fields but also towns/communities/subdivisions
thriving in the area. On ground elevation 12.0 m number of houses increase and most houses in
the Project area exist more than EL. 12.5 m ground.
The North Laguna Lakeshore Project for the east and west areas with the project area of 47 km2
in total approved by the NEDA-ICC on October 8, 1993. However in view of volume of the
project and number of project affected families, the west of Mangahan Floodway, covering an
area of 39.01 km2, was considered as a 1st stage for funding given that only 142 families would
be affected in the west side compared with more than 700 families in the east side. Thus the
Metro Manila Flood Control – West of Mangahan Floodway was approved by the NEDA-ICC
on 11 July 1996 as a part of the 21st JBIC Yen Credit Package. Loan Agreement (PH-P179) for
this Project was concluded between GOP and JBIC (OECF) in March 18, 1997
Laguna de Bay (Laguna Lake) is bounded by the Guadalupe Formation Lowland on the west,
which separates the lake from Manila Bay, the Sierra Madre Range on the north and east, and a
group of volcanic mountains on the south. The lake drains water from several river basins and
has a catchment area of 3,160 km2 Aside from the above, the Mangahan Floodway conveys a
part of the floodway from the upper Marikina River to the Laguna Lake.
Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines, with approximately 900 km2 of surface area,
220 km of shoreline and an average depth of 3 m at annual average water stage of E.L.11.5 m.
The water stage of the lake, on an average, varies throughout the year between E.L. 10.5 m in the
dry season and E.L. 12.5 m in the rainy season.

Because of its proximity to Metro Manila, the resources and use contain unique potentials for
economic development. At present the Laguna Lake is used for flood control as a reservoir of
floodwater of Marikina River in order to protect Metro Manila through Mangahan Floodway,
fishery (saline water), water supply for irrigation, industry and drinking water, power generation,
transport route for oil products and the lakeshore dwellers, tourism and huge sink for waste
coming from domestic household and service sectors (source Laguna de Bay Master Plan,
LLAD, 1997)

II. Data
The following table shows the relationship between water levels and days:

Water Stage Elevation (m)

Average Annual Maximum 12.5
95 days 11.7 or more
185 days 11.2 or more
275 days 10.7 or more
355 days 10.5 or more

Annual inflow and outflow volumes of the lake are simulated subjectiveness of
Mangahan Floodway and improvement of Pasig-Napindan River. The average of annual
inflow/outflow volumes are estimated approximately as 4,600 to 4,800 million m3, which are
divided into the following items:

Outflow Volume from Laguna Lake into Manila Bay

a. Outflow through Napindan River – 66.2%
b. Outflow through Mangahan Floodway – 4.7%
c. Evaporation Loss – 29.1%
Total – 100%

Inflow Volume into Laguna Lake

a. Inflow from Laguna de Bay Basin – 98.7%
b. Inflow from Marikina River Basin through Mangahan Floodway – 1.7%
Total – 100%

Tidal levels of Manila de Bay:

Tide Elevation (m)

Mean Spring High Tide 11.300
Mean Higher High Water 10.980
Mean High Water 10.838
Mean Sea Level 10.462
Mean Low Water 10.101
Mean Lower Low Water 10.000

The following table shows the breakdown of the phased implementation of the North Laguna
Flood Control Project:
 ITEM OVERALL Phase I Phase II
PROJECT Stage 1 Stage 2
Project Area 46.7 km2 39.0 km2 7.7 km2
(East & West of (West of Mangahan Floodway) (East of
Mangahan Mangahan
Floodway) Floodway)
PROJECT SCALE (RETURN PERIOD)
1. Lakeshore 40 40 - 40
Dike
2. River 30 - 30 30
3. Drainage 5 - 5 5
Channel
4. Pumping 5 2 5 5
Station
PROPOSED STRUCTURES
1. Lakeshore 10.4 km 9.4 km - 1.0 km
Dike(
excluding
Bridge
Sections)
2. Mangahan 5.4 km - - 5.4km
Diversion
3. Napindan 6.1 km 6.1 km - -
River
(Dike/Parapet
Walls)
4. Napindang 8.3 km - 8.3 km -
River
(Dredging)
5. River 4.4 km - - 4.4 km
Improvement
(Buli. Cainta,
Taytay &
Banglad)
6. Drainage 47.5 km - 39.1 km 8.4 km
Channels
7. Regulation 6 sites (29.5 ha) 4 sites (25.5 - 2 sites (4.0 ha)
Ponds ha)
8. Pumping 7 sites (82 m3/s) 4 sites (36 1 site (12 m3/s) 2 sites (10 m3/s)
Stations m3/s) & Pump
Capacity for 4
sites (24 m3/s)
9. Floodgates 13 sites 8 sites - 5 sites
10. Bridge & 46 sites (1,140 2 sites (456 m) 24 sites (400m) 20 sites (284 m)
Boxculverts m)
Funding Source:
OECF (Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund) of Japan (Loan No. PH-P107)
Loan Portion (yen) 8,958,706,268
GOP Portion (Pesos) 1,628,425,170.35
GOP (Tax) (Pesos) 229,689,454.9
Total (Pesos) 5,022,044,747.80

Implementing Office:
PMO-Major Flood Control Project Cluster -I
Department of Public Works and Highways
Port Area, Manila
Project Director: PATRICK GATAN
Telephone No. 304 -3752
304 - 3813
Fax 304-3815

III. Environmental Concerns/Issues

According to DENR (1997), about 60% of the estimated 8.4 million people residing
in the Laguna de Bay Region discharge their solid and liquid wastes indirectly to the
lake through its tributaries. Domestic and industrial wastes contribute to almost 30%
each while agricultural wastes take up the remaining 40%. In a sensitivity waste load
model ran by the Laguna Lake Development Authority’s Integrated Water Resources
Management division, it was revealed that 70% of biochemical oxygen demand
loadings came from households, 19% from industries, and 11% came from land run-
off or erosion (LLDA, 2005).
There are about 1,481 factories and industries, and that number is expected to
increase in the future. Only about 695 of these factories and industries have waste
water facilities but the lake is still absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these
industries in the form of industrial cooling water discharge, toxic spillage from barges
and transport operations, and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum, and
cyanide.
Domestic wastes however contribute to about 10% of the 4,100 metric tons of waste
generated by residents of Metro Manila as they are dumped directly to the lake,
causing siltation of the lake. As reported by MWSS, only 15% of the residents in the
area have an effective waste disposal system, and around 85% of the families living
along the shoreline do not have toilets and./or septic tanks.

IV. Notable Floods

On September 26, 2009, at about 6:00 pm PST, the 50-mph "Tropical Storm Ondoy”
hit Metro Manila and dumped one month's rainfall in less than 24 hours, causing the
Marikina River system, including the Manggahan Floodway, to burst its banks very
rapidly. It is thought that blocked pipes and a poorly maintained sewer system, along
with uncollected domestic waste, were major contributory factors in the speed with
which the flood waters were able to engulf the surrounding area. The illegal settlers
especially were blamed for flooding since their houses reduce the effective width and
blocked the flow of the floodway. The flooding was exacerbated by cancellation of
 the Paranaque Spillway Project that should have dumped excess water in Laguna de
Bay to Manila Bay.
During the height of the storm, the Marikina River had a flow of about 3000 m³/s
(106,000 ft³/s), and the head of the UP National Hydraulic Research Center stated that
the floodway could have handled this flow without overflowing if there were no
settlers on its banks.

V. Assesment of the Project

VI. Sources
Draft service completion report OCTOBER 2007 (DPWH recent COMPLETED
AND ON-GOING MAJOR FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS, Nov. 2009)
http://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ (accessed on March 11, 2019 at 11:43 pm)