PRULALS

How to make prulals?

Pluralisation in English can be a bit of a tricky game, and as with any language
the key to mastering this aspec lies in practicing through reading and conversing until the
variations that appear unpredictable in the beginning become second nature,a matter of
habbit. Having said that, there are certain principles that are generally applicable that make
the task easier by giving us a broad idea of how common words are pluralized.let us take a
look at these.

For most nouns add an “s” at the end of the word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Car Cars
Deks Desks
Tree Trees
Ball Balls
Hands hands

For nouns that end with ‘s’,’x’,’z’,’ch’,or ‘sh’,add ‘es’ at the end of the words.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Boss Bosses
Box boxes
Topaz topazes
Leech Leeches
Dish Dishes

For some words that the end with ‘o’ add ‘es’ at the end of word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Potato Potatoes
Echo Echoes
Hero Heroes

For some words at the end with ‘o’,add ‘s’at the end of the word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Photo Photos
Piano Pianos
Logo Logos
Radio Radios
For some words ending with ‘f’,replace the ‘f’ with a ‘v’ and add ‘es’ at the end of the word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Thief Thieves
Loaf Loaves
Half Halves
Calf Calves
Leaf leaves

For some word ending ‘f’ add an ‘s’at the end of word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Reef Reefs
Roof Roofs
Chef Chefs

For some words ending with ‘ife’ replace the ‘f’ with a ‘v’ and add an ‘s’ at the end of the
word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Wife Wives
Knife Knives
Life Lives

For common nouns ending with a consonant followed by ‘y’ replace the ‘y’ with an ‘i’ and
add ‘es’ at the end of the word.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Nappy Nappies
Poppy Poppies
Fly Flies
Penny pennies
Sty sties

Some nouns are the same in the both forms.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Fish Fish
Sheep Sheep
Deer Deer
Tuna Tuna
Trout Trout
For some nouns, other letter must be replaced or added sometimes changing the words
completely.

SINGULAR PRULAL
Person People
Ox Oxen
Child Children
Goose Geese
Man Men
Foot feeet

Other irregular plural forms include the following:

Some foreign nouns retain their plural. (Note that some of them adapted the s of the English
plural form!)

Singular Foreign plural English plural

alga algae

amoeba amoebae amoebas

antenna antennae antennas

formula formulae formulas

larva larvae

nebula nebulae nebulas

vertebra vertebrae
Nouns ending in us get a, i or the s of the English plural:

Singular Foreign English

plural plural

corpus corpora

genus genera

alumnus alumni

bacillus bacilli

cactus cacti cactuses

focus foci

fungus fungi funguses

nucleus nuclei

octopus octopi octopuses

radius radii

stimulus stimuli

syllabus syllabi syllabuses

terminus termini

Nouns ending in um get a, i or the s of the English plural:

Singular Foreign plural English plural

addendum addenda

bacterium bacteria

curriculum curricula curriculums

datum data

erratum errata

medium media

memorandum memoranda memorandums

ovum ova

stratum strata

symposium symposia symposiums

Nouns ending in ex or ix get ices or get the s of the English plural:

Singular Foreign plural English plural

apex apices apexes

appendix appendices appendixes

cervix cervices cervixes

index indices indexes

matrix matrices matrixes

vortex vortices

Nouns ending in is becoming es in plural:

Singular Plural form

analysis analyses

axis axes

basis bases

crisis crises

diagnosis diagnoses

emphasis emphases

hypothesis hypotheses

neurosis neuroses

oasis oases

parenthesis parentheses

synopsis synopses

thesis theses
Nouns ending in -on becoming -a:

singular plural

criterion criteria

phenomenon phenomena

automaton automata

Nouns that are always singular:

A handful of nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb:

 The news is bad.

 Gymnastics is fun to watch.

 Economics/mathematics/statistics is said to be difficult.

Some nouns never take the s of the plural and are always singular:

 your luggage / baggage is so heavy

 I'd like to buy new furniture for the house

 you can find more information in our website.

Gender: Masculine and Feminine Nouns

Grammatical gender

Grammatical gender is a system of noun classification. A common gender classification

includes masculine and feminine categories. Masculine nouns are words for men, boys and
male animals. Feminine nouns are words for women, girls and female animals.

Masculine and feminine nouns

Masculine Feminine
actor actress
author authoress
bachelor spinster
boy girl
bridegroom groom
brother sister
conductor conductress
count countess
czar czarina
dad mum
daddy mummy
duke duchess
man woman
emperor empress
father mother
god goddess
grandfather grandmother
heir heiress
hero heroine
host hostess
husband wife
king queen
man woman
master mistress
murderer murderess
nephew niece
poet poetess
policeman policewoman
prince princess
sir madam
son daughter
uncle aunt
wizard witch
waiter waitress
Common gender nouns

Some nouns are used for both males and females. These nouns are referred to as common
gender nouns.

Examples

 baby,

 bird,

 cat,

 cattle,

 child,

 companion,

 comrade,

 cousin,

 dancer,

 deer,

 friend,

 guardian,

 guest,

 infant,

 owner,

 parent,

 passenger,

 pig,

 president,

 pupil,

 relative,

 sheep,

 singer,

 student,

 swan,

 teacher,
Animals

With animals, there is one general word for the animal. There are however many species of
animals, particularly those domesticated, have been given specific names for the male, the
female.

animal masculine Feminine

rabbit buck Doe
horse stallion Mare
sheep ram Ewe
pig boar Sow
chicken rooster Hen
duck drake Duck
cattle bull Cow
goose gander Goose
fox fox Vixen
tiger tiger Tigress
lion lion Lioness
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN.

Uncountable noun (or non-count) nouns are words which cannot be conted. Therefore
,they only have a singular form. They have no prulal forms. These words are thought of as
wholes rather than as parts. They usually refer abstraction (such confidence or advise ) or
collectives (such as equitment or luggage).

Here some more uncountable nouns :

 music,art,love,happiness
 advise,information,news
 furniture,lugguage
 rise,sugar,butter,water
 electricity,gas,power,
 money, currency

We usually treat uncountable noun as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

 This news is very important.

 Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use this indenfinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. we cannot
say ”an information”or “a music”. but we can say a something of :

 a piece of news
 a bottle of water
 a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

 i’ve got some money

 have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

 i’ve got a little money.

 I haven’t got much rice.
Here are some more examples of countables and uncountables nouns :

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
Dollar Money
Song Music
Suitcase Luggage
Table Furniture
Battery Electricity
Bottle Wine
Report Information
Tip Advice
Journey Travel
Job Work
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