A SEMINAR REPORT ON

BIOMETRIC ATM SECURITY SYSTEM

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING
on
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Submitted by
SARATH S
Reg no:17201129

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

MGM TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS,KILIMANOOR,

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695612
 MGM TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS,KILIMANOOR,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695612

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

CERTIFICATE
Certified that seminar work entitled “BIOMETRIC ATM SECURITY SYSTEM”is a
bonafide work carried out in the fifth semester by “SARATH S” in partial fulfillment forthe
award of Diploma in Engineering in “ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION” from
university of Kerala during the academic year 2017-2019,who carried out the seminar work
under the guidance and no part of this work has been submitted earlier for the award of any
diploma.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an opportunity to excel
in my efforts to complete this seminar on time.
I am extremely grateful to Mr.RAJU,Principal, MGM POLYTECHNIC KILIMANOOR
and Mr.ANEESH A, Head of Department, Department of Electronics And Communication,for
providing all the required resources for the successful completion of my seminar.
My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Mr. MISBAN A S, Lecturer, Electronics and
Communication, for his valuable suggestions and guidance in the preparation of the seminar
report.
I express my thanks to Mr.SREE HARI , Lecturer, and all staff members and friends for all
the help and co-ordination extended in bringing out this seminar successfully in time.
I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of the
references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.
Last but not the least; I am very much thankful to my parents who guided me in every step
which I took.

SARATH S
 CONTENTS

No Name of Chapter page no

1 ABSTRACT 01

2 INTRODUCTION 02

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 03

4 WORKING 04

5 APPLICATION 05

6 FUTURE SCOPE 06

7 CONCLUSION 07

8 REFERENCES 08
 ABSTRACT

Now a days ATM systems are not secure because, there are some hackers which are capable of
accessing ATM accounts of the people seeking ATM facility. Inorder to put ATM accounts of
people to a more secure side we are introducing our new idea of finger print module to verify the
actual user more precisely.So in this way the hackers will not be able to hack the personal
accounts of different people.In our project we are using a finger print module along with ARM
processor. In which the different finger patterns of different people are coded and stored by
module itself. The codes generated by module will be monitored by processor consisting all the
codes of users in the form of (their name, account number, balance, etc.) data. And whatever the
service needed to the users will beoffered in a very efficient way.
The basic aim of this project is to study the system, which is used for ATM access to cash
withdrawal with more security. In this system, Bankers will collect the customer finger prints and
mobile number while opening the account then only customer can access ATM machine. The
working of system will start when our customer goes at ATM center. First there is switch for
entry. After getting entry customer has to places his finger on the finger print module. Then
system will check for user identity and checks validity of finger.

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 INTRODUCTION

Biometrics are automated methods of identifying a person or verifying the identity of a

person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Biometric-based authentication is
the automatic identity verification, based on individual physiological or behavioral
characteristics, such as fingerprints, voice, face and iris. Since biometrics is extremely difficult to
forge and cannot be forgotten or stolen, Biometric authentication offers a convenient, accurate,
irreplaceable and high secure alternative for an individual, which makes it has advantages over
traditional cryptography-based authentication schemes. It has become a hot interdisciplinary
topic involving biometric and Cryptography. Biometric data is personal privacy information,
which uniquely and permanently associated with a person and cannot be replaced like passwords
or keys. Once an adversary compromises the biometric data of a user, the data is lost forever,
which may lead to a huge financial loss. Hence, one major concern is how a person’s biometric
data, once collected, can be protected
The idea of using patterns for personal identification was originally proposed in 1936
byophthalmologist Frank Burch. By the 1980’s the idea had appeared in James Bond films, but it
still remained science fiction and conjecture. In 1987, two other ophthalmologists Aram Safir and
Leonard Flom patented this idea and in 1987 they asked John Daugman to try to create actual
algorithms for this iris recognition. These algorithms which Daugman patented in 1994 are the
basis for all current iris recognition systems and products.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Most finger-scan technologies are basedon minutiae. Samir Nanavati[3] states that 80 percent of
finger-scan technologies are based on minutiae matching but that pattern matching is a leading
alternative. This technology bases its feature extraction and template generation on a series of
ridges, as opposed to discrete points.The use of multiple ridges reduces dependence on minutiae
points, which tend to be affected by wear and tear[4].The downside of pattern matchingis thatit is
more sensitive to the placement of the finger during verification and the created template is
several times larger in byte size.Finger-scan technologyis proven and capable of high levels of
accuracy. There is a long history of fingerprint identification, classification and analysis. This
along with the distinctive features of fingerprints has set the finger-scan apart from other
biometric technologies.There are physiological characteristics more distinctive than the
fingerprint (the iris and retina, for example) but automated identification technology capable of
leveraging these characteristics have been developed only over the past few years. The
technology has grown smaller, more capable and with many solutions available. Devices slightly
thicker than a coin and an inch square in size are able to capture and process images.
Additionally, some may see the large number of finger-scan solutions available today as a
disadvantage; many see it as an advantage by ensuring marketplace competition which has
resulted in a number of robust solutions for desktop, laptop, physical access, and point-of-sale
environments.Biometric data are separate and distinct frompersonal information. Biometric
templates cannot be reverse-engineered to recreate personal information and they cannot be
stolen and used to access personal information

3
 WORKING

Biometrics encompasses both physiological and behavioral characteristics. A physiological

characteristic is a relatively stable physical feature such as finger print, iris pattern, retina pattern
or a Facial feature. A behavioral trait in identification is a person’s signature, keyboard typing
pattern or a speech pattern. The degree of interpersonal variation is smaller in a physical
characteristic than in a behavioral one

TYPES OF BIOMETRICS
Fingerprints: The patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips are
unique to that individual. For decades, law enforcement has been classifying and determining
identity by matching key points of ridge endings and bifurcations. Fingerprints are unique for
each finger of a person including identical twins. One of the most commercially available
biometric technologies, fingerprint recognition devices for desktop and laptop access are now
widely available from many different vendors at a low cost. With these devices, users no longer
need to type passwords – instead, only a touch provides instant access.

Face Recognition: The identification of a person by their facial image can be done in a
number of different ways such as by capturing an image of the face in the visible spectrum using
an inexpensive camera or by using the infrared patterns of facial heat emission. Facial
recognition in visible light typically model key features from the central portion of a facial
image. Using a wide assortment of cameras, the visible light systems extract features from the
captured image(s) that do not change over time while avoiding superficial features such as facial
expressions or hair.
Speaker Recognition: Speaker recognition uses the acoustic features of speech that have
been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy and
learned behavioral patterns . This incorporation of learned patterns into the voice templates has

4
earned speaker recognition its classification as a "behavioral biometric." Speaker recognition
systems employ three styles of spoken input: text-dependent, text-prompted and text independent.
Most speaker verification applications use text-dependent input, which involves selection and
enrollment of one or more voice passwords. Text-prompted input is used whenever there is
concern of imposters. The various technologies used to process and store voiceprints include
hidden Markov models, pattern matching algorithms, neural networks, matrix representation and
decision trees.

Iris Recognition: This recognition method uses the iris of the eye which is the colored area
that surrounds the pupil. Iris patterns are thought unique. The iris patterns are obtained through a
video-based image acquisition system. Iris scanning devices have been used in personal
authentication applications for several years. Systems based on iris recognition have substantially
decreased in price and this trend is expected to continue. The technology works well in both
verification and identification modes.

Hand and Finger Geometry: To achieve personal authentication, a system may measure
either physical characteristics of the fingers or the hands. These include length, width, thickness
and surface area of the hand. One interesting characteristic is that some systems require a small
biometric sample. It can frequently be found in physical access control in commercial and
residential applications, in time and attendance systems and in general personal authentication
applications.

Signature Verification: This technology uses the dynamic analysis of a signature to

authenticate a person. The technology is based on measuring speed, pressure and angle used by
the person when a signature is produced. One focus for this technology has been e-business
applications and other applications where signature is an accepted method of personal
authentication

5
Fingerprint:-
Humans have used fingerprints for personal identification for many centuries and the matching
accuracy using fingerprints has been shown to be very high. Fingerprinting is probably the best-
known biometric- method of identification used for 100 years. There are a few variants of image
capture technology available for such commercially oriented fingerprint sensor, including optical,
silicon, ultrasound, thermal and hybrid. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based
Identification is the oldest method that has been successfully used in numerous applications.
Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of
ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger as shown in the fig 3.1.1. The uniqueness of a
fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as minutiae points.
Minutiae points are the local ridge characteristics that occur either at a ridge ending or a ridge
bifurcation. A ridge ending is defined as the point where the ridge ends abruptly and the ridge
bifurcation is the point where the ridge splits into two or more branches. When a user places
their finger on the terminals scanner the image is electronically read, analyzed, and compared
with a previously recorded image of the same finger which has been stored in the database. The
imaging process is based on digital holography, using an electro-optical scanner about the size of
a thumbprint. The scanner reads three-dimensional data from the finger such as skin undulations,
and ridges and valleys, to create a unique pattern that is composed into a template file.

Figure 3: Fingerprint classification of 6 categories (a) arch, (b) tented arch, (c) right loop,
(d) left loop, (e) whorl, and (f) twin loop

An algorithm is developed to classify fingerprints into five classes, namely, whorl, right loop,
arch and tented arch as shown in figure 3. Critical points in a finger print, called core and delta
are marked on one of the fingers as shown in figure 3 (c). The core is the inner point, normally in
the middle of the print, around which swirls, loops, or arches center. It is frequently characterized
by a ridge ending and several acutely curved ridges. Deltas are the points, normally at the lower
left and right hand of the fingerprint around which a triangular series of ridges center. The
algorithm separates the number of ridges present in four directions (o degree, 45 degree, 90
degree and 135 degree) by filtering the central part of a fingerprint with a bank of Gabor filters.
6
 This information is quantized to generate a finger code which is used for classification. To avoid
fake-finger attacks, some systems employ so-called liveness detection technology, which takes
advantage of the sweat activity of human bodies. High-magnification lenses and special
illumination technologies capture the finger’s perspiration and pronounce the finger dead or
alive.

Fingerprint Recognition
The main modules of a fingerprint verification system (cf.Fig.4.1) are: a) fingerprint sensing, in
which the fingerprint of an individual is acquired by a fingerprint scanner to produce a raw
digital representation; b) pre processing, in which the input fingerprint is enhanced and adapted
to simplify the task of feature extraction; c) feature extraction, in which the fingerprint is further
processed to generate discriminative properties, also called feature vectors; and d) matching, in
which the feature vector of the input fingerprint is compared against one or more existing
templates. The templates of approved users of the biometric system, also called clients, are
usually stored in a database. Clients can claim an identity and their fingerprints can be checked
against stored fingerprints

Fingerprint Sensing
The acquisition of fingerprint images has been historically carried out by spreading the finger
with ink and pressing it against paper card. The paper card is then scanned, resulting in a digital
representation. This process is known as off-line acquisition and is still used in law enforcement
applications. Currently, it is possible to acquire fingerprint images by pressing the finger against
the flat surface of an electronic fingerprint sensor. This process is known as online acquisition.

7
There are three families of electronic fingerprint sensors based on the sensing technology

• Solid-state or silicon sensors (Fig.4.2): These consist of an array of pixels, each pixel being a
sensor itself. Users place the finger on the surface of the silicon, and four techniques are typically
used to convert the ridge/valley information into an electrical signal: capacitive, thermal, electric
field and piezoelectric. Since solid-state sensors do not use optical components, their size is
considerably smaller and can be easily embedded. On the other hand, silicon sensors are
expensive, so the sensing area of solid-state sensors is typically small.
• Optical (Fig.4.2): The finger touches a glass prism and the prism is illuminated with diffused
light. The light is reflected at the valleys and absorbed at the ridges. The reflected light is focused
onto a CCD or CMOS sensor. Optical fingerprint sensors provide good image quality and large
sensing area but they cannot be miniaturized because as the distance between the prism and the
image sensor is reduced, more optical distortion is introduced in the acquired image.
• Ultrasound: Acoustic signals are sent, capturing the echo signals that are reflected at the
fingerprint surface. Acoustic signals are able to cross dirt and oil that may be present in the
finger, thus giving good quality images. On the other hand, ultrasound scanners are large and
expensive, and take some seconds to acquire an image.
A new generation of touch less live scan devices that generate a 3D representation of
fingerprints is appearing [22]. Several images of the finger are acquired from different views
using a multi camera system, and a contact-free 3D representation of the fingerprint is
constructed. This new sensing technology overcomes some of the problems that intrinsically
appear in contact-based sensors such as improper finger placement, skin deformation, sensor
noise or dirt

Preprocessing and Feature Extraction

A fingerprint is composed of a pattern of interleaved ridges and valleys. They smoothly flow in
parallel and sometimes terminate or bifurcate. At a global level, this pattern sometimes exhibits a
number of particular shapes called singularities, which can be classified into three types: loop,
delta and whorl. In Fig.4.3a, we can see an example of loop and delta singularities (the whorl
singularity can be defined as two opposing loops). At the local level, the ridges and valleys
pattern can exhibit a particular shape called minutia. There are several types of minutiae, but for
practical reasons, only two types of minutiae are considered: ridge ending (Fig.4.3b) and ridge
bifurcation (Fig.4.3c). Singularities at the global level are commonly used for fingerprint
classification, which simplifies search and retrieval across a large database of fingerprint images.
Based on the number and structure of loops and deltas, several classes are defined, as shown
inFig.4.4

8
The gray scale representation of a fingerprint image is known to be unstable for fingerprint
recognition [59]. Although there are fingerprint matching techniques that directly compare gray
images using correlation-based methods, most of the fingerprint matching algorithms use features
which are extracted from the gray scale image. To make this extraction easy and reliable, a set of
pre-processing steps is commonly performed: computation of local ridge frequency and local
ridge orientation, enhancement of the fingerprint image, segmentation of the fingerprint area
from the background, and detection of singularities. The local ridge orientation at a pixel level is
defined as the angle that the fingerprint ridges form with the horizontal axis [59]. Most of the
algorithms do not compute the local ridge orientation at each pixel, but over a square-meshed
grid (Fig.4.5). The simplest approach for local ridge orientation estimation is based on the gray
scale gradient. Since the gradient phase angle denotes the direction of the maximum pixel-
intensity change, the ridge orientation is orthogonal to this phase angle. There are essentially two
orientation estimation techniques: direction tensor sampling and spectral tensor discretization
using Gabor filters. For its computational efficiency the method independently suggested by is
the most commonly used in fingerprint applications because the spectral approach needs more
filtering. We refer to[12] for a detailed treatment of both approaches.

Fig. 4.4 The six major fingerprint classes: (a) arch, (b) tented arch, (c) left loop, (d) right loop, (e)
whorl, and (f) twin-loop
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 Fig. 4.5 Local ridge orientation of a fingerprint image computed over a square-meshed grid: (a)
original image, (b) orientation image, and (c) smoothed orientation image. Each element of (b)
and (c) denotes the local orientation of the ridges

The local ridge frequency at a pixel level is defined as the number of ridges per unit length along
a hypothetical segment centred at this pixel and orthogonal to the local ridge orientation[59]. As
in the case of the local ridge orientation, the local ridge frequency is computed over a square-
meshed grid. Existing methods [39, 56, 52] usually model the ridge-valley structure as a
sinusoidal-shaped wave (Fig.4.6), where the ridge frequencies set as the frequency of this
sinusoid, and the orientation is used to angle the wave.

Fig. 4.6 : Modelling of ridges and valleys as a sinusoidal-shaped wave

Ideally, in a fingerprint image, ridges and valleys flow smoothly in a locally constant direction. In
practice, however, there are factors that affect the quality of a fingerprint image (cf.,Fig4.7):
wetness or dryness of the skin, noise of the sensor, temporary or permanent cuts and bruises in
the skin, variability in the pressure against the sensor, etc. Several enhancement algorithms have
been proposed in the literature with the aim of improving the clarity of ridges and valleys. The
most widely used fingerprint enhancement techniques use contextual filters, which mean
changing the filter parameters according to the local characteristics (context) of the image. Filters
are tuned to the local ridge orientation and/or frequency, thus removing the imperfections and
preserving ridges and valleys (cf.Fig.4.8).

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 Fig. 4.7 : Fingerprint images with different quality. From left to right: high, medium and low
quality, respectively
Fingerprint segmentation consists of the separation of the fingerprint area (foreground) from the
background. This is useful to avoid subsequent extraction of fingerprint features in the
background, which is the noisy area. Global and local thersholding segmentation methods are not
very effective and more robust segment
These techniques exploit the existence of an oriented periodical pattern in the foreground and a
no oriented isotropic pattern in the background (Fig.4.9)

Fig. 4.9 : Segmentation of fingerprint images: (left) original image and (right) segmentation mask
HARDWARE DESIGN
To implement the proposed security for ATM terminals with the use of fingerprint recognition,
we use the different hardware and software platforms. Fig 1 shows the major system modules and
their interconnections

Fig 1: Overview of the system.

11
Microcontroller(LPC2148)
The system uses LPC2148 from ARM7 family.It is the core controller in the system. It
hasARM7TDMI core which is a member of the Advanced RISCMachines (ARM) a family of
general purpose 32-bitmicroprocessors. It offershigh performance for verylow power
consumption and price. The ARM architectureis based on RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computer)principles, and the instruction set and related decodemechanism are much simpler than
those of micro-programmedComplex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)[26]. This simplicity
results in a high instruction throughputand impressive real-time interrupt response from a
smalland cost-effective chip. Allparts of the processing and memory systems can
operatecontinuously since, pipelining is employed. Typically, while one instruction is
beingexecuted, its successor is being decoded, and a thirdinstruction is being fetched from
memory [27]. The ARMmemory interface has been designed to allow theperformance potential
to be realized without incurring highcosts in the memory system. Speed-critical control signalsare
pipelined to allow system control functions to beimplemented in standard low-power logic, and
thesecontrol signals facilitate the exploitation of the fast localaccess modes offered by industry
standard dynamic RAMs[28].The LPC2148is interfaced to different modules via GPIO (General
Purpose I/O) pins. It receives the fingerprint template produced by the fingerprint module. It will
match the same with the reference template stored at installation of the system. If the received
template gets matched with the reference one, the person is allowed to access the further system.
In case of successive mismatch of templates, the system will initialize the GSM module to send
message to the enrolled user and simultaneously will raise the alarm through buzzer.
We have used LPC2148 from NXP semiconductors(founded by Philips). It shows features as
follows-
a)16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tinyLQFP64 package.
b)240 kB of on-chip static RAM and 512 kB of on-chipflash program memory.
c)In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) viaon-chip boot-loader software.
d)Two 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of 14analog inputs, with conversion times as lowas 2.44μs
per channel.
e)Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analogoutput.
f)Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs(16C550), two Fast I2C -bus (400 kbit/s), SPI and
SSPwith buffering and variable data length capabilities.
g)Vectored interrupt controller with configurablepriorities and vector addresses.
h)Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pinsin a tiny LQFP64 package

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Fingerprint Module(FIM3030
The important module of the system is fingerprint scanner. We used FIM3030 by NITGEN. It has
ADSP-BF531 as central processing unitwith 8 MBof SDRAM and 1 MB o f flash ROM.It uses
overall supply voltage of 3.3 V. The communication with the fingerprint moduleis made through
RS-232 via UART0 of LPC2148.A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a
digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is
digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is
stored and used for matching. FIM3030is an evolutionary standalone fingerprint recognition
module consisted of optic sensor OPP03 and processing board. As CPU and highly upgraded
algorithm are embedded into a module, it provides high recognition ratio even to small size, wet,
dry, calloused fingerprint. High speed 1: N identification and 1: N verification. FIM3030 has
functions of fingerprint enrollment, identification, partial and entire deletion and reset in a single
board, thereby offering convenient development environment. Off-line functionality stores logs
on the equipment memory (up to 100 fingerprints) and it’s identified using search engine from
the internal algorithm. Evolutionary standalone fingerprint recognition module FIM3030is ideal
for on-line applications, because allows ASCII commands to manage the device from the host.
On-line functionality, fingerprints to verify (1:1) or identify (1: N) can be stored on non volatile
memory, or be sent by RS-232 port

Fig 2: Fingerprint Module FIM3030 showing OPP03sensor and serial interface.

Here this FIM 3030 supports the serial communication protocol which is RS -232 while LPC2148 works
on TTL logic. Interfacing of FIM3030 to LPC2148 for bidirectional communication is made possible
through IC called MAX-232 used as a level converter for reading and writing data.

GSM Modem
While accessing the system, we don’t replace the password verification. If password is correct,
the system will capture and match fingerprint of the customer.As shown in Fig 4, if fingerprint
does not match with the account registry for three times, buzzer will be made ON and a message
13
will be delivered to customer’s cellphoneand bank authority.Thus, GSM MODEM to
communicate with the mobile phone to which we are going to send the message isalso interfaced
with LPC2148.

User Interface
The user interface makes the communication between user and the system model easier. It
includes a display unit and a function keyboard.For displaying the status of the process running
in system and instructional steps for the user, we interfaced 16 x 2 LCD matrix with LPC2148
through GPIO pins of port 1

Power Supply
This section is meant for supplying power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically is
consisted of a transformer to step down the 230V ac to 18V ac followed by diodes. Thediodes are
used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectificationprocess,the obtained rippled dc is filtered using a
capacitor Filter. A positive voltageof 12V and 5V are made available through LM7812 and
LM7805. Further, LM317 is used to provide variable power e.g. 3.3V to LPC2148

SOFTWARE DESIGN
The embedded platform discussed above is programmed in C languagewith KeilμVision4 to
follow the program logic shown in Fig 4 as follows.

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ADVANTAGES
• All the bank accounts are managed in a single finger touch thus no need to carry multiple
cards and remember their passwords.
• The problems like fraud, unlawful entry, cards getting stolen forgetting the PINs are
prevented.
• The system is using biometric instead of PIN for validation. Thus the transactions get
more secure.
• It suspends the fraud calls related to the ATM card verification and all

DISADVANTAGES
• Costly

• Facial imaging can also hinder accurate identifications.

• Missing body part problem.

• False acceptances and rejections.

• The scanning of eye is fearful.

• The nervousness that people feel about the scanners identification.

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APLLICATIONS
Biometric ATM has gained acceptance in a number of different areas. Application of iris
recognition technology can he limited only by imagination. The important applications are those
following:--
• Used in ATM’s for more secure transaction.

• Used in airports for security purposes.

• Computer login: The finger print as a living password

• Credit-card authentication

• Secure financial transaction (e-commerce, banking).

• “Biometric—key Cryptography “for encrypting/decrypting messages.

• Driving licenses and other personal certificates.

• Entitlements and benefits authentication.

• Forensics, birth certificates, tracking missing or wanted person

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FUTURE SCOPE
1. Authentication.
It is reasonable to expect, thatin a relatively short time,all personal documents will contain some
form of biometric data. Moreover, in time, we could expect that all such documents will no
longer be needed, because, in every instance where this type of authentication would be
necessary, biometric readers will be connected to the location via network. This would allow a
comparison with stored data to be used in lieu of documentation.

2. Access and attendance control.

In the relatively near future, biometrics will certainly gain increased acceptance in all kinds of
access and attendancecontrol applications. We can expect to see biometrics used for these
applications in homes, offices, computers, machines, devices, etc. In fact, this will be probably
the largest market for biometric technology in terms of the amount of devices installed. However,
for the most part, the use of these devices will only replace existing access control methods and
technologies, providing increased convenience and security. There will be no need to carry keys,
identity cards, personal documents, etc. Furthermore, this implementation of biometrics will add
to the overall security solution: precluding the possibility of theft or unauthorized use of
equipment/technologies. Biometric devices will offer new quality to security solutions, but not
necessarily new market opportunities or potential.

3. Travel control.
For a variety of reasons, there is an increasing requirement to have people traveling via planes,
ferries, and even trains to be individually registered, with interim checks at multiple locations.
Today these requirements are being driven mostly by security concerns, visa regulations and
other such reasons. And, because the amount of people traveling is already large and predicted to
increase at significant rates, all organizations involved in the management and control of mass
transportation industries are very interested in the rationalization and automation of necessary
procedures. This is especially the case in International Civil Aviation Organization. The pressure
caused by the growing number of passengers is surely one of the largest reasons for the
introduction of biometric passports, visas and other controls/documents. This organization
recommends very clearly, that “ContractingStates should incorporate biometric data in their
machine readable passports, visas and other official travel documents, using one or more optional
data storage technologies to supplement the machine readable zone, as specified in Doc 9303”1,

4. Financial and other transactions requiring authorization.

In applications having to do with money it is already apparent, that money in physical form
(bank notes and coins) is being replaced more and more by virtual forms of financial transactions
17
– digital transactions via data base entry. Today this happens in form of credit or bank cards,
pocket electronic money, etc. However, it is clear that, in most cases, the physical card is not
important, because money has an owner and can be directly connected to a person. Spreading of
biometric authentication in the economic sector (i.e. banking and trade) will decrease the need for
physical objects, such as cards – since virtual money can be directly connected to a person (or to
the legal person). This will result in a significant change both in the behavior of people, but also
in the abilities that governmental organizations will have in their surveillance of money
movements (financial transactions). I would expect two possible developments in response to this
situation. First, the attitudes of people can be against the sole use of virtual money or they can
also try to change the tax and economic systems to allow them to live exclusively with virtual
money. The second development, or solution, will evolve over a longer period of time, but is
significantly better. That is, the possibility to authorize all legal transactions through biometric
mechanisms will make many of these operations much easier and more convenient.

5. Remote voting (authorization).

Perhaps the most important change in the society will result from the creation of an entirely new
market for biometric devices that I call remote authorization. The merging of existing and future
networking developments with biometric solutions will allow people to have the opportunity to
authorize a wide range of transactions (e.g. voting, purchasing, accessing, decision-making
authorizations, etc.) via the network, from remote locations. No longer will they be required to
personally present at a given location in order to authenticate a specific action. Indeed, this is a
capability that is partially possible today. However, the viability of remote authorization on a
large scale, such as public elections, will not be realistic until appropriate biometric solutions are
operating without the major shortcomings that plague existing biometric solutions. From my
perspective, it will be necessary to develop new, more robust and capable devices. However, the
same devices can also be used for many others purposes, such as computers accessories, access
control devices, etc. Even so, it is certain that the existing devices that are in use today cannot
provide the degree of accuracy necessary to recognize a person whose biometric identity is only
available through a distributed network. The risk of betraying them through identity theft is much
too large. However, after more accurate, reliable and cost-effective devices are developed that are
not constrained by shortcomings associated with existing technologies, the potential for
authenticating remote transactions, such as voting (decision making) can drive major changes in
all democratic societies – that is, the idea that direct democratic participation by the public can be
realized on a large scale and work at low cost. Necessary democratic decisions can be made
practically every day at minimal cost, even in large societies. The possibility of low cost remote
voting by the public will not only open up the potential for increased participation, but also for
increased frequency in voting activities. It is only speculation today, but I would think that this
perspective can lead to some of the largest changes in democratic societies – all facilitated by the
introduction of accurate, reliable, high speed biometric technologies that enable remote
authentication (voting, et al.) at minimal cost. The corresponding changes in political systems and
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power structures will provide the potential to have a more representative democracy. In
association with changes in banking and money transfer techniques remote voting and
authorization can also significantly influence economy and tax system: the control of money
transfers will be easier, it will be also easier to compete within the “black economy”, but this can
also result in people with a much stronger interested in controlling politicians regarding the
questions of spending taxes and lowering the cost incurred by the operation of their governments.
The possibility to authorize any transaction remotely will surely cause additional changes in other
transactions that require such authorization, which currently implies a personal contact. This is
also something that will have impact on life in the near future – it will minimize, or eliminate the
need for many personal contacts. Such operations will be easier and can be done automatically
(by machines – without clerks operating them, as it is done today).

6. Use of automatic working devices.

With the help of biometrics it will be easier to track the actions of user of any devices and
machines, adapt their functions to his needs and to demand his liability for actions caused. I
assume that this can slowly change many areas of life and create a large market for devices that
are able to recognize their users and react according to their needs. The development of such
machines began already, some devices are working, other are proposed as ideas: The main goal
of this development is the creation of machines able to recognize their user or people doing
something in their vicinity. This feature can be very important for work in factories, offices,
hospitals, for use of cars, home appliances, etc. In all such cases it may be important or
convenient, that the machine “knows” who is using it (or try to do it, but shouldn’t). This allows
automatic adaptation to the needs of people, but also tracking of their actions and reacting in the
case of misuse. Such a feature means naturally, that actions of people will be associated by
machines, that can be more useful, more convenient to use, but also allows to control, eventually
improve the actions of people. These kind of biometric functions do not require (in most cases) a
very high degree of secure recognition, but will require techniques, that are called today
multimodal biometrics: face, voice, gait and habits recognition and probably much more. It is
already visible today that such functions will be implemented in many devices, because of the
convenience, that they are offering. In industrial environment the importance of their use will
grow with the percentage of automatic devices. Their use will also offer significant advantages:
quicker reaction to the user for example in the form of establishing the environment that suits to
the person, actual using the device. It can be a seat that is adjusting its position to the needs of the
user, but also the computer desktop, loudness of the speaker, etc. This offers not only a
convenience, but also a time gain: adjusting such functions requires some time that must be not
lost, if automatically done by the machine. It allows also implementing such functions for
correction of specific errors, often made by the user, use of shortcuts that can be adjusted
individually. Broad use of such technologies will also support the development of automatic
shops and other facilities that can be now operated without employees. I think, that this kind of
devices will be developed slowly, with growing amount of functionality and in the future will
cause, that many machines will be able to recognize the needs of their users automatically,
becoming more and more able to serve people in the similar way as live servants.
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CONCLUSION
It is vital step to understand the basics, i.e. the advantages, disadvantages, requirements and most
importantly the feasibility of a biometric based security system. The implementation of ATM
security system by using biometric method is a crucial procedure, as well as very challenging and
difficult. But for security purposes and to have a control on the criminal records it is very
important to bring this system in motion. Fingerprints have intrinsic features that do not change
for whole life and are different individually. They are easy to use, cheap and provide the most
suitable miniaturization. Biometrics is one of the most popular and effective means for
identification/verification of an individual and is used as forensic evidence. It becomes important
to take help of two technologies, namely embedded system and biometrics in order to provide
enough security. Hybridization, along with the above two technologies is useful for fingerprint
verification since it refers to the automated method of verifying/ identifying a match or
similarities between two human fingerprints.

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REFERENCES
1. The Biometric Consortium, “Introduction to Biometrics”, (http://www.biometrics.org),
2006.
2. D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A.K. Jain, and S. Prabhakar, “Handbook of Fingerprint
Recognition”, Springer, London, 2009.
3. Samir Nanavati, Michael Thieme, and Raj Nanavati, “Biometrics: Identity Verification in
a Networked World”, John Wiley & Sons,2002.
4. Julian Ashbourn, “Biometrics: Advanced Identity Verification”, Springer-Verlag, London,
2002.
5. Edmund Spinella, “Biometric Scanning Technologies: Finger, Facial and Retinal
Scanning”, SANS Institute, San Francisco, CA,2003.
6. Peatman, John B., “Design with PIC Microcontrollers”, Pearson Education, India, 1998.
7. Microchip Technology Inc., “PIC16F87XA data sheet, DS39582C, 2013.
8. .www.scribd.com/doc/50033821

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