Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)

ATP ADP + P
Glycolysis

Phase 1
 “glucose breaks”
Occurs in cytoplasm
Energy Investment Phase.
PHOSPHORYLATION –
ATP invested for
activation. (This
destabilizes the glucose
molecule slightly.)

Destabilized
form of glucose.
Destabilized
form of glucose.

Rearrangement of atoms.
Fructose-6-phosphate forms.
It is an isomer of glucose-6-
phosphate.

PHOSPHORYLATION –
More ATP is invested,
resulting in Fructose 1,6
diphosphate.
 Fructose 1,6
diphosphate is broken
down into TWO 3
carbon molecules.

Remember: There are

TWO product
molecules for this and
each succeeding step.

Net result: Two

glyceraldehyde
phosphate molecules.

C C
Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate
is oxidized as NAD picks
up high energy electrons
and hydrogen.

2 NADH are formed.

These are high energy
molecules.
ATP Production
Phosphate transferred to
another carbon.
 Water produced.

ATP produced. 2
pyruvate molecules
result.

Depending on the organism,

and oxygen conditions, the 2
pyruvate molecules go through
one of the following: alcohol
fermentation, lactic acid
fermentation (both anaerobic
respiration) or aerobic
respiration.
Summary of Glycolysis
Starts with:
1 glucose molecule (C6H12O6)
2 ATP

Ends with:
2 pyruvate molecules
2 NADH
4 ATP (Gross), 2 ATP (NET)
2 H2O

This process stores a small amount of

energy in the bonds of ATP. Where
did the energy come from?

Bond energy in GLUCOSE!

ATP production

4 ATP generated
- 2 ATP invested
2 ATP net
The Fate of Pyruvate

Phase 2
Depending on the type of
organism, and / or oxygen
conditions, pyruvate will be
broken down via one of the
following pathways.
Anaerobic Pathways
Occurs if oxygen is ABSENT.
Pyruvate

Occurs in yeast and some bacteria.

NET ATP production: 2 ATP (from glycolysis)

NADH from glycolysis is recycled so that NAD

can be reused in glycolysis.
Occurs in muscles during power
activities such as powerlifting and
sprinting.

NET ATP production: 2 (from glycolysis)

CONSIDER THIS: WHY DO HUMANS NOT PRODUCE

ALCHOHOL IN THEIR MUSCLES WHEN OXYGEN IS ABSENT?
Transition Reactions and Krebs Cycle
If oxygen is present
REMEMBER: There are
TWO pyruvate molecules * NADH carries enough
from the original glucose energy to make 3 ATP
molecule. Everything you molecules in the electron
see on this page happens transport chain.
TWICE.

TRANSITION REACTIONS:
1. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria by a carrier molecule.
2. Require a “multienzyme complex” which
1. Removes CO2
2. NAD accepts hydrogen and high energy electrons. NADH forms.*
3. CoA joins acetyl group to make it active.
 2C

6C
4C

Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate (4C) to produce citrate (6C).

 6C

Citrate is isomerized to
isocitrate.
6C
 Isocitrate loses CO2.

6C NAD picks up hydrogen, electrons

and energy from isocitrate.

Which has more

energy:
isocitrate or
ketoglutarate. . .

5C
 1. CO2 is removed.
5C
2. NADH forms.

3. CoA is bonded with a

high energy bond.

4C
 4C 4C

ATP forms.
4C FADH2 forms.

Every FADH2 molecule is used

to produce 2 ATP molecules in
the electron transport chain.

4C
4C

4C
 4C

Another NADH molecule

forms and oxaloacetate
reforms.

4C
 The cycle begins again . . .

2C

6C
4C
 Summary of Transition Reactions and Krebs
Cycle

Each pyruvate molecule entering the

mitochondria goes through the
transition reactions and Krebs cycle
and results in:

2 CO2
4 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

From one glucose molecule:

2 CO2 X 2 = 4 CO2
4 NADH X 2 = 8 NADH
1 FADH2 X 2 = 2 FADH2
1 ATP X 2 = 2 ATP
The Electron Transport Chain
Phase 3
 NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons to carriers in the inner membrane of
the mitochondria. Each NADH generates 3 ATP. Each FADH2 generates 2 ATP.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXop37NVOAY&feature=related
 For every NADH that enters the
chain, 3 ATP are formed.

For every FADH2 that enters the

chain, 2 ATP are formed.

FADH2

FAD

Water is the final electron acceptor.

The electrons, hydrogen and oxygen
combine to form one water molecule.
Where is all the ATP
generated?
 x3

x3
x2
x3

x2 x3

x3 x3
x2
Glycolysis
- 2 ATP
+ 4 ATP
2 NADH x 3 = + 6 ATP

Transition Reactions and Krebs Cycle

-2 ATP*
+2 ATP
8 NADH x 3 = +24 ATP
2 FADH2 x 2 = +4 ATP
36 ATP