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Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 779–788, Article ID: IJMET_09_11_079
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=11
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
M.Sivapragash,
PSN College of Engineering and Technology,
Melathediyoor, Tirunelveli 627152, Tamil Nadu, India.
*corresponding author
ABSTRACT
The short natural fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared by
injection moulding for different fiber loading. Alkali treated pineapple leaf fiber (PALF)
is used reinforcement in the composite. The biocomposites made out of PLA up to 20%
fiber loading of untreated and treated PAF. The mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact
strength) and water absorption characterizations were performed on the PAF reinforced
polylactic acid composite with different percentage loading of untreated and treated PAF
fibers. Tensile modulus of the composite has improved 42.99% and 52.77% for untreated
and treated fiber reinforced composite respectively. Similar properties were observed for
flexural modulus and impact strength of the prepared composites. The work absorption
of the composite shows hydrophilic nature. The fracture behaviour observed from the
SEM images shows better interfacial interaction for untreated fiber reinforced composites
than treated fiber reinforced composites.
Keywords: Polylactic acid, pineapple leaf fiber (PLF), untreated & treated fiber,
mechanical and water absorption property.
Cite this Article Darsan R S, B. Stanly Jones Retnam and M Sivapragash, Mechanical and
Water Absorption of Injection Moulded Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid
Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(11),
2018, pp. 779–788.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=11
1. INTRODUCTION
The polymer composites are widely used in countless applications in our daily life such as
food processing, packaging, health and hygiene, transportation, medical product etc. Among all
the applications the thermoplastic based polymers composites contribute to 80% of the
application due to ease of recycling [1]. Over the years these composites made from
nondegradable, nonrenewable petroleum-based polymers which are depleting in nature as time
pass by. The degradation of such polymers-based products after use causes large scale
environmental issues. The degradation process faces two major concerns for the currently used
polymers. First one is the long degradation time for the polymers to naturally decay into the soil,
causing huge pile up of waste in landfill sites [2]. Second is the emission of toxic gases during
recycling process, which lead to higher risk to health[3]. Forcing the researches come up with
polymers which are degradable with lower levels of rate of emissions and can be produced from
renewable sources.
The natural biodegradable polymers are produced either from agricultural crops or by
synthesis of bio monomers from the agricultural resources[4]. Some of the degradable
biopolymers like polylactic acid (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), and poly(e-caprolactone)
(PCL) are produced by syntheses of bio monomers and they belong to polyester family [5].
Polylactic acid being the finest degradable polymer among the polyesters, is a linear aliphatic
thermoplastic produced from renewable agro sources6. The large molecular weight polymers are
made by condensation reaction or ring polymerization of lactide monomer, which is prepared
from the fermentation of corn or sugar [5,6]. Polylactic acid composites have attained higher
degree of biodegradability and mechanical properties after synthesis [1]. They have lower
processability and brittleness which make it difficult for usage in commercial applications [7].
Green composites made from renewable sources which are biodegradable, biopolymers with
natural fibers as the reinforcement, can be the best replacement candidate for the petroleum-based
composites [8,9]. The byproduct of the agricultural waste can be used for extraction of various
natural fibers. The different natural fibers such as bamboo [10], flax [11], jute [12], kenaf [13],
ramie [14], banana [1] and sisal [15] were explored in numerous researches. Predominant
mechanical properties are exhibited by some of the leaf-based fibers like pineapple leaf due to
the higher cellulose content along with lower microfibril angle [16,17]. The composites with short
pineapple fiber reinforced polyethylene have shown remarkable mechanical characteristics with
polyethylene [17,18]. The surface modification of the pineapple fiber has enhanced the properties
of the composites [16]. Recent studies analyses the mechanical properties of pineapple fiber
reinforced biopolymers, especially to check the compatibility of green composite were carried
out by researches [19]. Found satisfactory when compared with the polypropylene [20].
The present study aims in fabrication, mechanical and water absorption property evaluation
of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced composites by injection moulding. The effects of fiber loading
on the properties of untreated and treated short pineapple leaf fiber loading. Assess the optimum
tensile, flexural and impact strength from different untreated and treated fiber loading of the
composites. Evaluate the water absorption characteristic of the prepared composite. And finally,
to interpret the fracture behavior of the composites using SEM.
Table 1 The Mechanical and thermal properties of PLF [16,18] and PLA 3052D
Properties PLF PLA 3052D
Density, g/m3 1.53 1.24
Tensile strength (MPA) 287 -800 62
Tensile Modulus (GPa) 7.0 -8.0
Elongation (%) 14.5 3.5
Glass transition temperature (oC) 55 -60
Melting Temperature(oC) 145 -160
Transition Temperature (oC) 60
3. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
3.1. Mechanical Testing
5. CONCLUSION
In this study, the composites are prepared by reinforcing untreated and treated pineapple leaf fiber
into the polylactic acid matrix. The prepared UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites are
evaluated for mechanical, water absorption and morphological properties.
The following conclusion are made from the study.
• Both UPLF and TPLF are reinforced into the PLA matrix using a twin-screw extruder
followed by injection moulded into standard specimen sizes.
• Tensile strength results from the UPLF/PLA composites gives an initial increase and
a decrease in values were noted in the case of TPLF/PLA composites shows. The
tensile modulus of TPLF/PLA composites is higher than the UPLF/PLA composites.
The percentage of elongation decreases on addition of fiber loading for both the types
of composites. The percentage of elongation results for UPLF/PLA composites
demonstrates higher values than TPLF/PLA composites. This implies that, the
increase in fiber loading on the composites are becoming more and more brittle due
to the introduction of stiff fiber into PLA matrix.
• Flexural strength of both the composites are lower than the virgin PLA. Poor
interfacial interaction and low load sharing between the fiber and matrix causes
decrement in flexural property. But the flexural modulus increases on addition of fiber
into the matrix. The incorporation of stiffer fiber helps increase in modulus of the
composite.
• Impact strength of the UPLF/PLA and TPLF/PLA composites increases on increase
in fiber loading up to 15% and decreases there on. The reduction in impact strength
arisen due to the agglomeration of the fiber at higher volume faction.
• Percentage of water absorption increases on addition of fiber, is evident that
hydrophilic nature of the fiber absorbs more water than virgin PLA.
• The ductile fracture behavior depicted from the SEM images of UPLF/PLA
composites with fiber being pulled from the matrix, with fiber agglomeration and
large amount of fiber pull out from the PLA matrix. Brittle fracture with short fiber
projecting out from the TPLF/PLA composite on loading. The presence of numerous
voids, matrix breakage and poor interfacial bonding of the fiber with the matrix was
seen from the SEM images. This may be attributed to decrement in mechanical
strengths compared with the untreated fiber composites.
• Over all, the study of reinforcement of untreated and treated fiber on PLA matrix
shows that untreated fiber composites have much better properties than treated fiber
composites.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), Kochi, Sophisticated
Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF) at STIC, Kochi and J J Murphy Research Centre, Rubber
Park, Kochi in conducting different characterizations.
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