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National Workshop On Is - 456-2000 PDF
National Workshop On Is - 456-2000 PDF
ON
IS:456- 2000
16-17 August,2000
Organised by
National Council for Cement and Building Materials
New Delhi
Jointly with
IS:456-2000
02 - 03 ,tU(;UST, 2000
LIST OF CONTENTS
S No Topic Page
Nos
I Revision of IS:456 Code of Practice for Plain and 01-25
Reinforced concrete Overview of Modifications
—
1. INTRODUCTION
It is one of the most important basic standards widely used and accepted by
engineers, technical institutions, professional bodies and the construction industry. The
Code is expected to be used as one package for the design of concrete structures in
general building construction. It does not advocate the use of different provision from
different Codes in the design of concrete structures. However, for the design of special
structures, such as shell structures, folded plates, arches, bridges, chimneys, blast
resistant structures, hydraulic structures and liquid retaining structures specific
requirements as specified in the respective Codes shall be adopted in conjunction with
the provisions of the Code as far as they are applicable.
2. HISTORY OF IS 456
2.1 First published in 1953 under the title “Indian Standard Code of Practice for
Plain and Reinforced Concrete for General Building Construction”.
Highlights:
• covered design based on working stress method. Stresses were based
on British Standard Code.
• unit used was FPS.
Printed copies of 1 953 version sold out rapidly indicating the need for such
Code in the country.
- Scope was enlarged to cover other types of structures. The title was also
modified as “Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete”.
Other highlights of the revisions are:
• Use of SI unit
• Use of new materials like flyash, silica fume, rice husk ash, metakaoline,
blast furnace slag, super plasticisers etc. in concrete and the need for
increased durability demanded modifications in the material clause of the
Code.
• Simplifying the acceptance criteria of concrete which in the present Code,
is considered to be cumbersome
3
• Whether Working Stress Method should be given an independent identity.
While taking up the revision of the code, due considerations have been given
by the concerned committee to all the major issues pointed out by the users.
Every revision of the code has distinct landmark; 1964 version introduced
ultimate load theory as a method of design, 1978 version introducè~ Limit State
Concept of design and the proposed revision has brought out, in addition to other
changes, durability aspect in concrete making and construction.
Changes in the analysis and design clauses are meant to improve the safety
and serviceability of the structures which may not bring substantial overall effect on
cost, but changes in concrete technology aspect like minimum cement content,
minimum grade of concrete, cover thickness etc. may affect cost of construction. The
impact of such changes, however, has to be considered taking into account the
resultant enhancement in durability and changes in the overall life cycle cost of the
structure.
Studies of distresses structure in recent past have clearly indicated that the
failures have been more due to lack of proper durability considerations during
construction stage of a structure, Durability of a structure is affected due to various
physical chemical and biological factors. These factors can be taken care of by proper
assessment of environment, selection of right material and mixes, adequate structural
design, good placement. provision of protective coating and preventive maintenance.
This calls for system approach in the design code. Accordingly, durability clause has
been enlarged to cover all the factors in details so as to bring in-built protection from
such factors keeping in view the overall life cycle cost of the structure.
4
5. IMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS
5.1 Materials
5.1.1 Cement
Later still other materials, inorganic in nature, were introduced mainly to bring
economy. Yet further encouragement for the use of some of the ‘supplementary;
material were provided by the ecological concerns. Materials such as blast furnace
slag, flyash, silica fume considered as waste materials were found to be very useful not
only in bringing economy but to help conservation of environment and getting some
properties helpful for durability of concrete.
Indian cement industry has also grown rapidly in recent past and at present
i~ranked4th in production next only to China, Japan and USA. Different varieties of
cements are covered by different Indian Standards, which are to be used depending
upon the intended use.
“The cement used shall be any of the following and type selected be
appropriate for the intended use:
The list contains standards for three grades of OPC (i.e. 33 grade~ (IS 269),
43 grade(IS 8112))53 grade (IS 12269)) rapid hardening Portland cement (IS 8041),
Portland slag cement (IS 544), Portland pozzolana cement [IS 1489 (Part 1&2)},
hydrophobic cement(~S8043)10w heat Portland cement (IS 1260o), sulphate resisting
cement (IS 12330).
Usual cautionary note given for the use of low heat cement, high alumina
cement and supersulphate cement continues in the revised version.
It has now been established that use of proper quality of flyash, ground
granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume in certain proportion in concrete not only
saves energy and conserve resources, it brings technical benefits like influence on the
rate of development of heat, strength and on resistance to chemical attack.
In order to encourage use of flyash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
in concrete following have been added in the clause on cement
5
used in the manufacture of concrete provided there are satisfactory data on
their suitability, such as performance test on concrete containing them”.
The Code also gives a cautionary clause emphasising that consumers should
follow the performance characteristics given in the respective Indian Standard
specification for the cement. Any other claim by the manufacturers either on bags or
in advertisement are required to be dealt with caution to avoid any problem in concrete
making and construction.
Flyash, silica fume, rice husk ash and metakaoline, which have got pozzolanic
properties and ground granulated blast furnace slag are being used with advantages
for concrete making by concrete technologist. The revised Code has, therefore, given
provision for such materials.
Silica fume (very fine non crystalline silicon dioxide) is a by product of the
manufacture of silicon, ferrosilicon or the like, from quartz and carbon in electric arc..
furnaces. Silica in the form of glass (amorphous) is highly reactive, and the smallness
of the particles (0.03 - .3 micron) speeds up the reaction with calcium hydroxide
produced by the hydration of Portland cement. The very small particle of silica fume
can enters the space between the particles of cement and thus improve packing.
concrete. The Code therefore, has made adequate provision for use of silica fume.
6
5.1.2.3 Rice Husk Ash
Rice husks are a natural waste product have a very high silica content, and
when burnt at controlled temperature (500- 700°C)iesultsin an amorphous material
with porous structure. It is reported to contribute to the strength of concrete at 1 to 3
days.
5.1.2.4 Metakaoline
Ground granulated blast furnace slag has been used in the manufacture of
slag cement upto 65%. Tn recent years there has been increasing use of mixing the
Portland cement and ground granulated slag components direct in the concrete mixers.
Advantage is that the proportion can be varied as per the requirement.
5.1.3 Water
Quality of all the ingredients of concrete are important. Water, being a thajor
ingredient must also be of proper quality. Requirements for quality of water has been
modified in the reused standard.
5.1.3.1 Sulphate
The amount of sulphate that can be tolerated in mixing water depeilds upon
the sulphate content of aggregate and cement, a limit of 4% of SO3 by mass of cement
has been proposed as total amount of SO3 in concrete.
7
5.1.3.2 Chloride
Limit of chloride content in water has been brought down from 1 000 mg/I to
500 mg/I for reinforced concrete work. This is in line with the prov!sion of British
Standard.
Chlorides are among the more abundant materials on earth and are present
in variable amounts in all of the ingredients of concrete. In order to keep the limit of
chloride below the threshold level which can initiate corrosion of reinforcement, limit of
500 mg/I in water has been recommended. Potable water has been found to be
generally suitable for concrete work.
The existing Code has a suggestive clause which states that for reinforced
concrete work aggregates having nominal size of 20 mm are generally satisfactory. It
has been observed that for all practical purposes this provision takes precedence over
other provision regarding size of aggregates, though use of larger size wherever
possible are technically more appropriate and economically desirable. The revision,
therefore includes following additional sentence which can take care of this aspect.
5.1.5 Admixtures
5.2 Concrete
8
usually gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete since strength is directly
Most national standards, rules and regulations for concrete structures are
applicable to concrete strength upto about 50 60 N/mm2. CEB-FIP Model Code
-
recommended 80 N/mm2 and Norwegian Standard NS 3473:89 recommends upt 105
N/mm2.
Realising the need, the revised Code has given provision upto 80 N/mm2. It
is, however, expected that users of high strength concrete will have sufficient data and
technology with them and will use high strength with proper care. Following note
emphasises this point.
Although minimum grade of concrete has been kept as M20, provision have
been given for use of concrete of lesser strength for plain concrete construction, lean
concrete, simple foundation, foundation for masonry walls or other simple or temporary
construction
9
The table giving grades of concrete is as follows:
Designers often express that the age factors given in the existing code is
theoretically alright, but in practice it does not help the designers. The gain of strength
depends upon the grade of concrete, type of cement, w/c ratio, curing regime etc.
These age factors may help to ascertain the actual behaviour of a distress structure but
should not be used for design. Accordingly the values of age factors have been
deleted
5.2.4 Workability
Workability of Concrete
Placing Condition Degree of Workability Slum
(mm)
Blinding Concrete; Very low see Note
Shallow Section:
Pavement using Payers,
Mass concrete, lightly . 25 . 75
reinforced s~ctionin slabs
beams, walls, column; Floor Low
Hand Placed pavements
Canal lining
Strip footing
Heavily reinforced Medium 50- 100
Section in slabs
beams, wall, columns;
slip formwork: 75-100
Pumped Concrete
Trench fill: High 100- 150
In-situ piling
Tremie Concrete Very High see Note
Note: For most of the placing conditions, internal vibrators (needle vibrators) are suitable. the
diameter of the needle shall be determined based on the density and spacing of reinforcement
bars and thickness sections. For tremie concrete vibrators are not required to be used
II
In the very low’ category of workability where strict control is necessary e.g.
pavement quality concrete, measurement of workability by determination of compacting
factor will be more appropriate than slump (see IS 1199:1959) and a value of 0.75 to
0.80 is suggested.
5.2.5 Durability
construction.
The basic features in BS 8110, ACI 318 Building Code requirements for
reinforced concrete, AS 3600 concrete structures relating to durability design are:
The approach taken in the revised Code is in similar line as above. It now
recognise following main factors influencing durability.
a) the environment
b) the cover
c) the type and quality of constituent material
d) the cement content and w/c ratio of the concrete
e) workmanship, to obtain full compaction and
f) the shape and size of member.
The existing standard covered three exposure conditions, i.e. Mild, Moderate and
Severe. In the proposed revision very severe and extreme have been added. The
classification proposed is given below.
12
Exposure Conditions
Environment Exposure Condition
Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet.
Concrete exposed to condensation and rain
Concrete continuously under water
Concrete in contact or buried under non-aggressive soil/ground water.
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying
or occasional freezing whilst wet or severe condensation
Concrete completely immersed in sea water
Very Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or
sever freezing conditions whilst wet
Concrete exposed to aggressive subsoil ground water or coastal
environment.
While defining the exposure condition, provisions, of other codes like AS 3600,
ACI 318, Pr ENV 206, CEB FIP Model Code were also discussed. It was discussed
whether location in relation to sea could be defined as in AS 3600. However, it was felt
that such details would be difficult to define. Provisions of Pr ENV 206 Concrete-
Performance, production, placing and compliance criteria, was also not found suiting
our requirements.
13
Combination of sulphate with free calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime)
liberated during the hydration of the cement, to form Calcium sulphate
(Gypsum)
Considering the above facts the recommendations for the type of cement and
w/c ratio is now modified. (see Annex 1). These values are in the line with the
provisions given in BS 8110.
British Standard BS 8110 (Part 1) limits the total chloride content in reinforced
concrete cement to 0.40% by mass of cement. The same limit is prescribed in
European Standard ENV 206:1992. The approach in AOl 318:1989 is to consider water
soluble chlorides ion only. On that basis the chloride ion content is limited to 0.15% by
mass of cement. The two values are not substantially different from one another
because water soluble chlorides are only a part of the total chloride content, namely
the free chloride in pore water. The revision of IS 456 recommends as follows:
14
Formulation of a standard on Method of test for determination of total chloride
content which may be based on ASTM C 1152-90 or BS 1881 : Part 124:1988 has
also been initiated.
British Code BS 8110, American Code ACI 318, Australian Code 3600 and CEB
-FIP model code all identify permeability as being the key to durable concrete without
putting any limit on this; instead prescription are given for mix constituents and
proportions, cover and curing.
Keeping the provisions of,the above standards in mind, the provision in IS 456
is given in Annex II.
There is feeling in some section of the users of the code that with the availability
of cement of high strength, minimum cement content could be reduced further.
However, this is not true since the minimum cement is required first to ensure
sufficient alkalinity to provide a passive environment against corrosion of steel;
secondary minimum cement and w/c ratio are so chosen that should result in sufficient
volume of cement paste to overfill voids in the compacted aggregates.
3 unless special
Maximum cement content has been restricted to 475 kg/rn
consideration has been given in design to the increased risk of cracking due to drying
shrinkage in thin section or to early thermal cracking and to the increased risk to
damage due to alkali-silica reaction.
e) Design Mix
Preference has been given to design mix. For design mix constructor shall carry
out the mix design and the mix so designed (not the method of design) shall be
approved by the employer within the limitations of parameters and other stipulation laid
down by the Code.
15
f) Cover Requirements
In the existing IS Code cover requirement is not given on the basis of exposure
condition. However, in the revised Code, it is given on the basis of exposure conditions.
The provisions are reproduced below:
Mild 20
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very Severe 50
Extreme 75
Notes:
1) For main reinforcement upto 12 mm diameter bar for mild exposure the nominal
cover may be reduced by 5 mm.
2) Unless specified otherwise, actual cover shall not deviate from the required
nominal÷lOmor-O.
However, for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any
case not be less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of column of minimum
dimensions of 200 mm or under whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a cover
of 25 mm may be used.
It is felt that improper cover has been one of the main causes of deterioration of
structures. Earlier provision in the code was for minimum clear cover. There is
tendency to attempt the minimum specified in construction which results in concrete
cover much below the requirements in actual practice. With the present provision of
nominal cover it has been attempted to achieve, in practice at least 20 mm cover to
reinforcement including links.
The basic objective of compaction is to produce a solid void free mass. Due
importance has been given, in the revision of the code, to this important aspect.
16
5.2.7 Curing
Adequate provision has been given in the Code and the concerned committee
has initiated a separate code of practice for curing of concrete covering all aspects
which could subsequently be referred in the Code.
There has been proposal from some section of engineers that service life of
structures should be defined in our codes. It is, however, felt that at this stage it would
not be possible to define service life of structures.
There is a general feeling that the acceptance criteria of concrete given in the
existing code which was based on Australian Code AS 1480-1974, is quite
cumbersome. The acceptance criteria has now been modified keeping international
practice and Indian condition in mind. It lays down appropriate limits for flexural and
compressive strength of individual test sample and also group of four consecutive
samples. It is felt that this simplified acceptance criteria will be welcomed by all field
engineers.
5.6 Batching
With the emergence of Ready Mix concrete plants in the country, it was felt
necessary to encourage them to bring quality in concrete construction. It is, therefore,
mentioned that Readymix concrete supplied by RMC plant shall be preferred.
17
5.7 Inspection and Testing of Structures
The clause on inspection and testing of structures has been enlarged to give
general guidance on all aspects which should be considered for safety and
serviceability of a given structure.
c) Stripping time for formwork has been modified. Now for vertical formwork to
column, walls, large beams minimum stripping time is 16 hrs.
Some section of designers feet that during the last revision of the Code Working
Stress Method (WSM) was retained alongwith Limit State Method (LSM) considering
that it was a transition phase and slowly designers would change to limit state design
completely. After 21 years of publication of that revision, the need to continue with
working stress method. when code of other countñes have changed completely to Limit
State Design, required review. BS 8110:1985, CEB-FIP, Model Code 1990 have
completely changed over to the limit state method, retaining the use of service loads
(without load factor) only for carrying out serviceability limit state calculation of crack
Width, deflection and vibration. The American Code ACI 318:1989 allows the use of
working stress method as an alternate method to limit state method and is included as
a Appendix in that code. The German Code DIN 1045/1968 makes selective use of the
WSM for shear and Torsion, for ensuring that the structure behaves properly under
working loads.
1) Fire resistance - Clause on fire resistance have now been enlarged based on BS
8110. This now includes apart from other requirements, minimum dimensional
requirement of wall, column, slab and beam with the minimum nominal cover for
different fire ratings.
18
ii) Effective length of Cantilever has been added. As per the new clause:
The effective length of a Cantilever shall be taken as its length to the face of the
support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a
continuous beam where the length to the centre of support shall be taken”.
iii) For substitute frame, it has been recommended that rigorous analysis may be
required where side way consideration becomes critical.
The main drift deflection criteria for high rise building is lateral drift. This is the
relative magnitude of the lateral displacement at the top of a building with
respect to the height.
“Under prominent wind load, the laterals sway at the top should not exceed
H/500, where H is the total height of the building. For seismic loading, reference
should be made to IS 1893:1984”.
Fig 3 of the existing code for modification factor for tension reinforcement has
now been modified. The curves are now based on actual steel stress at service
loads as compared to the existing clauses which are based on allowable stress.
(See Annex Ill).
vi) Clause of 23.2 of the existing code has been modified as follows, in view of
better clarity so that the two way slabs may not be designed as continuous
beam.
“Slabs spanning in one direction and continuous over support shall be designed
according to the provision applicable to continuous beam”.
via) Considering that the support moments for adjacent panels calculated from Table
22 would vary significantly, redistribution of moment should be allowed. The
provision given in BS 8110 (Part 1) was considered more appropriate and a new
clause regarding adlustment of support moment in resultant slab have been
added.
19
5.7.2 Requirements Governing Reinforcement and Detailing (Existing clause 25)
There has been proposals to bring some details regarding reinforcement and
detailing of reinforcements from SP 24. It is felt that since details are available in SP 24
and SP 43:1981 Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing, one can always
refer to those publications, whenever needed.
However, provisions of other requirements in the code have been reviewed in the
light of comments received. Important Modification in this section are:
I) Considering the bars in flexural or direct tension both have the same bonding
characteristics with concrete. It was felt that there was no need to treat the two
cases separately. Accordingly the clause 25.2.5.1 has been modified. The
modified clause is in line with 3.12.8.13 of BS 8110 (Part 1) and cl.12.2.3 of ACI
318:89.
5,7.3 Special Design Requirements for Structural Members and System (Section
4, Clause 28 of IS 456:1978)
ii) A new clause has been added for calculation of enhanced shear strength
of sections close to supports (based on BS 8110).
20
iii) Some modification in the torsion has also been made to make specific
mention for equilibrium torsion and need for design for it. This is based
on Cl. 40.1 of SF 24 and Cl.8.6 of AOl 318:1989.
As per the existing clause, Members subjected to combined direct load and
flexure and design by the methods based on elastic theory should be further checked
for their strength under ultimate load condition to ensure the desired margin of safety.
CONCLUSION
The revision brings durability criteria as a major criteria keeping in view the
changing scenario world over in the field of concrete. Though it is required to bring
changes in the code keeping in view the present trend and knowledge, at the same time
it is also required to ensure that the revision is easily adaptable in the country and it
does not prevent the technological advancement in the country. Some of the changes
in the revised Code reflect that trend. Standards are always open for review. Any
proposals for modification at any stage, can be referred to Bureau of Indian Standards
for the consideration of the concerned Committee.
Ref: Dr. J.K. Prasad, Former Deputy Director, Bureau of Indian Standards.
21
Annex 1
CONCRETE EXPOSED TO SULPHATE ATTACK
(Clause 8.2.2.4)
22
Notes:
4) The cement contents given in Class 2 are the minimum recommended. For SO.,
contents near the upper limit of Class 2, cement contents above these minimum
are advised.
5) For severe conditions such as thin sections under hydro-sta tic pressure on one
side only and sections partly immersed, considerations should be given to a
further reduction of water/cement ratio.
6) Portland slag cement conforming to 1S:455 with slag content more than 50
percent exhibits better sulphate resisting properties.
7) Where chloride is also encountered along with sulphate in soil or ground water,
ordinary Portland cement with CA content from 5 to 8 percent shall be desirable
to be used in concrete, instead of sulphate- resisting cement. Alternatively a
blend ofordinary Portland Cement and slag may also be used provided sufficient
in formation is available on performance of such blended cements in these
conditions.
Annex 2
Notes:
Cement content prescribed in the Table is irrespective of the grades of cement and it
is inclusive of addition mentioned in 5.2. The additions such as flyash or ground
granulated blast furnace slag may be taken into account in the concrete composition
with respect to the cement content and w/c ratio if the suitability is established and as
long as the maximum amounts taken into account do not exceed the limit of pozzolana
and slag specified in IS 1489 (Part 1) and IS 455 respectively.
2. Mirumum grade for Plain concrete under mild exposure condition not specified.
10 +40
20 0
40 -30
24
Annex 3
c:~
D 4. 2 2.0 2.4 ~‘ 24 30
PERCENTAGE TENSION REINFORCEMENT
As required
ts = 0.58.fy.
As provided
25
MIX PROPORTIONING AND
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Exposure conditions;
ii) Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing;
iii) Method of placing; and
iv) Degree of supervision.
The mix shall be designed to produce the grade of concrete having the
required workability and a characteristic strength.
Mix design done earlier not prior to one year may be considered adequate
for later work provided there is no change in source and the quality of the
materials.
Standard Deviation
26
c) Standard deviation to be brought up to date — The calculation of the
standard deviation shall be brought up to date after every change of
mix design.
Where sufficient test results for a particular grade of concrete are not
available, the value of standard deviation given in Table 1 may be assumed for
design of mix in the first instance. As soon as the results of samples are
available, actual calculated standard deviation shall be used and the mix
designed properly.
Note : The above values correspond to the site control having proper
storage of cement, weigh batching of all materials, controlled addition of
water, regular checking of all materials, aggregate gradings and moisture
content, periodical checking of workability and strength. Where there is
deviation from the above, the values given in the above Table shall be
increased by 1 N/mm2.
However, when adequate past records for a similar grade exist and justify
to the designer a value of standard deviation different from that shown in Table 1,
it shall be permissible to use that value.
Nominal mix concrete may be used for concrete of M20 or lower. The
proportions of materials for nominal mix concrete shall be in accordance with
Table 2.
27
Table 2: Proportions for Nominal Mix Concrete
The cement content of the mix specified in Table 2 for any nominal mix
shall be proportionately increased if the quantity of water in a mix has to be
increased to overcome the difficulties of placement and compaction, so that the
water-cement ratio as specified is not exceeded.
28
Quahty assurance measures are both technical and organizational. Some
common cases should be specified in a general Quality Assurance Plan which
shall identify the key elements necessary to provide fitness of the strUcture and
the means by which they are to be provided and measured with the overall
purpose to provide confidence that the realized project will work satisfactorily in
service fulfilling the intended needs. The job of quality assurance would involve
quality audit of both the inputs as well as the outputs; inputs in the form of
materials for concrete; workmanship in all stages of batching, mixing,
transportation, placing compaction and curing and the related plant, machinery
and equipments; resulting in the output in the form of concrete in place. To
ensure proper performance, it is necessary that each step in concreting which
will be covered by the next step, is inspected as the work proceeds.
29
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
30
same type and strength class and from a single s~urce and
aggregate of the same geological origin and type (crushed
or uncrushed) If admixtures or additions are used these
.
31
strengLh by 0.825 times established standard
deviation or 3N/rnm 2 (4N/mm2 for M20 and above)
whichever is greater.
v. The concrete is deemed to comply with strength
requirement when both the conditions are met.
(Acceptance criteria given in Is 456-1978 is appended for
the purpose of comparison).
The acceptance is thus on the basis of average of four
non-overlapping consecutive samples tested from one lot.
32
Lclausc 15 °JIJ!456-19781
15.1 The col1crctc shall be deemed to comply with the strength require.
ments if:
a) every sample has a test strength not less than the characteristic value;
or
b) the strength df one or more samples though less than the cbarac.-
terist.ic value, is in each case not less thao the greater of:
1) the characteristic strength minus 135 times the standard devia-
tion; and
2) 080 times the characteristic strength;
and the average streog-th ol all the samples is not less than the
characteristic strength plus
1165
L
1 65 ] times the standard deviation.
~/ number of samples j
15.2 Tbe concrete shall be deemed not to comply with the strength require-
m~”ts if:
~.) the strength olauy sample is lees than the greater~f:
I) the characteristic strength minus l~35tirne~the standard dcvia.
lion; and
2) 010 times the characteristic strength; or
b) the average strength ol all the samples is less than the cliaraclc~c~ic
strength plus • •~ •..
15.3 Concrete, which does not meet tbe strength requirements n~spcciIicd
in 15J.. but has a .ctrebgth greater than that required by t5.2 may, at the dis~
cretiori of the designer, be accepted as being structurally adu~quatc whhcuuj~
further testing. ..~1° - •~
15.4 If the concrete is deemed not to compiy persuant to 15.2, the structural
adequacy of the parts affected, sbaU be investigaI~d( cu~ 16 ) and an>’ ‘:once.
qucotial action as needed shall be taken.
15.5 Concrete of each grade shall bea~sessed separately.
15.6 Concrete shall be assessed daily for compliance.
15.7 Concrete is liable to be rejected if it is porous or boae~’-combea; ii’.
placing has been interrupted without providing a proper cocsthictioo joint;
the reinforcement has been displaced beyond the tolerances speciIicd; or
construction tolerances have not been met. However, the bardened concrctc
•
may be ‘accepted after carrying out suitable remedial measures o the s~’~k
faction of ibe engineer-in-charge.
33
ACCEPAThNCE CRITERIA
The concrete shall deemed to comply with the strength requirements if:
2 ii fo~ + 3 N/mm2
(M15)
-t ~ + 4 N/mm2
(M20 or more)
0
~1
z Notes:
For n number of samples
= f~ + 1. 65 A; favQ = fm,an — 1. 65 A;
— 3A = f~, + 1. 65 A— 3A = f~ - 1.35 A
DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL
35
The factors influencing durability include
a! the environment
36
Exposure Conditions
37
Chlorides and Sulphates in Concrete
Alkali—aggregate reaction
38
Where the service records of particular cement/aggregate
combination are well established, and do not include any
instances of cracking due to alkali—aggregate reaction, no
further precautions should be necessary. When the materials are
unfamiliar, precautions should take one or more of the following
forms:
39
TABLE I EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
Environment Exposure Conditions
4o
TABLE 2 MINIMUM CONTENTS OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS, MAXIMUM
W/C RATIO AND MINIMUM GRADE OF CONCRETE FOR DIFFERENT
EXPOSURE WITH NORMAL WEIGHT AGGREGATES OF 2~ MM NOMINAL
MAXiMUM SIZE
NOTES
41
TABLE 3 CONCRETE EXPOSED TO SULPHATE ATTACK
1 Less than Less than Less than Ordinary Portland 280 0.55
0.2 1.0 0.3 cement or Portland
slag cement or
Portland Pozzolana
Cement
42
NOTES:
43
TABLE 4 LIMITS OF CHLORIDE CONTENT OF CONCRETE
44
SHEAR CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT
NEAR SUPPORTS
45
a~/d is less than 0.6. In such cases horizontal stirrups
parallel to the main tension reinforcement are recommended.
where
v nominal shear stress
=
46
Tablel9 and appropriate shear reinforcement assessed in
accordance with the Section 40.4. If this amount of shear
reinforcement is provided at sections closer ~o the support
no further check for shear at such sections is required.
S~ = stirrup spacing
Concrete corbels:
47
x
~ H
at,
x
NOTE. The shear causing lailure is that acting on section X — X.
~. .
•
I,..
8 •
tø , I Expenment
EC2 tne
S..
I.
.1
I
I
• : • S
~i1
Jig. .2. Experimental results Jor
I 2 3
shear strength near supports
aid
48
main steel welded to a
transverse bar of
equal diameter
DETAILING RULES
(1) lit,~0.5/1
(2) 0.4~100 A,/bd’~1.3
(3) 0.6~100(A,
1±A,jlbd~20
(b) (4) Other details as per diagrams.
49
TAFft.E 19 DESEGN SHEAR STREP1CTII OF C0UCRETE~ ~N/u~2
(C1.9[J912 60.2.1, 60.2.2, 60.3, 614, 41.3.2, 6L3.3 and 41.6.3
IF’ o.~J
0.25
0.28
0.35
0.28
0.36
0.29
0.36 •
0.29
•0.37
0.29
0.37
0.30
0.33
Ihiole - Th~
.~ts i~ Ihe
~ re~ of 4- I ongi.n~
j 1,jrjtn?(
i~fficF.ivg
~erts Ion
Lep$h
reinforcement ~ihich inue~ ~ c te~
beyond the ~9C$~r,fl i~e~ng oon’~idered exr~ept~ ~‘.tpport ~~here
•~
the f’jl I
~re~ of ~ reirtforcg..~ni m~ be ~ proviriect
the rJe+~jNn~ cortform~ 1o 26.2.2 ~ 26.2.3
50
SLABS SPANNING IN TWO
DIRECTIONS AT RIGHT ANGLE
Two-way spanning
slab4: unequal edge condition
znadj -
~a:ei1M,2P3nei2
(a) Obtain the support moments for panels I and 2 Irom Table 3.6. Il M
and M are treated as fixed end moments, the moments may be
_.~
51
DESIGNERS HANDBOOK TO EUROCODE 2
Table 3.6. Bond3ng moment coefficienls for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision to
lorelon at cornors
Type ol panel and Short span coetticlenls ~ Long span
moments con~id~r~d coetticienls
l/1._____________ it.~(or nil
values of
- 1-0 11 12 1-3 1-4 1-5 1.75 2.0
y1
1
interior panels
Negative moment at
continuous edge 0-031 0-037 0042 0-046 0-050 0-053 0-059 0-063 0.032
Positive moment at
mid-span 0-024 0-028 0-032 0-035_- 0-037 0-040 0-044 0.048 0-024
One short edge -
discontinuous
Negative moment at
continuous edge 0-039 0044 0048 0-052 0055 0-058 0-063 0067 0-037
Poaflive moment at
mid-span 0-029 0-033 0-036 0-039 0-041 0-043 0.047 0-050 0-028
mid-span . - 0-034 0-046 0-056- 0-065- 0-072 0-078- 0.091 0~100 0034
Three edges
discontinuous (one
long edge continuous)
Negative moment at
continuous edge 0.057 0-065 0071 0-076 0-081 0-084 0.092 0098 —
Positive moment at
mid-span 0043 0-048 0-053 0-057 0-060 0-063 0-069 0-074 0-044
Three edges
discontinuous (one
short edge
continuous)
Negstive moment at
continuous edge — —
52
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
23,1 General — The provisions of 22.2 for beams apply to slabs also.
Nom 1 — For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two spans should
be used for calculating the span to effective depth ratios.
Nort 2 — For two-way slabs of~span, ( up to 35 m) with mild steel reinforce-
ment, the span to overall depth ratios given below may generally be assumed to ~ati,1y
vertical deflection hinnfts for loading cla.ss up to 3 000 N/rn’ (300 kg/rn’ )~
Simply Supported slobs 35 -
Continuou3 slabs 40
For hi~bstrength deformed bars ofgrade F~415, the values gh’cn above should be
multiplied by 08.
l.A
i-s
I
0
l-2
0 I-s
0
a
J-0~
0 0-50 00 lEO 5-00 2~0
It
0 peItctl~SAGE CQ,4PRESS,ON SF’WFORCE ME NI
F-
U
F,~,4 MoolFicAnoN FACTOR FOR CoMpReasloli R!LM,ORCIMENr
I.00
0
I—
U
U- 0.95
0
0
0
— 0-90
u
4
U.
X
0 0.~S
U
0
U 0.80
0.75
PERCENTAGE OF TENSION STEEL
0.70
0 02 O.E 0.8 0.0 1-0
Figure .~ -.~ Modification factors for tension reinforcement RAtIO OF WEB WIDtH
TO FtANGE WIDTH
Fiu. 5 l&suuw-uu FArruks FISH .RATIOI or Sa-~nTO
- DSPTH FOR F~NOeoBEAUS
LAP LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS
55
sometimes cracks above the bar. The reduction is in the
region of 30 per cent(EUR000DE).
2. Closely spaced laps can lead to a plane of weakness
within a section, which can lead to reduction in
strength.
3. Corners are also a source of weakness; failure caused
by low lateral distance.
4. Bond increase with increasing ratio of cover to bar
diameter. Low cover values can cause failure. -
whichever
is greater
I
- basic anchorage length. ~t = diameter of bar
56
COVER TO REINFORCEMENTS
Concrete cover:
nominal value
- I
Fig. 1
Concrete cover: example
I
I-
a-
hat? nominal value of the
Penetration
w effect of
0
thickness
of cover
25 50 100
10 15
TIME — years
57
the specified value was —20 mm for top reinforcement, and
-8 mm for the bottom reinforcement. In precast slabs,
with only bottom reinforcement, the cover was virtually
exactly as specified.
58
• There is a need for a less confrontational culture
throughout the industry, which would encourage the good
communications, and coordination required achieving a
high quality of construction.
59
I~ 456 recommendations:
60
From the standpoint of durability, protection of
reinforcement is a function of the thickness of cover and
of the quality of concrete in it. The British code
provides a table of alternative combinations of thickness
of cover together with the quality of concrete to ensure
durability under given conditions. The Draft IS 456 does
not provide such combinations.
Workmanship:
Achieving the required cover is a question of
reliability and workmanship. It is essential thatproper
guidelines are available in the Code. Under the Section
Assembly of Reinforcement certain specifications are
given:
• Spacers, chairs and other supports detailed on
drawings, together with such other supports as may
be necessary, should be used to maintain the
specified nominal cover to the steel
reinforcement.
• Spacers and chairs should be placed at a maximum
spacing of 1 m and closer spacing may sometimes
may be necessary. -
61
It is important to note that the material for
spacers should be durable, and it should neither lead to
corrosion of reinforcement nor cause spalling of concrete
cover. Also the mix used for spacer blocks should be
comparable in strength, durability, porosity and
appearance to the surrounding concrete.
Fire resistance: -
62
factor in causing deterioration. (The Concrete society
Report CS44). Another concern expr~ssed is that
increasing the concrete cover may head to higher
transverse tension in faces under high compressive
stress. It is also to be noted that too large a cover
will result in the reduction of effective depth and
consequently reduction in the moment of resistance of the
beam or its ultimate strength. To quantify a limit on the
thickness of cover the maximum value suggested is 75 mm.
63
DESIGN OF SLABS
In general there are not significant changes in the design and analysis ofsolid
slabs except forminor change in clause No. 24,4 and a new Clause No. 24.4.1
24.2 Slabs spanning in one direction and continuous over supports shall be designed
according to the provisions applicable to continuous beams. -
In some cases the support moments calculated from Table 26 for adjacent panels
may differ significantly. The following procedure may be adopted to adjust them.
c) According to the relative stiffness at adjacent spans, distributed the fixed end
moments across the supports, giving new support moments.
d) Adjust midspan , moments such that, when added to the support moments from
( c) (neglecting signs), the total should be equal to that from (a). -
If the resulting support moments are significantly greater than the value from
Table 26, the tension steel over the supports will need to be extended beyond the
provisions of 26.2 The procedure should be as follows:
.
e) Take the span moment as parabolic between supports: its maximum value is as
found from (d)
f) Determining the points of contraulexure of the new support moments (from (c))
with the span moment (from (e))
g) Extended half the support tension steel at each end to at least an effective depth or
12 bar diameters beyond the nearest point of contraflexure.
h) Extend the full area of the support tension steel at each end to half the distance
from (g).
64
Comments: This clause explains the method of distribution of unequal support
moments for adjacent panels.
Earlier in this section only the method of analysis and design of Flat Slab was
explained. Now in the revised version ofthe code, the method ofanalysis and
- design of Ribbed, Hollow Block or Voided Slab (Clause 30 ) has also been
introduced. -
30.1 General
This covers the slabs constructed in one of the ways described below: -
a) As a series of concrete ribs with topping cast on forms which may be removed
after the concrete has set;
b) As a series of concrete ribs betweenprecast blocks which remain part ofthe
completed structure; the top of the ribs may be connected by a topping of concrete
ofthe same strength as that used in the ribs; and
c) With a continuous top and bottom face but containing voids of rectangular, oval
- or other shape. -
The moment and forces due to design loads on continuous slabs may ~e obtained by the
methods given in Section 3 for solid slabs. Alternatively, the slabs may be designed as a
series of simply supported spans provided they are not exposed to weather or corrosive
conditions; wide cracks may develop at the supports and the engineer shall satisfy
himselfthat these will not impair finishes or lead to corrosion of the reinforcement.
30.3 Shear
Where hollow block are used, for the purpose of calculating shear stress, the rib width
may be increased to take account of the ~vall thickness of the block on one side of the
rib; with narrow precast units, the width ofthe jointing mortar or concrete may be
included.
65
30.4 Deflection
The Recommendations for deflection in respect of solid slabs may be applied to ribbed,
hollow block or voided construction. The span to effective depth ratios given in 23.2 for
a flanged beam are applicable but when calculating the final reduction factor for web
width, the rib width for hollow block slabs maybe assumed to include the walls ofthe
blocks on both sides of the rib. For voided slabs and slabs constructed of box or I-section
units, an effective rib width shall be calculated assuming all material be’low the upper
flange ofthe unit to be concentrated in a rectangular rib having the same cross-sectional
area and depth.
In-situ ribs shall be not less than 65mm wide. They shall be spaced at centres not greater
than I .5m apart and their depth, excluding any topping, shall be not more than fourtimes
their width.
Generally ribs shall be formed along each edge parallel to the span of one way slabs.
When the edge is built into a wall or rests on a beam, a rib atleast as wide as the bearing
shall be formed along the edge.
Blocks and formers may be ofany suitable material. Hollow clay tiles for the filler types
shall conform to IS 3951 (Part 1). When required to contribute to the structural strength
of a slab they shall:
The recommendations given in 26.3 regarding maximum distance between bars apply to
areas of solid concrete in this form of construction. The curtailment, anchorage and cover
to reinforcement shall be as described below:-
a) At least 50 percent ofthe total main reinforcement shall be carried though at the
bottom on to the bearing and anthored in accordance with 26.2.3.3.
b) Where a slab, which is continuous over supports, has been designed as simply
supported, reinforcement shall be provided over the support to control cracking.
This reinforcement shall have a cross-sectional area ofnot less than one-quarter
66
that required in the middle ofthe adjoining spans and shall extend at least one-
tenth of the clear span into adjoining spans.
c) In slabs with permanent blocks, the side cover to the reinforcement shall not be
less than 10mm, In all other cases, cover shall be provided according to 26.4
30.8 The construction with precast joists and hollow concrete filler blocks shall
conform to IS 6061 (Part I) and precast joist and hollow clay filler blocks shall conform
to is 6061 (Part 2)
67
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
AND DESIGN OF WALLS
[NTRODUCTION:
IS:456-1978 (Third Revision), ‘Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete’ was
adopted by BIS on 3~ October 1978. Practically two decades have passed since then which
have seen an increased use of concrete as a construction material allover the country.
However this period has also witnessed an unprecedented number of cases where concrete
has deteriorated badly, shaking the very confidence of the practitioners of this material.
Hitherto, in the code the attention was focussed on realising the required strength of concrete
at site, From there the focus has now shifted to durability. Hence the entire code has now
been revised with Durability as the central theme. Chapter 7 on Durability which had first 3
clauses has now been developed to include several important additional clauses.
In session 5 & 6 we are looking into aspects of structural design and detailing to achieve
durability. Following are the main clauses, which have undergone revision.
69
SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
18.2.2 Where the Limit State Method can not be conveniently adopted, Working Stress
Method may be used.
Imposed loads and wind loads shall be assumed in accordance with IS 875 (Part 2)
and IS 875 (Part 3) respectively.
19.5.1 In ordinary buildings, such as low rise dwellings whose lateral dimension do not
exceed 45 m the effect due to temperature fluctuations and shrinkage and creep can be
ignored in design calculations.
Under transient wind load the lateral sway at the top should not exceed H/500, where
H is the total height of the building. For seismic loading, reference should be made to
IS 1893.
21 FIRE RESISTANCE
7o
21.2 Minimum requirements of concrete cover and member dimensions for normal weight
aggregate concrete members so as to have the required fire resistance shall be in
accordance with 26.4.3 and Fig. 1
L~’H
Floor;
Co I u mm
• .1
~4jb
fio S Or~.I,~*zp’owd
Futly ci.poied
21.3 The reinforcement detailing should reflect the changing pattern of the structural
section and ensure that both individual elements and the structure as a whole contain
adequate support, ties, bonds and anchorage’s for the required fire resistance.
21 .3. 1 Additional measures such as application of fire resisthnt finishes, provision of fire
resistant false ceilings and sacrificial steel in tensile zone, should be adopted in case
the nominal cover required exceeds 40 mm for beams and 35 mm for slabs to give
protection against spalling.
21.4 Specialist literature may be referred to for determining stress distribution in structure
exposed to specified fire period.
22 2 Effective Span
(c) The effective length of a cantilever shall be taken as its length to the face of the
support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a continuous
beam where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.
71
22.4.2.lWhere side sway consideration becomes critical due to unsymmetry geometry or
loading, rigorous analysis may be required.
22.6 2 1 Note : The above clauses are applicable for beams generally carrying uniformly
distributed load or where the principal load is located farther than 2d from the face of
the support. Fig. 2 modified to steel stress levels.
(U)
I’;) (ci)
4
jJ~u
14
vu
I
Fig.: ~
ing factored shear force V
MoD.~ATvOr1 FA.CTO~
a
ii JiiiL~LL~::
~T
~__ —
-~
— —~— * —
~7~
ii i±~i
:~
ii ZI~
,~ t 72
ZI ii
~‘1 .
La
~ .
-I
— — — —
m ~.•,;
I
~,
~ . — — —
r’l i__I ~1
;z:j
m
,
72
25.4 Minimum Eccentricity
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, equal to the unsuppported
length of column/500 plus lateral dimensios/30, subject to a minimum of 20 mm.
Where Bi-axial bending is considered, it is only necessary to ensure that eccentricity
exceeds the minimum about one axis at a time.
26.1,1 Bars may be arranged singly, or in pairs in contact, or in groups of three or four bars
bundled in contact. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties. Bundled
bars shall be tied together to ensure. the bars remaining together. Bars larger than 32
mm diameter shall not be bundled, except in columns.
26. 1 .2 The recommendations for detailing for earthquake resistant construction given in IS
13920 should be taken into consideration, where applicable.
The anchorage length of straight bar in compression shall be equal to the development
length of bars in compression as specified in 26.2.1. The projected length of hooks,
bends and straight lengths beyond bends if provided for a bar in compression, shall
only be considred for development length.
26.2.5.lLap splices
c) Lap length including anchorage value of hooks for bars in flexural tension shall be Ld
(see 26.2.1.) and for direct tension shall be 2Ld or 30 x dia whichever is greater. The
straight length of the lap shall not be less than 15 x dia or 20 cm. The following
provisions also apply:
i) top of a section as cast and the minimum cover is less than twice the diameter of the
lapped bar, the lap length shall be increased by a factor of 1.4.
ii) Corner of a section and the minimum cover to eithbr face is less than twice the
diameter of the lapped bar or where the clear distance between adjacent laps is less
than 75 mm or 6 times the diameter of lapped bar, whichever is greater, the lap length
should be increased by a factor of 1 .4.
Where both condition (i) and (ii) apply, the lap length should be increased by a factor
of 2.0.
The following values may be used where the strength of the weld has been proved by
tests to be at least as great as that of the parent bar.
a) \Velded splices and Mechanical Connection — 100 percent of the design strength of
joined bars.
b) Joints in tension
73
i) 80 percent of the design strength of welded bars (100 percent if welding is
strictly supervised and if at any cross section of the member not more than 20
percent of the tensile reinforcement is welded).
Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to all steel reinforcements,
including links. It is the dimension used in design and indicated in the drawings.
Minimum values for the nominal cover of normal — weight aggregate concrete which
should be provided to all reinforcement, including links depending on the condition of
exposure described in 8.2.3. shall be as given in Table 16.
Table 16
(Clause 26.4)
Nominal Cover to meet Durability Requirements
Mild 20
Moderate . 30
Severe , 45
Very severe 50
Extreme 75
Notes
I) For main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar for mild exposure the nominal
cover may be reduced by 5 mm
74
ii) Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate from the required
nominal cover by ±10mm or 0mm.
Nominal cover to all reinforcement to meet specified periods of fire resistance (see Notes 1
and 2)
Notes
1. The nominal covers given relate specifically to the minimum member dimensions
given in Figure 1A.
2. Cases that lie below the bold line require attention to the additional measures
necessary to reduce the risks of spalling (See CI.2l.3. 1)
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the
member shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45
degree, where d is the affective depth of the section under consideration. In no case
shall the spacing exceed 300 mm.
26.5.4 Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be as per the requirements of solid slab.
27. E>~?ANSIONJOrNTS
27. 1 Structures which marked changes in plan dimensions take place abruptly shal be
provided with expansion on joints at the section where. such changs occur.
Expansion joints shall be so provided that the necessary movement occurs with a
minimum resistance at the joint. The structures adjacent to the joint should preferably
be supported on separate columns or walls but not necessarily on separate
foundations. Reinforcement shall not extend across an expansion joint and the break
between the sections shall be complete.
28 CONCRETE CORBELS
75
28. 1 General
A corbel is a short cantilever projection which supports a load bearing member and
where:
a) the distance a between the line of the reaction to the supported load and the root of the
corbel is less than d (the effective depth ofthe root of the corbel); and
b) the depth at the outer edge of the contact area of the supported load is not less than
one-half of the depth at the root of the corbel.
The depth of the corbel at the face of the support is determined from shear
consideration in accordnance with 40.5.2 but using the modified defmition of av given
in(a).
28.2 Design
The concrete and reinforcement may be assumed to act as elements of a simple struct-
and-tie system, with the following guidelines.
a) The magnitude of the resistance provided to horizontal force should be not less than
one-half of the design vertical load on the corbel (see also 28.2.4).
At. the front face ofthe corbel, the reinforcement should be anchored either by:
a) Welding to a transverse bar of equal strength; in this case the bearing area of the load
should stop short of the face of the support by a distance equal to the cover of the tie
reinforcement; or
b) by bending back the bars to form a loop; in this case the bearing area of the load
should not project beyond the straight portion of the bars forming the main tension
reinforcement.
32. WALLS
32. 1 General
32.1 1 Guidelines for design of walls subjected to horizontal and vertical loads are given in
32.3.
32.2 Empirical Design Method for walls subject to inpiane vertical Loads
b) Lateral forces are resisted by shear in the planes of these walls or by braced
elements.
d) Connections between the wall and the lateral supports are designed to resist a
horizontal force not less than—
i) the simple static reactions to the total applied horizontal forces at the level of
lateral support; and
ii) 2.5 percent of the total vertical load that the wall is designed to carry at the
level of lateral support.
The design of a wall shall take account of the actual eccentricity of the vertical force
subject to a minimum value of0.05 t.
The vertical load transmitted to a wall by a discontinuous cdncrete floor or roof shall
be assumed to act at one-third the depth of the bearing area measured from the span
face of the wall. Where there is an in-Situ concrete floor continuous over the wall, the
load shall be assumed to act at the center of the wall,
The resultant eccentricity of the total vertical load~on a braced wall at any level
between horizontal lateral supports, shall be calculated on the assumption that the
resultant eccentricity of all the vertical loads above the upper support is zero.
77
32.2.3 Max. effective height to thickness ratio
The ratio ofeffective height to thickness, Hwe/t shall not exceed 30.
Where
The design axial strength Puw per unit length of a braced wall in compression may be
calculated from the following equation
32.3. 1 When horizontal forces are in the plane of the wall, it may be designed for vertical
forces in accordance with 32.2 and for horizontal shear in accordance with 32.3.
Inplane bending may be neglected in case a horizontal cross-section of the wall is
always under compression due to combined effect of horizontal and vertical loads.
78
32.3 2 Walls subjected to horizontal forces perpendicular to the wall and for which the
design axial load does not exceed 0.04 fck Ag, shall be designed as slabs in
accordance with the appropriate provisions under 24.
The critical section for maximum shear shall be taken at a distance from the base of
0.5 L~or 0.5 Hw whichever is less.
The nominal shear stress ~ in walls shall be obtained from the following equation:
Tvw = Vu/t.d
Where Vu = shear force due to design loads
t = wall thickness
d = 0.8 xLw where Lw is the length ofthe wall.
1
~2.4.2. Under no circumstances shall the nominal shear stress Tvw
inwalls exceed 0.17 fck in limit state method and 0.12 fck in working stress method.
The design shear strength of concrete in walls, L~without shear reinforcement shall
be taken as below
Where K1 is 0.2 in limit state methods and 0.13 in working stress method.
b) For HJL> 1
Where K2 is 0.04 in limit state method and 0.03 in working stress method.
~ (0.8 L~.~)t . 79
Where P~.is determined as follows:
a) For walls where HW/LW ~ 1, P~.shall be the lesser of ~heratios of either the
vertical reinforcement area or the horizontal reinforcement area to the cross
sectional area of wall in the respective direction.
a) the minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:
1) 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a
characteristic strength of 415 N/mm2 or greater.
2) 0.0015 for other types of bars.
b) Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than three times the
wall thickness nor 450 mm.
c) The minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross concrete area shall be:
1) 0.0020 for deformed bars not larger than 16 mm in diameter and with a
characteristic strength of 415 N/mm2 or greater.
32.5.1 For walls greater than 200 mm thick, the vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall
be provided in two grids, one near each face of the wall.
40.5.1 General 80
Shear failure at sections of beams and cantilevers witl!out shear reinforcement will
normally occur on plane inclined at an angle 30 degree to the horizontal. If the angle
of failure plane is forced to be inclined more steeply than this (because the section
considered (x-x) in Fig. 24 is close to a support or for other reasons the shear force
required to produced failure is increased.
The enhancement of shear strength may be taken into account in the design of
sections near a support to increasing design shear strength of ~concreteto 2d c/av
provided that design shear stress at the face of the support remains less than the values
given in Table 20. Account may be taken of enhancement in anysituation where the
section considered is closer to the face of a support or concentrated load than twice
the effective depth, d. To be effective, tension reinforcement should extend on each
side of the point where it is intersected by a possible failure plane for a distance at
least equal to the effective depth, or be provided with an equivalent anchorage.
it
F ~ 2~ . ~
The procedure given in 40.5.1 and 40.5.2 may be used for all beams. However for
beams carrying generally uniform load or where the principal load is located further
than 2 d from the face of support, the shear stress may be calculated at a section a
distance d from the face of support. The value of t~is calculated in accordance with
Table 19 and appropriate shear reinforcement is provided at sections closer to the
support, no further check for shear at such sections is required.
41. 1 General
B-5.5.1 General
Shear failure at sections of beams and cantilevers without shear reinforcement will
normally occur on plane inclined at an angle 30 degree to th~horizontal. If the angle
of failure plane is forced to be inclined more steeply than this because the section
considered (x-x) in Fig. 29 is close to a support or for other reasons) the shear force
required to produce failure is increased.
The enhancement of shear strength may be taken into account in the design of
sections near a support by increasing design shear strength of concrete. t~to 2d t~/av
provided that the design shear stress at the face of support remains less~than the values
given in Table 23. Account may be taken of the enhancement in any situation where
the section considered is closer to the face of a support of concentrated load than
twice the affective depth, d. To be effective, tension reinforcement should extend on
each side of the point where it is intersected by a possible failure plane for a distance
at least equal to the affective depth, or be provided with an equivalent anchorage.
This reinforcement should be provided within the middle three quarters of av. Where
av is less than d, horizontal shear reinforcement will be more effective than vertical.
The procedure given in B-5.5.1 and B-5.5.2 may be used for all beams. However for
beams carrying generally uniform load or where the principal load is located further
than 2 d from the face of support, the shear stress may be calculated at a section a
distance d from the face of support. The value of t is calculated in accordance with
Table 23 and appropriate shear reinforcement is provided at sections closer to the
support, no further check for such section is required.
B-6 TORSION
B-6.l General
83