SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN SOMALILAND

IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SPOTS FOR

FLOOD-BASED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN
UPPER BIJI CATCHMENT, SOMALILAND

Eyasu Yazew (PhD)

Tesfalem G/Egziabher (MSc)

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
Mekelle University
BEEYO QALOCAN SPATE IRRIGATION
(DRAFT) February 2019
Mekelle
 Identification of Suitable Spots for Flood-based Irrigation Systems in Biji catchment, Somaliland

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

2 WORK PLAN .................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Maintenance of access roads ............................................................................................... 2

2.2 Site clearing .......................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Construction material collection .......................................................................................... 3

3 EARTH WORK .................................................................................................................. 3

3.1 Excavated Material ............................................................................................................... 3

3.2 Timbering and Dewatering of Excavations ........................................................................... 4
3.3 Preparation and Inspection of Foundations ......................................................................... 4
3.4 Filling ..................................................................................................................................... 4
3.5 Canal and Drain Excavation .................................................................................................. 5
3.6 Compacted Fill ...................................................................................................................... 6
3.7 Reinstatement ...................................................................................................................... 6

4 MATERIAL SELECTION...................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Concrete ............................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Aggregates for Concrete ....................................................................................................... 8
4.2.1 Testing ............................................................................................................................ 8
4.2.2 Delivery and Storage of Aggregates .............................................................................. 9
4.3 Cement ................................................................................................................................. 9
4.4 Mortar................................................................................................................................. 10
4.5 Reinforcement .................................................................................................................... 10
4.6 Cutting, Bending and Fixing of Reinforcement................................................................... 11
4.7 Form work........................................................................................................................... 12
4.8 Removal of Form work ....................................................................................................... 13
4.9 Hand Mixed Concrete ......................................................................................................... 13
4.10 Grading ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.10.1 Handling and Storage of Units ................................................................................. 14
4.10.2 Purchased Units ........................................................................................................ 14

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5 STONE ........................................................................................................................... 14

6 SAND ............................................................................................................................ 16

7 MASONRY WORKS ........................................................................................................ 16

8 CONTRACTORS CAMP.................................................................................................... 16

9 TESTING THE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM........................................................ 17

9.1 Opening up of New System ................................................................................................ 17

9.2 Priming of the Works .......................................................................................................... 17

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1 INTRODUCTION
Somaliland is mainly arid and semi-arid area and one of the greatest challenges in the country is
the high frequency of drought periods threatening food security, poverty eradication and
peaceful co-existence. GIZ SLM Somaliland has hired a consultant to fill these gaps through the
construction of spate irrigation systems. The project area is located at South west of Arabsiyo
town. It drains from the upper Biji catchment and towards the Red sea. Geographically, it is
located at an outlet point of 358262m E, 1065373m N. It is also located at about 10 kilometers
away from Arabsiyo (Figure 2.1). Beeyo Qalocan site can be accessed through the dry weathered
road which takes from Arabsiyo. The command area of the Beeyo Qalocan spate irrigation
scheme is located on the right side of the river course.

Figure 1.1 Location map of Beeyo Qalocan site

This project includes the construction of the open off-take and its appurtenant structures,
irrigation and drainage infrastructures. All structures should be constructed according to the

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drawings provided and any variation encountered during the construction, which requires change
or modifications in design, should be consulted with the supervising engineer that will be
recruited for the project. The work to be executed is as indicated on the working drawings album.
As itemized in the bill of quantities and as detailed in the specification, the scope of the work can
be summarized as follows.
 Headwork, i.e. open off-take diversion and its appurtenant structures.
 Division boxes/ turnout structures
 Main canal work
 Crossing structures
 Cutoff trench structures

2 WORK PLAN
Construction work plan that has to be submitted by the contractor shall include a bar chart
indicating sufficient detail of mobilization of skilled man power, industrial materials and
machineries, and the main activities in each section of the work. The Contractor shall also make
all the necessary arrangements for any temporary and permanent works required. All works for
each phase shall not be started without the approval of the Project Manager or supervisor to be
recruited by the GIZ SLM Somaliland.

2.1 Maintenance of access roads

The Construction staff shall maintain all temporary access and haul roads (including associated
drainage and stream crossing facilities) to the various working sites and designated borrow,
quarry and disposal areas, as required for the execution of the Works. When access and haul
roads traverse through private or alienated land, the Contractor shall be solely and fully
responsible to make his own arrangements not to affect cultivable land.

2.2 Site clearing

The contractor shall cut off or otherwise remove all brush, bushes and trees located inside the
limits of clearing areas, to ground level in areas for the off-take and canal route. The contractor
may cut off trees, bushes and brush using bulldozers, blade-type brush cutters, rotary mowers,
chains and weights or any other method yielding results satisfactory to the engineer. The method
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of clearing adjacent to the river channel shall be such that any cleared material which falls in to
this body of water is removed within 24 hours.

2.3 Construction material collection

This includes
 Collection and hauling of sand from the selected sand source to the volume which is
required for masonry, concreting and horizontal filter material.
 Collection and hauling of stone from the selected stone source of the project area to the
volume which is required for masonry, concreting.
 Collection of stone boulders and gravels for u/s riprap, dyke and filter material and make
it ready for further use.
 Factory materials purchasing like reinforcement bars, cements etc and hauling to the
project site.

3 EARTH WORK
The Contractor shall clear the ground on or below which the works are to be erected by removing
vegetation and all superficial obstruction. The combustible material cleared may be disposed of
by strictly controlled burning, which shall be approved in each instance by the engineer. Trees,
bushes and hedges at the site shall not be cut down, damaged or destroyed without the approval
of the engineer. Trees shall be defined as having a girth exceeding 500 mm measured 600 mm
above ground level except where a tree has buttresses when the measurement shall be taken
immediately above the buttresses.

3.1 Excavated Material

* Excavated material approved by the engineer for uses as backfill shall be deposited in spoil
heaps confined to areas approved by the engineer.
* Top soil shall be stored separately from the main excavated material and no account disposed
of without the approval of the engineer.

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* The Contractor shall include in his excavation rates for removing to tip all surplus excavated
material, rubbish and waste matter and for providing tips and leaving them with an acceptable
appearance, all to the approval of the engineer.

3.2 Timbering and Dewatering of Excavations

The Contractor shall carry out timbering in accordance with the relevant requirements or as may
be necessary to protect life, property and structures adjacent to the work, the work itself. All
open excavation shall be securely timbered with suitable timber (or alternative form of sheeting
other than timber) as may be required and whenever necessary to the satisfaction of the
engineer at the Contractor's expense. Timber shall not be left in the excavations as they are being
filled up unless authorized by the engineer.

3.3 Preparation and Inspection of Foundations

The faces of excavations shall be clean and trimmed to the required lines and levels. Any parts of
the formation inconsistent with the nature and texture of the main formation shall be removed if
authorized by the engineer, and the voids so formed filled with a material and in a manner
approved by the engineer. Such extra excavation including filling will be paid for by the Employer
provided it is not caused by any action or negligence by the Contractor. Where the final surface is
damaged or allowed to deteriorate through instructions not being complied with, the cost of the
re-excavation to a firm base and making up with Grade C5 lean mix concrete shall be borne by
the Contractor.

3.4 Filling
Filling embankments, refilling of trenches and other earthworks shall be formed with spoil
selected or approved by the engineer. The spoil shall be placed in layers not exceeding 250 mm
thick, or such other thickness as engineer may approved after the Contractor has demonstrated
the capabilities of this plant, thoroughly compacted and trimmed to the levels and slope
required. The contractor shall make good in a manner as directed or approved by engineer any
damage or defects to the works caused by settlements, slips or falls in earth works and shall do all
necessary work to prevent the same.

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3.5 Canal and Drain Excavation

The Excavation of all canals and drains shall be executed in such a manner as to ensure that
undercutting does not endanger the side slopes. Should undercutting occur the contractor shall
take necessary measures to the approval of the engineer to prevent slips, including back filling,
compacting and trimming to the required slope or pitching or timber piling or cement
stabilization as may be necessary to prevent subsequent erosions. All such remedial measures
shall be at the contractors expense.

The contractor shall notify the engineer without delay of any permeable strata, fissures or
unsuitable ground encountered during excavation.
 The canal should be excavated as per the working drawings.
 In case of banking 0.30 m extra widths shall be provided on either side.
 The slope of the banks, top width also should be checked.
 If filling is required it should be done as the required section in working drawing and
compaction should be done to its optimum.
 Finally it is to be ensured that the profile of the canal so formed is to the required shape,
uniformly throughout the length.
 Rock excavation may be necessary in canal cutting. The rock excavation can be done with or
without blasting depending on its workability up on approval by the engineer.
 Excavation to the required depth and dimension shall be completed before proceeding
masonry work.
 The extra width excavated, should be backfilled carefully in layers of 15 to 20 cm each and
properly compacted.
 In case of headwork and main river crossings where alluvial deposit is available dewatering
should be done while excavating.
 The soil available at the foundation should be compacted and properly prepared. Care must
be taken not to change the flow direction of the surface water
 Before placing the foundation masonry, the existing traditional irrigation work (if any) shall
remain in operation.
 The dimension of the foundation area shall be checked with reference to the working
drawings.

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 The excavation shall be done always by keeping proper slope there may not be any sliding of
earth and excavation shall be done on the limited area this will help not to disturb the
natural river morphology.
 Every activity of the foundation preparation should be approved by the senior supervision
engineers.
 If any rock or hard strata material with a foundation level, all loose material and boulders
shall be removed and the foundation may be properly benched, to ensure grip between the
foundation and masonry.
 All the excavated material i.e. the earth material shall be utilized for backfilling.
 In case of any variation of the soil met during excavation and if hard strata are found at
higher elevation than the proposed foundation level, the fact shall be reported to GIZ SLM
for the revision of the design.

3.6 Compacted Fill

Back filling shall be done concurrently with selected earth material and compacted with frog
hammer or hand compaction by using at least 10kg weight. Material for fill shall be free from all
organics material. Material for compacted fill, unless otherwise directed, shall not contain rock
or boulders. All material shall be to the approval of the engineer.

The fill shall be placed in uniform layers not exceeding 250 mm loose thickness or such other
thickness, which the engineer may approve, and each layer shall be compacted until the required
degree of compaction has been obtained. The degree of compaction required would be 95 % of
the maximum dry density of the fill material as determined by the laboratory compaction test
method for moisture density relationship using the Lower Comparative Effort (L.C.E.). The in-situ
dry density of the compacted fill material will be determined by the sand replacement method.
The contractor will carry out tests on the formation during the placement and compaction has
been obtained.

3.7 Reinstatement
The contractor shall be responsible for the temporary and permanent reinstatement of roads,
fields, paths, gardens, verges and the like, whether public or private, which are affected by his

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operations. When in the opinion of the engineer a suitable period has elapsed after temporary
reinstatement has been completed for there to be no further settlement, he shall allow the
contractor to carry out the permanent reinstatement. This shall not in any way relieve the
contractor of his responsibility for reinstatement and, should any further unforeseen settlement
take place, the contractor will be required to make good the reinstatement at his own expense.

Permanent reinstatement means that the ground surface shall be restored to its original form
and condition.

4 MATERIAL SELECTION
All workmanship shall be of the best quality appropriate to each category of work unless the
materials used in the works shall be approved by the engineer. All materials used in the works
shall be of the best quality of their respective kinds as specified or described in the specification.
Drawings and Bill of quantities shall comply wherever possible with the current issue of the
appropriate standard published by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) or
other equivalent approved National or International standard.

4.1 Concrete
Concrete and all related work shall conform to the specifications hereunder or to other
equivalent standards approved by the engineer. The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure
that the workability of the fresh concrete is suitable for the conditions of handling and placing,
having regard to the structural element being constructed, the disposition of reinforcement, the
climatic conditions prevailing and the limitations set by table below for the particular class of
concrete specified.

Notwithstanding the strength requirement of this Specification, in order to ensure adequate

durability of the finished concrete, while at the same time limiting its shrinkage characteristics
the limits shown in Table 4.1 shall not be exceeded.

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Table 4.1 Concrete and Water-Cement Relationships

Total Water Cement Content per

Class of W/C per 50kg of cement m3 of finished concrete
Concrete (by weight) Max (litres) (kg) min
C 15 0.55 27.5 265
C 20 0.50 25 272
C 25 0.50 25 295
C 30 0.50 25 350

4.2 Aggregates for Concrete

Fine and coarse aggregates shall comply to the standards approved and in addition they shall be
chemically inert to alkali reaction and sound. There shall have moisture absorption of less than 2
%. Aggregates of rounded shape or otherwise capable of producing concrete of good workability
with the minimum addition of water shall be preferred.

The Contractor shall ensure that the nature and grading of aggregates remain reasonably
constant, and shall, if necessary, stockpile and include different grading to ensure that the overall
grading remains constant for each section of the work.

Dust or flour resulting from crushing the aggregate shall not be allowed to contaminate the
stockpiles. When, in the opinion of the engineer such contamination has taken place it shall be
removed by an approved means.

4.2.1 Testing
The contractor shall deliver to the engineer samples containing not less than 50 kg of any
aggregate which he proposes to use in the permanent works and shall supply such further
samples as the engineer may require. Each sample shall be clearly labelled to show its origin and
shall be accompanied by all the information in BS 882.

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Tests to determine compliance of the aggregates with all the requirements of this specification
shall be carried out by the contractor in a laboratory acceptable to the engineer. If the tested
materials fail to comply with the specification, further tests shall be made in the presence of the
contractor and the engineer and acceptance of the material shall be based on such tests.

4.2.2 Delivery and Storage of Aggregates

Aggregates shall be delivered to site in clean and suitable vehicles. Different types or sizes of
aggregate shall not be delivered in one vehicle. Each type or size of aggregate shall be stored in a
separate bin or compartment having a base such that contamination of the aggregate is
prevented. Dividing walls between bins shall be substantial and continuous so that no mixing of
types or sizes occurs. The storage of aggregates shall be arranged so that as far as possible rapid
drying out in hot weather is prevented in orders to avoid sudden fluctuations in water content.
Storage of fine aggregates shall be arranged so that they can drain sufficiently before use in order
to prevent fluctuations in water content of the concrete.

4.3 Cement
For use in the permanent works shall be Ordinary Portland Cement of an approved type
complying with approved standards. Bagged cement shall be transported in vehicles provide with
effective means of ensuring that it is protected from the weather. Cement from broken bags shall
not be used in the permanent works. The contractor shall provide sufficient storage capacity on
site to ensure that his anticipated programme of work is not interrupted due to lack of cement
having due regard to factors outside the contractor's control. Cement, which has become
hardened or lumpy or fails to comply with the specification in any way, shall be removed from the
site.
 Cements shall be free flowing and free of lumps. It shall be supplied in the manufacturer’s
sealed unbroken bags or in bulk.
 Bagged cement shall be transported in vehicles provided with effective means of ensuring
that it is protected from weather.
 Cement in bags shall be stored in suitable weather proof structure of which the interior
shall be dry and well ventilated at all times.

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 Cement for broken bags shall not be used in the permanent works.

4.4 Mortar
Mortar shall be composed of fine aggregate and cement. The mix proportions shall be as stated
on the drawings or if not stated shall be one part of cement to three parts of fine aggregate by
weight. Small quantities of mortar may be hand mixed but for amounts over 0.5 m 3 a mechanical
mixer shall be used. The water content of the mortar shall be as low as possible consistent with
the use for which it is required but in any case the water/cement ratio shall not be more than
0.5. Mortar, which is specified as 'dry pack', shall be mixed with sufficient water for the mix to
become cohesive but not plastic when squeezed in hand. Dry pack mortar shall be rammed into
the cavity it is required to fill, using a hand rammer with sufficient force to ensure full
compaction.

Reinforced and plain concrete pipe and special fitting for drainage purpose shall be according to
the working drawings and to the engineer’s approval. Any or part pipe with scratching, abrasion
or otherwise considered unsuitable by the engineer shall be rejected.

4.5 Reinforcement
Reinforcement steel shall be either hot rolled round mild steel bar, or deformed cold worked
steel bar, to appropriate standards. The contractor shall obtain from his supplier certificates of
the mechanical and physical properties of the reinforcement and shall submit them to the
engineer for approval. At the time of fixing, reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scale, rust
scale, and shall not be contaminated by grease, dirt, oil, paint, soil or any other agency which may
impair the bond or initiate or accentuate any reinforcement corrosion. Tying wire for steel
reinforcement shall be 1.6 mm diameter annealed soft iron wire.

The basis for assessing the strength of concrete shall be related to the characteristic strength,
defined as the strength of the concrete at 28 days, as determined by an approved standard
method of testing below which not more than 5% of the test results shall fall. The relationship

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between the class of the concrete and characteristic strength shall accord with the strength
requirements

Table 4.2. Concrete Strength Requirements

Class of Characteristic Strength MN/m2

Concrete 28-Days 7-Days
C 15 15 11
C 20 20 15
C 25 25 19
C 30 30 22

4.6 Cutting, Bending and Fixing of Reinforcement

The Contractor shall be responsible for preparing all bending schedules in compliance with B5
4466 (Bending dimensions and scheduling of reinforcement for concrete) and the checking of
those provided from the following information that will be given on the construction drawings:
 Required bar diameter
 Required steel specification
 Bar locations and plan area covered
 Bar spacing
 Bar cover
 Required lap length

The Contractor shall be responsible for determining.

 Required number of bars
 Required shape code
 Required bending dimensions
 Overall length of each bar

Reinforcement shown on the drawings will be that required for structural purposes only. The
contractor shall be responsible for designing all reinforcement necessary for positioning and
supporting structural reinforcement (chairs, spacing bars and the likes). The Contractor shall

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provide test certificates for all reinforcement-giving details of compliance with the required
specification. All bars shall be hot rolled deformed, unless otherwise permitted by the engineer.
Bar reinforcement shall be tagged with identifying tags, showing the size and mark of the bar.
The bundles shall be stacked clear of the ground in easily accessible positions that do not in any
way hinder the progress of work and shall be kept clean.

 Reinforcement steel shall be either hot rolled round mild steel bar, or deformed cold
worked steel bar, to appropriate standards.
 The contractor shall be obtained from his supplier certificates of mechanical and physical
properties of the reinforcement and shall submit them to the engineer for approval.
 At the time of fixing, reinforcement shall be from loose mild scale, rust scale and shall not
be contaminated by grease, dirt, oil, paint, soil and any other agency, which may impair the
bond or initiate or accentuate any reinforcement corrosion.
 Tying wire for steel reinforcement shall be 1.60 mm diameter annealed soft iron wire.
 Cover and spacers shall be designed to maintain the correct clean cover of concrete over
steel reinforcement, shall be as small as possible consistent with their purpose, and of a
shape acceptable to the engineer.
 Concrete covers blacks shall be manufactured with a 10 mm max aggregate size and
otherwise produce to the same specification as the surrounding concrete.
 Spacers shall be of rust proof material and shall not produce staining, or otherwise be
detrimental to the concrete or steel.

4.7 Form work

The formwork may be of seasoned, planed, tongued and grooved timber, plywood, blackboard,
tempered, hardboard and steel or as specified on the drawings. All timber used for form work
shall be sound wood, well-seasoned and free from loose knots, shakes, large checks, warping and
other defects. Before use on the work, it shall be properly stacked and protected from injury from
any source. Any timber that becomes badly warped or cracked, prior to the placing of concrete
shall be rejected. All form work for outside surfaces above final ground level shall be either
tongued and grooved or provided with a suitable lining to produce a smooth surface finish.

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The forms shall be substantial and unyielding and shall be so designed that the finished concrete
will conform to the proper dimensions and contours. The design of the forms shall take into
account the effect of vibration of concrete as it is placed. All formwork, unless otherwise
directed, shall be provided with 25 mm by 25mm angle fillets so as to form splays on internal and
external angles.

4.8 Removal of Form work

Formwork shall be carefully removed without shock or disturbance to the concrete. No formwork
shall be removed until the concrete has gained sufficient strength to withstand safely any stresses
to which it may thereby be subjected. The engineer shall decide the minimum periods, which
shall elapse between completion of placing concrete and removal of forms. Surface irregularities,
which are outside the limits of tolerance, shall be ground down in the manner and to the extent
instructed by the engineer. Defects other than those mentioned above shall be dealt with as
instructed by the engineer.
The minimum period that shall be elapse b/n completion of placing concrete and removal of
forms are as follows and apply to ambient temperatures higher than 10 0c.
 Walls and columns (piers) - 3 days
 Slabs & Beams - 7 days
 At lower temperature or if cements other than Ordinary Portland Cement are involved,
the engineer may instruct longer periods.

4.9 Hand Mixed Concrete

Concrete for structural purposes shall not be mixed by hand. Where non-structural concrete is
required, hand mixing may be carried out subject to the agreement of the engineer. The mixing
shall be done on a hard impermeable surface. The materials shall be turned over not less than
three times dry, water shall then be sprayed on and the materials again turned over not less than
three times in a wet condition and worked together until a mixture of uniform consistency is
obtained.
For hand mixed concrete the specified quantities of cement shall be increased by 10 % and not
more than 0.5 cubic meters shall be mixed at one time. During windy weather efficient

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precautions shall be taken to prevent cement from being blown away during the process of
gauging and mixing

4.10 Grading
 Except where aggregates have been otherwise specified on drawings the grading of the
aggregates shall be as follows
 18 mm max size, grading for all reinforced concrete in beams and for walls and slabs not
greater than 375 mm thick.
 For nominal mixes, where permitted to used, natural sand aggregate only shall be used
except for non-structural concrete C-20 for flumes and C-25 for piers, where all-in
aggregates may be used.

4.10.1 Handling and Storage of Units

Pre cast units shall be handled in a manner that will not cause damage of any kind and shall be
stored on a hard, impermeable base. Pre stressed units and large precast normally reinforce units
shall be handled and stored so that no stresses shall be induced in excess of those which they will
incur in their final positions in the permanent works unless they have been designed to resist
such stresses.

4.10.2 Purchased Units

If the Contractor proposes to purchase precast units form a supplier, he shall ensure that such
units comply with the requirements of the specification and shall carry out any tests, which the
engineer may require to check compliance. Units shall not be obtained from any supplier who
refuses free access by the engineer to the factory to inspect and test materials and workmanship.

5 STONE
Stone for all kinds of work shall be of good quality, solid and durable, void less and without soft
weathered or decomposed parts. The stone and quarry where it is excavated shall be approved

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by the engineer. On the engineer’s request, the contractor shall submit samples of stone
proposed for work prior to the placing of order or prior to the beginning of quarry excavation.
 The stones used for masonry should be hard, tough and sound, and free from weathering,
decay and defects like cavities, cracks, sand holes, injurious veins, path and loose or soft
materials, etc.
 Stones having a smooth shape /which are collected from the river route/ should not be used
without the approval of the engineer, if there is no alternative, they must be chipped to
remove their smooth surface.
 The stones should be obtained only from the approved quarry. If in any case, there is a
demand for a change of quarry by the contractor, it should be approved by the engineer.
 The stones used for masonry should have sufficient size.
 If the stones contain any weathered surface, it should be chipped off. The stones shall be
clean properly before they are used for masonry.
 All the stones must be soaked in water and surface dried before their use to wash away any
quarry dust and so that it does not absorb the water of mortar.
 Stone boulders used for protection works is to be hard basaltic stone having a minimum of
0.5 m to 0.7 m diameter or as specified in the working drawing.
 These stone boulders can be found around the site as specified in the location map of
construction materials.

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6 SAND
As the river itself is reach in good quality sand deposit, it is recommended to use a sand source
from the river itself. As the sand deposit is mixture of gravel, sand and silt it is required on situ
sieving to obtain appropriate and uniform sand prior to use the sand for concrete aggregate.
 The sand used for masonry shall be free from silt and other organic matter.
 The sand should be obtained from the approved site, which is found at the specified quarry
site.
 When there is excess silt, the sand shall be washed and surface dried.

7 MASONRY WORKS
Masonry shall be constructed from random stones set in cement-mortar and shall be built the
lines and levels shown on the drawings or as directed by the engineer. The face of the masonry is
to be kept wet while the pointing is proceeding and for as long thereafter as the engineer may
deem necessary. Provision shall be made to clean all exposed faces both as work proceeds and on
completion so that they are left in a neat, tidy and clean condition. This cleaning is deemed to be
included in the rates for masonry.
Each masonry layer shall be cured properly for 15 and at least 7 days continuously starting from
the day of construction. As the irrigation works could be scattered over the area, care shall be
taken to ensure proper curing.

8 CONTRACTORS CAMP
The contractor shall make arrangements as necessary for the housing, feeding and welfare of his
own employees by providing, servicing and maintaining a camp on the site or sites. The
contractor will not be permitted to such camps with in irrigable areas.

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9 TESTING THE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

9.1 Opening up of New System
The new irrigation and drainage system, in combination with sections of the project constructed
under other contracts, shall receive water on or before the completion dates. After a certain
canal or drain section, with the appurtenant structures, has been completed and the new supply
of discharge becomes available the contractor shall prime them gradually and in sections, as
directed by the engineer.

9.2 Priming of the Works

The contractor shall apply all necessary equipment, plant and labor for the priming of the works
and for carrying out the required repairs, checks and maintenance, in accordance with the
requirement of the engineer. Particularly during the priming period, the contractor shall have
sufficient equipment, plant and labor as standby in the immediate vicinity of the works. During
the priming period, continuous supervision of the canal and drain operation shall be furnished by
the contractor, day and night inspection shall be maintained by his staff. The priming of the
canals, drains and structures will be directed by the engineer. No payment to the contractor shall
be made for the wages, costs, charges and other expenses incurred by him in relation to the
opening up of the new irrigation and drainage system and the priming of the canals, drains and
structures under the contract, and such costs shall be deemed to be covered by the bill of
quantities.

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