Experiment 1:

Combination Circuit – Boolean Algebra.

Objective:
1. To study the working principle of logic gate (Or Gate and AND Gate) and how to
apply it to use.
2. To study the internal structure of a one quad 2-input AND gate CD4081 and one
quad 2-input OR gate CD4071.

Introduction:

Combinational Logic Circuits are made up from basic logic NAND, NOR or NOT gates that
are “combined” or connected together to produce more complicated switching circuits. These
logic gates are the building blocks of combinational logic circuits. An example of a
combinational circuit is a decoder, which converts the binary code data present at its input
into a number of different output lines, one at a time producing an equivalent decimal code at
its output.
Combinational logic circuits can be very simple or very complicated and any combinational
circuit can be implemented with only NAND and NOR gates as these are classed as
“universal” gates.
The three main ways of specifying the function of a combinational logic circuit are Boolean
algebra, truth table and logic diagram.
Apparatus and Materials:
Breadboard, Jumper Wires, oscilloscope, 1 one quad 2-input AND gate CD4081, 1 one quad
2-input OR gate CD4071 and Voltage Regulator.
Procedures:

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram for Experiment 1 Part 1

 +5V

B D

CD4071
C

CD4081
Ground

Figure 2: Actual Circuit for Experiment 1 Part 2

1. The circuit was connected on a bread board as shown in Figure 1.
2. A, B and C were connected to the voltage regulator according to the sets of input.
When the input is 1 it was connected to the +5V and connected to ground while
input is 0.
3. Oscilloscope was used to measure the output at D by connecting D to the positive
terminal and ground to the negative terminal.
4. The voltage across A, B and C were obtained by connecting them each a time to the
positive and negative terminal of the oscilloscope like the procedure done to
measure D.

Figure 3: Circuit Diagram for Experiment 1 Part 2

 +5V

A
B

Ground
CD4071

D CD4081

Figure 4: Actual Circuit for Experiment 1 Part 2

5. When part 1 was finished, the circuit was connected again following figure 3.
6. Step 2 to 4 was repeated again for this circuit to obtain the readings.

Result:

Boolean Algebraic Expression: AC+BC

A B C A (Volt) B (Volt) C (Volt) D (Volt)

0 0 0 320m 248m 284m 800m

0 0 1 280m 276m 5.20 200m

0 1 0 32m 5.12 204m 80m

0 1 1 120m 4.96 4.72 4.80

1 0 0 5.12 60m 4m 12m

1 0 1 4.88 240m 5.04 5.00

1 1 0 5.20 5.12 200m 400m

1 1 1 5.10 5.20 5.04 5.20

 Table 1: Result for Experiment 1 Part 1

Boolean Algebraic Expression: AC+BC

A B C A (Volt) B (Volt) C (Volt) D (Volt)

0 0 0 8m 2.00m 1.40m 20.00m

0 0 1 4m 3.00m 5.16 22.00m

0 1 0 6.4m 5.16 2.20m 28.00m

0 1 1 4m 5.24 5.00 5.08

1 0 0 4.96 84m 12m 44m

1 0 1 4.66 140m 4.80 5.20

1 1 0 5.10 5.14 66m 322m

1 1 1 5.14 5.12 5.12 5.20

Table 2: Result for Experiment 2 Part 2

Discussion:
1. The two tables above show the same result as the circuit for figure (2) is the simplify
version of figure (1) but there is slightly different because of different of internal
resistance in different component.
2. Combinational logic is a type of digital logic which is implemented by Boolean circuits
and where the output is pure function of the present input only. Combinational logic
circuit runs an operation assigned logically by Boolean expression or truth table.
Examples for combinational logic circuit are half adders, full adders, multiplexer,
demultiplexer, encoders and decoders. Combinational logic is used in computer circuits to
run Boolean algebra on input signals and stored data. Practical computer circuits usually
contain both combinational and sequential logic. For example, the part of an arithmetic
logic unit also known as ALU which does mathematical calculations and it is constructed
by using combinational logic.
3. The voltage supply of this experiment is 5V but some of the result show it was a little bit
higher than 5V when it is on. This is because TTL gates operate on a nominal power
supply voltage of 5 volts, +/- 0.25 volts. Ideally, a TTL “high” signal would be 5.00 volts
exactly, and a TTL “low” signal 0.00 volts exactly. However, real TTL gate circuits
cannot output such perfect voltage levels and are designed to accept “high” and “low”
signals deviating substantially from these ideal values.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, each basic gate works in unique way, which is proved during this experiment.
We used the truth table to examine the operation of the basic logic gate. It is proved from
experiment that logic gates work in basis of Boolean Algebra. AND Gate, OR Gate and NOT
Gate are the basic gates. All the combinational logic gates are made of these three basic gates.
Output from one logic gate can be used as input for another logic gate to form combinational
logic gate.