21st

Literature – total of preserved writings

- issa written record of man’s best thought and feelings.

- An oral or written reproduction of human experiences expressed artistically either in prose or poetry.

Types of literature

Oral literature – unwritten; literature of the ancient times.

Written literature – form from the use of pen by literary genius; permanent

Reasons why people write:

- For self-expression
- To spread knowledge and information
- To pass on ideas and values
- To impart truth, accuracy, and evaluation

Literary standards

Permanence – stands through ages.

Universality – appeals to anyone, anytime, anywhere forever and ever relevant
Artistry – sense of beauty
Intellectual value – stimulates our thought
Spiritual value – inspires and bring out moral value
Style – marked with the peculiar way
Suggestiveness – appeals to our emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling and chenelin ober and beyond the level of ordinary
life and experience.

2 discourse of literature

- Prose
- Poetry

Prose – follows the usual flow of conversation which uses sentences forming paragraph

Division of prose

Fiction
a. Short story - narrative involving one or more characters and a single plot
b. Novel - true to life stories divided into chapters
c. Play - script of story executed on stage
d. Legend – omygod if I die; origin of man ,place, event, and happenings
e. Fable – the characters are animals and inanimate objects

Non-fiction

a. Essay - Express the viewpoint and opinion of the writer

 Formal essay
 Informal essay
b. Oration - former treatment of the subject and intended to be spoken before a crowd
c. Biography - give the life a pound of a person sitting by another person
d. Autobiography - author write his own life
e. News - report of expected and unexpected events
f. Letters -written or printed message addresses to a person
g. Diaries and journals

Poetry - type of literature the has measurable or free verse and rhymes

- spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling taking its origin from emotion

3 types of poetry

Narrative poetry – tell stories

a. Epics – adventures of epic heroes and divine forces
b. Ballads – narrative poems intended to be sung

Dramatic poetry – tells stories but one or more characters act out the poem; emotional atmosphere

Lyric poetry – most common; from greek word rhein means lyre

a. Haiku – Japanese verse of 17 syllables, 5 7 5

b. Ode – lyric poem full of high praises
c. Elegy – poem of meditation on life and death
d. Sonnet – 14 line lyric poem
e. Song – lyric poem intended to be sung

Imagery – sensation that language creates in the mind

Figurative language – makes language more colorful, suggestive, powerful, and exciting

Figures of speech

Simile – direct comparison between two things of different classes

Metaphor – indirect comparison between two things of different classes
Personification - gives human qualities to a non-human object
Synecdoche – names a part of an object to stand for the whole
Metonymy – use of a term connected with an object to represent that object
Hyperbole – deliberate exaggeration used for effect
Oxymoron - two normally contradictory words
Paradox – saying something which seems untrue
Allusion – borrowing familiar phrases from the bible, history, or literature
Irony - contrast, a discrepancy between expected and what actually happens
Onomatopoeia - use of words having a sounds that imitates what they denote, is my peyk
Litotes – deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its opposite
Apostrophe – a direct address to someone absent, long dead, or inanimate object
Alliteration - repetition of the initial consonant sound
Assonance – repetition of middle vowel sound
Consonance - sometimes called “slant” rhymes; both consonants occur at the end of the word as in odds and ends

Purpose of art – to express man’s feelings about his surroundings

Importance of literature – it is transmitter of values

- Mirror of culture
- Agent of change
- Source of pleasure
- Expression of man’s emotion and ideas

Pre-Spanish literature

 Legends – origin of a thing, location, or name; imaginary and unbelievable yeah

 Folk tales – made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor
 Epics – series of heroic achievements or events; revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds
 Myths – describe and portray in symbolic language
 Folk songs – one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature; mirror the culture of early Filipinos
a. Kundiman – courtship song.
b. Kumintang
c. Ang dalit o imno – praises
d. Hele o lullaby
 e. Soliranin
f. Talindaw
g. Dung – aw
 Other forms of pre-Spanish poetry:
a. Epigrams – served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors
b. Riddles – made up of one or more measured lines intended to be answer
c. Chant – used in witchcraft or enchantment
d. Maxims – general truth; verse with rhyming couplets 5,6, or 8 syllables
e. Sayings – used in teasing or giving remarks on a person’s actuation
f. Sawikain – has hidden meaning

Spanish period (1565-1898)

- Spain colonized the Philippine for more than 3 centuries

- Embraced catholic religion
- Houses made of stones
- Alibata was replaced by roman alphabet
- Christian doctrine became the basis of religious practices
 The first books:
The Christian doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana) – first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography.
Nuestra Senora del Rosario – second book printed in Philippines by Fr. Blancas de Jose in 1602
Libro de los Cuatro Post Primeras de Hombre – first book printed in typography
Ang Barlaan at Josephat – first biblical story printed in Philippines
The passion – about life and suffering of Jesus Christ
Urbana at Felisa – was written by Modesto de Castro, known as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog
Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) - collection of songs praising virgin Mary
 Folk songs- manifest the Filipinos artistic feelings and innate appreciation for love and beauty
 Recreational Plays
Tibag – means to excavate, ritual to remind the people about the search of Saint Helena
Lagaylay – special occasion to get together during the month of May for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon. Women
volunteered to fulfill a vow or panata
Cenaculo – dramatic performance to reenact the passion and death of Jesus Christ ( Cantanda: chanted like
passion; Hablada: more dignified theme)
Panunuluyan – reenactment of Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph in search of an inn to deliver the baby Jesus
Salubong – Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of risen Jesus Christ and his mother
Carillo or shadow play – dramatic entertainment performed on dark nights
Zarzuela – considered the father of drama; a musical comedy or melodrama in three acts which dealt with
man’s passion and emotions like love hate
Sainete – short exaggerated musical comedy performed by characters from the low class.
Moro-Moro – performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of Christian religion.
Karagatan – poetic contest where a ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her
ring into the middle of the sea and who offered her hand in marriage to anyone who can find it, muntanga
Balagtasan – poetic contest of skills in debate on a topic or issue. This held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas”
Baltazar
Dung-aw – chant in free verse by a bereaved person beside the corpse of the dead

American Colonial Period (1910-1945)

- Introduction of free instruction for all children of school age

- English as a medium of instruction
- Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)- Filipino writers imitated english and american models
- Period of Emergence (1920-1930)- influenced by western literary trends
- Jose Garcia Villa- Poet of the Century
 Short stories – has one or more characters and single plot
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez – first short story written in English
Small key by Paz Latorena
 Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa
 Novels – divides into chapters
Child of Sorrow by Zoilo Galang – first novel in english
 Newspaper – report of current events
El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) – established by Sergio Osmeña
El Grito del Pueblo ( The Call of the Nation) – Pascual Poblete in 1900
El Renacimiento ( The Rebirth) - founded by Rafael Palma in 1901
 Plays – scripted story executed on stage
Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino – depicts the suppression done by the americans and their
plan to colonize the Philippines
Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
Malaya by Moira charot by Tomas Remigio
Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes

 3 group of writers
Spanish
Tagalog
Vernaculars
 Literature in Spanish – Dr. Jose Rizal was the inspiration of Filipino writers in Spanish
 Tagalog Short Stories
Mga kwentong ginto (1936)
Kuwentong ginto ng 50 batikang kuwentista (1939)
 Tagalog Poetry – Tagalog poets during the American period were able to compose beautiful poems
Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
Inigo Ed. Regalado
Carlos Gatmaitan
Pedro Deogracias del Rosario
Ildefonso
Poet of the laborers (Makata ng mga manggagawa)
Amado V. Hernandez – he pictures in his poems the intense love for poor laborers

Ilocano literature

 Pedro Bukaneg-father of Ilokano literature ; Bukanegan means Balagtasan

 Claro Caluya- Prince of Ilokano poets
 Leon Pichay – best bukanegero

Kapampangan literature

 Juan Crisostomo Soto- father of kapampanagan literature

 Aurelio Tolentino

Visayan literature

 Eriberto Gumban- father of visayan literature

Japanese Period (1941-1945)

- There was no freedom of speech

- Common theme: nationalism, love, and life
- Voice of Freedom : their only contact wid the outside world
 Jose Ma Hernandez – Panday Pira
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Pula sa Puti
 Clodualdo del Mundo – Bulaga
 Julian Cruz Balmaceda – Sino ba kayo?, Dahil sa anak, Higante ng patay
 - Haiku
- Tanaga
- Carlos P. Romulo was an outstanding writer, he won Pulitzer Prize
- National artist award: Jose Garcia Villa
Nick Joaquin

Post-war contemporary period

- The rebirth of freedom

- “struggle of mind and spirit “
- Filipino learned to express themselves more confidently but post war problems in connection to language and
print

Ilocano literature

- One of the most vibrant filipino literature throughout the ages

- Ilocano poets expressed themselves in folk and war songs
- Dallot: an improvised, versified, and impromptu long poem delivered in a sing song manner
- Doctrina Cristiana: earliest known written Ilocano poem
 The Molave and the Orchid
Francisco Sionil Jose- his novels and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class struggles and
colonialism in Filipino society

Bikolano literature

- Mariano Perfecto was the first bikolano writer

 Day on the Farm
Luis G. Dato- authority on the bicol language and culture
 A cloud named looking for you by Marne L. Kilates
 Ang Duwende by Damiana Ligon Eugenio
-known as the mother of Philippine folklore