VENEZUELA, RHEA YBA

BSIENG 1-A

MAY 18, 2019

INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

CASE I. FRACTIONS WITH DISTINCT LINEAR FACTORS IN THE DENOMINATOR

EASY
8𝑥−42
1. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +3𝑥−18

The first thing to do is factor the denominator as much as we can.

Let:
8𝑥−42 8𝑥−42 𝐴 𝐵
=
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−18 (𝑥+6)(𝑥−3)
= 𝑥+6
+ 𝑥−3

Simplify the equation by multiplying the LCD;

8x-42 = A(x-3) + B(x+6)

Assume any value of x that will, as much as possible, make at least one of the terms (either A or
B) be equal to zero and plug it in the equation to get the values of A and B.

when x= 3

8(3) – 42 = A(3-3) + B(3+6)

-18 = 9B

-2 = B

when x= -6

8(-6) – 42 = A(-6-3) + B(-6+6)

-90 = -9A

10 = A

So, by assuming correctly the value of x we were able to quickly and easily get the values of A and
B. So, all that we need to do is to plug them to finish the problem.
8𝑥−42 10 −2
∫ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−18 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑥+6 + 𝑥−3
] 𝑑𝑥

Integrate each term separately;

10ln(x+6) - 2ln(x-3) + C
 9−9𝑥
2. ∫ 2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥

The first thing to do is factor the denominator as much as we can.

Let:
9 − 9𝑥 9 − 9𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
2𝑥 2+ 7𝑥 − 4 (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4) 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 4
Simplify the equation by multiplying the LCD;

9-9x = A(x+4) + B(2x-1)

Assume any value of x that will, as much as possible, make at least one of the terms (either A or
B) be equal to zero and plug it in the equation to get the values of A and B.

when x= -4

9-9(-4) = A(-4+4) + B(2(-4) – 1)

45 = -9B

-5 = B
1
when x=
2
1 1 1
9-9(2) = A(2 + 4) + B[2(2) − 1]
9 9
2
= (2)A

1=A

So, by assuming correctly the value of x we were able to quickly and easily get the values of A and
B. So, all that we need to do is to plug them to finish the problem.
9−9𝑥 1 5
∫ 2𝑥 2 +7𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [2𝑥−1 − 𝑥+4
] 𝑑𝑥

Integrate each term separately;

ln(2x-1) – 5ln(x+4) + C
 17𝑥−53
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥

The first thing to do is factor the denominator as much as we can.

Let:
17𝑥−53 17𝑥−53 𝐴 𝐵
= =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15 (𝑥−5)(𝑥+3) 𝑥−5
+ 𝑥+3

Simplify the equation by multiplying the LCD;

17x-53 = A(x+3) + B(x-5)

Assume any value of x that will, as much as possible, make at least one of the terms (either A or
B) be equal to zero and plug it in the equation to get the values of A and B.

when x= 5

17(5) – 53 = A(5+3) + B(5-5)

32 = 8A

4=A

when x= -3

17(-3) – 53 = A(-3+3) + B(-3-5)

-104 = -8B

13 = B

So, by assuming correctly the value of x we were able to quickly and easily get the values of A and
B. So, all that we need to do is to plug them to finish the problem.
17𝑥−53 4 13
∫ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑥−5 + 𝑥+3
] 𝑑𝑥

Integrate each term separately;

4ln(x-5) + 13ln(x+4) + C
MODERATE
6𝑋 2 −3𝑋
1. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑋 +2𝑋−8

The first thing to do is factor the denominator as much as we can.

Let:
6𝑥 2 −3𝑥 6𝑥 2 −3𝑥
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)

Next step is to use long division to get,

6𝑥 2 −3𝑥 48−15𝑥
= 6+
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+4) (𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)

Now, we can already do the partial fractions on the second term.

48−15𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+4) 𝑥−2 𝑥+4

Simplify the equation by multiplying the LCD;

48-15x = A(x+4) + B(x-2)

Assume any value of x that will, as much as possible, make at least one of the terms (either A or
B) be equal to zero and plug it in the equation to get the values of A and B.

when x= -4

48-15(-4) = A(-4+4) + B(-4-2)

108 = -6B

-18 = B

when x= 2

48-15(2) = A(2+4) + B(2-2)

18 = 6A

3=A

The partial fraction form of the second term is then,

48−15𝑥 3 18
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)
= 𝑥−2 − 𝑥+4

We can now integrate the terms separately;

6𝑥 2 −3𝑥 3 18
∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[6 + 𝑥−2 − 𝑥+4
] 𝑑𝑥

6x + 3ln(x-2) – 18ln(x+4) + C
 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1
2. ∫ 𝑥(2𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥

Separate the terms to do the partial fraction;

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2
Simplify the equation by multiplying the LCD;

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥)(2𝑥 − 1)

Assume any value of x that will, as much as possible, make at least one of the terms (either A, B
or C) be equal to zero and plug it in the equation to get the values of A, B and C.
1
when x= 2

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) + 2 ( ) − 1 = 𝐴 [2 ( ) − 1] ( + 1) + 𝐵 ( ) ( + 2) + 𝐶 ( ) [2 ( ) − 1]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 5
4
+ 1 − 1 = 𝐵 (2) (2)

1 4 5 4
(4) (5) = 𝐵 (4) (5)
1
5
=𝐵

when x= -2

(−22 + 2(−2) − 1) = 𝐴(2)(−2) − 1(−2 + 2) + 𝐵(−2)(−2 + 2) + 𝐶(−2)[2(−2) − 1]

4 − 4 − 1 = 𝐶(2)(−4 − 1)
−1 = 𝐶(2)(−5)
−1 = −10𝐶
1
− =𝐶
10

when x= 0

02 + 2(0) − 1 = 𝐴(−1)(2)
1 2
−2 = −2𝐴
1
2
=𝐴

Let us now rewrite the given function and replace the values for A, B and C

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
2 5 10
∫ 𝑥(2𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − 𝑥+2

1 1 1 1 1 1
= ∫
2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + ∫
5 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 − 10 ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
We can now integrate the terms separately;

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏 ( )− 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟎

DIFFICULT
√𝑥+9
1. 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

The first thing that we should do is to use U-Substitution therefore;

Let:

𝑢 = √𝑥 + 9

𝑢2 = 𝑥 + 9

𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 9
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢
Let’s substitute the new variables from the original equation;

√𝑥 + 9 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
(2𝑢𝑑𝑢)
2𝑥 2(𝑢 − 9)
𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 − 9 + 9
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 𝑢2 − 9
𝑢2 − 9 9
∫ 2
+∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 −9 𝑢 −9
9
√𝑥 + 9 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 −9
Factor out the integrand;
9 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑢 + 3)(𝑢 − 3) 𝑢 + 3 𝑢 − 3

Simplify the equation by multiplying the LCD;

9 = 𝐴(𝑢 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑢 + 3)
Assume any value of x that will, as much as possible, make at least one of the terms (either A or B) be
equal to zero and plug it in the equation to get the values of A and B.
 when x= 3

9 = 𝐴(3 − 3) + 𝐵(3 + 3)
9 = 0 + 6𝐵
9 = 6𝐵
3
=𝐵
2
when x= -3

9 = 𝐴(−3 − 3) + 𝐵(−3 + 3)

9 = −6𝐴 + 0
9 = −6𝐴
3
− =𝐴
2
Let us now rewrite the given function and replace the values for A and B
9 −3⁄ 3⁄
∫ 𝑢2 −9 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢+32 + ∫ 𝑢−3
2

And finally, we can now integrate them separately;

𝟑 𝟑
ඥ𝒙 + 𝟗 − 𝒍𝒏 (ඥ𝒙 + 𝟗 + 𝟑) + 𝒍𝒏 (ඥ𝒙 + 𝟗 − 𝟑) +C
𝟐 𝟐

𝑥+4
2. ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥

Since we can’t apply factoring to this function, we need to apply completing the square to get this
new function;

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 5 − 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
Simplify the function and use U-Substitution;
𝑥+4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
Let:

𝑢 =𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =𝑢−1
Substitute the new values to the original equation;
𝑢−1+4 𝑢+3 𝑢 3
∫ 2
𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +4 𝑢 +4 𝑢 +4 𝑢 +4
Integrate the first integrand by using U-Substitution;

Let:

𝑧 = 𝑢2 + 4
𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑢 =
2𝑢
Substitute these new values to the equation and simplify;
𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑧 1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ln(𝑧)
𝑢2 +4 𝑧 2𝑢 2 𝑧 2
1 1
ln(𝑢2 + 4) = ln[(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4)
2 2
1
= ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)
2
Integrate the second integrand by using the trigonometric function formula;

Let:

𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝑢2 = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
Substitute to the original integrand and integrate;

3 3(2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 6𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 3

∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ = ∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑢2 + 4 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 4 4(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1) 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 2
𝑢
2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑢
tan−1 ( ) = 𝜃
2
3 3 3 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
2 2 2 2
And the final answer for the two integrands that is being integrated is;

𝟏 𝟑 𝒙+𝟏
𝒍𝒏൫𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓൯ + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
REFERENCES

tutorial.math.lamar.edu May 10, 2018

The Organic Chemistry Tutor, December 21, 2016