AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY

GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY

FOR
NEW OVERHEAD HVAC POWERLINE
CROSSING EXISTING GAS PIPELINES

CLIENT:

GULF JYOTI INTERNATIONAL

Order Ref No. GJI-001/PO/GP/110
(Contract #. CNE/005B/2006)

CP VENDOR:

Corrpro Companies Middle east LLC

SITE SURVEY REPORT

Corrpro Project No. IND- 206

CORRPRO DOC. NO. : IND- 206-250 Rev. A

A 10/12/07 Issued for Approval T. Mehmood R. Sandip R. Fielding

DATE
REV REMARKS PREPARED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY
DD/MM/YY

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 1 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 3

2.0 APPLICABLE CODES / STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATION ..................................... 3

3.0 DISCUSSION OF AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION (ACIM) ..................................... 3

4.0 MITIGATION OBJECTIVES........................................................................................... 4

5.0 CODES AND STANDARDS........................................................................................... 5

6.0 PROCEDURES.............................................................................................................. 5

7.0 RIGHT OF WAY (ROW) GEOMETRY ........................................................................... 6

8.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY CONSIDERATION ......................................................................... 6

9.0 EXPOSURES & EFFECTS OF ALTERNATING CURRENT AND LIGHTING............... 7

9.1 RESISTIVE COUPLING (ELECTROLYTIC) .................................................................. 7

9.2 CAPACITIVE COUPLING .............................................................................................. 7

9.3 INDUCTIVE COUPLING ................................................................................................ 7

9.4 POWER ARC ................................................................................................................. 8

9.5 LIGHTNING.................................................................................................................... 8

9.6 SWITCHING SURGES OR OTHER TRANSIENTS....................................................... 8

10.0 PRE-DESIGN SURVEY ................................................................................................. 8

5.1 SOIL RESISTIVITY .................................................................................................................................. 8

5.2 WENNER 4-PIN METHOD.................................................................................................................... 8

11.0 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS............................................................................... 10

12.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY RESULTS .................................................................................... 10

13.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................ 11

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 2 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Corrpro Companies Middle East (CCME) has been retained by Gulf Jyoti International to
carryout a detailed Engineering Study on the Impact of new 400KV OHL on existing
DUSUP Gas Pipelines in Crossing & Parallelism and to design, supply materials,
supervise the installations and test & Commission the mitigation measures (if required).

A site survey was conducted by CCME to obtain sufficient information and record data as
required for the AC Mitigation Study. The survey was performed generally in accordance
with the relevant project documents, applicable international standards and normal
industry practices.

The intent of this document is to outline the tests and results of the survey and provide
recommendation for the system design.

2.0 APPLICABLE CODES / STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATION

The site survey was conducted in accordance with the following applicable
documents:

• BS 7361 Part 1: 1991 Code of Practice for Land and

Marine Application

• NACE RP 0169-83 Control of External Corrosion on

Underground or Submerged Metallic
Piping System

• NACE RP 0177-2000 Mitigations of AC and Lightning

Effects on Metallic Structure &
Corrosion Control System

• ASTM G 57 Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity

using Wenner’s Four Electrodes
Method

3.0 DISCUSSION OF AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION (ACIM)

Pipelines that share common Rights-of-Way (ROW) or cross the High Voltage AC (HVAC)
transmission lines may become electrically energized by the electromagnetic fields
generated by the surrounding power system.

Currents flowing in HVAC system conductors produce very strong electromagnetic fields
around the conductors. Electromagnetic fields of sufficient magnitude can produce
undesirable AC voltages on the pipeline as well as on above ground appurtenances such
as main line valves, remote valves, meter stations, test station leads and casing vents
located along the corridor. The pipeline may exhibit electrical interference due to inductive
CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 3 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

and conductive coupling along the length of pipeline depending on the geometric
relationship to the HVAC system. Geometry that is parallel or approximately parallel to
the power line typically yields elevated potentials mostly dependent on the length of the
parallelism.

AC interference can result in an electrical shock hazard for persons touching above
ground appurtenances or by step potentials in areas of elevated AC voltages. With
voltages of 2500 to 5000 VAC, damage to pipe coating can occur. Elevated AC voltages
greater than 5000 VAC can cause physical damage to the steel pipe structure itself
resulting, although rarely, in pipe penetration.

Inductive interference is the dominant interference mechanism under normal power line
conditions. Induced potentials on an unmitigated pipeline can reach hundreds of volts at
power line phase transpositions and locations where pipeline and power line geometry
relationships change dramatically. An example of this is pipeline and/or HVAC points of
inflection where acute or obtuse angles occur either entering or exiting the HVAC corridor,
especially before or after a lengthy parallelism.

During a phase to ground fault on the HVAC system, an arching fault, large currents can
enter the ground near the fault location. Portions of these currents will flow along any
metallic pipeline adjacent to the power line. Large fault currents injected via ground by
HVAC structures increase the local soil potential. When pipelines are parallel to power
line(s) they will be simultaneously subjected to both conductive and inductive interference.
The induced pipeline potential can reach thousands of volts on an unmitigated pipe and
can cause coating failure or even failure of the pipe itself.

The magnitude of conductive interference is a function of several factors. In transmission

line grounding systems, lower impedance values will present lower values of conductive
interference voltage. The separation distance between a faulted structure and the pipeline
impacts the voltage. Typically, the greater the separation distances the lower the voltage
magnitude. Soil structure and soil resistivity also contribute to the levels of conducted AC
and can inhibit mitigation efforts of elevated potentials as well.

Bolted faults, or faults caused by direct contact between two phases or a single phase to a
ground or static line can also cause major current flow. However, due to the immediacy of
the fault, clearance times are typically much less than those in conditions during arching
faults.

4.0 MITIGATION OBJECTIVES

During worst case power line load conditions, touch voltages at exposed structures such
as valves, metering stations, and pig launchers/receivers, and cathodic protection test
stations must be sufficiently low to minimize shock hazards to operating personnel and the
general public. NACE International standard RP0177-2001 recommends a 15 Volt limit
(above ground and below ground) based on let go current thresholds for most people.
Note that this is the potential difference between two parts of the pipeline that can be
contacted simultaneously, or between the pipeline and the earth surface within reach of
the above ground appurtenances.

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 4 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

During fault conditions, as well as steady state conditions, step potentials must be
sufficiently low to minimize or eliminate the possibility for shock hazards. ANSI/IEEE
standard 80-1986 provides safety criteria based on the heart fibrillation current threshold.
Safety limits are derived from empirical work performed by Dalziel and others.

Based on a 0.5 second fault duration, the touch and step voltage safety limits are both
approximately 164 volts for a 50 kg subject if the soil resistivity is very low and no
protective layer such as crushed rock or asphalt is between the subject and earth. The
safety limits increase as the fault duration decreases and the surface material resistivity
increases.

The pipe coating stress voltages must be maintained sufficiently low to prevent arcing
through coating. This typically occurs for coating stress voltage on the order of 2.5 KV to 5
KV or higher for fusion bonded epoxy and poly coatings. For bitumen coating, glow arcing
can occur at voltages as low as 1000 volts. This arcing can damage not only coating but
also the steel wall, which in severe cases, could result in penetration of the pipeline.

5.0 CODES AND STANDARDS

• American Gas Association and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) – "Mutual
Design Considerations for Overhead AC Transmission Lines and Gas
Transmission Pipelines."
• NACE International Standard RP0177-2000 - “Mitigation of Alternating Current and
Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control Systems."
• Canadian Standards Association C22.3 No. 6-M91 from the Canadian Electrical
Code, Part III, entitled “Principles and Practices of Electrical Coordination between
Pipelines and Electric Supply Lines." Particular attention shall be given to Section
5 – "Mitigation of Induced Voltage Effects during Pipeline Construction."
• ASTM G57-95a Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistivity
using the Wenner Four-Electrode Method.
• National Electric Code NFPA 70, 2001
• National Electric Safety Code / IEEE C2-1997

6.0 PROCEDURES

The general outline of the procedure followed for AC interference mitigation design is as
follows:

The pipeline alignment sheets were carefully studied to note the existence and survey
locations of high voltage power lines parallel to or crossing the pipeline ROW.

All locations where the pipeline is approximately parallel to HVAC were surveyed.

Transmission tower data, distances separating pipeline and power line, and soil resistivity
data was collected for computer modeling in future; whereby, critical sections of the

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 5 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

pipeline for elevated AC potentials near parallel sections could be modeled and Mitigation
measures advised.

Principle and Methodology of Soil Resistivity Survey

The Precision Soil Resistivity Instrument used for the survey was the MEGGER-DET5/4R.
The ASTM G-57-95a (Wenner four pin method) was used for measuring soil resistance
values along the ROW. Using this method, four probes are placed at equal distances from
each other and along a straight line symmetrically over the measuring point. A known
current is injected into the ground through a pair of current electrodes (the outermost two)
and the resulting potential is measured through a second pair of electrodes known as the
potential electrodes (the innermost two). The ratio between the measured potential and
the current passed is the resistance in ohms. Using the indicated resistance value (R), the
soil resistivity is calculated according to following equation:

ρ = 2 × π × A× R

Where:
ρ = mean value of soil resistivity in ohm-meters
A = distance between the probes (m)
π = constant
R = measured resistance (ohm)

7.0 RIGHT OF WAY (ROW) GEOMETRY

The study reported here is based upon the evaluation of a ROW where the proposed /
newly constructed 400 KV overhead HVAC Power Line crosses the existing Gas
Pipelines. The crossing locations have been identified at three (3) different locations as
follows:

• Near DEWA – L Station

• At approximately Km 30+700 along the DUSUP Sharjah Pipeline Corridor
• At approximately Km 62+000 along the DUSUP Sharjah Pipeline Corridor

It is noted that the project does not involve any section where the existing pipelines are
parallel to the new / proposed 400KV power lines.

8.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY CONSIDERATION

The soil resistivity measurements were made along the HVAC / Pipeline corridor using 4-
pin Wenner method at all three (3) proposed crossing locations.

The soil resistivity measurements were carried out at depths of 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25
meters. Soil resistivity values at depths greater than 2.5 meters will be considered during
computer modeling and calculations.

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 6 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

From the soil resistivity values measured at 1 and 2.5 meter depths along the HVAC
parallelism it is understood that the soil resistivity value of 0-1 meter layer is lower than
the value obtained for 0-2.5 meter layer. Based on the results obtained, the value of soil
resistivity considered is 100 ohm-m for calculating Zinc ribbon anode resistance to earth.
Appendix A displays the soil resistivity results.

9.0 EXPOSURES & EFFECTS OF ALTERNATING CURRENT AND LIGHTING

The following is a brief description of the AC Mitigation is as under:

9.1 Resistive Coupling (Electrolytic)

Grounded Structures of an AC power system share an electrolytic environment

with other underground or submerged structures. Coupling effects may transfer AC
energy to metallic structure in the earth in from of alternating current or the
potential. Whenever a power system with a groundbed neutral has unbalanced
conditions, current may flow in the earth. Substantial currents in the earth may
result from phase-to-phase or phase to ground faults. A metallic structure in the
earth may carry part of this current. Also a structure in the earth coated with an
insulating material may develop a signification AC potential across the coating.

9.2 Capacitive Coupling

The Electric field associated with potentials on power conductors can develop a
potential on an inadequately grounded structure in the vicinity of the power
system. The potential that the structure attains because of capacitive coupling
varies with the power conductor potential and depend on many factors, including
the geometric configurations of the structures involved. During construction, when
the structure is aboveground or in an open trench, it may reach a dangerously high
potential. When the structure is buried or submerged, the capacitive coupling
effect usually is not significant unless the soil Resistivity is high, the structure is
electrically isolated, or the structure is long.

9.3 Inductive Coupling

AC current flow in power conductors produces an alternating magnetic field around

these conductors. Thus, an AC potential can be induced in an adjacent structure
within this magnetic field, and current may flow in that structure. The magnitude of
the induced potential depends on many factors including the overall geometric
configuration of the structure involved, the magnitude of the current in the power
circuit, and any current imbalance. If the current in three power system are equal
and the effected structure is equidistant from each of the conductors, the total
induced voltage is zero. This, however, is seldom the, and induced the AC voltage
is usually present on the affected structure. Greater electromagnetically induced
potential may occur during a phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase fault in
multiphase circuits because of the higher magnitude of the fault current in the
systems. The leakage conductance to ground, caused by the resistive coupling of
the effected structure, allows AC current flow between that structure and earth.
This phenomenon, combined with other factors, results in the different values of
CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 7 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

AC structure-to-electrolyte potential along the affected structure. The higher the

dielectric strength and resistance of the coating and the higher the soil resistivity,
the greater the induced AC potential.

9.4 Power Arc

During a fault to ground on an AC power system, the AC power structures

and surrounding earth may develop a high potential with reference to remote
earth. A long metallic structure, whether coated or bare, tends to remain at
remote earth potential. If the resulting potential to which the structure is
subjected exceeds breakdown potential of any circuit element, a power arc can
occur and damage the circuit elements. Elements of specific concern include
coatings, isolating fittings, bonds lightning arresters, and CP facilities.

9.5 Lightning

Lighting strikes on the power system can initiate fault current conditions.
Lightning strikes to a structure or the earth in the vicinity of a structure can
produce electrical effects similar to those caused by AC fault current. Lighting
may strike a metallic structure at some point remote from AC power system,
also with deleterious effects.

9.6 Switching Surges or Other Transients

A switching surge or other transient may generate abnormally high currents or

potential on a power system, causing a momentary increase in inductive and
capacitive coupling on the affected structures.

10.0 PRE-DESIGN SURVEY

In order to ensure accurate AC Induction Mitigation (ACIM) modeling, a site survey was
conducted to gather information required for the design. The work included general visual
check of the project site, soil resistivity at representative locations

5.1 Soil Resistivity

Resistivity is a common parameter for evaluating the corrosiveness of soil. It is the inverse
of conductivity and is measured in the unit of ohm-centimeter (ohm-cm). In low resistivity
soils, the corrosion rate is often greater than in high resistivity soils. Soil resistivity can be
measured using different methods and for this scope the 4-pin Wenner method in
accordance with ASTM G57 were used.

5.2 Wenner 4-pin Method

CCME conducted soil resistivity survey using 4-pin Wenner method along the route of the
pipeline at every Overhead Power Line Crossing (“L” Station, Km 62+000 and near “H”
Station). The measurements were recorded at 1m, 2.5m, 5m, 10m and 25m depth. The
following describes the Wenner 4-Pin technique referenced above:
CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 8 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

Equipment required:

1. Nilsson Earth Resistance Meter Model 400 or equivalent

2. Cable harness

3. 4 stainless steel pins

The Wenner 4-Pin method involves driving four steel pins in to the ground in a straight
line. The pins were evenly spaced at an interval equal to the depth in which the average
soil resistivity values are to be known. With the pins in this arrangement, a current was
introduced into the earth through the outer two pins, which resulted in potential change
between the inner two pins. By equating this current and potential change to Ohms Law
(R = E/I) the resistance of the section of earth between the planes of the inner two pins
was calculated. This resistance was typically measured in ohms.

To determine the average soil resistivity value of the soil to the depth of the pin spacing,
the following formula was used.

p = 2xΠxaxR

Where:

p = soil resistivity in ohm-m

a = electrode spacing in meters
R = measured resistance in ohms

To avoid erroneous test results the soil resistivity measurements were not conducted in
the immediate vicinity of underground metallic structures. In addition, care was exercised
to avoid taking `measurement’ near H.T power lines, railroads or plants where the reading
could be affected by foreign earth currents.

In dry soils it was necessary to moisten the soil immediately around the pins to obtain a
measurement. The depth to which the pins are inserted into the soil was limited to 1/20th
of the pin spacing.

CCME utilized a resistivity meter for all Wenner 4-pin soil resistivity measurements. Soil
resistivity test was performed at representative location of the plant and pipe route.

Data sheets of recorded soil resistivity measurements are included in the appendix
section of this report.

The purpose of the soil resistivity is to enable a satisfactory AC Mitigation system

to be designed based on the resistivity of the electrolyte (soil). The resistivity is
also a measurement of the aggressiveness of the environment. The resistivity and
corrosiveness have an inverse relationship. The higher the resistivity the lower is
the corrosiveness and vice versa. The following table (ASTM Special technical

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 9 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

Publication741 page 69) provides general guidelines for evaluating the

corrosiveness of an environment with respect to resistivity values.

Resistivity (in Ohm-cm) Soil Classification

0 – 1,000 Very Low Very Corrosive
1,000 – 5,000 Low Corrosive
5,000 - 25,000 High Mildly Corrosive
25,000 – 100,000 Very High Relatively Corrosive
100,000 – above Extremely High Progressively Corrosive

11.0 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

The following are the results generated from the survey and are generally based on the
available information and data collected at the site. Soil resistivity and other results are
included in the appendix section of this report.

Near the DEWA ‘L’ Station

• The average soil resistivity recorded near the DEWA ‘L’ Station indicates a
very low resistivity.
• There are existing Overhead Power Lines near the existing the Gas Pipelines
and the AC potentials recorded were generally less than 15 V AC.

Near the KM 30+700 Along DUSUP Sharjah Gas Pipeline

• The average soil resistivity recorded at approximately KM 30+700 along the

existing DUSUP Gas Pipeline corridor indicates a ‘very high’ resistivity.

• There are existing Overhead Power Line crossing the existing Gas Pipeline
Corridor and the AC potentials recorded at existing CP System test posts (in
vicinity) were generally less than 15 V AC.

Near the KM 62 +000 Along DUSUP Sharjah Gas Pipeline

• The average soil resistivity recorded at approximately KM 62+000 along the

existing DUSUP Gas Pipeline corridor indicates a high resistivity.

• There are existing Overhead Power Line crossing the existing Gas Pipeline
Corridor and the AC potentials recorded at existing CP System test posts (in
vicinity) were generally less than 15 V AC.

12.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY RESULTS

The soil resistivity measurements recorded during the site survey were as follows:
CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 10 of 11 A

 AC INTERFERENCE MITIGATION STUDY
GULF JYOTI
INTERNATIONAL
SITE SURVEY REPORT

Pin Meter Soil Resistivity

Survey
Sl Spacing Reading 2 x π x A x R x 100 Remarks
Location
A (Meter) R (ohm) (ohm- cm)
1 0.5 314
2.5 0.38 597
Near the
Near "L" Station
1 DEWA "L" 5 0.27 848
Gate
Station
10 0.12 754
25 0.02 314

62+000 1 37.5 23550

(Approx. 2.5 10.3 16171
chainage of
2 DUSUP 5 2.82 8855 Sand Dunes
Sharjah
Pipeline 10 0.27 1696
Corridor) 25 0 0.00

Km 30 + 700 1 36.4 22859.2

(Approx. 2.5 31.1 48827
chainage of
Near "H" Station
3 DUSUP 5 41.8 131252
(Sand Dunes)
Sharjah
Pipeline 10 10.7 67196
Corridor) 25 3.72 58404

13.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based upon the survey results, AC Interference Mitigation Study shall be carried out to
determine the mitigation measures as may be required to ensure that the induced AC
voltage levels on the existing Pipeline due to the proposed new 400KV Power Lines are
limited to less than 15 V AC.

The modeling report with recommendations and mitigation requirements will be submitted
separately.

CORRPRO Document Name CORRPRO Document No. Sheet Rev

Site Survey Report IND-206 -250 11 of 11 A