“COMBINE EFFECT OF MANURE AND FERTILIZERS ON

GROUNDNUT”

AYESHA KHAN

[15-arid-4305]

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

FACULTY OF CROP & FOOD SCIENCES

PIR MEHAR ALI SHAH

ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI ATTOCK CAMPUS

PAKISTAN

[2019]

i
 “COMBINE EFFECT OF MANURE AND FERTLIZERS ON
GROUNDNUT”

By

AYESHA KHAN

[15-arid-4305]

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirement for degree of

Bachelors of Science

in

Agriculture (Agronomy)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

FACALTY OF CROP &FOOD SCIENCE

PIR MEHR ALI SHAH
ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI ATTOCK CAMPUS

PAKISTAN
[2019]

ii
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis fall
under plagiarism, If found otherwise at any stage, I will be responsible for the
consequences.

Name: AYESHA KHAN Signature:

Registration number: “15-ARID-4305” Date:

Certificate that the content and form of thesis entitled “Comparative effect of
manure and fertilizers on ground nut” submitted by “AYESHA KHAN” has been
found satisfactory for the requirements of degree.

Supervisor: _________________

Co-Supervisor: _______________

Member: ____________________

Member: ___________________

Date of Viva Voice: ______________ External Examiner: ________________

Chairperson: _________________________

Director Advance Studies: _______________________________

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 DEDICATION

To my beloved parents and teachers who made us learn how to lead this life, in
stress and strain.

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 CONTENTS

Page

List of figures ……………………………………………………………….…….vii

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..………1

1.1 Problem statement…………………………………………………..…….…..….2

1.2 Objectives …………………………………………………………………..……2
1.3 Outcomes……………………………………………………………………........2

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………....3

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………...6

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………….7

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND REFERENCES………………………………....9

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 ABBREVIATIONS

RCBD Randomized Complete Block Design

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GOP Government of Pakistan

KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

FYM Farm Yard Manure

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 List of figures

Figure 1……………………………………………………………………….xiv

Figure 2……………………………………………………………………….xiv

Figure 3………………………………………………………………………..xiv

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 Acknowledgements

It is acknowledged by mentioning that we are very grateful to everybody who

supported and encouraged us by giving valuable thoughts and plan. I have finished my
said project efficiently and furthermore, on time. I am equally thankful to our Respected
Sir Dr. Riffat Hayat, who gave me moral support and guide us in diverse matter
concerning the course of project. He is very kind and enduring, at the same time as
signifying the outlines of this project, and corrected any worries in conditions of check.
We thank him for his overall support.

Last but not the least, we would like to thank to our workers of the organization
who help and supported us in diverse matters of concern.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Arachis hypogaea is an important crop of pothohar region of Pakistan. It is grown

annually on an area of 97% and 94% world production is associated with developing
countries (FAO, 2011). Largest groundnut production countries are Asia and Africa.
Main production area in Pakistan is rain fed areas. Groundnut producing areas in
Pakistan was 82.9000 ha but the production remained 67.8000 tons and yield was 609 kg
ha-1 in 2009 (GOP, 2011). In KPK, Sindh, and Punjab groundnut production accounts
for about 16%, 7%, and &76% (Qasim et al., 2016)

The major winter crops in pothohar region is chickpea, mustard and wheat crops
while mung bean, mash bean, groundnut, sorghum, maize are major summer crops and
mostly growing area is Southern pothohar (Ali et al., 2002). Pothohar region has
different temperature and rainfall. Pothohar region has less output due to several factors
such as less availability of viable seeds, lower fertilizer efficiency, weed invasion, lack
of irrigation water, and cyclic discrepancy of rainfall (Ashraf et al., 1999, Ashraf et al.,
2003, Ashraf et al., 2004)

Groundnut is an annual herbaceous crop with a length of 30-50cm. Plant is erect and
prostrate having tap root system with many lateral roots. Groundnut is a leguminous
crop so it has the ability to fix nitrogen from atmosphere through formation of nodule.
Groundnut fix. This property of groundnut save the fertilizer cost of farmer and increase
the income of farmer. Leaves of peanut plant are opposite and pinnate with four leaflets.
Length of leaves varies from 1-7cm long and 1-3cm transversely. Peanut flower produce
in axillary clusters on stem, having bright yellow or yellowish orange with reddish
veining. The width of peanut flower is 1.0-1.5cm across and they open for one day only.
Peanut plant node contains one to several flowers and first flower appear after 4-6 weeks
of planting. 6-10 weeks after germination production of flower is on peak. ‘Peg’ is
formed after 8-14 days of pollination. Seed pod are 3-7cm long containing 1-4 seeds and
after 2-3 week seed pod attain full size in soil. Groundnut requires 100-150 days from
germination to maturity.

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 According to agropedia, Arachis hypogea is one of the most important it is only
oil seed crop in the world. But in Pakistan it is only used for eating purpose as dry fruit.
Groundnut contains48.2% oil in its composition and 25.2% protein, 25% iron, 15%
vitamin B-6 and 42% magnesium. According to feedpedia, groundnut is grown for seed
purpose it is used as food like (peanut butter, snacks etc.) after harvesting the Arial part
of plant is used livestock feed.

1.1.Problem statement:

One of the main reasons for less production of groundnut in Pakistan is less
availability of water in pothohar region. Pothohar region is rain fed area where most of
the production is based on rain water. The rain fall pattern is also change due to climatic
conditions which is also unpredictable.

1.2.Objective:

The aim of the study to see the resulting effect of manure and fertilizers on
groundnut along with comparison to control treatment.

1.3.Outcomes:

In order to overcome this problem we need to made more dams for irrigation of
groundnut crop. In pothohar region most of the crop production is based on rain water so
we focus on different method for harvesting of rain water which will overcome over
water needs.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The basic aim of review literature is to classify the work type, empirical and
theoretical, that are done previously, which assist in area of troubles provide a basic
procedure for hypothetical give imminent into technique and trial, propose equipped
explanation of the major concept and supply a source for the understanding of the result
based on this sympathetic. It provides a plan regarding the effort previously conduct in
any track of the matter which is allowing for additional study. This is also help to obtain
wide universal conditions in the known field. In the same way review of literature assist
to hold up or refuse any result of the study.

A large amount of work has been previously completed by numerous research

recruits on a variety of constraint of groundnut for diverse durations. With the obtainable
in sequence, an effort is complete to appraisal the current cram with the accessible
information.

Groundnut seed yield is influenced by phosphorus and manure application. An

experiment was performed to see the effect of phosphorus and manure doses on
agronomic characters growth and seed yield of groundnut. They examined two varieties
(werer 962’ and Oldhale’). They apply at three rates of phosphorus (0, 5, 10 ton ha-1).
Randomize complete block design is used in there treatments. They conclude that mix
doses of both 10 ton manure ha-1 and 180kg p2o5 ha-1 was giving the largest number of
pods per plant and grain production. Results shows that grain production of groundnut is
more in combine application as compared to single fertilizer application.

Another experiment was performed at farm of Institute for Agricultural Research

(IAR), Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria. Experiment was conducted to study the
effect of various organic manure sources on groundnut varieties. Treatment contains
three source of manure which includes (cow dung, poultry manure, and household
waste) at the rate of 1 ton and 2 tons with using RCBD along with three replications.
They used SAMNUT 21 and SAMNUT 23 varieties in there experiment. Scientist
concluded the result that 2 tons poultry manure give more groundnut pod yield but

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canopy spreading of plant is higher in all manure treatments as compared to control but
manure application did not show best yield of haulm (Mukhtar A.A et al 2014)

Veeramani et al 1999 writes in his review paper that groundnut response to

different nutrient application is not same always. Since groundnut is an erratic legume.
Higher doses of potassium and nitrogen often increase the vegetative growth rate.
Scientist basic aim to study the effects of manure, bio fertilizer and foliar spray of
nutrients on groundnut to check whether the groundnut production is high or low.

“Golden” is one of the high yielding variety of groundnut commercially approved

in 2002 by Punjab seed council. Scientist made this variety from taking seed of a
groundnut variety NO.334 through the use of gamma rays at the rate of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6
kGys using 60cobaltgamma cell in Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB)
in 1990. Scientist raised seven generations and selected the best high production with
good plant characteristics in Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) from 1990-
1996. On the recital base in production trails ‘Golden’ is approved. Golden have average
yield of 2413 and 4100 kgha-1. This variety is resistant to Cercospora leaf spot (tikka
disease). The distinguishing character of this variety is reddish color of seed coat which
separates it from other varieties (Nadeem-ud-din)

Combine application of cattle manure and EM soil application on yield component

of groundnut. The field experiment was performed at Eastern region of Sri Lanka to see
the contribution of manure of cattle with EM soil application. Experiment effect is
concentrated production and production component of groundnut. By using RCBD 10
treatments are four times replicated. Cattle manure was used at the level of 0, 5, 10, 15
and 20t/ha with used of EM soil application or without use of EM soil solution was
sprayed at two weeks interval on soil. Scientist conclude that addition of (up to 15t/ha)
manure of cattle along with EM. Both application increase number

Another experiment was performed at Agronomy Farm, B.A. college of

Agriculture by Kulkarni fertilizer and organic amendments on production of wheat and
groundnut. Six treatment of fertilizer (T1=75%N (FYM) +25%N (Vermicompost), T2=
50%N (FYM) +50%N (castor cake), T 3= 50%N (FYM) +25%N (VC)
+Azotobacter/Rhizobium +PSB seed treatment, T4= NPK as per STV, T5= RDF +5t

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FYM/ha and T6= RDF +ZnSo4/Gypsum) in a randomized block design. Experiment
show that addition of 50%N (FYM) +25%N (VC) +Rhizobium +PSB (ST) give better
effect on haulm production of groundnut (4622 kg ha-1) and addition of RDF-NPK as
per STV (T4) show great effect on seed yield of wheat.

Groundnut is one of the major oil seed crops of Pothohar region of Pakistan having
a production level 609 kg ha-1. Author basically concentrates on economic/gainful
analysis and factors which effect the production of groundnut. Data are collected from
farms that are small, medium and large. Data were collect in two seasons that are rabbi
2008-09 and kharif 2009. Economist gathers for area and yield of groundnut. According
to the result large farmers grow groundnut on an area of 34% as a comparison with other
farmers. Production rate is also higher at large farms. If we use better quality of
groundnut and new techniques in growing groundnut will enhance the yield (Qasim et
al, 2016).

A field research was conduct at Main Agriculture Research Station (MARS)

Dharwad to identify the result of nitrogen and phosphorus level and ration on capitulate
and nutrient uptake by groundnut in northern change zone of Karnataka. Groundnut
cultivar JL 24 was trying for the duration of year 2012 with 11 ratio of nitrogen and
phosphorus fertilizer with potassium level as stable (25kg k2O ha-1). The yield attribute
characters; dry pod yield and nutrient uptake were increased due to increasing N/P
fertilizer ratios from 0.00 to 1.00. The test in receipt of N/P fertilizer ratios of 0.50 (30
kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 25 kg K2O ha-1) composed considerably superior dry pod yield (3310
kg ha-1), number of crammed pods plants-1 (17.47), total number of pods plant-1
(18.80) and kernel weight (38.50g). Further, the same test records appreciably superior
uptake (147.04 kg N, 23.30 kg P2O5, 118.48 kg K2O, 10.93 kg S ha-1) as compare to all
other N/P ratios. The test getting N/P fertilizer ratios of 0.50 (30 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 25 kg
K2O ha-1) composed superior kernel yield (2441 kg ha-1). However, it was on par with
the treatment receiving N/P fertilizer ratio of 0.33 (2344 kg ha-1).

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 CHAPTER 3

MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1. SITE SELECTION

Field experiment was performed at teaching and research farm of the institute
PMAS Arid Agriculture University Attock Campus site to see the comparative effect of
fertilizer and manure on groundnut germination rate, yield and biomass production.
Attock is located in pothohar region which is envoy for groundnut production in the
region. In this area most of the crop germination is based on rainfall. The annual rainfall
in Attock is 539mm and soil texture is sandy loam. After selection of site for experiment
next we layout our field on 05-03-2019 then on 26-03-2019 we divided the area and allot
1 kanal area to each student for performing experiment, boundary making work is also
done on this day.

3.2. SOIL PROCESSING

Before sowing of ground nut a soil test was done and three samples were taken at
random, to check the current condition of soil. Seedbed preparation was done with 2-3
ploughings followed by planking to absorb most of the rain water in soil for optimum
germination.

3.3. SOWING OF SEED

Sowing of seed was done by manual seed drills. We used bunch type variety of
groundnut with a seed rate of 100 kg/ha and in 1 kanal around 4 kg seed was used for
sowing. Sowing was started early in the morning on April 9, 2019.

3.4. IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION

My treatment is control so I did not applied any fertilizer on soil prior to sowing.
Groundnut itself has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. We used groundnut variety
that was a rainfed variety, hence germination totally depended upon rainfall.

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3.5. DATA ANALYSIS

RCBD is used in the experiment with three replications. We used a local variety of
groundnut for sowing.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

Dung addition considerably prejudiced the nodulation of groundnut. The number

of nodules was extraordinarily superior in the treatment as compare to chemical fertilizer
submission. Efficiency of atmospheric nitrogen fixation by legume crop depends on
many factor, such as contribution of fertilizer, soil state and accessibility and ease of use
of nutrients (Gowariker et al., 2009). It was experiential that the nodule formation was
enhanced with rising dung application.

The buck number of nodules per plant was record with no fertilizer application
which was considerably inferior to the other treatment. The uppermost number was
originating with dung treatment. Manure manipulates the nodule development of
groundnut, as well as enhances the microbial variety in soil (Higa and Parr, 1994) and
thus improves the soil nutrients.

Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3

(Treatment 5) (Treatment 6) (Treatment 1)

(N 20, P 100) (Manure) (Control)

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 DISCUSSION

Organic dung has an intense outcome on enlightening soil physical, chemical and
biological property and increasing output of field crops. The optimistic rejoinder of
groundnut to boost in manure addition indicates that the crop has benefit from the dung
application. The pod and haulm yield and get better the yield parameter like shelling
percentage, 100 seed weight and sound adult kernel compare to the optional dose of
fertilizers.

The result of diverse level and ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer have
considerable consequence on amount of crammed pod plant-1 between the diverse
treatment, the treatment N/P nourishment prove fewer quantity of vegetation as compare
to control treatment and sum quantity of pod plants-1 of groundnut was diverse
considerably suitable to application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization.

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 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY

Ground nut is an important oil seed crop of the world and in Pakistan it is grown
for edible purpose. It is an important crop of pothohar region of Pakistan growing on an
area of 97% annually. A field experiment was performed at teaching and research farm
of the institute PMAS Arid Agriculture University Attock Campus site to see the
comparative effect of fertilizer and manure on groundnut germination rate, yield and
biomass production. Results shown that organic manure has an intense outcome on
enlightening soil physical, chemical and biological property and increasing output of
field crops. While nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer have considerable amount of
crammed pod per plant between the diverse treatments.

KEY WORDS: Groundnut, Control, Comparison

REFERENCES

Bethlehem, M., & Nigussie, D. (2017). Seed Yield of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.)
as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manure Application at Babile, Eastern Ethiopia.
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 6(1), 412–
415. https://doi.org/10.18869/IJABBRInfluence of N and P Fertilizer Application
on Root. (2007). 32(September), 369–374.

Kulkarni, M. V., Patil, D., & Pathak, M. (2018). Effect of organic and inorganic
fertilizers on yield and yield attributes of wheat variety Ujala-2015 under irrigated
conditions of Balochistan. Pure and Applied Biology, 7(4).
https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700215

Kumar, S. (2015). Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels and Ratios on Yield and
Nutrient Uptake By Groundnut in Northern Transition Zone Effect of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus Levels and Ratios on Yield and Nutrient Uptake By Groundnut in
Northern Transition Zone of Karnatak. (January 2014).

Malligawad, L. H. (2010). Effect of organics on the productivity of groundnut and its

residual effects on succeeding safflower under rainfed farming situations. World,
(August), 2004–2007.

Mukhtar, A. A., Odion, E. C., Ahmed, A., Babaji, B. A., Aminu, M., & Arunah, U. L.

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 (2014). Comparative effects of organic manure sources and rates on performance of
groundnut varieties. Building Organic Bridges, 3, 843–846. Retrieved from
http://orgprints.org/23107/

Naeem-Ud-Din, Mahmood, A., Khattak, G. S. S., Saeed, I., & Hassan, M. F. (2009).
High yielding groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L.) variety “Golden.” Pakistan Journal
of Botany, 41(5), 2217–2222.

Qasim, M., Bakhsh, K., Tariq, S. A., Nasir, M., Saeed, R., & Mahmood, M. A. (2016).
Factors Affecting Groundnut Yield in Pothwar Region of. 29(1).

Seran, T. H., & Suthamathy, N. (2013). Effect Of Combined Application Of Cattle

Manure And Em On The Yield And Yield Components Of Groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 38(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i1.15184

Veeramani, P., Subrahmaniyan, K., & Ganesaraja, V. (2012). Organic manure

management on groundnut; A review. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural
Research, 1(7), 238–243. Retrieved from
http://www.wudpeckerresearchjournals.org

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