Cascade PPT in PDF

INDO-GERMAN WINTER ACADEMY 2007
ELEMENTARY CASCADE THEORY

AND
GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE
AVIRAL CHOPRA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
IIT KANPUR
TUTORS:
DR. G. BIWAS,
DR. S. SARKAR
Elementary Cascade Theory And Gas Turbine Performance
Outline
| Gas Turbine Engines
| Axial Flow Turbines
| Turbine Performance
| Cascade Theory
y Compressor Cascade
y Turbine Cascade
| Conclusion
2
Gas Turbine Engines
Theory Of Gas Turbine Engines

| A gas turbine engine extracts energy from a flow of hot gas
produced by combustion of gas or fuel oil in a stream of
compressed air. The system has three major parts:
| Compressor: compresses the incoming air to high pressure
3
Gas Turbine Engines
Theory Of Gas Turbine Engines

| Combustor: Burns the fuel and produces high-pressure, high-
temperature gas
| Turbine: Extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-

energy gas flowing from the combustion chamber
4
Gas Turbine Engines
5
Gas Turbine Engines
Working Of A Simple Turbojet

| Turbine extracts energy from the gas to rotate compressor
| The pressurized gas from compressor is furnished to maintain

the cycle
| Burning of fuel-air mixture provides stream of hot expanding

gases
| Out of the total energy development, approximately 60% is

extracted to maintain the engine cycle
| The rest is available to develop useful thrust directly

6
Axial Flow Turbines
Axial Flow Turbines

| Compared to compressor
y More Efficient
y Simpler Design
| Blade shape
y Dependent on Stress and
Cooling
y Not as much on
aerodynamics
| Axial Turbine Stage

y Row of stationary blades:
7
Nozzle
y Row of rotating blades: Rotor
Axial Flow Turbines
2-D Theory Of Axial Turbines
8
Axial Flow Turbines
Work Done, WT
| Power Output:
| In axial turbine stage,
| Using diagram, we
express work output in
terms of rotor blade
angles
WT
Combined Velocity diagram
9
Axial Flow Turbines
Types Of Axial Turbines
Impulse Turbines 50 % Reaction Turbines
| Entire Pressure drop in | Pressure drop same in

nozzle Nozzle and Rotor
| Symmetrical Rotor blades | Thus, symmetrical blading
| α2 = -β3 , β2 = -α3
10
Axial Flow Turbines
Dimensionless Parameters
| Ψ, Blade loading or temperature drop coefficient
y Expresses work capacity of a stage
| Φ, Flow coefficient =Vf / U

y Ψ= Φ (tan β2 – tan β1)
| R, degree of reaction,
y fraction of overall enthalpy drop (or pressure drop) occurring in
the rotor
y = 11
Axial Flow Turbines
Gas Flow Angles in terms of ψ, φ, R

|
| Thus, R in terms of Exit Angles:
12
Axial Flow Turbines
ZERO EXIT SWIRL

| Given stator angle
| In Impulse stage, all

flow velocities are
higher
| Thus, lower efficiency
13
Work capacity Ψ and degree of reaction
R of axial turbine stages design for zero
exit swirl.
Turbine Performance
STAGE EFFICIENCY
Total-to-Static Turbine Total-to-Total Turbine
efficiency, ηts Efficiency, ηtt
| Useful work is shaft power | Exhaust Kinetic Energy is

not a loss
| Kinetic Energy of exhaust,
V32 /2 is a loss
14
Turbine Performance
STAGE EFFICIENCY
| Using
we obtain
| Thus ηtt > ηts
| Actual Turbine Work
T-S diagram: expansion in 15

a turbine
Turbine Performance
Cascade Theory
STAGE EFFICIENCY
y Estimation of stage losses and η is difficult
y Loss Coefficients for Nozzle and Rotor are defined using cascade
tests
y Effect of loss expressed as difference in static enthalpy
y Enthalpy loss coefficient for nozzle,
y Enthalpy loss coefficient foe rotor,
y Thus, and 16
Turbine Performance
Cascade Theory
TURBINE STAGE PERFORMANCE

| Given
y Turbine Design
y Fluid at high Re
| We get:
where
stagnation states 02 and 03
are at the turbine inlet and
outlet
17
Turbine Performance
Cascade Theory
OVERALL PERFORMANCE
| ηtt is constant over wide range of
y Rotational Speed
y Pressure Ratio
| Performance is limited by 2 factors:

y Compressibility
y Stress
| Trade-off between maximum temperature and maximum rotor

speed, U
| Thus, elaborate cooling methods are adopted 18

Cascade Theory
ELEMENTARY CASCADE THEORY

| An array of blades
representing the blade ring
of actual turbo machinery is
called the cascade.
| Turntable: to vary the

incidence angle
| Pressure and velocity

measurements made
Cascade Tunnel upstream and
downstream of cascade
19
Cascade Theory
WHY CASCADE THEORY

| To simulate actual conditions, cascade of blades could be
tested in annular form in wind tunnel
| In such case of rotating device, difficult to appreciate flow

physics
| Hence, blades generally tested as straight cascade or

cascade tunnel
| This way:
y Mechanical complications reduced
y 2-D flow conditions simplifies interpretation of test results
20
Cascade Theory
CASCADE NOMENCLATURE
21
Blade Camber Angle, Θ = θ1 + θ2
Cascade Theory
COMPRESSOR CASCADE
y Stagger angel, λ (+ve here)

(b/w Axis and chord line)
y Blade inlet angle, α1I = λ + θ1
y Blade outlet angle α2I = λ – θ2
y Air inlet Angle, α1 = λ + θ1 + i
y Air outlet Angle, α2 = λ - θ2 + δ
y Deflection, ξ = α1 – α2
=θ+i-δ
y Deviation, δ = α2 – α2I
y Incidence Angle, i = α1 – α1I
22
Cascade Theory
TURBINE CASCADE
23
Note: Stagger Angel, λ is –ve
here
Cascade Theory
COMPRESSOR CASCADE
Velocity 24
Triangle
Cascade Theory
COMPRESSOR CASCADE
| Vm is the mean velocity that makes an angle with the axial direction αm.
| Circulation, Γ = S ( VW1-VW2 )
| Lift, L = ρVMΓ = ρVM S( VW1-VW2 )
| Lift is perpendicular to αm line
| S,C -depend on the design of the cascade
| Lift Coefficient
25
Cascade Theory
TURBINE CASCADE
Velocity
26
Triangle
Cascade Theory
EFFECT OF VISCOUS FLOW

| Till now, Inviscid flow assumption
| In reality, loss in pressure
| Loss in total pressure

= Loss in Static pressure
=
| Loss due to
y Frictional loss ( boundary layer
formation)
y Mixing of blade wakes
27
Cascade Theory
Variation of Stagnation Pressure Loss and Deflection
¾Fixed Incidence
¾Loss in
Dimensionless
form
28
Cascade Theory
Cascade Mean Deflection and Pressure Loss Curves
| Nominal
Deflection = ξ*
| Stalling
Deflection = ξs
29
Cascade Theory
DESIGN DEFLECTION CURVES

| Test results for different
geometric forms by varying
y Camber
y Pitch/ Chord ratio
| In the range of incidence

likely to be used, ξ* is
mainly dependent on:
y Pitch/ chord ratio
y Air outlet angle
30
Cascade Theory
COMPRESSOR CASCADE (VISCOUS CASE)

| Due to losses in total pressure,
an axial force,
| Thus, Drag,
| Lift is reduced, so Effective Lift
| Lift Coefficient
| Drag Coefficient 31
Cascade Theory
TURBINE CASCADE (VISCOUS CASE)

| Here, Drag contributes to
work. So, drag is useful
component
| Drag,
| Effective Lift,
| Lift Coefficient
32
Cascade Theory
COMPRESSOR BLADE EFFICIENCY

| Due to viscous effect, static pressure rise is reduced, so
| Blade efficiency,
| ηb is max if , or
| Approximation: in expression of Lift, effect of Drag is ignored. 33

Cascade Theory
TURBINE BLADE EFFICIENCY

| Blade Efficiency,
| For small CD / CL ratio = (ηb)compressor
34
Cascade Theory
BLADE EFFICIENCY
| If Drag is not neglected

in expression of Lift
Nature of variation of ηb wrt mean

flow angle αm
Note: ηb does not vary much in the range 15° ≤ αm ≤ 75°, which provides 35
flexibility in design.
CONCLUSION
| Compared to axial compressors, axial turbines are simpler in
design and more efficient
| Elaborate cooling techniques are adopted in turbines to have

y Less stress at higher temperature
y More rotor speed
| Cascade theory gives a thorough idea about the performance

of compressor and turbine blades
| Through cascade analysis, a wide database is created which

aids in the design of compressor or turbine blades
36
THANK YOU
Aviral Chopra
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 37

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INDO-GERMAN WINTER ACADEMY 2007

ELEMENTARY CASCADE THEORY

| Axial Flow Turbines

Theory Of Gas Turbine Engines

| Compressor: compresses the incoming air to high pressure

Theory Of Gas Turbine Engines

| Turbine: Extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-

Working Of A Simple Turbojet

| The pressurized gas from compressor is furnished to maintain

| Burning of fuel-air mixture provides stream of hot expanding

| Out of the total energy development, approximately 60% is

| The rest is available to develop useful thrust directly

Axial Flow Turbines

| Axial Turbine Stage

2-D Theory Of Axial Turbines

| In axial turbine stage,

Types Of Axial Turbines

Impulse Turbines 50 % Reaction Turbines

| Entire Pressure drop in | Pressure drop same in

| Φ, Flow coefficient =Vf / U

Gas Flow Angles in terms of ψ, φ, R

| Thus, R in terms of Exit Angles:

ZERO EXIT SWIRL

| In Impulse stage, all

| Thus, lower efficiency

| Useful work is shaft power | Exhaust Kinetic Energy is

| Thus ηtt > ηts

| Actual Turbine Work

T-S diagram: expansion in 15

y Effect of loss expressed as difference in static enthalpy

y Enthalpy loss coefficient for nozzle,

y Enthalpy loss coefficient foe rotor,

TURBINE STAGE PERFORMANCE

| Performance is limited by 2 factors:

| Trade-off between maximum temperature and maximum rotor

| Thus, elaborate cooling methods are adopted 18

ELEMENTARY CASCADE THEORY

| Turntable: to vary the

| Pressure and velocity

WHY CASCADE THEORY

| In such case of rotating device, difficult to appreciate flow

| Hence, blades generally tested as straight cascade or

y Stagger angel, λ (+ve here)

| Lift, L = ρVMΓ = ρVM S( VW1-VW2 )

| Lift is perpendicular to αm line

| S,C -depend on the design of the cascade

EFFECT OF VISCOUS FLOW

| In reality, loss in pressure

| Loss in total pressure

Variation of Stagnation Pressure Loss and Deflection

Cascade Mean Deflection and Pressure Loss Curves

DESIGN DEFLECTION CURVES

| In the range of incidence

COMPRESSOR CASCADE (VISCOUS CASE)

| Lift is reduced, so Effective Lift

TURBINE CASCADE (VISCOUS CASE)

COMPRESSOR BLADE EFFICIENCY

| Approximation: in expression of Lift, effect of Drag is ignored. 33

TURBINE BLADE EFFICIENCY

| For small CD / CL ratio = (ηb)compressor

| If Drag is not neglected

Nature of variation of ηb wrt mean

| Elaborate cooling techniques are adopted in turbines to have