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Bernadette College of Valenzuela

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Chapter I:

The Problem and it’s Background

Introduction

A solar powered street light system that is totally independent of any external power

supply. Solar panels are connected in such a manner to charge a maintenance free storage battery

with sufficient capacity to light street lights and traffic signals. An auxiliary generator may also be

provided having a wind driven vane for also charging the battery if sufficient sunlight is not

available.

Many homeowners and business entrepreneurs are starting to install solar panels in their

properties because having solar systems can reduce electric bills and supply sustainable energy.

Not only these. The government and the states offer tax credits of up to 30% for a majority of

homeowners and are available on utility-scale. Solar panels are basically used to convert the solar

energy coming from the sun into electricity. They are made from solar or photovoltaic cells and

are used rural areas, residences, commercial establishments and government infrastructure. Also

referred to as PV panels, the first solar panel was introduced in 1954 by Bell Laboratories. Today,

these solar devices are used for personal and commercial applications. However, there are still

advantages and disadvantages attributed to them. Advantages, Gives Renewable Energy Since the

power that is stored in solar panels come from solar energy which is renewable, solar panels emit

renewable energy that is available on a daily basis and practically all over the world. No matter if

a person relocates in a remote area or be off the grid, so long as the sun shines and he or she has
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solar panels installed, there will be electricity supplied to his or her home. And according to

scientists, the sun will continue to give out solar energy for at least 5 billion more years, making

solar panels usable for a long time. Different Applications, Solar panels have diversified uses in

homes and commercial applications. They are used not only to supply electricity to homes but also

to heat water and run solar powered cars. Since solar panels can be used to distill water in places

where there is limitation on clean water access and supply electricity in places that are off the grid,

they are considered diverse when it comes to applications. Solar panels as well as solar energy are

being used even in building homes which expands the application of this energy source. Lesser

EnergyBills.

One of the most practical and top advantages of solar panels is their capability to reduce energy

consumption. By simply storing solar energy in solar panels, home owners need not use electricity

sold commercially since they can use their appliances at night with the use of solar panels.

Consequently, energy bills will be reduced. Of course, it is important to note that the savings in

energy consumption depends on the size of solar panels. Also, aside from the reduction of energy

usage, the homeowner also has the chance to get bonus payments if there is more electricity

generation from the solar panels and lesser is used and the surplus will be sent to the grid. And by

using energy stored in solar panels at peak times where electricity rates are high, more savings can

be earned.

The country (Philippines) is still relatively young when it comes to solar development, but

was able to get seven active projects ranked in the top 50 list,” Solarplaza research analyst Marco

Dorothal said in a report. Dorothal was referring to Solarplaza’s top 50 solar PV projects in
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emerging markets. He noted that the biggest operational project in the Philippines was currently

the 132.5-megawatt Cadiz solar power plant developed by Helios Solar Energy Corp., a joint

venture between Thailand-based Soleq Solar Co. and Gregorio Araneta Inc. “The commissioning

of this plant solidifies the solar market in the Philippines as being capable of handling such large-

scale utility projects,” Dorothal said. Solarplaza also noted that homegrown firm Solar Philippines

last March started building a 150-MW solar plant in Tarlac, making it Solar Philippines has also

opened the country’s first PV module factory in Batangas. As of June 2017, Solarplaza pegs the

Philippines’ solar power installed capacity at 900 MW. “The developments in the market are

promising, but it still needs to be seen how much this will benefit the country as Solar Philippines

aims to produce PV modules for the US and European markets,” Dorothal said. Further, Solarplaza

said that while the Philippines was going through some policy changes, the solar market had been

getting much support from the government. Cheapest source

“Two new operating projects [that made it to Solarplaza’s Top 50 list] have led the Philippines to

increase its capacity with 110 MW compared to what was previously reported,” Dorothal said.

“The country also has a major project still in the pipeline that could once again increase the

[installed] MW capacity of the Philippines in the Top 50 list,” he added. According to the

International Energy Agency, solar power is turning into the cheapest source of new electricity

generation capacity in many countries, especially in Asia. “Solar is forging ahead in global power

markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China

and India,” IEA executive director Fatih Birol said in a statement. The IEA expects that, over the

next 25 years.
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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Local Literature

(1)Lighting System Automatic lighting controls do exist in the market, like the Manual

Dimming, Photosensors, Occupancy Sensors, Clock switches or timers, Centralized Controls.

Manual Dimming controls allow occupants of a space to adjust the light output or illuminance.

This can result in energy savings through reductions in input power, as well as reductions in peak

power demand, and enhanced lighting flexibility. (Home Improvement, Renovation, Remodeling

and House RepairReal Estate Articles, Advice and Tips, retrieved JULY 16, 2015, from )The

manual operation of lightings in different establishment, schools, roads and recreational areas in

the Philippines, are being replaced by an automatic switching system. In some parts of Metro

Manila, street lights have photo sensors attached to it, which automatically turns the light on and

off. Other street lights are attached on a programmable timer which controls the switching of its

light from dusk until dawn.Other areas are still on the manual switching using a panel switch.In

Iloilo, street lights in the city are controlled by a timer, which is preset by an operator to its desired

time. There are also places, which use the photo sensor as its switch, in Central Philippine

University, each street lights situated in the campus have its own photo sensor attached to it.

(2) Eighty-three volunteers gathered to install solar streetlights and refurbish a school and

community center in the Global Peace Foundation’s first All-Lights Village in the Tarlac Province,

Philippines on May 30, 2015. The All-Lights Village Project is a long-term community development

program that begins with providing solar-powered lights to rural villages with limited access to
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electricity and then assists with improving the overall quality of life through education, clean water

solutions and income generation. The program is now in six countries around the world. When

volunteers from the Global Peace Foundation, FedEx, the local government of Capas, Philippines

Department of Education and other non-profit organizations and corporations arrived in village sitio

Flora of Barangay Maruglu, villagers warmly welcomed them with a display of tribal dancing around

an open fire. They danced as part of a tradition of calling upon ancestors and spirits to welcome and

protect the village’s visitors. Just last December, the village was selected as the first All-Lights

Village in the Tarlac Province. The village is located in the mountains and had no electricity and was

chosen to be a pilot for other indigenous communities. Volunteers distributed solar lanterns to

residents to help school children with evening studies and to assist families by providing light in

their home.

(3) According to Illac Diaz, Liter of Light executive director, lamps powered by green energy

is "usually imported, patented, and expensive.". "When it breaks in about two years, they have to go

into debt again to be able to purchase it," Illac said. Liter of Light produces cheap solar-powered

lanterns made up of recycled plastic bottles or kerosene lamps, locally produced microcircuits, and

batteries charged by mini solar panels. These are assembled by a network of women cooperatives

around the country. Diaz said that the cheapest lamp they make costs around P200 to P300 which

can last for about 10 hours lighted. It has a life span of 5 years before parts need to be replaced. They

also train at least one technician and one entrepreneur from the communities that received their

lanterns to make sure that they don't have to buy a new one when it breaks. They need something
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that they themselves can repair. When one part is broken, you don't have to throw away the whole

unit," he said.

(4) Energy (DOE) Secretary Alfonso G. Cusi said the inauguration of the first Filipino-owned solar

panel facility in Batangas on Wednesday is a testament to the government’s progress in revitalizing

the local renewable energy (RE) industry for the benefit of consumers and the economy. Energy

Secretary Alfonso Cusi together with President Rodrigo Duterte, Senator Loren Legarda, Philippine

Economic Zone Authority Director General Charito Plaza, Solar Philippines President Lean Leviste

with Team Solar Philippines staffers during yesterday’s First Filipino Owned Solar Factory

inauguration. (doe.gov.ph/MANILA BULLETIN)

(5) In this article, I will discuss and explain the advantages and potential business opportunities

of solar energy in the Philippines. There has been a general expansion in solar power generation in

Asia as opposed to Europe and the rest of the world, and ASEAN countries, including the Philippines

have a greater growth potential. Current electricity costs in the Philippines are the highest in Asia,

including Japan. This makes solar power a much cheaper and economically more advantageous

option in the Philippines. Another Philippine milestone in the development of solar power using a

Photo Voltaic (PV) system was in July 2013, when the net metering regulations and interconnection

standards were released by the Philippine Energy Regulatory Commission, and went into effect on

July 25, 2013.

(6)The present energy situation of the Philippines is that the country is a net importer of

fossil fuels. Simply put, we use more power than we can produce and burn. In numbers (from

2017), the Philippines imported 20 million tons of coal to help augment the eight million tons
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produced in the country. Statistics from two years prior (2015) showed that the country also had to

import 54 million barrels of oil to augment the 33,000 barrels it produced its own. A dependency

on fossil fuels in a country rich in renewable energy sources is not the effect of a single cause.

However, it can be the cause of a continued decline in the people’s quality of life. As each of the

islands modernise and urbanise, not incorporating renewable energy systems in city and suburban

plans simply means contributing to the pollution problem the country already battles, promoting

respiratory problems in citizens, and crippling the economy due to a higher cost of living. This is

why solar energy in the Philippines makes sense. Not only is it a renewable energy source, but it is

a source to which everyone has access. It is a system very easily incorporated into both existing

plans and future development plans, and it’s free. A sailor will tell you they sail because wind is

free.

(7) Solar Energy in the Philippines is among the fastest growing innovations that people are

beginning to accept. The benefits of utilizing solar energy for residential homes or for the

workplace are numerous. Between savings in annual consumption of electricity to enjoying cleaner

energy, solar energy has made the future happen today. Solenergy has taken on numerous projects

across the country. Each project has helped Solenergy grow both as a company and as a provider

of cleaner energy. Solar energy is derived from the radiation that comes from the Sun and that is

then converted to electricity. Solenergy has provided different customers with solar panels that is

suited to their needs and their specifications. To meet the cumulative energy needs for operation

requirements, Solar energy was tasked to plan, install, and preserve the first rooftop solar power

system for Pioneer Hybrid Seeds, completed under a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement. Installed

at the heart of the production plant of the client were thin-film modules connected to ten 3-phase
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inverters in Tarlac City and these are expected to produce more than 500kWh of energy every day.

In conjunction with Mondelez’s energy saving and cost-reduction campaign, Mondelez

approached Solenergy Systems Inc. to deliver a turn-key solar power system for a warehouse

rooftop in their Metro Manila manufacturing facility. The system installed consists of 390

polycrystalline solar modules linked to 5 autonomous 3-phase inverters. It is connected to the

warehouse power circuit and is expected to deliver more than 550kWhr per day during peak

production. To lessen the client’s dependency on utility-sourced power and also make an

innovation in making an environmental statement, the client hired Solenergy to install a rooftop

solar power system at their campus in Taguig.

(8) The transformation of energy from the sun into electricity is called solar power. Through

the use of solar panels, radiation from the sun is converted into power that can sustain your

home. Solenergy Systems, Inc. is one of the leading companies who are utilizing the use of solar

power in the Philippines. Through them, millions of Filipino households, corporate buildings,

and public establishments can now make use of renewable energy to power their electric

appliances. Solar power is far more advantageous compared to other sources of energy. Here are

some of the benefits of using solar energy to power your home or establishment.

Using solar panels to convert solar energy into electricity is not only good for your

pocket, but it also benefits the environment! As it is, several power sources heavily damages our

surroundings, emitting substances that are very unhealthy for both humans and everything

around them. By converting to solar power, you will be lowering your carbon footprint; this is

important because by taking care of the environment, you are also taking care of yourself and

your family’s well-being. After all, destroying our surroundings will also have a negative impact
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on our lives. You are probably thinking, “but how long will it last?” The solar panels that you

use to convert the sun’s radiation into electricity have a finite life span. However, it’s not as short

as one might think. Actually, solar panels are very durable and can last for up to 40 years. Not

only that, most of the time, they come with 20 to 25-year warranties. On top of all that, you can

expect that it will still be 80% in good condition 25 years after you first bought it. You know

what this means right? It means that it’s time for you to switch to solar power!

Whether you are a homeowner who wants take care of the environment or a company president

looking to lower your electricity bill, solar power is beneficial for you. If you want to make the

jump from conventional power sources and into the cost-efficient, clean, and environment-

friendly solar power, give Solenergy Systems, Inc., a call now! Here’s to a brighter and safer

future.

Local Studies

(1) This paper focused on the importance of renewable energy to Philippine energy security

and sustainability agenda. It examined the status of renewable energy in the Philippines and

discussed the opportunities and challenges in the further development and deployment of

renewable energy. This research relied on secondary data from the Philippine Department of

Energy, ASEAN Centre for Energy, World Bank, and APEC Secretariat. Relevant informative

journalistic reports were also consulted. Among the major findings are: (1) renewable energy

will account for an increasingly significant share of the Philippine energy mix for power

generation in the foreseeable future and (2) fossil fuels, oil in particular, however, will remain

the dominant energy source. Whether or not the Philippine government will achieve its

renewable energy targets largely depends on how efficient and fast it will be in addressing the
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related issues. This study builds on the existing knowledge base on Philippine renewable energy.

Although renewable energy (RE) contributes steadily to global final energy consumption, fossil

fuels remain the primary energy source. In 2010, for instance, while RE’s share of global final

energy consumption was 16.7%, fossil fuels’ share was 80.6% [1]. However, oil price volatility,

projected depletion of fossil energy resources, and problems of climate change, environmental

degradation, and pollution resulting from continued fossil fuel use have driven both developed

and developing countries to seek and develop viable alternative energy sources. Renewables,

namely, wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro show potential in this regard. In recent years, RE has

become an important part of the energy agenda as countries continue to diversify their energy

mix to achieve the twin objectives of energy security and sustainability. While RE is promising,

much needs to be done to address the challenges and gaps that will pave the way for its further

development and deployment. The Philippines is a case in point. Currently, the share of RE in

the country’s primary energy supply mix is 40.7% [

(2) The Philippines is a country of 102 million people, and is a relatively fast growing.
Asian economy, and it is anticipated that 7000MW of power generation will be added over the
next five years. An estimated 16 million people are off the grid with regards to current electricity
supply, and this includes approximately 6000 schools. This demonstrates the potential for
supplying solar power to the Philippines. Residents in off grid areas, are beginning to arrange the
finance to purchase solar panels, batteries etc. A friend recently mentioned to me that his golf
caddie, who lives in a local off grid village, near the golf course, had invested in two solar panels
with batteries, at a cost of about P5000 (US$100), and this has supplied her house with electricity
for lights, fans, a small refrigerator and a TV. The Philippine Government has also committed to
a 70% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and has a 15.3GW renewable energy target, thus
encouraging a large increase in solar power as an energy source. Professional Service_CB
icons_2015 RELATED: Corporate Establishment Services from Dezan Shira & Associates
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Given the present electricity market, solar power as a common utility makes economic sense for
the Philippines, as solar technology as a newly formed power source, is well placed to capitalize
on increasing fuel prices, whilst also showing a high level of resilience to falling oil prices.
(3) According to A. Hurst of SOL Inc., “without access to electricity, nearly 1.6 billion
people, or 30% of the world’s population, do not have reliable street lighting”. A Street light is a
proven piece of equipment to enhance the safety, comfort, educational capability, commercial
and social life of a community. A monumental demand for electrical power for industrial use
serves as a big hindrance to the propagation of the street light especially in the Philippines. An
acceptable solution to this problem is the provision of a reliable and low-cost type of lighting
system that does not require power from the local power companies. A solar powered street light is the
best solution for providing outdoor light that does not require power from the local power generators.
The solar powered street light does not require an overhead or underground electrical wiring, does
economical. Furthermore, it will not necessitate any additional power from the grid line avoiding the use
of electrical distribution equipment which are sometimes unreliable and unavailable. Solar powered
street lights will be relied upon to provide illumination every night. With the installation of a battery or a
“power bank” as we now call it, properly designed solar lights will be illuminating the night for at least
five nights even if there is inadequate sunlight during day time. There is no doubt that the solar powered
street light is a versatile form of a lighting system.

(4) A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard is a raised
source of light on the edge of a road or path. When urban electric power destributions became
ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or
sometimes led. Many lamps have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when light
is or is not needed: dusk, dawn, or the onset of dark weather. This function in older lighting
systems could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light systems are
being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another.
(5) The power utility companies in the Philippines, who are responsible for power
distribution, have been instrumental in developing the rules and standards to assure safety and
stability of the distribution grid. It is the responsibility of these power companies to ensure that
the rules are followed, and to also ensure that all customers of good standing, now have the
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opportunity to be interconnected to the grid, through roof-top solar panels. These regulations
stipulate that there is no subsidy involved. The customer receives a credit based on the KWh of
electricity exported after self-consumption, and the average cost of generation to the Distribution
Utility (DU) for the month. These rules will therefore shape that the size of the roof-top solar
panels, must be in line with the maximum consumption of the residential or commercial
customer, as the credit for exporting electricity to the DU is much lower than the savings through
self-consumption.

(6) Residents of an upland village in Bagumbayan town in Sultan Kudarat now have brighter
days and nights ahead with the completion of a government-funded solar electrification project.
Bai Zorahayda Taha, director of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD),
said they recently turned over to residents of Barangay Sumilil in Bagumbayan at least 13 units
of solar battery charging stations and 15 units of streetlights that were installed through its
flagship anti-poverty program Kalahi-CIDSS. Kalahi-CIDSS stands for Kapit-Bisig Laban sa
Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services.

(7) Street lighting provides a number of important benefits. It can be used to promote security in
urban areas and to increase the quality of life by artificially extending the hours in which it is
light so that activity can take place. Street lighting also improves safety for drivers, riders, and
pedestrians. Driving outside of daylight hours is more dangerous – only a quarter of all travel by
car drivers is between the hours of 7pm and 8am, yet this period accounts for 40% of fatal and
serious injuries to the same group. Pedestrians and vulnerable road users suffer from decreased
visibility in the dark too. For these reasons, ways of reducing the risk to all road users during the
hours of darkness must be found.
(8) Streetlights are not only a vital necessity for security and safety in a community but also
provide a sense of well-being and progress. As streetlights consume so much energy that eats
much of the budget of the community, there is a growing demand for the usage of energy-
efficient lamps and to harness solar energy to power the streetlights. Energy efficiency however
not only has to consider illumination brightness and power consumption but also optical safety
appropriate for motorists roadways) and pedestrians (parks). Streetlights are a vital necessities
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for security and safety in a community as well as a means to provide a sense of well-being and
progress. As streetlights consume so much energy that consume a large portion of the budget of
the community, there is a growing demand for the usage of energy-efficient lamps that harness
solar energy to power themselves. Energy efficiency, illumination, power consumption are all
important factors to consider when installing a system that meets optical safety standards for
motorists (on roadways) and pedestrians (on walkways and in parks).

Foreign Studies

(1)A solar panel for use in a roof mounted array of solar panels, each panel having ridges

protruding outwardly and adjacent to the side edges for receiving a standing seam cap between

side-adjacent panels. Each solar panel is formed as an integral structure having a photovoltaic

module an edge of which is sealed by a base substrate. The base substrate is configured to have

lipped top and bottom edges which interlock to form a watertight seal between top-adjacent and

bottom-adjacent solar panels. The solar panel array can be mounted on a roof, in place of shingles

or the like, to provide environmental protection for the interior of a building. The present

invention relates in general to solar panels for use in a roof-mounted array and, more particularly,

to a solar panel that provides environmental protection to its photovoltaic cells, is easily installed

and replaced, and that can serve as a roofing panel eliminating the need for shingles or tar paper.

Discussion of the Related Art, It is a known practice to mount solar panel arrays on rooftops where

they are most likely to receive a maximum amount of sunlight without interference from trees,

buildings or other obstructions. One method for mounting an array of solar panels on a roof is to

first assemble the solar panels on a support to form the array, and then to secure the supported

array on the existing rooftop.

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(2) The elements of the solar panel are arranged generally in parallel planes that, starting

from the top, include a transparent sheet, a plurality of converging lenses, a plurality of solar

cells arranged in electrical series respectively aligned with the converging lenses, an electrically

insulating support plate that together with the sides of the solar unit and the top sheet form a

vacuum chamber for the lenses and solar cells to reduce heat transfer by convection and

conduction upwardly from the solar cells, a thermopile, a heat sink plate receiving heat from the

thermopile, heat transfer fins receiving heat from the heat sink plate, a serpentine conduit in heat

exchange with the heat fins, thermal insulation, and a bottom plate that is connected to the side

walls. Two side walls contain mating couplings for each of the conduit, thermopile, and

photoelectric cells so that two adjacent panels may be interconnected with such couplings to

provide fluid cThe present invention relates to a solar panel unit that may collect solar energy

and convert it into a more reusable energy form, such as electrical energy or a heated liquid. It is

an object of the present invention to produce a more efficient solar panel, so that thereby for a

given quantity of desired usable energy, the area of solar panel required will be at a minimum.

(4) Street lights in Ghana receive electrical energy from the national grid. To pay for the

energy consumed, residential consumers on the grid are levied 0.0001 of their total monthly

consumption. Unfortunately, these levied are inadequate to defray the cost. Most of the street

lights in Ghana are not metered, thus making it impossible to bill the respective District

Assemblies with the unstable socio-political climate in the country complicates to incorporating

street lights onto the national grid. This paper discusses the use of solar power as an alternative

source of electrical energy for street lighting in Ghana with LED-based used to recharge energy

to lead-acid batteries from the solar panels. The design has an auto turn-on and turn-off for the
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street lights and for charging the backup batteries. The expectation is that changing the LED-

based street lighting system will lead to an increased initial installation cost but the savings made

due to the reduced maintenance cost is enormous. This proposal is to use the solar panels

implemented in this project more efficiently by adding concentrators, installing tracking system

and using the integrated battery. This system improves the total output of solar panel by

maximum utilization of available photovoltaic energy and maximum utilization of the duration

for which solar power is available based on concentration and tracking system and thereby we

hope that it will help to enhance the total street coverage within the

(5) Solar power is a clean renewable energy resource, and is becoming increasingly important

for the future of this planet. Energy from the Sun is converted to electrical energy via the

photoelectric effect using many photovoltaic cells in a photovoltaic (PV) panel. Power from a

PV panel is direct current (DC), while modern utility grids require alternating current (AC)

power. The DC power from the PV panel must be converted to AC power, of a suitable quality,

and injected into the grid. A solar inverter accomplishes this task. It would be advantageous to

provide a structure, system and process to improve the efficiency of power inverters, such as for

a solar panel system. Such a development would provide a significant technical advance. To

maximize the amount of power harvested, most solar inverters perform a maximum power point

tracking (MPPT) algorithm. These algorithms treat an entire array of PV panels as a single

entity, averaging all of the PV panels together, with a preference towards the weakest link. It

would therefore also be advantageous to provide a structure, system and process, to maximize

efficiency and harvest capabilities of any solar PV system, to capitalize on profit and maximum

return for the owner of the system.

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(6) Solar Powered Street Lights is a project that can be served to School of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering (SEEE), Universiti Sains Malaysia in electricity cost savings by
implementing the existing solar Photovoltaic (PV) system used for a green technology of energy
efficiency. Due to the electricity of the national grid Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) continue to
increases, perhaps this system is able to maximize cost savings for SEEE. Solar energy collected
during the day will be converted into electricity to charge the battery. Electricity charged the
battery then will be connected and used to power the lights around the SEEE parking area at
night. After taking all important aspects into accounts that help to optimize energy saving, this
system has been proven to reduce electricity costs. System data such as the power consumption
of the load, battery charging rates, and other relevant data is measured. From the measured data,
calculations and analysis were performed to determine the actual performance of the system.
Proper wiring connections between solar PV systems and light poles grid around the SEEE
parking lot have been executed.
(7) The solar panel is one of the most important parts of a solar street light, as the solar panel is
able to convert solar energy into electricity that the lamps can use. There are two types of solar
panel commonly used in solar street lights: mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline. The
conversion rate of mono-crystalline solar panels are much higher than their poly-crystalline
counterpart. Solar panels also vary in wattage systems.
(8) India has today close to 300 million people who have no access to electricity and they have to
depend on wood fire or kerosene for their lighting needs. Through solutions such as solar
lighting, we believe that we will be able to bring far less expensive, healthier and
environmentally friendly lighting to this large population. This solar mission driven jointly by
the government and the private sector can really help in taking the Prakash Path initiative to all
of rural India where electricity is unavailable or erratic.
exacting requirements made for a challenging tender process, but Philips came out on top,
winning two major separate LED solar street lighting contracts for UPNEDA (Uttar Pradesh
New and Renewable Energy Development Agency) and MANIREDA (Manipur Renewable
Energy Development Agency). The focus was energy conversion based on new and renewable
energy sources.
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CONNECT WITH US

Foreign Literatures

(1)A study jointly prepared by Greenpeace International and the European Renewable

Energy Council (Teske et al., 2015) projects that installed global PV capacity would expand to

1,330 GW by 2040 and 2,033 GW by 2050. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA,

2008) estimates solar power development potential under two scenarios that are differentiated on

the basis of global CO2 emission reduction targets. In the first scenario, where global CO2

emissions in 2050 are restricted at 2005 level, global solar PV capacity is estimated to increase

from 11 GW in 2009 to 600 GW by 2050. In the second scenario, where global CO2 emissions are

reduced by 50% from 2005 levels by 2050, installed capacity of solar PV would exceed 1,100 GW

in 2050. Like solar PV, projections are available for CSP technology. A joint study by Greenpeace,

the European Solar Thermal Power Industry (ESTIA) and the International Energy Agency

projects that global CSP capacity would expand by one hundred-fold to 37 GW by 2025 and then

skyrocket to 600 GW by 2040 (Greenpeace et al., 2014).

(2) The knowledge and ability to modify cyanobacteria so they can produce a variety of chemicals

from carbon dioxide and solar energy is emerging in parallel with advances in technology,

synthetic biology, genetically changing them. Through a combination of technical development,

systematic methods and the discovery that as more product removed from the cyanobacteria, the

more butanol is formed, the study shows the way forward for realising the concept. We already

know it is possible to produce butanol using this process (proof-of-concept). What researchers
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have now been able to show is that it is possible to achieve significantly higher production, so high

that it becomes possible to use in production. In practical terms, butanol can be used in the

automotive industry as both an environmentally friendly vehicle fuel -- fourth generation biofuel

-- and as an environmentally friendly component of rubber for tyres. In both cases, fossil fuels are

replaced by a carbon-neutral product created from solar energy, carbon dioxide and water. Even

larger industries, in all trades, that currently produce high greenhouse gas emissions from carbon

dioxide will be able to use the process with cyanobacteria to bind carbon dioxide and consequently

significantly reduce their emissions. -

(3)This thematic issue contains reviews of various aspects of Solar Energy Conversion. The sun

provides the largest energy source known to man, with more energy from sunlight striking the

earth in 1 h than all of the energy consumed on the planet in an entire year. Solar panels provide a

known, scalable technology to capture and convert sunlight into electricity. Moreover, the costs of

Si-based photovoltaic panels have declined continuously in the past decade, to the point where

solar electricity is now cost-competitive in certain regions and niche markets. Nevertheless, solar

energy conversion continues to attract fervent efforts devoted to the discovery and development

of new materials, concepts, devices, and systems that can provide new and/or dramatically

improved functionality and scalability. 8

(4)Solar panels in the UK take advantage of one of nature's most powerful yet free

resources: the energy produced by the sun. Solar panels, also called photovoltaics or solar PV, is

a type of solar cell system that uses semiconductor technology to convert energy from sunlight

into electricity. To help guide you while switching to renewable energy, this page highlights all of
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the most practical information about the installation cost, the incentives, the features, and the prices

of solar panels in the UK. Solar panels prices have steadily decreased over the last couple of years.

Average domestic solar panels cost around £6,000. Solar arrays in this price range can provide you

with a system output of 4 kWh, producing around 3,400 kWh per year, provided the solar panels

have an inclination of 30-50 degrees. As new technologies are being developed, experts discover

new ways of making solar energy components. Thus, in the not so distant future, the likelihood of

solar cell prices going down is significant. If you're interested in solar panels for your home, and

you would like to know more about your renewable energy options, Green Match is here for you.

Our service is simple and obligation free. Just fill in the non-binding form at the top and we will

get back to you shortly.

(5) In their literature review, the authors of the paper, USGS scientist Jeffrey Lovich and

Maryville College scientist Joshua Ennen, found that out of all the scientific papers they examined,

going back well before the 1980s, only one peer-reviewed study addressed the direct impacts of

large-scale solar energy development and operations on any kind of wildlife. Peer-reviewed studies

are those that have been reviewed by experts in the same field of study and are then published in

scientific journals. One reason why there are few peer-reviewed studies is that the interest in

developing alternative energy has grown exponentially in recent years and science has to "catch

up." Opportunities for hypothesis-driven research on solar energy facilities of this scale,

particularly research looking at baseline conditions before development, impacts of operation, or

conditions after development, have been limited. The authors pointed out that a great deal of
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information exists in environmental compliance documents and other unpublished, non-peer-

reviewed literature sources, but that more peer-reviewed studies are greatly needed.

(6) The study, published in Nature Sustainability, was conducted by researchers from the

University of California, Davis; Lancaster University in the United Kingdom; the Center for

Biological Diversity and 10 other organizations. It suggests a framework for understanding more

completely, and ultimately quantifying, the benefits of solar energy, identifying 20 frequently

overlooked advantages. For example, solar panels paired with native plant restoration can add

habitat while also increasing panel efficiency. A WILD ENERGY FUTURE The study also marks

the launch of a partnership between the Center for Biological Diversity and UC Davis to advance

a "Wild Energy" future, which emphasizes the potential of solar energy systems to benefit not only

humans, but the entire planet. "The first step in creating a wild-energy future is understanding the

true value of solar," said lead author Rebecca R. Hernandez, assistant professor at UC Davis' John

Muir Institute of the Environment. "By valuing all the benefits of renewable energy, we can start

to build an energy system that's beneficial for people, wildlife and wild places." "Solar energy has

way more benefits than most people imagine," said Greer Ryan, a renewable energy and research

specialist at the Center for Biological Diversity and co-author of the paper. "We're hoping utilities,

regulators and legislators will now have a better sense of the importance of solar energy, which

will lead to the expansion of rooftop solar, more community solar development and lower prices

for everyone."Solar energy is the fastest-growing source of power worldwide. In 2019, solar is

expected to provide more than 30 percent of all new U.S. electric capacity. According to the

International Energy Agency, solar energy could become the largest electricity source by 2050.
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Solar has many advantages beyond providing power, particularly when built to maximize social,

technological and environmental benefits.As governments increasingly commit to 100 percent

renewable energy, they should valuate and appropriately incentivize the synergies outlined in this

study," said Alona Armstrong of Lancaster University and the paper's second author. "This would

maximize solar energy generation potential while protecting our planet's climate, air quality, water,

land and wildlife."

(7) The market for solar photovoltaics (PV) has expanded greatly in recent years, but its
contribution to world energy is still small and the technology more expensive than fossil fuels.
Silicon, used in virtually all commercial solar cells, is cheap and abundant, but it is costly and
energy-intensive to produce it in the pure crystalline form required for PV. For solar power to
really replace fossil fuels across the globe, the technology needs to become even cheaper,
probably about ¼ of the current price, and more efficient still. Cutting-edge research led by
Professor Henry Snaith at the University of Oxford looks set to deliver exactly this: low-cost,
high-efficiency PV technology, based on a crystalline material called perovskite synthesized
from earth-abundant precursors, which began to be investigated in 2009 as a material to replace
the dye in “dye-sensitized” solar cells. However, a dramatic breakthrough came in 2012 when
the Snaith group demonstrated that perovskite was, by itself, an excellent semiconductor. This
unexpected result meant that PV cells could be built with a simple stack of thin layers, and this
had the potential to simplify manufacture enormously, and deliver much enhanced efficiency.
(8) Solar Powered Street Lights is a project that can be served to School of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering (SEEE), Universiti Sains Malaysia in electricity cost savings by
implementing the existing solar Photovoltaic (PV) system used for a green technology of energy
efficiency. Due to the electricity of the national grid Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) continue to
increases, perhaps this system is able to maximize cost savings for SEEE. Solar energy collected
during the day will be converted into electricity to charge the battery. Electricity charged the
battery then will be connected and used to power the lights around the SEEE parking area at
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night. After taking all important aspects into accounts that help to optimize energy saving, this
system has been proven to reduce electricity costs. System data such as the power consumption
of the load, battery charging rates, and other relevant data is measured. From the measured data,
calculations and analysis were performed to determine the actual performance of the system.