Reviewer in Oral Communication 5.

Courtesy – Respect
Communication – is a process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person to another.
6. Clearness – Simple and specific words to
express the ideas
7. Correctness – eliminates the negative impact on
the audience.

Nature of Communication Barriers

1. Communication is a Process  Physical Barriers

2. Communication occurs between two or more  Attitudes or Emotional Noises
3. Communication can be expressed through  Language
written, spoken words, actions, etc.  Physiological Barriers
 Problem with Structure Design
Elements of Communication  Cultural Noise
 Lack of Common Experience
1. Speaker – The source of the information
 Ambiguity or Overuse of Abstract
2. Messages – The information
 Information Overload
3. Encoding – The process of conveying
4. Channel – The Medium or the means  Jumping to the Conclusion
5. Decoding – The process of the speaker by the
reciever Verbal Communication
6. Receiver – The recipient of the message - Refers to an interaction in which words are
7. Feedback – The reaction or response of the used to relay a message.
reciever
8. Context – The environment  Appropriateness – The language that you use
9. Barrier – The Factors that affects the flow of should be appropriate to the environment or
communication occasion.
 Brevity – using a simple yet precise and
Model of Communication powerful words are found to be more credible.
Avoid fillers.
1. Shannon – Weaver Model  Clarity – The meaning of the words, feelings, or
 One Way ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener.
 No Feedback  Ethics – Words should be carefully chosen in
 Only External Interference is shown consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
 Otherwise known as linear preferences and status of the person or people
communication you are talking to.
 Only the sender speaks  Vividness – Add color and spice to the
communication.
2. Transaction Model
Non-Verbal Communication
 Feedback is present
- Refers to an interaction where behavior is
 Proposed by Dean Barlund
used to convey and represent meanings.
 Communication exchange roles
 Stares
 Internal Interferences are shown
 Smiles
 Continuous
 Tone of the Voice
 Movement
3. Schramm Model
 Etc.
 Continuous
 Feedback is Present
Importance of Mastering the Non-Verbal
 Only External Interference is shown Communication
 Experience affects communication
 Communicators exchange roles 1. It enhance and emphasizes the message of your
speech, thus making it more meaningful, truthful,
Features of Effective Communication (7C’s) and relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes and
1. Completeness – essence to the quality of the preceptions without you saying a word.
communication process in general 3. It can sustain the attentions of listener and keep
2. Conciseness – Direct or straight to the point. them engaged in the speech.
3. Consideration – Considering the relevant 4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of
information speaker you are
4. Concreteness – Supported by facts and real-life 5. It makes you appear more dynamic and
situations. animated in your delivery.
 6. It serves as a channel to release tension and
nervousness
7. It helps make your speech more dramatic
8. It can build a connection with listeners.
9. Itmakes you a credible speaker.
10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a
monotonous delivery.
Intercultural Communication
- Intercultural Communication happens when
individual interact, negotiate and create
meanings while bringing in ther varied.
(Ting-Toomey , 1999)
- It pertains to communication among people
from different nationalities
(Gudykunst , 2003)
- Intercultural Communication takes place
when people draw from their cultural identity
to understand values, prejudices, language,
attitudes and relationships.
(Gudykuns & Kim , 2003)
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal – Talking to oneself
2. Interpersonal
- Dyad: Two people talking
- Small Group: Three to Fifteen are talking
3. Public – The speaker is talking to a group.
4. Mass Communication – A communication using
a media.
Speech Style
1. Intimate – private, which occurs between or
among close family members.
2. Casual – Common among peers and friends.
Jargons, slang, street language, gay language or
vulgar.
3. Consultative – Standard. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must.
4. Formal – one way communication in a formal
settings.
5. Frozen - Frozen in time and remains unchanged

 Ethnocentrism
 Denial Stage – The individual does not
recognize cultural differences.
 Defense Stage – The individual starts to
recognize cultural differences and is
intimidated by them, resulting in either a
superior view on own culture or an unjustified
high regard for the new one.
 Minimization Stage – Although individuals
see cultural differences, they bank more on
the universality of ideas rather than on
cultural differences
.
 Ethnorelativism
 Acceptance Stage – The individual begins
to appreciate important cultural differences.
 Adaption Stage – The individual is very
open to world views when accepting new
perspectives.
 Integration Stage – Individuals starts to go
beyond their own cultures.

Characteristics of Competent Intercultural

Communicator

 Flexibility or The Ability to tolerate high levels of

unceratainity
 Reflectiveness or Mindfulness
 Open Mindedness
 Adaptability
 Sensitivity
 Politeness
 Ability to engage into divergent thinking anf
systems – level thinking