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Numerical Simulation of Helically Coiled Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe
Numerical Simulation of Helically Coiled Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe
Mathematical Model
Figure 2: Cylindrical coordinate system for heat pipe
208 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 2 (April 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.2.26
where Cp,w is the effective heat capacity of the pipe wall, Physics Setup
and kw is the effective thermal conductivity of the pipe wall. On the basis of the experiment performed by
Vapor Core Pachghare, et al. (2014) following simulating criteria is
The continuity, the momentum and the energy selected.
equations used in the calculation at the vapor core of the
HOHP are given Table 3: Physics setup
Continuity Equation: SN Domain/Boundary/Physics Type
𝜕𝑟𝑤 1 Fluid Model Volume of Fluid
=0
𝜕𝑠 (Lee Model)
Momentum Equation 2 Time step for Transient 0.0003
𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑤 𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 − 𝜏𝑠) 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 − 𝜏𝑠) Analysis
+ + 𝑤+ 𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 3 Materials: Water Liquid & Vapor
1 𝜕𝑝 1 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑟𝑤 4 Evaporation and For phase change
=− +
𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝑅𝑒 𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝑟𝑠 𝜕𝑠 Condensation Model
Energy Equation 5 Saturation Temp & Pressure 308K & 4kPa
𝜕𝑇 𝑤 𝜕𝑇 1 1 𝜕 𝑟 𝜕𝑇 6 Convergence Criteria 10^-3
+ =
𝜕𝑡 𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 𝑠 𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑠 7 Solver: Solution Method SIMPLE
8 Wall material Copper
II. METHODOLOGY
Boundary Conditions
Geometry First simulation is tested with 80W heat input on
. Since the simulation is expensive in terms of the evaporator in which the heat fluxes are provided
computation, the number of turns is taken as four. The directly to the walls of evaporator. This is the Neumann
geometry for the figure shown above is taken from the boundary condition because it involves the value obtained
experimental work performed by Pachghare (2014) in order from the derivate of thermal energy per unit area with
to valid and verify the results before proceeding with the respect to time. In some of the experiments performed by
helical structure because much researches has not been researchers (Yeboaha et. al (2018)), the walls of evaporator
done in the area of helical oscillating heat pipe. is heated by a hollow cylindrical pipe in which a hot liquid
flows.
The temperature in condenser should be less than
the saturation temperature; otherwise, the phase change
won‟t occur there. Thus condenser of the heat pipe is
maintained at 302 degree Kelvin.
Zero heat flux is assigned to the adiabatic section because
Fluent recognizes the insulation area with this value.
Copper, whose thickness is taken as 0.5mm, is
selected as wall material as it is preferred as solid material
for heat pipes due to its high thermal conductivity.
Solution Controls
The Courant number is adaptive and was not fixed
Figure 3: Schematic of model for simulation for the simulation to run. The under relaxation factors for
momentum and pressure were take as 0.3 each because
Table 2: Design parameters for helical heat pipe solution converged soon as this value was decreased from
the default value of 0.7.
Length of Evaporator 100mm
Initial Conditions
Length of Condenser 100mm The saturation temperature is taken to be 35 degree
Number of turns 2.5 Celsius for simulation. All velocities are taken zero because
Diameter of coil 80mm at t=0, both fluids (air and water) are stationary enclosed in
Diameter of pipe 2mm closed loop. As the thermal energy is transferred slowly,
Pitch 40mm kinetic energy of the fluid particles increase and velocity is
observed. Vapor particles are expected to move from
evaporator to condenser, which is kept at a constant
temperature of 29 0C, and condensate at 35 degree Celsius
(308 K).
209 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 2 (April 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.2.26
210 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 2 (April 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.2.26
Slug Flow
360 Slugs of liquid and vapor are formed when the
350 large amount of vapors combine which are formed at
340 different intervals of time. When sufficient amount of heat
is supplied to the evaporator, the change in the thermal
330 energy to the vapor pressure energy starts the circulation of
320 these slugs against the buoyant and surface tension forces.
Bubble Flow
310 The formation of bubble is seen at the initial stage
300 of heating of the heat pipe. Some amount of bubbles strike
0 2 4 6 the walls losing its kinetic energy; some starts growing in
Time diameter due to coalesce of the vapors.
Figure 8: Evaporator Temperature vs. Time Stratified Flow
The flow in which the bubbles and slugs in
conjunction is known as stratified flow.
0.8 The enhancement in heat transfer in helical pipe is
0.7 due to the complex flow pattern existing inside the pipe.
Thermal Resistance
0.6 The helix angle and the pitch of the coil results in the
0.5 torsion of the fluid and the curvature of the coil determines
0.4 the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force develops a
0.3
secondary flow inside the helical tube. The curvature effect
0.2
makes the fluid in the outer side of the pipe to move faster
0.1
0
than that present inside, which gives a difference in velocity
setting up a secondary flow which changes correspondingly
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
with the Dean number of the flow.
Heat input
211 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 2 (April 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.2.26
212 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.