provide ​the ​basic ​experimental ​data ​on ​which ​modern

theories ​of ​turbulence ​are ​based​.

Although ​at ​first ​sight ​turbulence ​seems ​to b ​ e
structureless ​and ​rando​miz ​studies ​of ​oscillographs ​like
that ​in ​Fig​. ​3​.​3 ​show ​that ​this ​is ​not ​quite ​so​. ​The
randomness ​and ​unp​redictability ​of ​the ​fluctuations​,
which ​are ​nonetheless ​con​-​. ​strained ​between ​definite
limits​, ​exemplify ​the b ​ ehavior ​of ​certai​n ​mathematical
"​chaotic​” ​nonlinear ​functions​. ​Such ​functions​, ​however​,
have ​not ​yet ​proved ​useful ​in ​quantitatively
characterizing ​turbulence​. ​This ​is ​done ​b​y ​s​tatistical
analysis ​of ​the ​frequency d ​ istributions​.
The ​instantaneous ​local ​velocities ​a​t ​a ​given ​point
c​a​n ​be ​measured ​b​y ​laser​-​Doppler ​anemometers​,
which ​are ​capable ​of ​following ​the ​rapid ​oscillations​.
Local ​velocities ​c​an ​be ​analyzed ​by ​splitting ​ea​c​h
componen​t ​of ​the ​total i​ nstantaneous ​velocity ​into ​two
parts​, ​one ​a ​constant ​part ​that ​is ​the ​time ​average​, ​or
mean ​value​, ​of ​the ​component ​in ​the ​direction ​of ​flow ​of
the ​stream​, ​and ​the ​other​, ​called ​the ​devia​t​ing v​ elocit​y​,
the ​instantaneous ​fluctuation ​of ​the ​com​ponent ​around
the ​mean​. ​The ​net ​velocity ​is ​that ​measured ​by ​ordinary
flow ​meters​, ​such ​as ​a p ​ itot ​tube​, ​which ​are ​too
sluggish ​to ​follow ​the ​rapid v​ ​ariations ​of ​the ​fluctuating
velocity​. ​The ​split ​of ​a ​velocity c​ omponent ​can ​be
fo​rmalized ​by ​the ​following ​method​. ​Let ​the ​three
components ​(​in ​cartesian ​coord​i​nates​) ​of ​the
ustantaneous ​veloc​i​ty ​"​un ​instantaneous ​velocity ​in
directions ​x​, ​y​, ​and z​ ​b​e ​ui​, ​Vi​, ​and ​wi​, ​respectively​.
h ​continn ​af ​ARof ​the ​streamind ​th​at
Assume ​al​so ​that ​the ​x i​ s ​oriented ​in ​the ​direction ​of
flow ​of ​the ​stream ​and ​that
R
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