Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DR D K Paul Former Professor IIT Roorkee PDF
DR D K Paul Former Professor IIT Roorkee PDF
TALL BUILDINGS
¾ The newly
y designed
g buildings
g have not experienced
p major
j
earthquakes and therefore have not been tested for its
performance
3
MAX IMUM BUILDING HEIGHT FOR
DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4
IS 1893 P
Partt 1
1: 2016
` Revised in 2016 (Sixth revision)
` Discuss the sixth revision applicable to ERD of Tall
Buildings
` The basic design philosophy remains the same i.e.
intended to provide life safety
` The structures designed as per this Standard is expected
t sustain
to t i damage
d under
d strong
t earthquake
th k
` The Standard is not applicable to Buildings with base
isolation and Energy Dissipative devices
5
Overturning
O t i off
Multi Storey R.C.
Frame Building
B ilding
6
Margalla
g tower
collapsed. A R.C.
Frame building,
Islamabad
7
This new building
was not yet
occupied at the
time of the
earthquake.
q
Again, the bearing
failure of its mat
foundation was
related to its
relatively large
height-to-width
ratio
8
Badly damaged concrete
shear wall building
9
EARTQUAKE EXCITATION
` The buildings under random ground motion consisting of
several frequencies and of varying amplitude vibrate in
different frequencies
` Resonance condition may arise between long distance
waves and
d ttallll structures
t t resting
ti on deep
d soft
ft soilil
` Soil structure interaction becomes important for building
Soil-structure
resting on flexible soil-foundation system
` Building supported on rock or rock like material, soil-
structure interaction may be ignored
10
INTENSITY OF GROUND MOTION
11
SEISMIC ZONE MAP
12
PRESENTATION
Int. Z
VI 0
0.10
10
VII 0.16
VIII 0
0.24
24
> IX 0.36
13
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA
3.0
Type I: Rock or Hard Soil
2.5
Type II: Medium Soil
Sa/g 2.0 Type III: Soft Soil
1.5
Spectra for Equivalent Static Method
10
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Natural Period T (s)
30
3.0
Type I: Rock or Hard Soil
2.5
Type II: Medium Soil
2.0 Type III: Soft Soil
Sa/g
1.5
Spectra for Response Spectra Method
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
N t
Natural
lPPeriod
i d T (s)
( )
14
Classification of Types of Soils for determining the
Spectrum (Clause 6.4.2.1)
6 4 2 1)
Soil Type Remarks
I Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than 5
Rock or percent passing 75 μ m sieve (Fines)
Hard Soils Well graded gravel – sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW)
Poorlyy ggraded sand ((SP)) or clayey
y y sand ((SC), ), all having
g N above 30
Stiff to hard clays having N above 30, where N is Standard Penetration
Test value
II Poorly graded sands or Poorly graded sands with gravel (SP) with little or
Medium or no fines having N between 10 and 30
Stiff Soils Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility (ML)
or Clays of Low Compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 30
III All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The various possible soils are
Soft Soils Silts of Intermediate compressibility (Ml);
Silts of High compressibility (MH);
Clays of Intermediate compressibility (CI);
Clays of High compressibility (CH);
Silts and Claysy of Intermediate to High
g compressibility
p y ((MI-MH or CI-CH);
);
Silt with Clay of Intermediate compressibility (MI-CI); and
Silt with Clay of High compressibility (MH-CH).
15
CODAL DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
• Elastic design for very high lateral forces due to a major
earthquake would be very uneconomical
• An economically acceptable design under severe earthquake
can be achieved by allowing structure to undergo limited
damage without collapse
• The most acceptable approach would be to design structures
to resist most frequent moderate earthquake and
• then check the resistance for infrequent most severe
earthquake allowing limited damage without collapse which
may occur in useful life time of a structure
• To account for ductility as above, the elastic average spectra is
reduced by a Reduction Factor
16
F
Fel = qFy
Structures to remain elastic in
major earthquakes is likely to be
uneconomical – force demand is
likely to be high
Fy
More economical design can be
achieved by making use of the
ductility of the structure and
over-strength
over strength to reduce the
xy xmax = μ x y x force demand
Equivalent
E i l t off Ductility
D tilit andd Behaviour
B h i F t with
Factor ith
Equal Elastic and Inelastic Displacement
17
Building Damage States
Base (Vb)
Capacity Curve
Shear B
Collapse
Yield
point
Damage Control
C l Limited
i i d Safety
S f
Displacement
Performance Level
Capacity Curve for Nonlinear Structure and Associated Damage States.
18
Design Hori
Horizontal
ontal Seismic Coefficient
( Z / 2)( S a / g )
Ah =
(R / I )
Z = Zone factor, refers to zero period
acceleration value. Country has been
divided into four Zones
2
2. Residential or commercial buildings (other than those listed in Sl.
Sl No.
No
1 with occupancy more than 200 persons 1.2
3
3. All other buildings 10
1.0
20
RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR
21
RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR, R
( l
(Clause 7.2.6))
S.N. Lateral Load Resisting System R
(1) (2) (3)
Moment Frame Systems
1. RC Buildings with Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)1 3.0
2. RC Buildings with Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) 5.0
3. Steel Buildings with Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)1 3.0
4. Steel Buildings with Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) 5.0
Braced Frame Systems2
5
5. Buildings with Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF) having Concentric Braces 4.0
4 0
6. Buildings with Special Braced Frame (SBF) having Concentric Braces 4.5
7. Buildings with Special Braced Frame (SBF) having Eccentric Braces 5.0
y
Structural Wall Systems 3
22
Duall Systems
D S t 3
23
DESIGN IMPOSED LOADS
(Clause 7.2.7)
The design seismic force shall be estimated using full dead load plus
percentage of imposed load
24
LOAD COMBINATIONS
¾ Even when load combinations that do not contain earthquake
effects, indicate larger demands than combination including
them, the provisions shall be adopted related to design, ductile
detailing and construction relevant for earthquake conditions
conditions.
¾ Design horizontal earthquake loads: When lateral load resisting
elements are oriented along two mutually orthogonal horizontal
directions, the building should be designed for full design
earthquake load in one horizontal direction at a time
¾ When lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along two
mutually orthogonal horizontal directions, the following set of
earthquake effects should be taken as
¾ ELX ± 0.3 ELY
` ELY ± 0.3 ELX
25
LOAD COMBINATIONS (cont….)
Following load combinations shall be taken for 3D e/q ground motion
1) 1
1.2(DL 0 3 ELY ± 0.3
2(DL + IL ± (ELX ± 0.3 0 3 ELZ))
1.2(DL + IL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELZ))
26
BUILDING MODELLING
` The in
Th i plane
l stiffness
tiff off the
th floor
fl and
d rooff slabs
l b shall
h ll b
be assumed
d
rigid
27
MDOFS - MULTI DEGREE OF FREEDOM
SYSTEM
28
BUILDING MODELLING
Equivalent width of the diagonal strut
F
wds
Lds
⎛ E m t sin 2θ ⎞
α h = h⎜ 4 ⎟
⎜ 4E f I c h ⎟
⎝ ⎠
29
Sectional Properties
` F structural
For t t l analysis,
l i th the momentt off inertia
i ti shall
h ll b
be ttaken
k as:
S il t t
Soil-structure Interaction
I t ti
Soil-structure interaction becomes important for building resting on
flexible soil-foundation
soil foundation system.
system The soil shall be modeled by
equivalent soil spring system
30
FOUNDATION
¾ Failure of foundation can take place due to
¾ Excessive pressure and excessive settlement
¾ Sliding
g failure of founding
g strata
¾ Failure due to liquefaction; such cases are not covered by the present
code
¾ Isolated RC footings without tie beams or unreinforced strip footings
should not be adopted in buildings rested on soft soil (with corrected
N < 10) in any seismic zone
zone.
¾ Individual spread footings or pile caps should be interconnected with
ties except when individual spread footings are directly supported on
rock in Zones IV & V.
¾ All ties shall be capable of carrying, in tension and in compression, an
axial force equal to Ah / 4 times the larger of the column or pile cap
load in addition to the normal calculated forces, subject to minimum of
5% of larger of column or pile cap load.
31
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
` Following methods are adopted for analysis of building for design
earthquake loads
` ( ) Equivalent
(1) q Static Method,, and
` (2) Dynamic Analysis Method.
`
` D
Dynamic
i analysis
l i can b
be performed
f d iin th
three ways,
33
Classification of Types of Soils for determining
Percentage Increase in Net Bearing Pressure and
Skin Friction (Clause 6.3.5.2)
Soil Type Remarks
A Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than 5 percent passing 75
Rock or μm sieve (Fines)
Hard Soils Well graded gravel – sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW)
Poorly graded Sand (SP) or Clayey Sand (SC)
Poorly-graded (SC), all having N above 30
Stiff to Hard Clays having N above 30, where N is corrected Standard Penetration Test value
B Poorlyy graded
g sands or Poorlyy ggraded sands with g gravel ((SP)) with little or no fines having
gN
Medium or between 10 and 30
Stiff Soils Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility (ML) or Clays of Low
Compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 30
C All soft soils other than SP with N<10
N<10. The various possible soils are
Soft Soils Silts of Intermediate compressibility (Ml);
Silts of High compressibility (MH);
Clays of Intermediate compressibility (CI);
Clays of High compressibility (CH);
Silts and Clays of Intermediate to High compressibility (MI-MH or CI-CH);
Silt with Clay of Intermediate compressibility (MI-CI); and
Silt with Clay of High compressibility (MH-CH).
34
INCREASE IN NET PRESSURE ON SOILS
IN DESIGN OF FOUDATIONS
` In design of foundations
foundations, unfactored loads shall be
combined while assessing the bearing pressure in soils
` When earthquake forces are included
included, net bearing
pressure in soils can be
35
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF AN
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
36
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
CONFIGURATIONS
Building with simple regular geometry and uniformly
distributed mass and stiffness in plan and
elevation suffer much less damage
elevation,
- Plan Irregularity
g y
¾ Torsion Irregularity
¾ Re-entrant Corners
¾ Floor slabs having excessive cut-outs or openings
¾ Out of plane offsets in vertical elements
¾ Non-parallel lateral force system
37
- Vertical Irregularity
¾ Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Storey
(larger of bare frame and frame with URM analyses, drift 0.2%)
¾ Strength Irregularity – Weak Storey (lateral strength is less than that of the
storey above)
¾ Fl ti or stub
Floating t b columns
l
¾ Irregular modes of vibration in two principal plan directions (First
three modes contributes less than 65% mass p
participation
p factor in each p
principal
p p plan
directions)
38
RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH OPEN
STOREYS
¾ RC moment resisting frame buildings, which have open storey(s) may be
fl ibl and
flexible d weak
k
¾ In such buildings, suitable measures shall be adopted , which increase both
stiffness and strength of the open storey
¾ These measures shall be taken in both the principal directions
¾ The said increase may be achieved by providing (i) RC structural walls, and
(ii) braced frames in selected bays
¾ When RC structural
Wh t t l walls ll are provided,
id d th
they are d
designed
i d such h th
thatt th
the
building does NOT have (i) additional torsion irregularity, (ii) lateral stiffness
in open storey is less than 80% of that in storey above and (iii) lateral
strength in the open storey(s) is less than 90% of that in the storey above.
¾ RC wall plan density of the building should be at least 2% along each
principal
i i l didirection
ti iin seismic
i i zones III
III, IV and
dVV.
¾ The structural walls shall be designed and detailed with the requirement of
IS 13920
13920.
39
EQUIVALENT STATIC METHOD
D i Base
Design B Sh
Shear (L
(Lateral
t l Force)
F )
VB = AhW
( Z / 2)( S a / g )
Ah =
(R / I )
∑ j j
W h
j =1
2
40
FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration Ta for moment
resisting frame building without brick infill panels in seconds is given by
Aw = ∑ ⎢ Awi ⎨0.2 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎬⎥
⎣ ⎪⎩
i =1 ⎢ ⎝ h ⎠ ⎪⎭⎥⎦
iii) for all other
0.09h
Ta =
d
41
DESIGN LATERAL FORCE
B ildi
Buildings shall
h ll be
b designed
d i d for
f the
th design
d i lateral
l t l force
f VB given
i b
by
VB = Ah W
Buildings should be designed for at least for Minimum Design
Earthquake Horizontal Lateral Force (Clause 7 7.2.2)
2 2)
42
DEFINITION OF HEIGHT AND BASE WIDTH OF BUILDINGS
43
RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
This method of analysis is based on the dynamic response of the building
id li d as having
idealized h i a lumped
l d mass and
d stiffness
iff i various
in i storeys with
i h each
h
mass having one degree of freedom, that of lateral displacement in the
direction under consideration. Response in each mode is determined by
using the following relationship
Design lateral force at each floor
∑ Wφ i ik
=
i =1
N
∑ W [φ ]
2
i ik
i =1
i =1
d Modal
d. d l combination
b
The peak response quantities (e.g., storey forces, storey shears, and
b
base reactions)) shall
h ll be
b combined
b d as per Complete l Quadratic
d
Combination (CQC) method
45
MODE COMBINATIONS
` According to this method the total response is obtained as
r r
λ= ∑∑
i =1 j =1
λi ρ ij λ j
` where, λi is the response quantity in mode i, and
8ς 2 (1 + β )β 1.5
ρ ij =
(1 − β )
2 2
(
+ 4ς 2 β 1 + β 2 )
2
46
MODE COMBINATIONS
` Alternatively,
y the p
peak response
p q
quantities may
y be combined by:
y
` Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) method: is applied when the
building does not have closely spaced modes, then the peak quantity (λ) due
to all modes considered shall be obtained as
r
λ= [
∑ k
λ ]2
k =1
` Fi = Vi − Vi +1
Frooff = Vrooff
`
` where, Vi = shear at the ith floor
48
Determination of mode shape coefficient (φir)
M &x& + K x = 0 …..(a)
iin which
hi h M isi the
th diagonal
di l matrix,
t i K the
th stiffness
tiff matrix
t i in
i relation
l ti tot
lateral displacement and, &x& and x are displacement vector
corresponding to storey displacement and acceleration vector
corresponding to storey acceleration matrices, respectively. Assuming
the free vibration is simple harmonic,
x = φ sin ωt …..(b)
−ω2 M φ + K φ = 0
which can be solved to
1 where G=K
−1
GMφ= φ
ω 2
2π
T1 =
ω1
50
DAMPING
(Clause 7.2.4)
The value of damping shall be taken as 5 percent of
critical damping for the purposes of estimating in the
D i L
Design Lateral
t lF Force off a b
building
ildi iirrespective
ti off th
the
material of construction (namely steel, reinforced
concrete,, masonry, y, or a combination thereof of these
three basic materials).
This value
Thi l off damping
d i shall
h ll be
b used,
d iirrespective
ti off
the method of the structural analysis employed,
namelyy Equivalent
q Static Method or Dynamic
y
Analysis Method
51
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
` Linear dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design
lateral force for all building other than regular buildings lower than 15
m in
i seismic
i i zone II
II.
` Dynamic analysis may be performed either by time history method or
by the response spectrum method. In either method the design base
p
shear VB shall be compared with base shear VB calculated using
g
fundamental period Ta. Where V B
is less than, VB , all the response
quantities (for example member forces
forces, displacements
displacements, storey shear
and base reactions) shall be multiplied by VB VB
` Time history method shall be based on an appropriate ground motion
preferably compatible with design response spectrum
52
INTER STOREY DRIFT
Storey drift in any storey shall not exceed 0.004
0 004 times the
storey height under the action of design base shear with no
load factors
Δ=R Δ +R Δ
1 1 2 2
53
TORSION OF BUILDINGS
BUI DINGS
` Provision shall be made for increase in shear forces on the lateral force
resisting elements resulting from twisting about the vertical axis of an
unsymmetric building, arising due to eccentricity between the centre off
mass and the centre stiffness at all floor levels.
` The factor 1.5 represents dynamic amplification factor, while the factor
0.05 represents the extent of accidental eccentricity. The factor 1.5 need
not be used when time history analysis is carried out.
54
Assessment of Liquefaction Potential
55
REVISIONS INCORPORATED
` Design
g spectra
p defined up
p to natural p
period 6.00 s
` Same design spectra corresponding to 5% damping are specified for
all buildings, irrespective of material
` Introduced intermediate importance category of buildings to consider
the density of occupancy
` Buildings designed for at least a minimum lateral force
` Additional clarity about different types of irregularity of structural
system
t
` Effect of masonry infill walls included
` Natural
N t l period
i d off b
buildings
ildi with
ith b
basement,
t step
t b back
kbbuildings
ildi and
d
buildings on hill slopes included
` Simplified procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential is added
56
Th k
Thanks
57