BIOLOGY Form 4 Chapter 7 PDF

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Chapter 7:Respiration 2014
7.1 The respiration process in energy production

No Marking scheme Marks
(a) Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
OR
Process Respiration equation
S Glucose +oxygen Carbon dioxide +Water +2898 kJ energy
R Glucose Carbon dioxide +ethanol+210 energy
Name the process R and S
R:Anerobic respiration 1
S:Aerobic respiration 1 2
(b) Table 1 shows the respiration equation shown by muscle cells and yeast cells during cellular
respiration
Cell type Respiration equation
(Smooth) Muscle Glucose +oxygen Carbon dioxide +Water +2898 kJ energy 1
cells
Yeast cells Glucose Carbon dioxide +ethanol+210 energy 1
(a) Fill in the table by writing in muscle cells or yeast cells that matches with its respiration 2
equation
(c) State where tissue V(smooth muscle cell) can be found in the body
Blood vessel/alimentary canal/oeosophagus/stomach/uterus/urinary bladder/etc 1 1
(d) Write the equation of process S and R

Process R
Glucose lactic acids + energy 2
Process S
138
Glucose +Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water +2898 kJ 2
Reactant- 1m 1
Product -1m 1 4
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(e) Explain process P and Process Q / Explain the cellular respiration process that occurs in
individual P and Q
Process P
F1 - aerobic respiration. 1
P1 - glucose is completely oxidized/breakdown in the presence ofoxygen 1
P2 - releases more energy/2898 kJ of energy ( per mole of glucose) 1
E3-Produce carbon dioxide and water 1
Process Q
F2 - Anaerobic respiration 1
P3 - glucose is not completely oxidized// the glucose molecules breakdown partially (into lactic 1
acid)
P4 - releases less energy/150 kJ of energy 9 per mole glucose)
1
E6-Produce lactic acid 1 6
(f) Anaerobic respiration in cells
Explain the condition of a person after completing a 100 meter race in 12 seconds 2
F-the person is panting /higher breathing rate 1
E1-As he is in oxygen debt//anaerobic respiration 1
E2-Much lactic acids is produced (in his muscle cells) 1
E3-Causes muscle cramp Any 2 1 4
(g) When a person is resting, the heartbeat rate is 61 to 71 beats per minutes .During vigorous
activity, the heartbeat rate increase to 120 beats per minute
Explain this statement

F1 - (During the vigorous activity) the muscle cells are in state of oxygen deficiency/oxygen 1
debt //the blood cannot supply oxygen fast enough to meet the demand for oxygen ATP
P1-( The increase in heated beat rate ) is to deliver more glucose to muscle cells 1
P2-To induce extra energy cellular respiration 1
P3-To remove more carbon dioxide from the muscle cells Any 2 1 4
(h) After completing vigorous exercise, an athlete will gasp heavily
Based on the above statement the condition faced by the athlete

Oxygen debt (reject: anaerobic respiration is a process, not a condition)
Explain why
E1-Because of oxygen deficiency//lack of oxygen 1 139
E2-To get more oxygen immediately 1
E3-To oxidize lactic acids Any 2E 1 2
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(a) Explain how the oxygen intake by the athlete returns to the normal level at the 25th
minute
P1-Lactic acid has been removed from the muscle 1
P2-The lactic acids has been converted to energy/convert to glucose 1 2
(b) Explain the condition of a person after completing a 100 meter race in 12 seconds
F-the person is panting /higher breathing rate 1
E1-As he is in oxygen debt//anaerobic respiration 1
E2-Much lactic axids is produced ( in his muscle cells) 1
E3-Causes muscle cramp Any 2 1 2
(c) Explain the usage of cell W in bread making industry
F1-Carbon dioxide released 1
E1-Traps in the dough 1
E2-Causes the dough to rise 1 2
(d) Explain what happen to the yeast cells if there is too much ethanol produced
P1-( too much ethanol0 causes unsuitable medium /condition //toxic/poisonous medium 1
/condition
P2-For yeast cells to reproduced //yeast cell die 1 2
(e) State the differences between the process that mention I 6(a) (i)
Diagram shows respiratory organs in an insect and human (Prefer)
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
D1-Oxidation of glucose in present of D1-Oxidation of glucose in absent of 1
oxygen/ Oxygen is required oxygen / Oxygen is not required
D2-Oxidation of glucose is complete/ D2-Oxidation of glucose is not complete/ 1
Complete breakdown of glucose Incomplete breakdown of glucose
D3-Produced higher/large energy/38 D4-Produced lower energy /2 ATP/150 kJ 1
ATP/2898 kJ of energy 9 per mole of of energy ( per mole of glucose)
glucose)
D4-Produced carbon dioxide and water D4-Produced lactic acid 1
D5-Occurs in mitochondria D5-Occur in cytoplasm 1
140
4
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(f) Diagram shows the rate of oxygen intake before, during and after a vigorous Exercise of an
athlete.
(i) Based on the graph, compare the respiration before and during the vigorous
Exercise. 4
Before (A) During (B) Explanation (E)
1 Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Before-Oxygen Intake is 3
low/the same as oxygen
required /enough oxygen is
supplied to the cell
During-Oxygen required is
more than oxygen intake
2 The muscle are in The muscle are in the Before-Oxygen is
normal condition atate of oxygen debt sufficient 3
During-Oxygen is
insufficient/oxygen
supplied is less than
oxygen supplied
3 Energy produced is more Energy produced is less /2 Before-complete
/38 ATP ATP breakdown of glucose
(produce more energy )
During-incomplete 3
breakdown of glucose
(produce less energy)
4 No/less accumulation of High accumulation of Before-complete
lactic acid in the muscle lactic acids in the muscles incomplete break down of
glucose produce carbon
dioxide and water
3
Dduring -Incomplete
breakdown of glucose 141
produce lactic acid
A+B=1m E=1m (Any 1 E) 4

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(g) Explain what happens to cell w when there is no oxygen

F1-Cell W undergoes anaerobic respiration 1
E1-Glucose break down (partially/incompletely) 1
E2-To produce ethanol, carbon dioxide 1
E3-Less ATP/2 ATP is produce 1 2
F1 and any of E1/E2/E3
(h)
the above process takes place in tissue P in the presence of oxygen .Name and explain the
process
F-Process is called aerobic respiration
1
P1-Glucose diffuses into cells P from the blood capillary
1
P2-Cells P contain a lot of mitochondria 1
P3-Mitochondria ( contain enzymes) for cell respiration //mitochondria carry out cell 1
respiration
1
P4-Oxidation of glucose (take placed in mitochondria) 1
P5-In a series of reaction catalyzed by respiratory enzymes in mitochondria 1
P6-1 molecule of glucose will produce 38 molecule ATP/ More ATP 1
8
P7-water and carbon dioxide are released as waste material in this process 1
(i) Explain the importance of increased pulse rate during vigorous activity and why it takes several
minutes for the pulse rate to return to normal after activity 6
During vigorous activity,
P1 more blood is sent to the muscles
1
P2-so that oxygen supply to the muscles is increased
1
P3-The heart beats faster 1
P4-to deliver more blood, hence the pulse rate increases 1
After some time during the activity,
P5-respiration takes place anaerobically 1
P6-because the maximum rate of oxygen uptake is less than oxygen demand. 1
P7-there is build up of lactic acid 1
142
P8-After activity, a period of recovery is needed to provide the oxygen 1
P9-so that the lactic acid can be oxidized 1
and to provide the energy for the recovery of the muscles 1 6

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(a)
Molecule X + 2ATP
Process Q - Anaerobic respiration 1

Molecule X - Lactic acid 1
P1- Inhale more oxygen by doing fast and deep breathing. 1
P2-Excess oxygen taken in during inhalation is used to oxidize lactic acid to carbon dioxide
1
and water.
1
P3-This oxidation process takes place in the liver.
P4-Thus the oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to remove the lactic acid from the
1
muscle cells.
6
Lactic acid + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
1
(b)
P1-The muscle cells of the athlete undergoes anaerobic respiration to produce energy 1
P2-During intensive physical activity / running / sprinting// when the athlete start running (t = 1
0), oxygen requirement increase immediately to produce large amount of energy
1
P3-The athlete holds his breath for a short period of time // the athlete breath is shallow during
1
running
P4-The oxygen supplied by breathing between t = 0 minute to 6 minute is insufficient for
1 143
cellular respiration
P5-The muscle cells are now in the state of oxygen debt // undergo oxygen deficit 1
P6-Glucose is broken down incompletely without the presence of oxygen 1
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P7- Small amount of energy is released to continue the activity 1

P8-Lactic acids produced accumulate in the muscle causing the muscular pain and fatigue 1
P9-The anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm 1
P10- (after the activity is over), the athlete breathes faster and deeper to supply more oxygen
1
P11-Oxygen is used to oxidize the lactic acid into carbon dioxide, water and energy // 1
converted into glucose and stored as glycogen 10
7.2the respiration structure and breathing mechanism in human and animal

(a) Adaptation of the respiratory structures
State two characteristic shown by the respiratory surface of animal(common characteristic)
P1-the respiratory surface is moist 1
P2-Cells lining respiratory structure are thin 1
P3-Thr respiratory structure has a large surface area 1 3
The respiration structure and breathing mechanism insects
Aspect Question & Marking Scheme Marks

Respiratory The respiration structure and breathing mechanism insects
structure P:Air sac
Q: Muscle
T: Spiracle
S: Trachea
R:Tracheole
Name the part labeled P ,Q ,Rand S 5 5

Which organism has the respiratory structure?
Insect 1 1
Name the respiratory system shown in diagram 2.1
Tracheal system 1 1
State the function of the following
(i) Chitin
1
support the tracheal/prevent the tracheal form collapsing
(ii) Air sac
1 2 144
Speeds up the movement of gases exchange to and form tissue during
vigorous body movement

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Explain one adaptation of the respiratory structure in diagram for efficient gaseous
exchange
P1-The large number of tracheoles provides a large surface for the diffusion of gases 1
P2-Tips of tracheoles have thin permeable wall and contain fluid in which 1
respiratory gases can dissolved
P3-Terminal ends the tracheoles remains moist which allows teh gases to be
1 2
dissolved
Structural Explain how structure Q and S increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in each
Adaptation organism 2
F-Consists of million alveoli in lungs and many tracheal Tubes/Tracheole/thin 1
layer/1 cell thick
1
P1-To increase total surface area per volume rate for gaseous exchange
F2-The inner surface of alveolus and tracheoles end consists of tissue fluid moisture
1
P2-To provide moist surface for gas diffusion /to dissolve oxygen /gases for
1 2
diffusion Any F +P
Breathing State how air is drawn from T to S 2
mechanism P1-By(rhythmic) movements, of the abdominal muscles 1
1
P2-Decreasing of air pressure inside trachea, ( so the air is drawn in)
1
P3-Gases diffuses into the cells(s) 2
Diagram 7.1 (i), (ii) and (iii) show the respiratory structure of an insect. Describe the
respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of and insect
R-respiratory structure
R1-The tracheal system consists of network of trachea 1
R2-The trachea is lined with chitin to prevent dorm collapsing R3-Spiracles is tiny 1
opening thet allow air to go in and out
R3-spiracles is tiny opening that allow air to go in and out 1
R4-The trachea branch into fine tubes celled tracheole 145
1
R5-The tracheole branch throughout the body and temperature and penetrate into 1
body tissues / muscle

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Breathing mechanism
B1-When inside inhales, the abdominal muscles relax and spiracles open 1
B2-air pressure inside the trachea decrease and air is drawn in 1
B3-When the insect exhale, the abdominal muscle contract 1
B4-So increase air pressure in side trachea and forces air out through spiracles 1
B5-Inesct inhale and exhale through rhythmic contraction and expansion of their 1
abdominal muscles
B6-the body movement and contraction of abdominal muscle speed up the rate of 1 8
diffusion of gases from trachea into body cells
Breathing
mechanism
Explain the gases exchange between tracheol and body cell.

P1-Partial pressure/concentration of oxygen in the tracheole is higher /than partial 1
pressure/concentration of oxygen in body cell 1
P2- Oxygen diffuse from tracheole to body cell 1
P3- Partial pressure/concentration of carbon dioxide in the body cell is higher than 1
partial pressure/concentration of carbon dioxide in tracheole . 4
P4- Carbon dioxide diffuse from tracheole to body cell 1
Chitin is a polysaccharide on the outer surface of structure P. Due to the change in
the environment, the insect is unable to form the polysaccharide.
Explain how the absence of chitin affects inhalation and the energy production. 6
P1- The function of chitin is to prevent trachea from collapsing/sustain 1
the air pressure
1
P2- During inhalation high pressure air moves into the trachea.
1
P3 -The absent of chitin will cause the trachea / P to collapse / burst /rupture.
1
P4 -Air with oxygen cannot reach tracheal.
P5-Body cell cannot get enough oxygen for cellular respiration 1
P6-The insect does not produce enough energy and respire anaerobically. 1
P7-Less energy produced. (Any 6) 1 6
146

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Breathing
mechanism
Diagram show a trachea system of and insect Based on the diagram explain the gases
exchange between the tracheoles and muscle cells
F-there are concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide between tracheoles 1
& body cells
E1-(simple) diffusion can take place 1
E2-Oxygen concentration /partial pressure is higher in the tracheoles while the 1
concentration of oxygen is lower in the cells
E3-Oxygen diffuses directly form the tracheoles onto the cells 1
E4-Carbon dioxide concentration is higher in the cells while lower in the tracheoles 1
E5-Carbon dioxide diffuses directly form the cells into the trachoeles 1 4
The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of fish
Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Respiratory The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of fish
structural
What is X ?/ Name the respiratory structure of the organism in diagram

Gills/ gill filament 1 1
State the function of structure P

P-Speed up the movement of gases to and from the insect’s tissue 1 1
The efficiency of gaseous in organism Y is further enhanced by a mechanism.
Name the mechanism
Countercurrent exchange mechanism 1 1
State two characteristic of X, which makes it a good respiratory structure for fish 2 147
P1-Have lamella and filament to increase total surface area 1
P2-Numberous blood capillaries for efficient transport of respiratory gases 1 2

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Structural Explain one adaptation of the respiratory structure in diagram 1.1 (b) and diagram
adaptation 1.2 (b) for efficient gaseous exchange
P1-Th e have numerous thin walled lamellae to maximize the surface area for 1
gaseous exchange
P2-The gills filament have numerous thin membrane and covered by net work of
1
capillaries to transport respiratory gases
P3-the surface of gills Is moist which allows the gases to be dissolved 1 2
Breathing Based on the diagram explain how the oxygen is drawn from mouth to X(gill)
Mechanism P1-Mouth closes 1
P2-The floor of buccal cavity raised (water contain air flow to X) 1 2
Breathing Describe the inhalation in fish
mechanism E1-th floor of cavity lowers 1
E2-At the same time, the opercular cavity enlarges and operculum closes 1
E3-This lowers the pressure in buccal cavity 1
E4-Water with dissolved oxygen is drawn into the mouth 1 4
Inhalation Describe the breathing mechanisms in fish.
P1 - When the mouth opens, the floor of the buccal cavity is lowered./Increase the
volume/ space of the buccal cavity 1
P2-opercular cavity enlarges and operculum closes 1
P3 - This lowers the pressure in buccal cavity . 1
P4 - Water with dissolved oxygen is drawn into the mouth. 1 4
Exhalation P5 - When the mouth closes, the floor of buccal cavity is raised. 1
P6 - Water flow through the lamellae and gaseous exchange between 1
the blood capillaries and water takes place.
P7 - Oxygen diffuses from the flowing water through the gill lamellae into the
1
blood capillaries. 148
P8 - Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries via the gill lamellae into the
flowing water. Any 4 1 4

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The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of amphibians

Respiratory
structural
Name structure X and Y in diagram 3.1 2

1
X: Bucco-pharyngeal
1 2
Y: Glottis
Structural Respiratory gases flow in and out through the lungs .Describe the characteristic of
adaptation the frog’s lungs
E1-Numerous inner partition to increase the surface area 1
E2-Membrane of lungs are thin and moist to facilitate the efficient diffusion of 1
respiratory gases
E3-Supplied with a rich network of blood capillaries to transport respiratory gases
1 3
to the body cells
Breathing Structure Y in diagram 3.1 had been injured .Describe how this condition affect the
Mechanism respiration of the frog
E1- Glottis unable to open and close 1
E2-Air pressure is not increased /decrease in the bucco-pharyngeal cavity 1
E3-Air cannot be forced into /out the lungs 1
E4-Lung ventilation is not efficient 1 4
149

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The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of humans

Respiratory
structure
Name the parts labeled Y

Y-Alveolus 1 1
What is the function of alveoli?

Place for gaseous exchange //store the oxygen gas before gaseous exchange occur 1 1
State the organ in which the tissue in Diagram 4.1(alveolus) can be found
Lung 1 1
State the function of organ stated in
Gaseous exchange//respiration 1 1
Respiratory gases flow in and out through the trachea .Describe the characteristic of
trachea
F-Have C-shaped cartilage rings //cartilage rings 1
P1-keep the trachea open permanently 1
P2-Avoid the trachea form collapse when the out side pressure is higher than inside 1
pressure
3
P3-oxygen can continuously flow through trachea to the alveoli/lung F-1m P-1m 1
Explain the effects of the breathing mechanism if structure R is unable to function
P1-Structure R is diaphragm.
1
P2-Less/no change in volume in the thoracic cavity/ lung 1
P3-Less/ no change in air pressure in the thoracic cavity/ lung 1
P4-Less/ no air exchange/ less/no intake of O2/ less/no CO2 expelled 1 4
Resulting difficulty in breathing in and out
Structural State the important characteristic of alveoli to ensure the function in (a) is efficient 1
adaptations P1-Have very large total surface area// 1 150
P2-Have moist surface all the time// 1
P3-have very thin wall/one cell thick Note ( any 1P) 1 2

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Describe the characteristic of the respiratory structure of human that enable gaseous
exchange to be carried out efficiently
P1-the ratio total surface area per volume (TSA/V) is high for the exchange of gases 1
P2-the cells lining the respiratory surface is a single layer of cell which is very thin to 1
allow gases to diffuses easily
P3-the respiratory surface is constantly moist to allow gases to dissolved in water
1
before diffusing in and out of the respiratory surface
P4-the respiratory surface is covered with a dense network capillaries to allow rapid
diffusion and transport of gases 1 3
Breathing Describe how intercostals muscle and diaphragm can change the volume and pressure
mechanism in the thoracic cavity during inhalation
P1-External intercostals muscle contract/internal intercostals muscle relax caused the 1
ribs cage moves out wards and upwards
P2-Diaphgram muscle contract , the diaphragm lower and flattenP3-The volume of
1
thoracic Cavity increase but the pressure decrease (lower the atmospheric pressure)
P3-The volume of thoracic cavity increase but the pressure decrease ( lower the
atmospheric pressure) 1
1 3
P4-Air forced into the lung//alveolus
Describe the breathing mechanism of human
Inhalation:
P1-External intercostals muscle contract//internal costal muscle relax 1
P2-ribcage move upwards and out wards 1
P3-diaphragm contracts/flattens 1
P4-Volume of thoracic cavity increase // pressure of thoracic cavity decrease 1
P5-So air ( form outside) is forced into the lungs 1
Exhalation :
P1-External intercostals muscle relax//internal costal muscle contract 1
P2- ribcage move downwards and inwards 1
P3-diaphragm relax/curved upward 1
P4-Volume of thoracic cavity decrease // pressure of thoracic cavity increase 1
P5-So air ( form inside) is forced out of lungs 1 6
151

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Constructing a model of human lung study the breathing mechanism in humans

(a)
Rubber cork
Glass tube
Bell Jar
Balloon
Thin rubber sheet

String
Based on the model of the lungs in Figure 3.1, what are the equivalent structures to the glass
tube and the bell jar in the human respiratory system?
1
Glass tube: Trachea /
1
Bell jar : Rib cage / ribs
Balloon : lung 1
Rubber sheet: diaphragm 1 4
(b) The thin rubber sheet represents the diaphragm in the human respiratory system.
What is the function of the thin rubber sheet in the model of the lungs?
To increase / decrease the pressure / volume in the bell jar 1 1
(c) The balloons represent the human lungs.
Explain one characteristic of the balloons which is similar to the human lungs[2 marks]
F- elastic 1
E- can expand (inhalation) and contract/ decrease in size (exhalation ) 1 2
(d) (c) (i) The string in the model of the lungs is released..
Draw the changes to the balloons in Diagram 3.2 below.
1 1
-both balloons decrease in size
(e) (ii) Observe your drawing in (c)(i).
Explain the relationship between the changes in the model of the lungs you have drawn and the
real human respiratory system.
P1- the string represent the diaphragm 152
1
P2- when the diaphragm muscles contract, 1
P3- the volume of the thorax increase
1
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P4- this will decrease the thorax pressure 1 3

P5- air will be inhale
(f) The percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in inspired and expired air is
determined by using the J-tube.
Why is the end of the J-tube dipped in potassium hydroxide solution and then followed by
potassium pyrogallol solution? 1
To prevent oxygen gas being absorbed by the potassium pyrogallol solution as it can absorb
1 1
both carbon dioxide and oxygen
(g) (ii) Table 3.3 shows the result of a study on the content of inspired and expired air.
Type of gas Inspired air / % Expired air / %
Oxygen 21.0 16.0
Carbon dioxide 0..04 4.0
Nitrogen gas 78.0 78.0
Water vapour Vary Saturated
Explain why there is an increase in percentage of carbon dioxide in the expired air.
P1-The concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the cell body; released from the cellular 1
respiration
P2-Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood to be transport to the lungs. 1 2
Comparison of respiratory system between human and insect

(a)
S
P
R
Q
State one similarity and one difference of structure P in diagram 2.1 and 2.2
1
Similarity: both wall of P consisting ring to strengthen it
Differences: the wall of P in insect consists of chitin ring while P in human consists of cartilage 1 2
ring
(b) Humans and cockroach have different respiratory system .Explain one difference between the
respiratory system of human and a cockroach
1 153
F1-Respieratory structure of cockroach consists of trachea and spiracles while the respiratory
structure of human consists of a trachea and a pair of lungs
P1-tracheae of cockroach are branch into 2 bronchi which enter the right and left lungs
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P2-Thr trachea of human branched into 2 bronchi which enter the right and left lungs 1
P3-The bronchi of human branched ito smaller tubes called bronchioles which ends in a cluster 1 3
of sacs called alveoli
(c)
Explain one similarity and four differences between the respiratory organs of insect and human
Similarities
1
S1-Both of respiratory organs has thin wall/one cell thick
E1-Incrase rate of diffusion of respiratory gaseous 1
OR 1
S2-Both of respiratory organs has respiratory surface such as alveolus in human and tracheole
in an insect 1
E2-Provide a large surface area for the diffusion
Differences
1
D1-Trachea in human is supported by cartilage and traches in insect is supported by chintin
E1-To prevent them form collapsing 1
D2-The wall of alveolus is moist surface but the tracheole has fluid
1
E2-To dissolve the respiratory gases
D3-Alveolus is covered by network of blood capillaries but not for trachoele 1
E3-T provide a large surface area for rapid diffusion of gases 9 to and form the alveoli0 in 1
human but tracheole direct contact to the tissue ( and organs)
D4-Haemoglobin is needed in transport of oxygen nt but in insect 1
E4-oxygen combine with heamoglobin in (erythrocyte) to form oxyhaemoglobin but not in 1
insect 1
D5-(larger) insect have air sacs but not in human 1
E5-to speed up the movement of gases to and form the insect’s tissue 1
D6-in human air enters the lungs through the nostrils but spiracles in insects 1
10
E6-to allow gases in and out of the body any 4 pairs
What differences between the respiratory system of frog and fish
D1-Gills is the respiration organ for fish but lung and skin ids for frog
1
D2-Gill have filament and lamella to increase the surface area, but lung of frog have numerous
1
inner partition to increase the surface area
D3-Gill received oxygen directly form water , but lungs and skin of frog received oxygen form 154
1 2
the atmosphere

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(d) Describe the comparison between the respiratory system in insect and human 8
Similarities:
1
F1-The structure of tracheal system and trachea branches into small tubes
E1-increase the total surface area of tracheole/alveolus so that increase the efficiency of gases 1
exchange
F2-moist surface on tracheole and alveolus
1
E2-Oxygen and carbon dioxide can be dissolve easily
1
F3-Very thin wall of tracheole and alveolus/one cell thick
1
E3-To ensure the simple diffusion can take place /Increase rate of diffusion of respiratory
1
gaseous
Insects Aspect Human
F4-Consists of spiracles, Respiratory structure Consists of nose trachea, 1
trachea and tracheoles bronchus, bronchioles ad
alveolus
E4-Air enters through Air enter through nose into 1
spiracles into tracheoles lungs/alveolus
F5-Tracheoles directly contact Alveolus is surrounded by a
1
with the muscle cells large network of blood
capillaries
F6-Trachea is reinforced/ Trachea is reinforced/
supported with ring of chitin supported with ring of 1
cartilage
E6-Prevent the trachea form P5-Prevent the trachea form 1
collapsing due to different air collapsing
pressure
F7-Does not have red blood Oxygen transportation Has red blood cells to
1
cell to transport oxygen transport oxygen through
blood vessels
E7-Oxygen is not transported Oxygen is transported by red
in the body blood cells around the body 1
F8-Oxygen diffuses directly The diffusion of Oxygen needed to be
form the respiratory tructure oxygen into the cells transported into the cells and 1
into the cells then diffuses into the cells
E8-Carbon dioxide is directly Product of respiration Carbon dioxide produced 1
released form the cells into diffuses into the blood 10
tracheoles capillary then transported into
155
the lungs

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Comparison of respiratory system between human and fish

(a)
Explain three adaptation from structure show in diagram 2 (b)(ii) to carry out its function
efficiently
P1-Thin membrane /one cell thick for easily diffusion of respiratory gases 1
P2-Moist surface for respiratory gases easily dissolve 1
P3-Numerous blood capillaries for efficient transport of respiratory gasesAny 2 1 3
(b) Y is the respiratory surface in human, explain how gaseous exchange occurs between structures
Y and blood capillary
P1-t he partial pressure of oxygen in Y is higher than in blood capillaries 1
P2-Oxygen diffuses form Y into blood capillaries by simple diffusion 1 2
(c) Humans and fish have different respiratory systems, Explain one differences between the
respiratory system of human and fish 3
F1-the respiratory system of fish of gills while the respiratory system of human consists of a 1
trachea and pair of lungs
P1-A fish has four pairs of gills which are covered by operculum//the surface of each gills
1
Filament has many plate –like projections called lamella
P2-the trachea of human branched into 2 bronchi which enter the right and left lungs//The
1 3
bronchi of human branched into smaller tubes called bronchioles which ends in a cluster of sac
called alveoli
(d) What are the differences between respiratory system of human and fish?
P1-gill is the respiratory organ for fish nut is for human 1
P2-gill have filament and lamella to increase the surface area, but lung have alveoli to increase 1
the surface area
P3-gill touch /surrounded by water 1
P4-Gill receives oxygen directly from water, but lung received oxygen form atmosphere via 1 3
trachea , bronchus and bronchioles
156

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7.3Gaseous exchange across the respiratory surfaces and transport of gases in humans
The process of gaseous exchange across the surface of the alveolus and blood capillaries and between the
tissue capillaries and the body tissue cells

(a) State the importance of gaseous exchange in human
P1-To get oxygen for (cellular) respiration 1
P2-To get rid of/excrete the carbon dioxide 1 2
(b)
Name gas X and Y

1
X : Oxygen
1 2
Y : Carbon dioxide
(c) Explain the difference between the concentration of gas x and Y in blood vessel Q
F1 : The concentration of gas X in blood vessel Q is lower than gas Y 1
E1 : Oxygen has been used by the body cells /cellular respiration 1
E2 : (Cellular respiration) produces gas Y 1
E3 : to be sent to the lung (to be excreted)
1 2
(d) Name blood vessel P and Q
P: Pulmonary veins 1
Q:Pulmonary artery 1 2
(e) State the function of blood vessel P and Q
P: Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs 1
Q: carries oxygenated blood back to heart 1 2
(f) Describe the role of blood vessel P in transporting oxygen form alveolus to muscle cells
P1-In the blood, Oxygen form alveolus combine with respiratory pigment/haemoglobin to form 1
oxyhaemoglobin /oxygenated blood
157
P2-Transport oxygenated blood //oxyhaemoglobin to heart 1
P3-the heart pump the oxygenated blood to muscle cells via the aorta Any2 1 2

SULIT 4551/2
(a)
State the process by which gaseous exchange takes place across alveolus1
(Simple) diffusion 1 1
(b) Explain how the process occurs
F-Partial pressure of oxygen /carbon dioxide in the air of the alveolus is higher than in blood 1 1
capillary
(c) Gaseous exchange takes place across structure Y
Name structure Y
Alveolus/ Alveoli 1 1
(d) State two ways how the alveolus are adapted for efficient gaseous exchange
P1-Thin wall 1
P2-Moist 1
P3-Rich with blood capillary 1 2
(e) Explain how the alveolus is structured to increased the efficiency of gaseous exchange
F1 : Alveolus has thin wall ( one cell thick) 1
E1 : Gaseous can diffuse in and out through the wall more efficiently / Quick /easy gases 1
diffusion
F2 : The (inner) surface of the alveolus is moist 1
E2: Allowing oxygen to dissolve first before diffusing out 1
F3 : A large number of alveoli /The (outer surface) of the alveolus is covered by a network of 1
blood capillaries
1
P1-Large total surface area per volume for gaseous exchange
F4-Network of blood capillaries 1
P4-To increase the rate of gases transportation F+P=1m 1
E3 : Increase the surface area for rapid diffusion of gaseous 1
Notes : F1/2/3 + E 1/2/3 = 2 mark 2
158
F1/2/3 = 1 mark
E1/2/3 = O mark

SULIT 4551/2
(f) Describe the movement of respiratory gases across structure Y

P1-Partial pressure of oxygen on alveolus is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the 1
blood capillaries//oxygen concentration is higher in alveolus than in the blood capillaries
P2-Oxygen Diffuses form alveolus into the blood capillaries 1
OR
P3- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide on alveolus is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen 1
in the blood capillaries/Carbon dioxide oxygen concentration is higher in alveolus than in the
blood capillaries
1 4
P4- Carbon dioxide diffuses form alveolus into the blood capillaries
(g) Explain the role of oxygen in the muscle cells
F-oxygen oxidized the glucose molecule 1
E1-Cellular respiration /aerobic respiration takes place in muscle cells 1
E2-ATP/energy released 1
E3-Produced carbon dioxide and water as by product/waste products 1
E4-energy is used for contraction and relaxation of muscle cells/movement of insect 1 4

(a)
Based on the diagram 3.2 name X and Y

X: oxygen 1
Y: Carbon dioxide 1 2
(b) Name structure P and Q

X: Red blood cell 1
Y:Alveolus 1 2
(c) Name the complex substances contained in X 159
Haemoglobin 1 1

SULIT 4551/2
(d) Explain how the gaseous exchange occur across the alveolus 3
P1 : Oxygen diffuse/ moves across /through ( plasma membrane) to blood capillary 1
P2: From higher (oxygen ) concentration ( in alveolus )to lower concentration ( in blood 1
capillary)
P3: On the other hand the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is lower in the air of the alveoli
compared to the blood capillaries. 1
P4: Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood capillaries into the alveoli. 1
P5 : expelled through the nose or mouth into the atmosphere 1 3
(e)
Explain how gaseous exchange occurs during respiration in Diagram 4.1 (in human )
F1-Oxygen diffuses from alveolus into blood capillaries 1
E1-Oxygen concentration /partial pressure in alveolus is higher than in blood capillaries 1
F2-Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillaries to the alveolus 1

E2-Carbon dioxide concentration /partial pressure in the blood capillaries is higher than in 1 2
alveolus MAX:2
(f) Explain how the red blood cell accepts oxygen form alveolus and transfer to the cell
P1-Oxgen diffuses into the blood plasma 1
P2-Combine with haemoglobin 1 2
(g) CO2
O2
.
Based on the diagram , explain the exchange of respiratory gases
P1-Respiratory surfaces in human are alveoli. 1
P2-The concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than its concentration in the blood 1
160
capillaries.
1
P3-Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the blood capillaries.

SULIT 4551/2
P4The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries is higher than its concentration 1
in the alveoli.
1
P5-Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries of the lungs into the alveoli.
P6-Blood leaving the blood capillary of the lungs has higher concentration of oxygen and lower
1 6
concentration of carbon dioxide
7.4 The Regulatory mechanism in respiration
The human respiratory response and rate of respiration in different situation
Diagram 7 (ii) shoes 3 different situation of human activities

Diagram 7 (ii) (a)) shows a boy watching television
Diagram m 7 (ii(b)) shows a man is chased by a fierce dog
Diagram 7 (ii(c)) shows a man climbing a mountain
Explain the effect of the 3 different situations towards the physiological process that occur in organ X as shown in
161
diagram 7 (ii)

SULIT 4551/2

Diagram 7 (ii) (a)) F1-At rest, the respiratory rate is normal /12-20 breaths per minute 1
shows a boy P1-The partial pressure of O2and CO2 are normal 1 2
watching television
(Relaxing)
Diagram m 7 (ii(b)) F2-When a person is in fear, breathing rate increase 1
shows a man is P2-It’s needed because the demand of a higher respiration rate in cells 1
chased by a fierce
P3-In order to oxidize more glucose 1
dog
P4-To produce more energy 1
(In fear)
P5-(then), rapid muscles contraction (as a responded to the dangerous situation 1 5
/running)
Diagram 7 (ii(c)) F3-( in mountain climbing) as the altitude increase, the atmospheric pressure of 1
shows a man decrease
climbing a P6-Thus, partial pressure of O2becomes lower 1
mountain
P7-Causes a drop in the oxygen level in blood 1
(At high altitude)
P8-(the person will face difficulty in breathing 1
P9-So, the person will experience headache/nausea/dizziness 1 5
The regulatory mechanism of carbon dioxide content in the body

(a)
30 breath per minute while the heartbeat rate increase to 120 beats per minute .Explain how the
body During vigorous activities such as swimming running and aerobic the breathing rate
increase to about regulates the carbon dioxide content in human body 7
1 162
P1-during vigorous exercise , the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase //rate of cellular
respiration increase

SULIT 4551/2
P2-Thus , carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acids 1

P3-(due to high level of co2 in blood ), its results in a drop im the pH value of the blood 1
( and)/cerebrospinal fluid
1
P4-The drop in pH is detected by (central) Chemoreceptor’s (in the medulla oblongata
P5-Send the nerve impulse to the respiratory centre / (which is in turn sends nerve impulse to) 1
diaphragm and intercostals muscles
P6-Pespiratory muscle to contract and relax faster 1
P7-breathing and ventilation rates faster

1
P7-Breathing and ventilation rates increase 1
P8-Excess CO2is eliminated from the body 1
P9-CO2concentration /pH value so blood return to normal levels Any 7p

1 7
(b) In an experiment, a boy takes part in an 800 meter event track. His exhaled air was obtained
three times which were before running, right after he finished running and 10 minutes after
running to determine the percentage of carbon dioxide. Table 3.1 shows the result of the
experiment.
Before running Right after he finishes After 10 minutes

running running
Percentage of carbon 4% 7.5% 4%
dioxide (%)
Based on the table 3.1, Explain how the percentage of carbon dioxide is returned to normal
1
after 10 munites running 4
1
E1 : The high concentration of carbon dioxide 1
E2 : decreases the blood pH 1
E3 : Detected by central chemoreceptor and/ peripheral chemoreceptor 1
E4 : Impulses are sent to the respiratory centre 1
E5 : (Impulses are sent to) the cardiac and respiratory muscles 1 4
E6 : Increase the heart beat and breathing rate
E7 : To remove excess carbon dioxide (so that the of carbon dioxideis returned tonormal)
Notes : Choose any three Es
163

SULIT 4551/2
7.5 the importance of maintaining a healthy respiratory system

(a) Explain how smoking can harm the respiratory system in human
F1-Cigarette smoke contain tar 1
E1-Causes lugs cancer 1
F2-cigarette smoke contain acidic gases 1 2
(b) Explain why does this occur?
F1 : Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide 1
E1 : (Carbon monoxide) has higher affinity to bind with hemoglobin compared to oxygen 1
E2 : forms carbaminohaemoglobin 1
E3 : Therefore, less oxygen will bind with hemoglobin to be transported in blood vessel
1 2
P Notes : F1 + any two Es
(c) Explain why carbon monoxide is poisonous to the body cells
P1-C02 has higher affinity to bind with heamoglobin the with oxygen //CO2 reduce the ability 1
of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen
P2-the body cells lack oxygen //Less oxygen is transported to the body cells 1 2
(d) Smoker do not realize that they destroy their respiratory organ during smoking, Explain how
this habit will affect the intake of oxygen efficiency
E1-Carbon monoxide 1
E2-Bind with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin 1
E2-Less oxygen combine with haemoglobin 1
E4-Tobacco tar will be deposited/logged /accumulate (inside the lungs) 1
E5Reduce diffusion of oxygen 1
E6-Haet fom the smoke m 1
E7-Dry the surface of the alveoli 1
E8-Oxygen cannot be dissolved Any 4 1 4
(e) Explain the effects of smoking on the human respiratory system.
P1-Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen to bind with haemoglobin and forms 1
1
carboxyhaemoglobin. It reduces the supply of oxygen to the cells.
P2Nitrogen dioxide can dissolve in mucus to form an acidic medium which erodes lung tissue.
1
P3- BENZO-(α)-PYRENE is carcinogenic chemical that can cause cancer. 1
164
P4-Nicotine can stimulate the production of cancer cell in trachea and lung. 1
P5-Heat and dryness irritation the lungs and can lead to laryngitis
1 4
SULIT 4551/2
7.6Respiration in plants
The intake of oxygen by plants for respiration

(a)
Like animals, plants also respire aerobically to obtain energy for metabolism . They derive
most their energy from cellular respiration .during cellular respiration, the plants cells take
in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Based on the above statement, describe the intake of oxygen by the plants for respiration
S1-The intake occurs by diffusion mainly through stomata and lenticels 1
S2-Stomata can be found in epidermis of leaves. the stem of herbaceous plants 1
S3-Lenticels can be found on the stems and root of plants 1
Explanation
P1-When stomata open, they connect the air space (within the leave) to atmosphere 1
P2-Oxygen form the atmosphere diffuses into the air spaces
1
P3-then dissolves in the film of water around the mesophyll cells
1
P4-So the concentration of oxygen in the cells becomes lower than in the air spaces
1
P5-Thus, oxygen diffuse continuously form air space to the cell
1
P6-During daytime, carbon dioxide that is produced during respiration is used in
photosynthesis
P7-The excess carbon dioxide diffuses into the air spaces and then through stomata into 1 7
atmosphere
(b) Diagram 6.1 shows the surface view of lower epidermis in a leaf of a plant.
Diagram 6.2 shows part of cross section of a woody stem.
Pore M
Broken epidermis
Epidermal cell
Cork tissue Pore M

Guard cell
Explain the gas uptake for respiration through pores M and N in the plant
Through M:
1
F- (In day time) stoma / M (in the epidermis of the leaf) open
1
P1-Oxygen from the atmosphere diffuses (through stoma) into intercellular air spaces
ll (and palisade mesophyll)
P2- follow the concentration gradient 1
Through N: 165
P3- At the lenticels (N) oxygen from atmosphere diffuses into the air spaces between cork cells 1
which are loosely arranged
1 4
P4- then diffuses into the cells at the stem /and old roots
SULIT 4551/2
Respiration and photosynthesis in plants

(a) Diagram 6.4 shows the changes in the volume of carbon dioxide absorbed or released by a
plant in different light intensity
State the relationship between light intensity and rate of transpiration

P1-Light increase as the rate of transpiration increase 1 2
P2-The plant carries out anaerobic respiration 1
(b) Explain the changes in the volume of carbon dioxide absorbed or released by a plant in
different light intensity
P1-glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to release energy produces ethanol, CO2 1
(and energy)
P2- cells in the roots of rice plants are extremely tolerant of ethanol 1
P3-Many of the roots are very shallow 1
P4-the roots use the oxygen which diffuses into the water surface.
1
P5-Rice stem contain a large number of air spaces
1
P6-(the air space) allow oxygen to penetrate through to the cells of roots ( growing in the 6
absence of oxygen)
(c) Explain the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of respiration in the
plant at points P, Q, R and S.
At P :
P1-In the dark / low light (intensity), only respiration occurs 1
P2-hence large quantity of CO2 is produced/released 1
P3-As light (intensity) increases the quantity of CO2 / produce decreases 1
P4because part of CO2 produced during respiration is used for photosynthesis 1
P5-sugar used in respiration more rapidly than it is produced in photosynthesis
1
At Q:
1
P6- (At this point of light intensity) all the CO2 release from respiration is reused / equivalent
to CO2 used up during photosynthesis // no net gain or loss in CO2 / sugar produced
166
P7- rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration 1
P8-this point is called compensation point 1
P9-net gaseous exchange is zero 1
SULIT 4551/2
At R:
P10- as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis become faster than / exceed the rate 1
of respiration
P11-the CO2 needed is obtained from the atmosphere (at the same time) excess O2 is releases
(into the atmosphere) 1
At S:
P12- is the light saturation point 1
P13-an increase in light intensity does not increase the rate of photosynthesis // maximum rate 1
of photosynthesis (Any 8) 10
(d) An experiment on a plant is carried out to study the rate of water loss from 0500 to 0300 the
next day. Graph 6.1 shows the result of the experiment and diagram 6.2 shows the structure of a
stoma and the cells found in the epidermal layer of a leaf.
Based on the graph, explain how light intensity and the structure in diagram 6.2 affect the rate
of water loss 10
F1 : From 0500 to 0170, the rate of water loss increases 1
E1: Light intensity increases 1
E2 : stimulates photosynthesis in the guard cells./ (The guard cells) start producing glucose 1
E3 : This makes energy available for potassium to move into guard cells 167
1
E4 by active transport
1
E5 : (The guard cells) become hypertonic (compared to the cell sap) of the epidermal cells.

SULIT 4551/2
E6 : Water molecules from the epidermal cells diffuse into the guard cells by osmosis 1
E7 : Causing the guard cells to bend outwards 1
E8 : the stoma opens (to allow water to escape to the atmosphere through it) 1
F2 : From 0170 to 0300, the rate of water loss decreases
1
E9 : Light intensity decreases / causes the rate of photosynthesis to decrease / soon stop.
1
E10 : The guard cells become flaccid
1
E11 : and bend inwards
E12: The stoma closes and this prevent water molecules to escape through it. 1
Notes : (F1 + any 5 Es) + (F2 + 3 Es) 1 10
Comparision between photosynthesis an d respiration

(a) Explain the differences between the process in organelle P and Q
Site Organelle P / mitochondria Organelle Q/ chloroplast
Process Respiration Photosynthesis
Aim /purpose Released energy Stores energy 1
1
Raw material Glucose, oxygen Water, carbon dioxide, light
1
Products Energy, water , carbon dioxide Glucose / starch water and oxygen
1
Energy Not required light energy Required in form of light

1 4
(b) The intake of oxygen by plants for respiration
State two differences between tissues in diagram 4.1 and 4.2
Tissue in diagram 4.1 Tissue in diagram 4.2 1

D1-Alveolus Leaf
1
D2-Carry out transpiration Carry out photosynthesis
D3-Absent of chlorophyll Presence of chlorophyll 1 2 168

SULIT 4551/2
Extra Question
Diagram 7.1 shows how the respiratory gases are transported in the human body
(i) Based on Diagram 7.1, explain how the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the body cells
Aspect Marking scheme

Transport of oxygen P1: The blood circulatory system transport oxygen from the alveoli to the body
cells.
P2: Oxygen combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells
P3: to form oxyhaemoglobin (which is unstable.)
P4: Oxygen is carried (in form of oxyhaemoglobin) to the tissues (which have a
low partial pressure of oxygen.)
P5: The (unstable) oxyhaemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and haemoglobin
again.
P6: Oxygen (molecules are) transferred to the body cells
Transport of P7: Carbon dioxide binds (itself) to the haemoglobin

P8: (and is) transported in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin.
carbon dioxide P9: Carbon dioxide is (also) transported as dissolved carbon dioxide (in the blood
plasma.)
P10: Most of carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions (dissolved in the blood
plasma.)
P11: When the blood carrying carbon dioxide reaches the body cells, the carbon
dioxide diffuses into the blood plasma and combines with the red blood cells.
P12:Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
P13:Carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells catalyse the formation of carbonic
acid.
P14: The carbonic acid then dissociates into a hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. 169
MAXIMUM: 6 marks


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SULIT 4551/2

Chapter 7:Respiration 2014

7.1 The respiration process in energy production

(d) Write the equation of process S and R

Explain this statement

Based on the above statement the condition faced by the athlete

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(g) Explain what happens to cell w when there is no oxygen

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Process Q - Anaerobic respiration 1

P7- Small amount of energy is released to continue the activity 1

No Marking scheme Marks

Aspect Question & Marking Scheme Marks

Name the part labeled P ,Q ,Rand S 5 5

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Aspect Question & Marking Scheme Marks

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Explain the gases exchange between tracheol and body cell.

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Aspect Question & Marking Scheme Marks

The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of fish

Aspect Marking scheme Marks

What is X ?/ Name the respiratory structure of the organism in diagram

State the function of structure P

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Aspect Question & Marking Scheme Marks

Inhalation Describe the breathing mechanisms in fish.

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The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of amphibians

Aspect Question & Marking Scheme Marks

Name structure X and Y in diagram 3.1 2

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The respiratory structure and breathing mechanism of humans

Aspect Marking scheme Marks

Name the parts labeled Y

What is the function of alveoli?

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Constructing a model of human lung study the breathing mechanism in humans

No Marking scheme Marks

Thin rubber sheet

P4- this will decrease the thorax pressure 1 3

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Comparison of respiratory system between human and fish

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No Marking scheme Marks

Name gas X and Y

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(f) Describe the movement of respiratory gases across structure Y

No Marking scheme Marks

Based on the diagram 3.2 name X and Y

(b) Name structure P and Q

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F2-Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillaries to the alveolus 1

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7.4 The Regulatory mechanism in respiration

The human respiratory response and rate of respiration in different situation

Diagram 7 (ii) shoes 3 different situation of human activities

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