Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thyristor Commutation Techniques PDF
Thyristor Commutation Techniques PDF
com
UNIT-5
5.1 Introduction
In practice it becomes necessary to turn off a conducting thyristor. (Often thyristors
are used as switches to turn on and off power to the load). The process of turning off a
conducting thyristor is called commutation. The principle involved is that either the anode
should be made negative with respect to cathode (voltage commutation) or the anode current
should be reduced below the holding current value (current commutation).
The reverse voltage must be maintained for a time at least equal to the turn-off time of
SCR otherwise a reapplication of a positive voltage will cause the thyristor to conduct even
without a gate signal. On similar lines the anode current should be held at a value less than
the holding current at least for a time equal to turn-off time otherwise the SCR will start
conducting if the current in the circuit increases beyond the holding current level even
without a gate signal. Commutation circuits have been developed to hasten the turn-off
process of Thyristors. The study of commutation techniques helps in understanding the
transient phenomena under switching conditions.
The reverse voltage or the small anode current condition must be maintained for a
time at least equal to the TURN OFF time of SCR; Otherwise the SCR may again start
conducting. The techniques to turn off a SCR can be broadly classified as
• Natural Commutation
• Forced Commutation.
Page 89
www.getmyuni.com
T
+
vs ~ ↑ R ↑ vo
π 3π ωt
0 2π
ωt
α
Load voltage vo
Turn off
occurs here
ωt
π 3π ωt
0 2π
Page 90
www.getmyuni.com
Choppers (fixed DC to variable DC), inverters (DC to AC). Forced commutation techniques
are as follows:
• Self Commutation
• Resonant Pulse Commutation
• Complementary Commutation
• Impulse Commutation
• External Pulse Commutation.
• Load Side Commutation.
• Line Side Commutation.
T L Vc(0)
i R + -
Load C
At t = 0 , when the SCR turns ON on the application of gate pulse assume the current
in the circuit is zero and the capacitor voltage is VC ( 0 ) .
Writing the Laplace Transformation circuit of figure 5.3 the following circuit is
obtained when the SCR is conducting.
Page 91
www.getmyuni.com
1 VC(0)
sL CS S
T R I(S) + - + -
C
V
S
Fig.: 5.4.
V − VC ( 0 )
I (S ) = S
1
R + sL +
CS
CS V − VC ( 0 )
= S
RCs + s 2 LC + 1
C V − VC ( 0 )
=
R 1
LC s 2 + s +
L LC
V − VC ( 0 )
= L
R 1
s +s +
2
L LC
(V − V ( 0 ) )
C
= L
2 2
R 1 R R
s +s +
2
+ −
L LC 2 L 2 L
(V − V ( 0 ) )
C
= L
2
R 1 R
2 2
s+ + −
2 L LC 2 L
Page 92
www.getmyuni.com
A
= ,
(s + δ ) +ω2
2
Where
A=
(V − V ( 0 ) ) ,
C
δ=
R
, ω=
1 R
−
2
L 2L LC 2 L
A ω
I (S ) =
ω ( s + δ )2 + ω 2
A
i (t ) = e−δ t sin ω t
ω
V − VC ( 0 ) −R
t
i (t ) = e 2 L sin ω t
ωL
ωL
(ii) Expression for voltage across capacitor at the time of turn off
vc = V − vR − VL
di
vc = V − iR − L
dt
Substituting for i,
A d A −δ t
vc = V − R e −δ t sin ω t − L e sin ω t
ω dt ω
A A
vc = V − R
ω
e−δ t sin ω t − L
ω
(e −δ t
ω cos ω t − δ e −δ t sin ω t )
A
vc = V − e −δ t [ R sin ω t + ω L cos ω t − Lδ sin ω t ]
ω
Page 93
www.getmyuni.com
A R
vc = V − e−δ t R sin ω t + ω L cos ω t − L sin ω t
ω 2L
A R
vc = V − e−δ t sin ω t + ω L cos ω t
ω 2
Substituting for A,
vc ( t ) = V −
(V − V ( 0 ) ) e δ
− t R
2 sin ω t + ω L cos ω t
C
ωL
vc ( t ) = V −
(V − V ( 0 ) ) e δ
− t R
2 L sin ω t + ω cos ω t
C
(V − V ( 0 ) ) ωδπ −
vc =V −
C
e ( 0 + ω cos π )
ω
−δπ
vc = V + V − VC ( 0 ) e ω
− Rπ
Therefore vc = V + V − VC ( 0 ) e 2 Lω
2
R 1
That is <
2L LC
V t
i= sin
ωL LC
1
But ω=
LC
V t C t
Therefore i= LC sin =V sin
L LC L LC
Page 94
www.getmyuni.com
• Figure 5.5 shows the waveforms for the above conditions. Once the SCR turns off
voltage across it is negative voltage.
π
• Conduction time of SCR = .
ω
C
V
L Current i
ωt
0 π/2 π
2V
Capacitor voltage
V
ωt
Gate pulse
ωt
ωt
−V
Voltage across SCR
Fig. 5.5: Self Commutation – Wave forms of Current and Capacitors Voltage
Problem 5.1 : Calculate the conduction time of SCR and the peak SCR current that flows in
the circuit employing series resonant commutation (self commutation or class A
commutation), if the supply voltage is 300 V, C = 1µF, L = 5 mH and RL = 100 Ω. Assume
that the circuit is initially relaxed.
T RL L C
+ −
100 Ω 5 mH 1 µ
F
V
=300V
Fig. 5.6
Solution:
Page 95
www.getmyuni.com
2
1 RL
ω= −
LC 2 L
2
1 100
ω= −3 −6
− −3
5 × 10 ×1× 10 2 × 5 × 10
Since the circuit is initially relaxed, initial voltage across capacitor is zero as also the
initial current through L and the expression for current i is
V −δ t R
i= e sin ω t , where δ = ,
ωL 2L
V
Therefore peak value of i=
ωL
300
i= = 6A
10000 × 5 × 10 −3
π π
Conducting time of SCR = = = 0.314msec
ω 10000
Problem 1.2: Figure 1.7 shows a self commutating circuit. The inductance carries an initial
current of 200 A and the initial voltage across the capacitor is V, the supply voltage.
Determine the conduction time of the SCR and the capacitor voltage at turn off.
L T i(t)
→ IO
10 µH
C +
V 50 µF − VC(0)=V
=100V
Fig. 5.7
Solution:
Page 96
www.getmyuni.com
sL I OL
− +
I(S) +
VC(0)
=V
+ − S
V
S − 1
CS
V V ( 0) 1
= I ( S ) sL − I O L + C + I (S )
s s Cs
V VC ( 0 )
− + IO L
Therefore I (S ) = s s
1
sL +
Cs
V VC ( 0 )
− Cs
s s I LCs
I (S ) = + 2O
s LC + 1
2
s LC + 1
V − VC ( 0 ) C
I (S ) =
I O LCs
+
1 2 1
LC s 2 + LC s + LC
LC
V − VC ( 0 ) sI O
I (S ) = +
L s + ω
2 2
s +ω2
2
V − VC ( 0 ) ω
I (S ) =
sI O 1
+ Where ω =
ω L s 2 + ω 2 s + ω 2
2
LC
Taking inverse LT
C
i ( t ) = V − VC ( 0 ) sin ω t + I O cos ω t
L
Page 97
www.getmyuni.com
t
1
vc ( t ) = ∫ i ( t ) dt + VC ( 0 )
C0
1
t
C
vc ( t ) = ∫ V − VC ( 0 ) sin ω t + I O cos ω t dt + VC ( 0 )
C 0 L
1 (V − VC ( 0 ) ) C t I t
vc ( t ) = ( − cos ω t ) + O ( sin ω t ) + VC ( 0 )
C ω L o ω o
1 (V − VC ( 0 ) ) C I
vc ( t ) = (1 − cos ω t ) + O ( sin ω t ) + VC ( 0 )
C ω L ω
IO 1 C
vc ( t ) = × LC sin ω t + (V − VC ( 0 ) ) LC (1 − cos ω t ) + VC ( 0 )
C C L
L
vc ( t ) = I O sin ω t + V − V cos ω t − VC ( 0 ) + VC ( 0 ) cos ω t + VC ( 0 )
C
L
vc ( t ) = I O sin ω t − (V − VC ( 0 ) ) cos ω t + V
C
In this problem VC ( 0 ) = V
L
vc ( t ) = I O
sin ω t + V
C
he waveforms are as shown in figure 1.9
Page 98
www.getmyuni.com
I0
i(t)
ωt
π/2
vc(t)
ωt
π/2
Fig.: 1.9
π
Turn off occurs at a time to so that ω tO =
2
0.5π
Therefore tO = = 0.5π LC
ω
tO = 0.5 × π 10 × 10−6 × 50 × 10 −6
L
vc ( tO ) = I O sin ω tO + V
C
10 ×10−6
vc ( tO ) = 200 −6
sin 900 + 100
50 × 10
35.12
vc ( tO ) = 200 × 0.447 × sin + 100
22.36
Page 99
www.getmyuni.com
Problem 5.3: In the circuit shown in figure 1.10. V = 600 volts, initial capacitor voltage is
zero, L = 20 µH, C = 50µF and the current through the inductance at the time of SCR
triggering is Io = 350 A. Determine (a) the peak values of capacitor voltage and current (b)
the conduction time of T1.
L T 1
→ I0
i(t)
V C
Fig. 5.10
Solution:
(Refer to problem 5.2).
i ( t ) can be written as
C
i ( t ) = I O2 + V 2 sin (ω t + α )
L
L
IO
where α = tan −1 C
V
1
and ω=
LC
C
I O2 + V 2
L
Page 100
www.getmyuni.com
50 × 10−6
= 3502 + 600 2 × = 1011.19 A
20 × 10 −6
L
vc ( t ) = I O sin ω t − (V − VC ( 0 ) ) cos ω t + V
C
L
with VC ( 0 ) = 0, vc ( t ) = I O sin ω t − V cos ω t + V
C
L
vc ( t ) = V 2 + I O2 sin (ω t − β ) + V
C
C
V
Where β = tan −1 L
IO
L
= V 2 + I O2 +V
C
20 ×10 −6
= 600 2 + 3502 × + 600
50 × 10−6
Page 101
www.getmyuni.com
Capacitor
current
ωt
α 0
π−α
Fig. 5.11
π −α
Therefore conduction time of SCR =
ω
L
IO
π − tan −1 C
V
=
1
LC
350 20 × 10 −6
α = tan −1
600 50 × 10−6
1 1
ω= = = 31622.8 rad/sec
LC 20 ×10 −6 × 50 × 10−6
π − 0.3534
= = 88.17 µ sec
31622.8
Page 102
www.getmyuni.com
L
T
i
a
b C
IL
V
Load
FWD
Page 103
www.getmyuni.com
Gate pulse
of SCR
t
t1 π
V
Capacitor voltage
vab
t
tC
Ip i
t
π
IL ω
∆t
ISCR
Voltage across
SCR
t
t
1 c
V = ∫ I L dt
C0
I L tc
V=
C
VC
tc = seconds
IL
Page 104
www.getmyuni.com
For proper commutation tc should be greater than t q , the turn off time of T. Also, the
magnitude of I p , the peak value of i should be greater than the load current I L and the
expression for i is derived as follows
T i
+
C VC(0)
− =V
Fig. 5.14
I(S)
sL
T 1
Cs
+
V
− s
Fig. 5.15
V
I (S ) = s
1
sL +
Cs
V
Cs
I ( S ) = 2
s
s LC + 1
VC
I (S ) =
1
LC s 2 +
LC
Page 105
www.getmyuni.com
V 1
I (S ) = ×
L s2 + 1
LC
1
V LC 1
I (S ) = × ×
L s2 + 1 1
LC LC
1
C LC
I (S ) = V ×
L s2 + 1
LC
Taking inverse LT
C
i (t ) = V sin ω t
L
1
Where ω=
LC
V
Or i (t ) = sin ω t = I p sin ω t
ωL
C
Therefore Ip =V amps .
L
π
= + ∆t
ω
I
sin −1 L
π I
= + p
ω ω
Page 106
www.getmyuni.com
current ic ( t ) , flows in the direction shown, i.e., in a direction opposite to that of load
current I L .
C
ic ( t ) = I p sin ω t (refer to the previous circuit description). Where I p = VC ( 0 ) &
L
and the capacitor voltage is given by
1
vc ( t ) = iC ( t ).dt
C∫
1 C
vc ( t ) = ∫ VC ( 0 ) sin ω t.dt .
C L
vc ( t ) = −VC ( 0 ) cos ω t
T1 iC(t) IL
C L iC(t) T2
ab
− +
VC(0) L
V T3 O
A
FWD D
When ic ( t ) becomes equal to I L (the load current), the current through T1 becomes
zero and T1 turns off. This happens at time t1 such that
t1
I L = I p sin
LC
C
I p = VC ( 0 )
L
I L
t1 = LC sin −1 L
VC ( 0 ) C
Page 107
www.getmyuni.com
Once the thyristor T1 turns off, the capacitor starts charging towards the supply
voltage through T2 and load. As the capacitor charges through the load capacitor current is
same as load current I L , which is constant. When the capacitor voltage reaches V, the supply
voltage, the FWD starts conducting and the energy stored in L charges C to a still higher
voltage. The triggering of T3 reverses the polarity of the capacitor voltage and the circuit is
ready for another triggering of T1 . The waveforms are shown in figure 5.17.
Expression For tc
Assuming a constant load current I L which charges the capacitor
CV1
tc = seconds
IL
Normally V1 ≈ VC ( 0 )
For reliable commutation tc should be greater than t q , the turn off time of SCR T1 . It is
to be noted that tc depends upon I L and becomes smaller for higher values of load current.
Current iC(t)
V
Capacitor
voltage vab
t
t1
V1
tC
VC(0)
Page 108
www.getmyuni.com
D2
iC(t)
T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2
- +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D
Fig. 5.17(a)
iC
IL
0 t
VC
0 t
t1 t2
V1
VC(O) tC
Fig. 5.17(b)
Page 109
www.getmyuni.com
level I L at time t 2 . Thus the presence of D2 has accelerated the discharge of capacitor ‘C’.
Now the capacitor gets charged through the load and the charging current is constant. Once
capacitor is fully charged T2 turns off by itself. But once current of thyristor T1 reduces to
zero the reverse voltage appearing across T1 is the forward voltage drop of D2 which is very
small. This makes the thyristor recovery process very slow and it becomes necessary to
provide longer reverse bias time.
From figure 5.17(b)
t2 = π LC − t1
VC ( t2 ) = −VC ( O ) cos ω t2
Problem 5.4: The circuit in figure 5.18 shows a resonant pulse commutation circuit. The
initial capacitor voltage VC ( O ) = 200V , C = 30µF and L = 3µH. Determine the circuit turn off
time tc , if the load current I L is (a) 200 A and (b) 50 A.
T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2
− +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D
Fig. 5.18
Solution
(a) When I L = 200 A
Let T2 be triggered at t = 0 .
The capacitor current ic ( t ) reaches a value I L at t = t1 , when T1 turns off
I L
t1 = LC sin −1 L
VC ( 0 ) C
200 3 × 10−6
t1 = 3 ×10 −6 × 30 × 10−6 sin −1
200 30 × 10−6
Page 110
www.getmyuni.com
t1 = 3.05µ sec .
1 1
ω= =
LC 3 × 10 −6 × 30 × 10−6
V1 = 200 × 0.9487
V1 = 189.75 Volts
CV1
and tc =
IL
30 × 10−6 × 189.75
tc = = 28.46 µ sec .
200
(b) When I L = 50 A
50 3 × 10−6
t1 = 3 ×10 −6 × 30 × 10−6 sin −1
200 30 × 10−6
t1 = 0.749 µ sec .
CV1
tc =
IL
30 × 10−6 × 200
tc = = 120 µ sec .
50
Page 111
www.getmyuni.com
Problem 5.4a: Repeat the above problem for I L = 200 A , if an antiparallel diode D2 is
connected across thyristor T1 as shown in figure 5.18a.
D2
iC(t)
T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2
- +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D
Fig. 5.18(a)
Solution
I L = 200 A
Let T2 be triggered at t = 0 .
Capacitor current iC ( t ) reaches the value I L at t = t1 , when T1 turns off
I L
Therefore t1 = LC sin −1 L
VC ( O ) C
200 3 × 10−6
t1 = 3 ×10 −6 × 30 × 10−6 sin −1
200 30 × 10−6
` t1 = 3.05µ sec .
1 1
ω= =
LC 3 × 10 −6 × 30 × 10−6
Page 112
www.getmyuni.com
At t = t1
VC ( t1 ) = V1 = −VC ( O ) cos ω t1
VC ( t1 ) = −189.75V
t2 = π LC − t1
t2 = 26.75µ sec .
1 1
ω= =
LC 3 × 10 −6 × 30 × 10−6
At t = t2
VC ( t2 ) = V2 = −200 cos 0.105 ×10+6 × 26.75 ×10−6
VC ( t2 ) = V2 = 189.02 V
tC = 23.7 µ secs
Page 113
www.getmyuni.com
Problem 5.5: For the circuit shown in figure 5.19. Calculate the value of L for proper
commutation of SCR. Also find the conduction time of SCR.
4 µF
V
=30V L
RL i
30 Ω IL
Fig. 5.19
Solution:
V 30
The load current I L = = = 1 Amp
RL 30
For proper SCR commutation I p , the peak value of resonant current i, should be
greater than I L ,
Let I p = 2I L , Therefore I p = 2 Amps .
V V C
Also Ip = = =V
ωL 1
×L L
LC
4 × 10−6
Therefore 2 = 30 ×
L
Therefore L = 0.9mH .
1 1
ω= = = 16666 rad/sec
LC 0.9 × 10−3 × 4 × 10−6
I
sin −1 L
π I
Conduction time of SCR = + p
ω ω
1
sin −1
π 2
= +
16666 16666
π + 0.523
= radians
16666
= 0.00022 seconds
= 0.22 msec
Page 114
www.getmyuni.com
Problem 5.6: For the circuit shown in figure 5.20 given that the load current to be
commutated is 10 A, turn off time required is 40µsec and the supply voltage is 100 V. Obtain
the proper values of commutating elements.
C
V
=100V L i IL
IL
Fig. 5.20
Solution
C
I p Peak value of i = V and this should be greater than I L . Let I p = 1.5 I L .
L
C
Therefore 1.5 ×10 = 100 ... ( a )
L
Also, assuming that at the time of turn off the capacitor voltage is approximately
equal to V (and referring to waveform of capacitor voltage in figure 5.13) and the load
current linearly charges the capacitor
CV
tc = seconds
IL
100
Therefore 40 ×10 −6 = C ×
µ 10
Therefore C =4 F
4 ×10−6
1.5 ×10 = 100
L
10 4 × 4 ×10 −6
1.52 × 102 =
L
Therefore L = 1.777 × 10 −4 H
L = 0.177mH .
Page 115
www.getmyuni.com
Problem 5.7: In a resonant commutation circuit supply voltage is 200 V. Load current is 10
A and the device turn off time is 20µs. The ratio of peak resonant current to load current is
1.5. Determine the value of L and C of the commutation circuit.
Solution
Ip
Given = 1.5
IL
C
That is Ip =V = 15 A ... ( a )
L
It is given that the device turn off time is 20 µsec. Therefore tc , the circuit turn off
time should be greater than this,
Let tc = 30 µ sec .
CV
And tc =
IL
200 × C
Therefore 30 × 10−6 =
10
µ
Therefore C = 1.5 F .
Substituting in (a)
1.5 × 10 −6
15 = 200
L
1.5 × 10−6
152 = 2002 ×
L
Therefore L = 0.2666 mH
Page 116
www.getmyuni.com
IL
R1 R2
ab iC
V
C
T1 T2
vc ( t ) = V f + (Vi − V f ) e − t τ
Where V f is the final voltage, Vi is the initial voltage and τ is the time constant.
Page 117
www.getmyuni.com
At t = tc , vc ( t ) = 0 ,
= R1C , V f = V , Vi = −V ,
− tc
Therefore 0 = V + ( −V − V ) e R1C
− tc
0 = V − 2Ve R1C
− tc
− tc
0.5 = e R1C
tc = 0.693R1C
tc = 0.693R2C
Usually R1 = R2 = R
Page 118
www.getmyuni.com
Current through T 1 2V
R2
V
1 R
t
2V Current through T2
R 1
V
R2
t
V
Voltage across
capacitor vab
t
-V
tC tC
Voltage across T1
t
tC
Fig. 5.22
Page 119
www.getmyuni.com
Problem 5.8: In the circuit shown in figure 1.23 the load resistances R1 = R2 = R = 5Ω and
the capacitance C = 7.5 µF, V = 100 volts. Determine the circuits turn off time tc .
R1 R2
V
C
T1 T2
Fig. 5.23
Solution
The circuit turn-off time tc = 0.693 RC seconds
tc = 0.693 × 5 × 7.5 × 10 −6
tc = 26 µ sec .
Problem 5.9: Calculate the values of RL and C to be used for commutating the main SCR in
the circuit shown in figure 1.24. When it is conducting a full load current of 25 A flows. The
minimum time for which the SCR has to be reverse biased for proper commutation is 40µsec.
Also find R1 , given that the auxiliary SCR will undergo natural commutation when its forward
current falls below the holding current value of 2 mA.
i1 IL
R1 RL
iC
V
=100V C
Auxiliary Main
SCR SCR
Fig. 5.24
Solution
In this circuit only the main SCR carries the load and the auxiliary SCR is used to turn
off the main SCR. Once the main SCR turns off the current through the auxiliary SCR is the
sum of the capacitor charging current ic and the current i1 through R1 , ic reduces to zero after
Page 120
www.getmyuni.com
a time tc and hence the auxiliary SCR turns off automatically after a time tc , i1 should be less
than the holding current.
Given I L = 25 A
V 100
That is 25 A = =
RL RL
Therefore RL = 4Ω
tc = 40 µ sec = 0.693RL C
40 × 10−6
Therefore C=
µ 4 × 0.693
C = 14.43 F
V
i1 = should be less than the holding current of auxiliary SCR.
R1
100
Therefore should be < 2mA.
R1
100
Therefore R1 >
2 ×10 −3
That is R1 > 50 K Ω
T1 IL
−
T3 VC(O) C
+
L
L T2 O
V A
FWD D
The working of the circuit can be explained as follows. It is assumed that initially the
capacitor C is charged to a voltage VC ( O ) with polarity as shown. Let the thyristor T1 be
Page 121
www.getmyuni.com
conducting and carry a load current I L . If the thyristor T1 is to be turned off, T2 is fired. The
capacitor voltage comes across T1 , T1 is reverse biased and it turns off. Now the capacitor
starts charging through T2 and the load. The capacitor voltage reaches V with top plate being
positive. By this time the capacitor charging current (current through T2 ) would have reduced
to zero and T2 automatically turns off. Now T1 and T2 are both off. Before firing T1 again,
the capacitor voltage should be reversed. This is done by turning on T3 , C discharges through
T3 and L and the capacitor voltage reverses. The waveforms are shown in figure 5.26.
VS
Capacitor
voltage
VC
tC
Voltage across T1
t
VC
(i) Expression for Circuit Turn Off Time (Available Turn Off Time) tc
tc depends on the load current I L and is given by the expression
t
1 c
VC = ∫ I L dt
C0
I L tc
VC =
C
VC C
tc = seconds
IL
Page 122
www.getmyuni.com
Note:
• T1 is turned off by applying a negative voltage across its terminals. Hence this is
voltage commutation.
• tc depends on load current. For higher load currents tc is small. This is a disadvantage
of this circuit.
• When T2 is fired, voltage across the load is V + VC ; hence the current through load
shoots up and then decays as the capacitor starts charging.
i
T1 +
IT1 VC(O) C
_
T2
D
V
L
IL
RL
Page 123
www.getmyuni.com
VC
Capacitor
voltage
t
−V
tC
This is due to i
IT 1
IL
Current through SCR V
RL
t
2V
RL
IL
Load current
V Voltage across T1
tC
Problem 5.10: An impulse commutated thyristor circuit is shown in figure 5.29. Determine
the available turn off time of the circuit if V = 100 V, R = 10 Ω and C = 10 µF. Voltage
across capacitor before T2 is fired is V volts with polarity as shown.
+
T1
-
C VC(0)
V +
T2 R
-
Fig. 5.29
Solution
When T2 is triggered the circuit is as shown in figure 5.30.
Page 124
www.getmyuni.com
VC(O)
- + i(t)
+
C
T2
V R
-
Fig. 5.30
1 VC(0)
Cs s
− + I(s)
+
V R
s −
Fig. 5.31
1
(V + VC ( 0 ) )
I (S ) = s
1
R+
Cs
C (V + VC ( 0 ) )
I (S ) =
1 + RCs
I (S ) =
(V + V ( 0 ) )
C
1
Rs +
RC
1 VC ( 0 )
Voltage across capacitor VC ( s ) = I ( s ) −
Cs s
Page 125
www.getmyuni.com
1 V + VC ( 0 ) VC ( 0 )
VC ( s ) = −
RCs 1 s
s+
RC
V + VC ( 0 ) V + VC ( 0 ) VC ( 0 )
VC ( s ) = − −
s 1 s
s+
RC
V V V ( 0)
VC ( s ) = − − C
s s+ 1 s+
1
RC RC
(
vc ( t ) = V 1 − e
−t
RC
) − V ( 0) e
C
−t
RC
Therefore (
vc ( t ) = V 1 − 2e
−t
RC
)
vC(t)
t
VC(0)
tC
Fig. 5.32
At t = tc , vc ( t ) = 0
− tc
Therefore 0 = V 1 − 2e RC
− tc
1 = 2e RC
Page 126
www.getmyuni.com
1 − tc
= e RC
2
tc = RC ln ( 2 )
tc = 10 ×10 ×10−6 ln ( 2 )
tc = 69.3µ sec .
Problem 5.11: In the commutation circuit shown in figure 5.33. C = 20 µF, the input voltage
V varies between 180 and 220 V and the load current varies between 50 and 200 A.
Determine the minimum and maximum values of available turn off time tc .
T1 I0
−
C VC(0)=V
+
V
T2
I0
Fig. 5.33
Solution
It is given that V varies between 180 and 220 V and I O varies between 50 and 200 A.
The expression for available turn off time tc is given by
CV
tc =
IO
CVmax
Therefore tc max =
I O min
220
tc max = 20 × 10 −6 × = 88µ sec
50
Page 127
www.getmyuni.com
CVmin
and tc min =
I O max
180
tc min = 20 × 10−6 × = 18µ sec
200
Page 128
www.getmyuni.com
L T1
+ IL
T3 +
_C L
FWD O
VS A
Lr D
T2
Figure 5.35 shows line side commutation circuit. Thyristor T2 is fired to charge the
capacitor ‘C’. When ‘C’ charges to a voltage of 2V, T2 is self commutated. To reverse the
voltage of capacitor to -2V, thyristor T3 is fired and T3 commutates by itself. Assuming that
T1 is conducting and carries a load current I L thyristor T2 is fired to turn off T1 . The turning
ON of T2 will result in forward biasing the diode (FWD) and applying a reverse voltage of
2V across T1 . This turns off T1 , thus the discharging and recharging of capacitor is done
through the supply and the commutation circuit can be tested without load.
Recommended questions:
Page 129