Fuels

Energy Consumption by
Source
Renewables , 8%
Natural
Gas 1
23%
Nuclear
49
8% Wind
Hydroelectric
Biomass
Geothermal
Solar
44

Petroleum
5
1
38%
Coal
23% 2
All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADS
 Non Renewable Fuels

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Fission

3
COAL

4
 World Coal Consumption

• World coal consumption is projected

to increase from 5.3 billion tons in
1997 to 7.6 billion tons in 2020.
• US annual coal consumption is
approximately 1 billion tons

5
Coal Reserves (M metric
tons)
Africa, 67.7 North
Far East America,
and 286.6
Oceania,
US – 275.5
322.2
World -1088.6

W. Europe,
C & S.
E. Europe 99.6
America,
Middle & FSU,
23.7
East, 0.2 288.3

Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html 6
 Coal Analyses

• Proximate Analysis
• Ultimate Analysis
• Calorific Value

7
 Proximate Analysis

• Moisture
• Volatile Matter
• Ash
• Fixed Carbon (obtained by
difference)

8
Ultimate Analysis
(elemental composition)
Carbon 60 - 96%

Hydrogen 2 - 6%

Nitrogen 1-2%

Sulfur 0.5 - 5%

Oxygen 1 - 30%
9
 Calorific Value (Heating
Value)
• Heating or Calorific Value is the
amount of heat released when a unit
mass of fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or
cal/g)
• Calorific value has implications for
pollution measurements such as
SO2 whose emissions are calculated
on a lb per million Btu basis
10
 Coal Ranks

• There are 4 general ranks for coals:

• Lignite low rank
• Subbituminous
• Bituminous
• Anthracite High rank

11
Coal’s Future
Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves
Annual Use
Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio)
World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y
= 271 Years
USA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y
= 280 Years
Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease,
usage is also expected to change
12
PETROLEUM

13
14
 Petroleum

• Naturally occurring liquid

containing a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons (molecules made of
C and H atoms)

• Also contains few compounds

containing N, S, and O atoms
15
 Petroleum Composition
Element Range (wt%)
Carbon 85-90%
Hydrogen 9-15%
Nitrogen 0-0.1%
Sulfur ppm- 4%
Oxygen ppm
16
Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)
US – 21.8
World – 1,016

North S. and
America, 55.1 Central
America, 89.5 W. Europe,
18.8
Far East and
Oceania, 44

Middle East, Africa, 74.9

675.6

E Europe &
FSU, 58.9
17
Production and Consumption (mn
bbls/day)
BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000
(http://www.bp.com)

• World
• Production – 73

• United States
• Production – 9.2
• Consumption – 18.9

18
19
 One Barrel of Oil (42 US
gallons) produces …

• Gasoline (19.5 Gallons)

• Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2)
• Kerosene (4.1)
• Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)
• Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2)
• Petrochemicals for plastics and polymers
(2)
• Total Yield: 44.4 gallons
20
 How long can we
depend on Petroleum?
• World =
1016,000 million barrels/73 million
bbls/day = 13,967 days= 38.1 years
US
= 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day
= 1,153 days or 3.16 years
if we keep importing at the current rate
= 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day
= 2,344 days or 6.4 years

21
NATURAL GAS

22
 Natural Gas
WHAT IS IT?
• Principally methane, CH4, with some
ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8),
and impurities such as CO2, H2S, and
N2.

CALORIFIC VALUE
• Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft
(22,500 Btu/lb) 23
 Natural Gas Types

• WET- contains HCS other than

Methane and ethane
• SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly
undesirable due to corrosion, and
SO2 formation upon combustion.

24
Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)

Far East and North

Oceania, 375.4 America, 261.3
W. Europe,
Africa, 409.7 159.5

Middle East, E. Europe and

1836.2 FSU, 1947.6

US - 167 T Cu. ft
World - 5210 T cu. ft

C. & S.
America, 227.9 25
How long can we
depend on Natural Gas?
• US = 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year
(1999) = 7.6 years
• World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year
=62 years

26
 Utilization-Combustion
Premium Fuel
• Highest calorific value of any fossil
fuel (1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)
• No ash in the fuel - no mess
• Easy transportation and no storage
space required
• Better combustion efficiency
• Less CO2 emissions compared to oil
and coal for the same heat release
27
 Comparison of Fossil
Fuels
Composition Heating Value
Coal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lb
Oil CH2 20,000 Btu/lb
Natural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lb
All also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.
1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft
Gas
28
 Cost of Energy/MMBtu
for oil
• Price of oil is usually given in $ /
barrel
• If the price is $22/barrel
• One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu
$22 1 Barrel
Cost per MMBtu = x
1 Barrel 5.8 MMBtu

29
Cost of Energy per
MMBtu- Natural gas
• Usually price is given as $/1,000 Cu.
Ft
• Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)
• Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft 6
$7.44 one Cu. ft 10 Btu
Cost per MMBtu = x x
1000 Cu.Ft 1,000 Btu MMBtu

30
 Cost of Energy- $/Million
Btu
• Price is given in $/ton. Approximate
average price is $33.26/ton in PA
• Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or
20.77 million BTUs/ton

31
US Energy use and
Environmental
Consequences Emissions
CO2

Fossil Fuels CO

SO2
Combustion
NOx
Carbon
Hydrogen Particulate Matter
Nitrogen PM10
Sulfur PM2.5
Oxygen NH3 32
 US Air Emissions, Mtons
(1999)
Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide 1,520

Carbon Monoxide 97.4
Lead 4.1
NOx 25.4
SO2 18.8
Particulate Matter 23.7 33
34
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

35
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are
precursors to the formation of ground
level ozone and thereby to photochemical
smog
• Precursors to the formation of acid rain
• Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to
increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection and may cause permanent
alterations in the lung.
36
 Carbon Monoxide

• Product of incomplete combustion

• Reduces the flow of oxygen in the
bloodstream
• Particularly dangerous to persons
with heart disease.

37
 Sulfur Dioxide
• High concentrations of SO2 can result in
temporary breathing impairment for
asthmatic children and adults
• in conjunction with high levels of PM,
include respiratory illness, alterations in
the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of
existing cardiovascular disease.
• Together, SO2 and NOx are the major
precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)
• major precursor to PM2.5, which is a
significant health concern
38
 Particulate Matter

• Health effects
• Visibility impairment
• Atmospheric deposition
• Aesthetic damage

39