REBELLION

BATTLE IN MANILA BAY

TUTELAGE
AGUINALDO
PHILIPPINES ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY
INSURGENCY ALLEGIANCE

AMERICA

MOCK BATTLE
Gov. TAFT
INDEPENDENCE

LIBERATION
COMMO
TREATY PARIS
OF
N AN
RESISTANCE

N
CLARK AIR
YAMASHITA

TERRITORY
BASE
WEALTH
FILIPINO

RETALIATION
INVASION
D JAPANE HUKBO NG BAYAN LABAN SA HAPON
DEATH MARCH

BATAAN ALLIED FORCES

WORLD WAR II
MACARTHUR CORREGIDOR PEARL HARBOR BOMBING

SE OCCUPATIO
LUIS TARUC

IMPERIAL JAPANESE GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION

PRESIDENT JOSE P. LAUREL LINGAYEN GULF
N
PUPPET GOVERNMENT

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 American Occupation
• Before the Battle in Manila
• Aguinaldo’s Return
• Philippine Independence
• US Infantry Arrives in Manila
• Mock Battle in Manila
• Americans Occupy Manila
• Malolos Congress
• Treaty of Paris
• Philippine-American War
• The Capture of Aguinaldo
• Philippines as U.S Territory
• Commonwealth Period
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 Japanese Occupation
• Japanese Invasion
• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
• Bataan Death March
• Japanese Occupation
• Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
• End of Japanese Occupation

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• April 22 – U.S Asiatic Fleet under Admiral Dewey
anchored in the British Port of Hong-Kong.
• April 23 – U.S Consul-Gen Pratt of Singapore was
informed by the arrival of Aguinaldo. Telegraph a
letter of affirmation of Aguinaldo’s allegiance.
• April 24 – Received the response of Dewey
notifying Aguinaldo to come join him.
• April 25 – Dewey was notified that war had begun
and ordered to go to the Philippines and capture or
destroy the Spanish vessels. Same day, left HK
due to British neutrality regulation and anchored at
Mirs
2ND Bay, China. ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
SEMESTER
 BEFORE THE BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• April 26 – Aguinaldo sailed off going to Hong-Kong
with 30,000 insurgent as land troops for the U.S
forces.
• April 27 – American squadron raised anchor and
left Mirs Bay going to Manila without any Filipinos
on board.
• May 1 – American squadron destroyed the
antiquated Spanish Fleet commanded by Admiral
Patricio Montojo in Manila Bay.
• May 2 – Dewey notified Spanish Governor-General
that Manila-Hong-Kong cable should remain neutral
but
2ND later refuse thus,
SEMESTER Dewey
ORLANDO dredge up and cut the
A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)
Since Dewey had no force with which to occupy Manila nor
attack the city, Dewey blocked the harbor and cabled
Washington and asked for reinforcement.

• May 16 – Consul-Gen. Wildman of Hong-Kong,

succeeded in getting Aguinaldo and his staff off
for Manila on board the USS McCulloch.
• May 19 – Aguinaldo arrived in Manila and met
Dewey.
• May 24 – Aguinaldo proclaimed his revolutionary
government and summoned the people for his
purpose of driving the Spaniards out forever.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 AGUINALDO’S RETURN (1898)
• May 29 – Aguinaldo visited Dewey on board
stating his expectation to make general attack by
May 31st.
• May 31 – Aguinaldo launched the attack and did
not succeed entirely but was able draw a cordon to
Spaniard troops trapping them inside Manila.
• Early June – Aguinaldo’s forces had overwhelmed
Spanish garrisons in Cavite and around Manila,
surrounded the capital and kept the Spaniards
inside Manila until American troop reinforcement
could arrive.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE (1898)

• June 12 – Aguinaldo declared the independence

of the Filipinos and the birth of Philippine Republic
under the protection of the mighty and humane
North American Union.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 U.S INFANTRY ARRIVED in MANILA
(1898)
• June 30 – 1st American Infantry troops under Brig.
Gen Anderson arrived in Manila. Started
positioning the troops around Manila and secure
the line of advance pending the arrival of General
Merritt.
• July 17 and 31 – 2nd and 3rd expedition under Brig.
Gen. Greene and MacArthur respectively arrived in
Cavite harbor.
• July 25 – Major General Merritt arrived and take
over the command of American troops and
together with Filipino insurgent battled against
Spanish troops.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
Purposefully, Merritt and Dewey left Aguinaldo out of any
 MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• August 4 - Gov. Gen Jaudenes replaced the former
gov. gen. and devised a way to salvage the honor
of his country.
Negotiations were carried out and a secret agreement was
made between the governor and American military
commanders concerning the capture of Manila.

The Spaniards would put up only a show of resistance and, on

a prearranged signal, would surrender..

The Spanish feared that the Filipinos were plotting to

massacre them all. There was great fear that if the city fell
to Aguinaldo and his revolutionary forces, there would be
hell to pay.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 MOCK BATTLE IN MANILA (1898)
• August 12 – signing of peace protocols between
American government and Spanish government.
• August 13 – mock battle in Manila was staged,
with American Spanish commanders unaware that
peace protocols had been signed few hours earlier
before the battle commenced.
As the battle continue between America and Spain, Filipinos
came to join in aid with the American forces unaware of
the scripted battle.

The staged battle ended after the Gen. Merritt answered upon
the request of 600-700 American troops inside Intramuros
to protect Spanish troops from the Filipinos.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 AMERICANS OCCUPY MANILA (1898)
• August 13 – Gen. Merritt cabled US Army Adjutant-
General according to the increasing demand of a
joint occupation in Manila.
• August 17 – Merritt received the following reply:
"The President directs that there must be no joint occupation with the
insurgents. The United States in the possession of Manila City, Manila
Bay, and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and
property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces.
The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation
and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities
proclaimed by the President. Use whatever means in your judgment
are necessary to this end. All law-abiding people must be treated alike."

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 MALOLOS CONGRESS (1898)
• September 15 – A congress was opened in
Malolos, Bulacan to draw up a constitution for the
First Philippine Constitution.
The Congress proceeded to elect its officers, namely, Pedro
A. Paterno, President; Benito Legarda, Vice-President;
Gregorio Araneta, First Secretary; and Pablo Ocampo,
Second Secretary.

• September 29 – The congress ratified the

independence proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite on June
12, 1898.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 TREATY of PARIS (1898)
• October 1– American and Spanish delegates
opened discussions in Paris to end the Spanish-
American War.
On the same day, at Washington, D.C., Philippine ambassador
Felipe Agoncillo and his secretary, Sixto Lopez, met with
President William McKinley but his request that Filipinos be
represented at the Paris peace talks was rejected. 

• December 10 – The Treaty of Paris was signed,

thus ending the Spanish-American War. Spain
ceded  the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and
Cuba was granted its independence; in return, the
US
2ND paid Spain the sum
SEMESTER ORLANDO of US $20 million for the
A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)
• February 4 – Hostilities broke after two American
private on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San
Juan, Manila.
This incident sparked the Philippine-American War, which
would cost far more money and took far more lives than
the Spanish–American War.

• March 31 – Revolutionary capital, Malolos was

captured but Aguinaldo and his government
escaped to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• June 5 – Antonio Luna was killed by Aguinaldo’s
guard in apparent assassination.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899)
• November 12 – Aguinaldo ordered a shift to
guerilla warfare which brought out frustrations to
the Americans to capture the said leader.
• December 2 – Gregorio del Pilar was killed in the
Battle of Tirad Pass.
With his best commanders dead and his troops suffering
continued defeats, Aguinaldo and his force was pushed
further into Northern Luzon.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 The CAPTURE of AGUINALDO (1901)
• February 8 – Six tired and famished guerillas
surrendered at Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija including
Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger.
Segismundo pinpointed the village of Palanan, in  mountainous
Isabela Province, as Aguinaldo’s headquarters and told Funston
that there was no more than fifty guards at Palanan in defense for
Aguinaldo.

• March 23 – Aguinaldo was captured and brought to

Manila.
Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to
the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his
compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDOthe war.
A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 PHILIPPINES as U.S TERRITORY
(1901-1930’s)
• 1901 – Civil government was established in the
Philippines proclaiming William Howard Taft as
the 1st American Gov. Gen. replacing the military
governor Arthur MacArthur Jr.
Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the
remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually
assume the responsibilities from the U.S Army.

• 1907 – Elected Philippine Assembly was

inaugurated becoming the lower house of the
bicameral legislature, with appointed Philippine
Commission as the upper house.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 PHILIPPINES as U.S TERRITORY
(1901-1930’s)
• 1916 – Passage of Jones Act in which promised
eventual independence and instituted an elected
Philippine Senate.
Under the U.S Government, the Philippines gradually
developed. English language became the official language
of the land and industrialization flourished.

• 1920’s – Alternating periods of cooperation and

confrontation with American governors-general,
depending on how intent the incumbent was on
exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine
legislature. Members to the elected legislature lobbied
for immediate and complete independence from the
United
2ND SEMESTER States. Several independence
ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D. missions were
 COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
(1930’s-1940’s)
• 1933 – The United States Congress passed the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act as a Philippine
Independence Act.
Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a
commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by
Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, partially
because of provisions leaving the United States in control
of naval bases. Under his influence, the Philippine
legislature rejected the bill.

• 1934 – A revised act known Tydings-McDuffie Act

was finally passed.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
(1930’s-1940’s)
The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the establishment of
the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year
period of transition to full independence.

The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be

self-governing, though foreign policy would be the
responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation
required approval of the United States president.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
(1930’s-1940’s)

• March 1935 – A constitution was framed and

approved by Franklin Roosevelt.
• May 14 1935 - a Filipino government was formed
on the basis of principles similar to the U.S.
Constitution.
• 1935 – The commonwealth was established,
electing Manuel L. Quezon as the president.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 JAPANESE INVATION (1941)

• December 8, 1941 – Japan launched a surprise

attack on the Philippines hours after the attack of
Pearl Harbor.
Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and
launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment
was followed by landings of ground troops in Luzon.

MacArthur's indecision, combined with his poor military

judgment and slackness in his command structure, led to
the destruction of half of his air force on the ground and
his troops being denied adequate supplies to withstand a
2ND SEMESTER lengthy
ORLANDO siege.
A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 JAPANESE INVASION (1942)

Under the pressure of superior numbers, MacArthur and the

defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to
the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay
where they entrenched and tried to hold until the arrival of
reinforcements, meanwhile guarding the entrance to
Manila Bay and denying that important harbor to the
Japanese. But no reinforcements were forthcoming.
Meanwhile the Commonwealth government seek refuge in
the Corregidor Island.

• January 2 – Manila was declared an open city and

was occupied by the Japanese Arm Forces.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 The FALL of BATAAN and CORREGIDOR
(1942)

• March 1942 – Quezon and Osmeña fled the

country and went to Washington D.C. carrying the
Commonwealth government in exile. While
MacArthur fled for Australia and promised to
return.
• April 9, 1942 – The fall of United States-Philippine
Forces on the Bataan Peninsula.
• May 6, 1942 – The final surrender of United States-
Philippine Forces on Corregidor.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)

• April 9, 1942 – The Bataan Death March

Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the

Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the
infamous "Bataan Death March" to a prison camp
105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as
many as 10,000 men, weakened by disease and
malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors,
died before reaching their destination.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 BATAAN DEATH MARCH (1942)

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)

The Japanese military authorities immediately began

organizing a new government structure in the
Philippines.
They initially organized a Council of State through
which they directed civil affairs

• October 14, 1943 – Japanese declared the

Philippines an independent republic, headed by the
President Jose Laurel.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)

Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions,

served under the Japanese.

Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political

institutions - which later became a major domestic
political issue-was motivated by several considerations.

Among them was the effort to protect the people from the
harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself
had advocated), protection of family and personal
interests, and a belief that Philippine nationalism would be
advanced by solidarity with fellow Asians.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944)

Japanese occupation of the Philippines was

opposed by increasingly effective underground
and guerrilla activity that ultimately reached large-
scale proportions. Postwar investigations showed
that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla
organizations and that members of the anti-
Japanese underground were even more numerous.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP)
One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area
was furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng
Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-
Japanese Army organized in early 1942 under the
leadership of Luis Taruc, a communist party
member since 1939.
• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc,
Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders
of organized farmers held a meeting and agreed
upon to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla
army.
2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP)
One major resistance group in the Central Luzon area was
furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban
sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army organized
in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a
communist party member since 1939.

• February 1942 – In Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Luis Taruc,

Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders
of organized farmers held a meeting and agreed
upon to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla
army.
The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their
2ND SEMESTER controlORLANDO
overA. much of Luzon.
MIGUEL,Ph.D.
 End of Japanese Occupation(1944)

• October 20, 1944 – MacArthur's Allied Forces

landed on the island of Leyte accompanied by
Osmeña, who had succeeded to the
commonwealth presidency upon the death of
Quezon on August 1, 1944.
Landings in other parts of the country followed, and the
Associates pushed toward Manila. The landing was
followed (Oct. 23–26) by the greatest naval engagement in
history, called variously the battle of Leyte Gulf and the
second battle of the Philippine Sea.

2ND SEMESTER ORLANDO A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.

 End of Japanese Occupation(1945)
A great U.S. victory, it effectively destroyed the Japanese navy
and opened the way for the recovery of all the islands.

• January 1945 – Luzon was invaded by MacArthur’s

Forces and Manila was taken in February.
• July 5, 1945 – MacArthur announced “All the
Philippines are now liberated.”
September 2, 1945 – Japan’s formal surrender to the
U.S Forces.
The Japanese had suffered over 425,000 dead in the
Philippines. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and
monstrous physical destruction by the time the war was
over. An estimated 1ORLANDO
2ND SEMESTER
million Filipinos had been killed, and
A. MIGUEL,Ph.D.
Manila was extensively damaged.