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Medical Terminology I - Lesson 3 PDF
Medical Terminology I - Lesson 3 PDF
Often, before a word can be looked up, you must be able to identify the sounds that comprise the
word, particularly the beginning sound. You also need to learn to differentiate between words that
may sound identical but mean entirely different things.
Presuming you speak English, you are already aware of words spelled with silent letters, knee, knife,
gnostic, psychology, etc. The same thing is true in medicine. We will review the major sounds from
some medical words to see how they compare to English.
A. LETTER SOUNDS
F as in fly ‐ the words below have the f sound and the combinations include ph, pf.
apophysis dysphagia phosphorus
emphysema phlebolith phobia
phrenic physiology physician
Pfannenstiel Raphe morphology
K as in kick ‐ the words below have the k sound, and the combinations include ch, c, cch,
qu.
arachnoid achalasia cachectic
chorda choroidal cicatrix
chlamydia ecchymosis sequela
N as in no ‐ combinations for the n sound include gn, pn, kn. Pn is pronounced as in
pneumonia; however, if the pn is in the middle of a word, the p is not silent: e.g., dyspnea =
disp‐nee‐uh.
gnostic pneumonia knee
R as in road – combinations for the r sound include rh, rrh.
rheumatoid hemorrhage rhythm
As was mentioned in the English Grammar section, a great list of medical and English sound‐alikes is
available at the Course Materials tab.” Make sure you are familiar with them. Here are some good
examples.
access and axis
afferent and efferent
anuresis and enuresis
acidic and ascitic
arthrectomy, arterectomy and atherectomy
allusion, illusion, and elusion
elicit and illicit
peroneal, perineal , and peritoneal
‐phagia and ‐phasia which are both suffices but mean entirely different things
ileum and ilium
hyfrecation and bifurcation – both sound like fir (tree)
pleural, plural, crural
ante‐ and anti‐ as prefices
PLURAL WORDS
Forming proper plurals of medical words is one of the more challenging aspects of understanding
medical words or transcribing them. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that even dictating
physicians frequently have difficulty with plurals. They cannot always be counted on to dictate
the correct plural form. This pushes the burden of identifying and transcribing the proper plural
As we have discussed in the English Lesson, you ordinarily just add an s to make a word plural, e.g.,
more than one doctor is doctors, etc. For words which end in s, z, ch, sh and x, you add an e to the s
to denote more than one, e.g., crunch is crunches, loss is losses, fix is fixes. Latin and Greek plurals
have different rules. Misuse of plural forms is common, so in using terminology it is important that
you know the correct way to make a plural word. Frequently, a dictator or a report will be incorrect,
stating for instance, “phalange” meaning “single or one finger.” This is not correct. The root and
singular word is phalanx, the plural, phalanges.
HERE ARE THE GENERAL PLURAL RULES:
Word Endings Plural
‐a ‐ Latin Change to ‐ae
Example: ulna to ulnae, concha to chonchae
‐a ‐ Greek Change to ‐ata
Example: stigma to stigmata, condyloma to condylomata
‐en change to ‐ina
Example: foramen becomes foramina (for‐ah′min‐ah).
‐ex‐ix ‐nx‐x Change to ‐ices
Example: vertex becomes vertices (ver′ti‐sees).
If a letter other than n precedes the x, replace the x, with ces.
Example: Thorax becomes thoraces (thor′a‐sees).
If the preceding letter to the x is an n, the plural form ends with ges.
Phalanx to phalanges, pharynx to pharynges (fair‐in′geez).
If a word ends in ‐x change is to ‐ces or ‐ges (Greek)
Examples: Matrix = matrices, appendix = appendices, varix to varices, phalanx
to phalanges, hallux to halluces, phalanx to phalanges
‐is ‐ Latin plural is ‐des
Examples: iris to irides, epididymis to epididymides, arthritis to arthritides
Exceptions: ‐osis changes to ‐oses (anastamosis to anastomoses)
Os (root is mouth), becomes ora
Os (root is bone) becomes ossa
Vomer has no plural form, so it becomes vomers.
10 COMMON EXCEPTIONS TO BASIC PLURAL RULES: (note the “sometimes”)
1. Sometimes the proper plural of a word ending in is will be formed by dropping the “is”
and adding “ides.” For example, “epididymis” becomes “epididymides.”
2. Sometimes the proper plural of a word ending in “us” will be formed by dropping the “us”
and adding “era” or “ora.” For example: “viscus” becomes “viscera”; “corpus” becomes
“corpora.”
3. Some words ending in “ix” or “ax” have more than one acceptable plural form. For
example, the plural of “appendix” can be either “appendices” or “appendixes,” although
the most common plural form would utilize the “ices” ending.
4. The proper plural for certain words ending in “ion” can be formed simply by adding an “s.”
For example, “chorion” becomes “chorions.“
5. The plural form of the term “vas” is “vasa.”
6. The plural form of “pons” is “pontes.”
8. The plural form of the term “femur” is “femora.”
9. The plural form of “cornu” is “cornua.”
10. The plural form of “paries” is “parietes.”
OTHER FOREIGN INFLUENCES
French and German words are also frequently used in medicine. Common terms are:
French words:
café au lait (sounds like caf‐fay‐ah‐lay) ‐ pigmented spots on the skin
cerclage (sir‐clagsh) ‐ encircling with a ring or loop (commonly cervical)
curettage (kur‐ett‐agsh) ‐ removal of material from a wall or cavity
déjà vu (day‐sjaw‐voo) ‐ illusion that a new situation has been experienced before
debridement (dee‐breed‐maunt) ‐ removal of foreign matter from a wound
en bloc (on‐block) ‐ in a lump (commonly heard with removal of tissue‐tumor)
en face (on face) ‐ head on
fourchette (four‐shay) ‐ posterior union of labia minora
gavage (gaw‐vajsh) ‐ forced feeding by tube
grand mal (mawl) ‐ major seizure
lavage (see gavage) ‐ washing out or irrigating
mal de mer (mawl‐duh‐meer) ‐ seasickness
peau d‐orange (poe‐duh‐ore‐anj) ‐ dimpling of skin; commonly heard on breast exams
petit mal (pet‐ee‐mawl) ‐ minor seizure
torsade de pointes (tore‐sawd‐duh‐poynt) ‐ ventricular tachycardia
German words:
ersatz ‐ (uhr‐sawts) ‐ synthetic or artificial
grubelsucht (groo‐bl‐sucked) ‐ obsessive‐compulsive
leistungskern (lie‐stun‐skirn) ‐ functional part of a cell
mittelschmerz (middle‐schmirtz) ‐ pain between menstrual periods
schnauskrampf (shnows‐kramp) ‐ facial grimace (like pouting)
sitz (sits) ‐ immersion of hips and buttocks for discomfort
steinstrasse (stine‐strawss) ‐ residual stone fragments after lithotripsy